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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_6028":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6028","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6028","score":null,"sort":[1275081163000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sofias-first-light","title":"SOFIA's First Light","publishDate":1275081163,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/05/SOFIA-Jupiter.gif\">\u003cem>Jupiter seen in infrared light through SOFIA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>After nearly a 14-year hiatus, NASA is once again conducting astronomical observations…from the stratosphere!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sofia\">SOFIA\u003c/a>—the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy, a joint project between NASA and Germany—made its scientific debut in a \"first light\" flight on May 26th. That is, after a few years of test flights focused on the mechanical and aerodynamic engineering aspects of this 747-with-telescope, a science team acquired the observatory's first astronomical data. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of you may be thinking, NASA has an observatory built into an airplane? Really? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had the same thought, until a job opening came up on NASA's previous flying telescope, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/News/news_2008/01_14_08/images/KAO+SOFIA.jpg\">Kuiper Airborne Observatory\u003c/a>. It was 1989, I was freshly back from my Peace Corps tour in Africa, and I was looking for a job. My physics advisor told me of the job opening, and I quickly put together a resume and sent it in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was invited to an interview, then waited a couple weeks with no word from my would-be employer. Sooooo…I called their HR office to ask if the position had been filled. \"We have decided to offer you the position,\" the woman responded, \"and, can you start on Tuesday? And…do you think you would be able to go to New Zealand on Friday for training?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So my work on the KAO began with one of the job's best perks: I had to go wherever the observatory flew, and as it happened when I was hired, it was in New Zealand observing the southern skies….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that was then, and the plane was a C-141A \"Starlifter\" (apt name!) and the telescope had a 1-meter mirror. This is now: SOFIA sports a 2.5 meter telescope in a 747SP. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was the first target for \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu\">SOFIA science\u003c/a>? Amusingly, it was the same object that the KAO observed on its last flights, back in 1995: Jupiter. On the KAO flight, Jupiter was observed mostly as a \"calibration\" object to prep the scientific instrument for its principal target—and to serve as an \"ooo!\" and \"ahh!\" subject for the school kids who were \u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/lfs/tguide/program3.html\">\"flying\" along with us via satellite-linked telepresence\u003c/a> (they were actually in their classrooms, in Hawaii and Texas). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But SOFIA used its first-light debut to explore the outflow of heat from within Jupiter, through \"holes\" in its atmosphere (holes in the sense of places where heat energy is emerging in greatest abundance). Like Earth, Jupiter harbors within its mass heat trapped since its formation, around 5 billion years ago. On Earth, the heat leaks out slowly through the crust, but in greater amounts through volcanoes, thermal vents, geysers, and the like. On giant gaseous Jupiter, heat escapes through convection of its atmospheric gases—like when soup bubbles on the stove. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Sofia/telescope/sofia_tele.html\">How's it done?\u003c/a> How do you fly a telescope on an airplane and keep it pointing on its target? In brief: shock absorbers, compressed air, electromagnetic motors, and tracking stars through a video camera. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOFIA flies from its home base of Palmdale, California, near NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After nearly a 14-year hiatus, NASA is once again conducting astronomical observations…from the stratosphere!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371077002,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":537},"headData":{"title":"SOFIA's First Light | KQED","description":"After nearly a 14-year hiatus, NASA is once again conducting astronomical observations…from the stratosphere!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"SOFIA's First Light","datePublished":"2010-05-28T21:12:43.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T22:43:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"6028 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=6028","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/05/28/sofias-first-light/","disqusTitle":"SOFIA's First Light","path":"/quest/6028/sofias-first-light","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/05/SOFIA-Jupiter.gif\">\u003cem>Jupiter seen in infrared light through SOFIA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>After nearly a 14-year hiatus, NASA is once again conducting astronomical observations…from the stratosphere!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/sofia\">SOFIA\u003c/a>—the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy, a joint project between NASA and Germany—made its scientific debut in a \"first light\" flight on May 26th. That is, after a few years of test flights focused on the mechanical and aerodynamic engineering aspects of this 747-with-telescope, a science team acquired the observatory's first astronomical data. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of you may be thinking, NASA has an observatory built into an airplane? Really? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had the same thought, until a job opening came up on NASA's previous flying telescope, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/News/news_2008/01_14_08/images/KAO+SOFIA.jpg\">Kuiper Airborne Observatory\u003c/a>. It was 1989, I was freshly back from my Peace Corps tour in Africa, and I was looking for a job. My physics advisor told me of the job opening, and I quickly put together a resume and sent it in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was invited to an interview, then waited a couple weeks with no word from my would-be employer. Sooooo…I called their HR office to ask if the position had been filled. \"We have decided to offer you the position,\" the woman responded, \"and, can you start on Tuesday? And…do you think you would be able to go to New Zealand on Friday for training?