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Barry Starr","firstName":"Dr. Barry","lastName":"Starr","slug":"dr-barry-starr","email":"bstarr@thetech.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Dr. Barry Starr (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/geneticsboy\">@geneticsboy\u003c/a>) is a Geneticist-in-Residence at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose, CA and runs their Stanford at The Tech program. The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dr-barry-starr"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_10188":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10188","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10188","score":null,"sort":[1289232525000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"facts-are-facts","title":"Facts are Facts","publishDate":1289232525,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Everyone is entitled to his own opinion, but not his own facts.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Patrick Moynihan\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/WildFire.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>High numbers of vaccinated people act like a fire break\u003cbr>that keeps a disease from spreading.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because anyone can write anything on the web, it can be hard to know what is fact and what is not. I wrote about this in my last \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/25/tracing-bad-and-dangerous-internet-science/\">blog\u003c/a>. And this issue has become alarmingly apparent in a discussion going on in a recent QUEST \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/13/health-officials-to-consider-tightening-vaccine-exemptions/\">blog about vaccinations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the comments section of this blog, someone writes that herd immunity is a complete myth. This is wrong. Herd immunity is real and actually makes perfect sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously for a disease to spread, it has to go from one person to another (either directly or indirectly). A man with measles on a deserted island won’t spread it to anyone because there is no one else who can catch it. Same thing with an infected man in the midst of a group of people immune to the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we start adding people to the island, then it can spread. And if we put the man with the measles into a group of susceptible people, then it will flare up into a bona fide epidemic (think America when the first Europeans landed).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine a city where most of the people are immune. If the man with the measles goes there, odds are he won’t meet anyone susceptible. When he gets better, the disease will disappear. This is herd immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically the immune people shield the susceptible ones from the disease. They act as sort of a fire break that keeps the epidemic from spreading. Perfectly reasonable idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it is possible that even though this makes sense it doesn’t actually happen in the real world. I decided to look back at the literature and see if there are any real examples of herd immunity out there. There are lots of them. Here are two. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a hundred years ago, scientists were noting that not everyone had to be vaccinated against smallpox to stop an epidemic in its tracks*. Scientists also noticed that when they were wiping out smallpox, not everyone needed to be vaccinated to have the disease disappear. In many places, it was enough if 80% of the population could be vaccinated and revaccinated in a 4-5 year period. So smallpox definitely provides evidence for herd immunity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A common argument against statistics like these is that the decrease in disease came not from vaccines but from better hygiene. To try to counter this argument, I decided to look at mumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mumps vaccine wasn’t really widely available in the U.S. until 1968. Here is a quote from a really thorough review \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8174658\">article \u003c/a>from 1993 in the journal \u003cem>Epidemiological Review\u003c/em> : \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Mumps notifications have now fallen by more than 95 percent since the introduction of vaccination. Given that vaccine uptake has only recently reached that level among school entrants, that uptake among preschoolers is far below that level, and that mumps vaccine efficacy is probably below 90 percent, this decline in incidence is appreciably greater than would be predicted by direct protection alone. Assuming that the decline in reported cases reflects incidence and not a decline in notification efficiency, then this is evidence for indirect protection of susceptibles by herd immunity.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since mumps vaccinations didn’t start until 1968, it is pretty unlikely that its decrease has been due to better sewers and washing our hands more thoroughly. No, this is a direct result of vaccines and herd immunity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact the whooping cough epidemic can be explained by herd immunity too. It isn’t that not enough people are vaccinated (at least not yet). Instead, it is that the vaccine has worn off for older kids increasing the number of susceptible people. We now have too few people to have a solid fire break and so flare ups of whooping cough are starting to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So despite what you might read on the web (including in the comments section of this blog), herd immunity is real. There is an overwhelming amount of data out there to support the idea that it protects us from the diseases that used to sweep through our population. Herd immunity is a fact and therefore real whether you believe in it or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*Farr W. Second annual report of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages of England and Wales, 1840.