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With a background in feature film, Josh spent four years working with legendary German filmmaker \u003ca href=\"http://www.wernerherzog.com/\">Werner Herzog\u003c/a> on multiple documentaries, including the Emmy-nominated \"Little Dieter Needs to Fly,\" \"Wings of Hope,\" and \"Klaus Kinski: My Best Fiend.\" His more recent projects are currently airing on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.discovery.com\">Discovery Channel\u003c/a>, the National Geographic Channel, the History Channel, and worldwide through Granada Media and RDF Television.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/38e5efdaa8dacdfc02901b0833f42b2f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Josh Rosen | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/38e5efdaa8dacdfc02901b0833f42b2f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/38e5efdaa8dacdfc02901b0833f42b2f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/josh-rosen"},"melissaefellet":{"type":"authors","id":"10331","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10331","found":true},"name":"Melissae Fellet","firstName":"Melissae","lastName":"Fellet","slug":"melissaefellet","email":"melissae.fellet@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Melissae Fellet is a freelance science writer obsessed with electrons, atoms and molecules. Writing about chemistry, physics and technology, she hopes to reveal how the invisible building blocks of matter influence things like plastics, perfumed shampoos and the speedy computer chips we use everyday. She holds a BS in biochemistry and microbiology from the University of Florida and a PhD in chemistry from Washington University in St. Louis. She spends sunny days at her home in Santa Cruz either watching otters in the bay or tromping around the redwood forests.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Melissae Fellet | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/melissaefellet"},"eleanornelsen":{"type":"authors","id":"10441","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10441","found":true},"name":"Eleanor Nelsen","firstName":"Eleanor","lastName":"Nelsen","slug":"eleanornelsen","email":"erolfe@chem.wisc.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Eleanor Nelsen is a graduate student in chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. When she's not studying rhodium chemistry, Eleanor enjoys reading and writing about science. She lives in Madison with her husband Luke and their growing collection of livestock.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/351f37679ff8bd6abc6237429402139d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","edit_published_posts","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Eleanor Nelsen | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/351f37679ff8bd6abc6237429402139d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/351f37679ff8bd6abc6237429402139d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/eleanornelsen"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_68329":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_68329","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"68329","score":null,"sort":[1401804026000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tobacco-gets-a-makeover-as-new-source-for-biofuel","title":"Tobacco Gets a Makeover as New Source for Biofuel","publishDate":1401804026,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Tobacco is about to get a facelift. As a key ingredient in cigarettes, the plant contributes to gum disease, emphysema and cancer. This has led to a decline in cigarette sales and tobacco production in the United States over the past 25 years. But one research team thinks tobacco could provide a societal benefit by becoming a new source for biofuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the things that make tobacco bad are really good for fuels,” said \u003ca href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/people/bill-shelander\">Bill Shelander\u003c/a>, business development specialist at\u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\"> Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you smoke cigarettes you are smoking tar and nicotine, and the tar is bad for health,” he said. “Tobacco is unusually high in tar content and it’s the type of chemical that can be converted into fuels -- they are precursors to oil. If these plants were buried for millions of years they would be a very nice oil reserve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab has partnered with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/index.html\">University of California-Berkeley\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uky.edu/\">University of Kentucky\u003c/a> to engineer tobacco so that its leaves produce oil that can more easily be converted into a fuel source for everything from cars to yachts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project, called \u003ca href=\"http://ucbiotech.org/folium/\">Folium\u003c/a>, is backed by a $4.8 million grant from the \u003ca href=\"http://arpa-e.energy.gov/\">Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy\u003c/a> or ARPA-E, a \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/\">U.S. Department of Energy\u003c/a> agency that funds the research and development of emerging energy technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70734\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 341px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/NextMeal_Tobacco_Arwen_Curry.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70734\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/NextMeal_Tobacco_Arwen_Curry-377x253.jpg\" alt=\"NextMeal_Tobacco_Arwen_Curry\" width=\"341\" height=\"229\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers introduce genes from cyanobacteria and algae to increase the amount of oil that is produced in tobacco leaves. Photo: Arwen Curry, KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea for biofuel -- using plants as a fuel source -- is nothing new, but it has gained popularity in recent years with rising gasoline prices and concern that burning fossil fuels is a main driver of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most common source for biofuel in the U.S. is corn, which is fermented and turned into an alcohol, called ethanol, that is added to gasoline and used to power automobiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create biofuel from tobacco, researchers have added genes from algae and cyanobacteria that can process sunlight more efficiently than corn does and convert the sunlight into hydrocarbons via photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrocarbons in the engineered tobacco are a form of bio-crude oil, an antecedent to fuel. This bio-crude can be stored in the leaves and directly removed and processed to create biofuel, which requires fewer steps than making ethanol, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because less processing is required, at a commercial scale biofuel from tobacco could be price competitive with gasoline at three to six dollars a gallon, said Peggy Lemaux, a University of California-Berkeley biologist working on the Folium team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant has several other distinct advantages, said Lemaux. Tobacco doesn’t compete with the national food supply. It occupies 350,000 acres of