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So my work on the KAO began with one of the job's best perks: I had to go wherever the observatory flew, and as it happened when I was hired, it was in New Zealand observing the southern skies….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that was then, and the plane was a C-141A \"Starlifter\" (apt name!) and the telescope had a 1-meter mirror. This is now: SOFIA sports a 2.5 meter telescope in a 747SP. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was the first target for \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu\">SOFIA science\u003c/a>? Amusingly, it was the same object that the KAO observed on its last flights, back in 1995: Jupiter. On the KAO flight, Jupiter was observed mostly as a \"calibration\" object to prep the scientific instrument for its principal target—and to serve as an \"ooo!\" and \"ahh!\" subject for the school kids who were \u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/lfs/tguide/program3.html\">\"flying\" along with us via satellite-linked telepresence\u003c/a> (they were actually in their classrooms, in Hawaii and Texas). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But SOFIA used its first-light debut to explore the outflow of heat from within Jupiter, through \"holes\" in its atmosphere (holes in the sense of places where heat energy is emerging in greatest abundance). Like Earth, Jupiter harbors within its mass heat trapped since its formation, around 5 billion years ago. On Earth, the heat leaks out slowly through the crust, but in greater amounts through volcanoes, thermal vents, geysers, and the like. On giant gaseous Jupiter, heat escapes through convection of its atmospheric gases—like when soup bubbles on the stove. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Sofia/telescope/sofia_tele.html\">How's it done?\u003c/a> How do you fly a telescope on an airplane and keep it pointing on its target? In brief: shock absorbers, compressed air, electromagnetic motors, and tracking stars through a video camera. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOFIA flies from its home base of Palmdale, California, near NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6028/sofias-first-light","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_1918","quest_2690","quest_2808"],"label":"quest"},"quest_397":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_397","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"397","score":null,"sort":[1201898613000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"astronomy-on-the-wing","title":"Astronomy on the Wing","publishDate":1201898613,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_orion1.jpg\">\u003cem>More than meets the eye: The constellation Orion\u003cbr>\nin visible light (left) and infrared (right)\u003cbr>\nVisible light image: Akira Fujii;\u003cbr>\nInfrared image: Infrared Astronomical Satellite\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Some months ago my blog, \"SOFIA: Fly By Night,\" talked about the up-and-coming astronomy ace of the night skies, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/\">SOFIA: the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy\u003c/a>--a 2.5 meter infrared telescope built into a Boeing 747 airplane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOFIA's been flying, and is gearing up to begin its first science flights in the not so distant future. SOFIA even put in an appearance in Bay Area skies a couple of weeks ago with a quick visit to NASA/Ames Research Center in Mountain View--then it was off again to its base of operations in the Mojave Desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having worked on SOFIA's predecessor, the \u003ca href=\"http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/lfs/people/burress.html\">Gerard P. Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO)\u003c/a>, in the last seven years of its operation, I thought I'd focus a bit on the science of airborne infrared astronomy, touching a bit on science done on the KAO over its 21-year career at NASA/Ames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/lfs/lfs_tour/telescope/telescope.html\">Why put a telescope on an airplane\u003c/a>? Earth's atmosphere, while transparent to the visible light the human eye can detect, is less so to many other wavelengths of light, including most infrared light. In fact, the water vapor in our atmosphere is pretty much opaque to a wide range of infrared wavelengths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KAO flew at and altitude of 41,000 feet to get above as much as 99% of Earth's atmospheric water vapor, giving astronomers a view of the infrared emissions from objects in space almost as if the telescope was out in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's so interesting about looking at infrared light? Aren't visible light images taken from ground-based observatories enough?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently not. Visible light is only a tiny fraction of the overall spectrum of \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html\">electromagnetic radiation\u003c/a> (the general term for \"light\" of all types--including gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, infrared light, microwaves and radio waves). There is a wealth of information contained in the entire electromagnetic spectrum that is only hinted at in the visible portion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visible light in our universe comes mostly from the photospheres of stars, either directly or by being reflected by objects such as dust, planets, comets, and the like; all of the light you see in the sky is starlight, either first hand or second hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/univ_index.html\">Infrared light\u003c/a>, however, is a lower energy form of electromagnetic radiation, and is emitted by any object or substance that is even slightly warm. So, interstellar clouds of molecules, rings of dust surrounding stars, atmospheres of planets--just about anything, in fact--emits its own infrared light, and observing the infrared emissions from these objects reveals a great deal about them: their chemical composition, their temperatures and densities, their velocities and structure--and a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One KAO astronomer observed the atmosphere of Venus to measure the relative abundance of hydrogen and deuterium (heavy hydrogen), looking for evidence of past oceans. Another observed Mars, looking for telltales of limestone (a mineral left behind by marine organisms) as evidence of past life on Mars. Others created detailed maps of clouds of complex molecules, probing the composition of the cooler material in our galaxy, as well as other galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list goes on, as there's plenty more cold matter in the universe than hot matter. Cooler matter can be more interesting, too, since complex molecules, like organic compounds and even life, don't form in the sterile heat of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where KAO blazed an infrared contrail in the night skies, SOFIA may now follow and carry on the torch of astronomy, on the wing....