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Despite what you might read on the web (including in the comments section of this blog), herd immunity is real. There is an overwhelming amount of data out there to support the idea that it protects us from the diseases that used to sweep through our population. Herd immunity is a fact and therefore real whether you believe in it or not.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1289232525,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":756},"headData":{"title":"Facts are Facts | KQED","description":"Despite what you might read on the web (including in the comments section of this blog), herd immunity is real. There is an overwhelming amount of data out there to support the idea that it protects us from the diseases that used to sweep through our population. Herd immunity is a fact and therefore real whether you believe in it or not.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Facts are Facts","datePublished":"2010-11-08T16:08:45.000Z","dateModified":"2010-11-08T16:08:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"10188 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/11/08/facts-are-facts/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/08/facts-are-facts/","disqusTitle":"Facts are Facts","path":"/quest/10188/facts-are-facts","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Everyone is entitled to his own opinion, but not his own facts.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Patrick Moynihan\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/WildFire.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>High numbers of vaccinated people act like a fire break\u003cbr>that keeps a disease from spreading.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because anyone can write anything on the web, it can be hard to know what is fact and what is not. I wrote about this in my last \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/25/tracing-bad-and-dangerous-internet-science/\">blog\u003c/a>. And this issue has become alarmingly apparent in a discussion going on in a recent QUEST \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/13/health-officials-to-consider-tightening-vaccine-exemptions/\">blog about vaccinations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the comments section of this blog, someone writes that herd immunity is a complete myth. This is wrong. Herd immunity is real and actually makes perfect sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously for a disease to spread, it has to go from one person to another (either directly or indirectly). A man with measles on a deserted island won’t spread it to anyone because there is no one else who can catch it. Same thing with an infected man in the midst of a group of people immune to the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we start adding people to the island, then it can spread. And if we put the man with the measles into a group of susceptible people, then it will flare up into a bona fide epidemic (think America when the first Europeans landed).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine a city where most of the people are immune. If the man with the measles goes there, odds are he won’t meet anyone susceptible. When he gets better, the disease will disappear. This is herd immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically the immune people shield the susceptible ones from the disease. They act as sort of a fire break that keeps the epidemic from spreading. Perfectly reasonable idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it is possible that even though this makes sense it doesn’t actually happen in the real world. I decided to look back at the literature and see if there are any real examples of herd immunity out there. There are lots of them. Here are two. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a hundred years ago, scientists were noting that not everyone had to be vaccinated against smallpox to stop an epidemic in its tracks*. Scientists also noticed that when they were wiping out smallpox, not everyone needed to be vaccinated to have the disease disappear. In many places, it was enough if 80% of the population could be vaccinated and revaccinated in a 4-5 year period. So smallpox definitely provides evidence for herd immunity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A common argument against statistics like these is that the decrease in disease came not from vaccines but from better hygiene. To try to counter this argument, I decided to look at mumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mumps vaccine wasn’t really widely available in the U.S. until 1968. Here is a quote from a really thorough review \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8174658\">article \u003c/a>from 1993 in the journal \u003cem>Epidemiological Review\u003c/em> : \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Mumps notifications have now fallen by more than 95 percent since the introduction of vaccination. Given that vaccine uptake has only recently reached that level among school entrants, that uptake among preschoolers is far below that level, and that mumps vaccine efficacy is probably below 90 percent, this decline in incidence is appreciably greater than would be predicted by direct protection alone. Assuming that the decline in reported cases reflects incidence and not a decline in notification efficiency, then this is evidence for indirect protection of susceptibles by herd immunity.