land, compared to 95.3 million for corn, and is cultivated in designated areas where it has been produced for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also can be harvested several times a year and it produces more biomass than traditional biofuel crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We need alternative sources of fuel, but we also need researchers to come up with remedies to end the [tobacco] industry’s behavior that harms soils and communities -Marty Ortañez \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the University of Kentucky have been planting and machine harvesting tobacco on a two-acre plot to measure the potential yield. The tobacco biofuel has not been used in vehicles yet and would need more financial backing for testing after the three-year Department of Energy grant runs out this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics say there are lots of problems with the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pesticide pollution and inhumane working conditions are prevalent in the countries where tobacco is grown, said anthropology professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/CLAS/Departments/anthropology/AboutUs/Contact/DepartmentDirectory/Pages/MartyOta%C3%B1ez.aspx\">Marty Ortañez\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdenver.edu/pages/ucdwelcomepage.aspx\">University of Colorado Denver\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tobacco is an industry that relies on child labor,” said Ortañez. “We need alternative sources of fuel, but we also need researchers to come up with remedies to end the industry’s behavior that harms soils and communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Human Rights Watch, a nonprofit advocacy group, released \u003ca href=\"http://www.hrw.org/reports/2014/05/13/tobacco-s-hidden-children\">a report\u003c/a> about the dangerous working conditions for children as young as seven who work in U.S. tobacco fields. Many young workers were exposed to pesticides and nicotine that sometimes resulted in acute nicotine poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orlando Chambers, managing director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.ca.uky.edu/KTRDC/\">Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center\u003c/a> (KTRDC), said that tobacco used for biofuel would be machine harvested, making child labor a non-issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Conventional tobacco uses lots of labor, but genetically modified tobacco would be planted closer together and be machine harvested,” Chambers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortañez contends that tobacco research, whether for biofuel or cancer vaccines, ultimately helps tobacco companies’ portray the industry in a positive light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70755\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Tobacco-harvesting_300x225.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70755\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Tobacco-harvesting_300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: La Casa del Habano and Habanos S.A.\" width=\"343\" height=\"257\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tobacco for cigarettes is picked by hand but tobacco grown for biofuel would be more efficiently harvested by machines. Photo: La Casa del Habano and Habanos S.A.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Tobacco for biofuel is just another strategy for the tobacco industry to derail the discussion about unfair contracts and low leaf prices [for farmers],” said Ortañez. “It’s the last-ditch effort of tobacco companies to represent themselves as having any sort of benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When contacted, cigarette manufacturer Philip Morris declined to comment for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Folium biologist Peggy Lemaux, the research is neither supported nor influenced by the tobacco industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This project had nothing to do with big tobacco,” said Lemaux. “It was thought of by a bunch of researchers because it’s not an edible crop, it has a high biomass and it’s easy to genetically manipulate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lemaux and other scientists participating in Folium have not received money from the tobacco companies, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the problems associated with tobacco farming, Ortañez does believe Folium has merit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am excited that the biofuel project will get people talking about labor rights and unfair wages,” said Ortañez. “There’s a lot of room for tobacco to improve.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Is a new biofuel a win for renewable energy or the far-reaching arms of the tobacco industry?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442678272,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1020},"headData":{"title":"Tobacco Gets a Makeover as New Source for Biofuel | KQED","description":"Is a new biofuel a win for renewable energy or the far-reaching arms of the tobacco industry?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Tobacco Gets a Makeover as New Source for Biofuel","datePublished":"2014-06-03T14:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T15:57:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"68329 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=68329","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/06/03/tobacco-gets-a-makeover-as-new-source-for-biofuel/","disqusTitle":"Tobacco Gets a Makeover as New Source for Biofuel","source":"Energy","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/energy/","path":"/quest/68329/tobacco-gets-a-makeover-as-new-source-for-biofuel","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Tobacco is about to get a facelift. As a key ingredient in cigarettes, the plant contributes to gum disease, emphysema and cancer. This has led to a decline in cigarette sales and tobacco production in the United States over the past 25 years. But one research team thinks tobacco could provide a societal benefit by becoming a new source for biofuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the things that make tobacco bad are really good for fuels,” said \u003ca href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/people/bill-shelander\">Bill Shelander\u003c/a>, business development specialist at\u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\"> Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you smoke cigarettes you are smoking tar and nicotine, and the tar is bad for health,” he said. “Tobacco is unusually high in tar content and it’s the type of chemical that can be converted into fuels -- they are precursors to oil. If these plants were buried for millions of years they would be a very nice oil reserve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab has partnered with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/index.html\">University of California-Berkeley\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uky.edu/\">University of Kentucky\u003c/a> to engineer tobacco so that its leaves produce oil that can more easily be converted into a fuel source for everything from cars to yachts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project, called \u003ca href=\"http://ucbiotech.org/folium/\">Folium\u003c/a>, is backed by a $4.8 million grant from the \u003ca href=\"http://arpa-e.energy.gov/\">Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy\u003c/a> or ARPA-E, a \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/\">U.S. Department of Energy\u003c/a> agency that funds the research and development of emerging energy technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70734\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 341px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/NextMeal_Tobacco_Arwen_Curry.