\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8768\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.251\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371081075,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":634},"headData":{"title":"Astronomy on the Wing | KQED","description":"More than meets the eye: The constellation Orion in visible light (left) and infrared (right) Visible light image: Akira Fujii; Infrared image: Infrared Astronomical SatelliteSome months ago my blog, "SOFIA: Fly By Night," talked about the up-and-coming astronomy ace of the night skies, SOFIA: the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy--a 2.5 meter infrared telescope built","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Astronomy on the Wing","datePublished":"2008-02-01T20:43:33.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:51:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"397 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/02/01/astronomy-on-the-wing/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/01/astronomy-on-the-wing/","disqusTitle":"Astronomy on the Wing","path":"/quest/397/astronomy-on-the-wing","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_orion1.jpg\">\u003cem>More than meets the eye: The constellation Orion\u003cbr>\nin visible light (left) and infrared (right)\u003cbr>\nVisible light image: Akira Fujii;\u003cbr>\nInfrared image: Infrared Astronomical Satellite\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Some months ago my blog, \"SOFIA: Fly By Night,\" talked about the up-and-coming astronomy ace of the night skies, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/\">SOFIA: the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy\u003c/a>--a 2.5 meter infrared telescope built into a Boeing 747 airplane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOFIA's been flying, and is gearing up to begin its first science flights in the not so distant future. SOFIA even put in an appearance in Bay Area skies a couple of weeks ago with a quick visit to NASA/Ames Research Center in Mountain View--then it was off again to its base of operations in the Mojave Desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having worked on SOFIA's predecessor, the \u003ca href=\"http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/lfs/people/burress.html\">Gerard P. Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO)\u003c/a>, in the last seven years of its operation, I thought I'd focus a bit on the science of airborne infrared astronomy, touching a bit on science done on the KAO over its 21-year career at NASA/Ames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://quest.nasa.gov/lfs/lfs_tour/telescope/telescope.html\">Why put a telescope on an airplane\u003c/a>? Earth's atmosphere, while transparent to the visible light the human eye can detect, is less so to many other wavelengths of light, including most infrared light. In fact, the water vapor in our atmosphere is pretty much opaque to a wide range of infrared wavelengths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KAO flew at and altitude of 41,000 feet to get above as much as 99% of Earth's atmospheric water vapor, giving astronomers a view of the infrared emissions from objects in space almost as if the telescope was out in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's so interesting about looking at infrared light? Aren't visible light images taken from ground-based observatories enough?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently not. Visible light is only a tiny fraction of the overall spectrum of \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html\">electromagnetic radiation\u003c/a> (the general term for \"light\" of all types--including gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, infrared light, microwaves and radio waves). There is a wealth of information contained in the entire electromagnetic spectrum that is only hinted at in the visible portion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visible light in our universe comes mostly from the photospheres of stars, either directly or by being reflected by objects such as dust, planets, comets, and the like; all of the light you see in the sky is starlight, either first hand or second hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/univ_index.html\">Infrared light\u003c/a>, however, is a lower energy form of electromagnetic radiation, and is emitted by any object or substance that is even slightly warm. So, interstellar clouds of molecules, rings of dust surrounding stars, atmospheres of planets--just about anything, in fact--emits its own infrared light, and observing the infrared emissions from these objects reveals a great deal about them: their chemical composition, their temperatures and densities, their velocities and structure--and a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One KAO astronomer observed the atmosphere of Venus to measure the relative abundance of hydrogen and deuterium (heavy hydrogen), looking for evidence of past oceans. Another observed Mars, looking for telltales of limestone (a mineral left behind by marine organisms) as evidence of past life on Mars. Others created detailed maps of clouds of complex molecules, probing the composition of the cooler material in our galaxy, as well as other galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list goes on, as there's plenty more cold matter in the universe than hot matter. Cooler matter can be more interesting, too, since complex molecules, like organic compounds and even life, don't form in the sterile heat of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where KAO blazed an infrared contrail in the night skies, SOFIA may now follow and carry on the torch of astronomy, on the wing....\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8768\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.251\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/397/astronomy-on-the-wing","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_543","quest_1557","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_1918","quest_2192","quest_2349","quest_2530","quest_2690","quest_2891"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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