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since mumps vaccinations didn’t start until 1968, it is pretty unlikely that its decrease has been due to better sewers and washing our hands more thoroughly. No, this is a direct result of vaccines and herd immunity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact the whooping cough epidemic can be explained by herd immunity too. It isn’t that not enough people are vaccinated (at least not yet). Instead, it is that the vaccine has worn off for older kids increasing the number of susceptible people. We now have too few people to have a solid fire break and so flare ups of whooping cough are starting to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So despite what you might read on the web (including in the comments section of this blog), herd immunity is real. There is an overwhelming amount of data out there to support the idea that it protects us from the diseases that used to sweep through our population. Herd immunity is a fact and therefore real whether you believe in it or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*Farr W. Second annual report of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages of England and Wales, 1840.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10188/facts-are-facts","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_1356","quest_2163","quest_3054","quest_3055","quest_3147","quest_3152"],"featImg":"quest_10190","label":"quest"},"quest_9800":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_9800","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"9800","score":null,"sort":[1288021832000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tracing-bad-and-dangerous-internet-science","title":"Tracing Bad (and Dangerous) Internet Science","publishDate":1288021832,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/RedBloodCells.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Despite what you read on the web, having Rh negative\u003cbr>blood does not protect you from HIV infection.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dangerous rumor has been spreading across the web that people with Rh negative blood are resistant or even immune to getting AIDS. They’re not. This is the “everyone is an expert” ethos of the web at its worst. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was clued into this rumor through my \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/index.php\">Ask a Geneticist\u003c/a> website. A few months ago I started to get a few questions about whether or not having Rh negative blood protects people from getting infected by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. I get occasional, random questions like these which I answer and then don’t give a second thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then I started to get more of these questions. And then I got one where someone asked me if being Rh negative was the same as having a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=111\">CCR5 delta-32 mutation\u003c/a>. That woke me up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having two copies of the delta-32 version of the CCR5 gene does give some protection from HIV infection. But it has nothing to do with being Rh negative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being Rh negative has to do with red blood cells and CCR5 delta-32 with white blood cells. Not only that, but CCR5 and RhD are separate genes on separate chromosomes. (The RhD gene is the gene involved in being Rh negative.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly the questioner had put two and two together and came up with the answer that CCR5 delta-32 and being Rh negative were the same thing. Which is not the case. I decided to set out and try to find out where this rumor was coming from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I talk about \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=381\">here in a previous post about Rh negative blood\u003c/a>, I traced it down to a couple of things. One was the supposed mystique associated with being Rh negative. The other had to do with a misunderstanding or misinterpretation of four separate bits of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rumor probably isn’t that big a deal yet. It isn’t like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/health/july-dec09/polio_08-24.html\">polio vaccine one\u003c/a> in Nigeria that has caused a resurgence of polio there. Or the one about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/13/health-officials-to-consider-tightening-vaccine-exemptions/\">vaccines in general being risky\u003c/a> which is at least part of the reason for the whooping cough epidemic here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the rumor that being Rh negative protects you from AIDS does take off, then people will get AIDS who otherwise might not have. Rh negative people who do risky things are as likely to get AIDS s anyone else. This is why I wanted to find out what was behind the rumor and try to nip it in the bud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully the few people who read what I have written will trust me. I have no axe to grind here and really only care about the truth. Which, unfortunately, is not what a lot of people think about most scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, along with many other experts, used to be seen as impartial. This is no longer true. In fact, the “everyone has to be an expert” idea probably springs from this general mistrust of authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t trust scientists, then you are going to try to interpret the science yourself. That is hard enough that you may come to the wrong conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So one answer might be to try to find or create a reliable source of science information. Some place where the scientists involved have no vested interest in the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This used to be universities and the government but that ended long ago. We obviously need something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe someone with way too much money like Google needs to set up a foundation where scientists can squash these rumors before they spread. The foundation would have to be independent and receive no outside funding and the scientists would have to work for no one else. This might be enough to give most of the public the confidence they need to trust the answers that come out of the foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A dangerous rumor has been spreading across the web that people with Rh negative blood are resistant or even immune to getting AIDS. They’re not. This is the “everyone is an expert” ethos of the web at its worst.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1309992515,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":675},"headData":{"title":"Tracing Bad (and Dangerous) Internet Science | KQED","description":"A dangerous rumor has been spreading across the web that people with Rh negative blood are resistant or even immune to getting AIDS. They’re not. This is the “everyone is an expert” ethos of the web at its worst.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Tracing Bad (and Dangerous) Internet Science","datePublished":"2010-10-25T15:50:32.000Z","dateModified":"2011-07-06T22:48:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"9800 http://science.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/25/tracing-bad-and-dangerous-internet-science/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/25/tracing-bad-and-dangerous-internet-science/","disqusTitle":"Tracing Bad (and Dangerous) Internet Science","path":"/quest/9800/tracing-bad-and-dangerous-internet-science","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/RedBloodCells.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Despite what you read on the web, having Rh negative\u003cbr>blood does not protect you from HIV infection.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dangerous rumor has been spreading across the web that people with Rh negative blood are resistant or even immune to getting AIDS. They’re not. This is the “everyone is an expert” ethos of the web at its worst. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was clued into this rumor through my \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/index.php\">Ask a Geneticist\u003c/a> website. A few months ago I started to get a few questions about whether or not having Rh negative blood protects people from getting infected by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. I get occasional, random questions like these which I answer and then don’t give a second thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then I started to get more of these questions. And then I got one where someone asked me if being Rh negative was the same as having a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=111\">CCR5 delta-32 mutation\u003c/a>. That woke me up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having two copies of the delta-32 version of the CCR5 gene does give some protection from HIV infection. But it has nothing to do with being Rh negative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being Rh negative has to do with red blood cells and CCR5 delta-32 with white blood cells. Not only that, but CCR5 and RhD are separate genes on separate chromosomes. (The RhD gene is the gene involved in being Rh negative.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly the questioner had put two and two together and came up with the answer that CCR5 delta-32 and being Rh negative were the same thing. Which is not the case. I decided to set out and try to find out where this rumor was coming from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I talk about \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=381\">here in a previous post about Rh negative blood\u003c/a>, I traced it down to a couple of things. One was the supposed mystique associated with being Rh negative. The other had to do with a misunderstanding or misinterpretation of four separate bits of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rumor probably isn’t that big a deal yet. It isn’t like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/health/july-dec09/polio_08-24.html\">polio vaccine one\u003c/a> in Nigeria that has caused a resurgence of polio there. Or the one about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/13/health-officials-to-consider-tightening-vaccine-exemptions/\">vaccines in general being risky\u003c/a> which is at least part of the reason for the whooping cough epidemic here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the rumor that being Rh negative protects you from AIDS does take off, then people will get AIDS who otherwise might not have. Rh negative people who do risky things are as likely to get AIDS s anyone else. This is why I wanted to find out what was behind the rumor and try to nip it in the bud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully the few people who read what I have written will trust me. I have no axe to grind here and really only care about the truth. Which, unfortunately, is not what a lot of people think about most scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, along with many other experts, used to be seen as impartial. This is no longer true. In fact, the “everyone has to be an expert” idea probably springs from this general mistrust of authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t trust scientists, then you are going to try to interpret the science yourself. That is hard enough that you may come to the wrong conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So one answer might be to try to find or create a reliable source of science information. Some place where the scientists involved have no vested interest in the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This used to be universities and the government but that ended long ago. We obviously need something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe someone with way too much money like Google needs to set up a foundation where scientists can squash these rumors before they spread. The foundation would have to be independent and receive no outside funding and the scientists would have to work for no one else. This might be enough to give most of the public the confidence they need to trust the answers that come out of the foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/9800/tracing-bad-and-dangerous-internet-science","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_120","quest_227","quest_348","quest_518","quest_848","quest_1197","quest_1375","quest_3032","quest_3152"],"featImg":"quest_19255","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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