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70734\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/NextMeal_Tobacco_Arwen_Curry-377x253.jpg\" alt=\"NextMeal_Tobacco_Arwen_Curry\" width=\"341\" height=\"229\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers introduce genes from cyanobacteria and algae to increase the amount of oil that is produced in tobacco leaves. Photo: Arwen Curry, KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea for biofuel -- using plants as a fuel source -- is nothing new, but it has gained popularity in recent years with rising gasoline prices and concern that burning fossil fuels is a main driver of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most common source for biofuel in the U.S. is corn, which is fermented and turned into an alcohol, called ethanol, that is added to gasoline and used to power automobiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create biofuel from tobacco, researchers have added genes from algae and cyanobacteria that can process sunlight more efficiently than corn does and convert the sunlight into hydrocarbons via photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrocarbons in the engineered tobacco are a form of bio-crude oil, an antecedent to fuel. This bio-crude can be stored in the leaves and directly removed and processed to create biofuel, which requires fewer steps than making ethanol, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because less processing is required, at a commercial scale biofuel from tobacco could be price competitive with gasoline at three to six dollars a gallon, said Peggy Lemaux, a University of California-Berkeley biologist working on the Folium team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant has several other distinct advantages, said Lemaux. Tobacco doesn’t compete with the national food supply. It occupies 350,000 acres of land, compared to 95.3 million for corn, and is cultivated in designated areas where it has been produced for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also can be harvested several times a year and it produces more biomass than traditional biofuel crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We need alternative sources of fuel, but we also need researchers to come up with remedies to end the [tobacco] industry’s behavior that harms soils and communities -Marty Ortañez \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the University of Kentucky have been planting and machine harvesting tobacco on a two-acre plot to measure the potential yield. The tobacco biofuel has not been used in vehicles yet and would need more financial backing for testing after the three-year Department of Energy grant runs out this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics say there are lots of problems with the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pesticide pollution and inhumane working conditions are prevalent in the countries where tobacco is grown, said anthropology professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/CLAS/Departments/anthropology/AboutUs/Contact/DepartmentDirectory/Pages/MartyOta%C3%B1ez.aspx\">Marty Ortañez\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdenver.edu/pages/ucdwelcomepage.aspx\">University of Colorado Denver\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tobacco is an industry that relies on child labor,” said Ortañez. “We need alternative sources of fuel, but we also need researchers to come up with remedies to end the industry’s behavior that harms soils and communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Human Rights Watch, a nonprofit advocacy group, released \u003ca href=\"http://www.hrw.org/reports/2014/05/13/tobacco-s-hidden-children\">a report\u003c/a> about the dangerous working conditions for children as young as seven who work in U.S. tobacco fields. Many young workers were exposed to pesticides and nicotine that sometimes resulted in acute nicotine poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orlando Chambers, managing director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.ca.uky.edu/KTRDC/\">Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center\u003c/a> (KTRDC), said that tobacco used for biofuel would be machine harvested, making child labor a non-issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Conventional tobacco uses lots of labor, but genetically modified tobacco would be planted closer together and be machine harvested,” Chambers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortañez contends that tobacco research, whether for biofuel or cancer vaccines, ultimately helps tobacco companies’ portray the industry in a positive light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70755\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Tobacco-harvesting_300x225.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70755\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Tobacco-harvesting_300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: La Casa del Habano and Habanos S.A.\" width=\"343\" height=\"257\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tobacco for cigarettes is picked by hand but tobacco grown for biofuel would be more efficiently harvested by machines. Photo: La Casa del Habano and Habanos S.A.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Tobacco for biofuel is just another strategy for the tobacco industry to derail the discussion about unfair contracts and low leaf prices [for farmers],” said Ortañez. “It’s the last-ditch effort of tobacco companies to represent themselves as having any sort of benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When contacted, cigarette manufacturer Philip Morris declined to comment for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Folium biologist Peggy Lemaux, the research is neither supported nor influenced by the tobacco industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This project had nothing to do with big tobacco,” said Lemaux. “It was thought of by a bunch of researchers because it’s not an edible crop, it has a high biomass and it’s easy to genetically manipulate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lemaux and other scientists participating in Folium have not received money from the tobacco companies, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the problems associated with tobacco farming, Ortañez does believe Folium has merit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am excited that the biofuel project will get people talking about labor rights and unfair wages,” said Ortañez. “There’s a lot of room for tobacco to improve.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/68329/tobacco-gets-a-makeover-as-new-source-for-biofuel","authors":["5432"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_116","quest_328","quest_12871","quest_12700","quest_12502","quest_12269","quest_9950","quest_1626","quest_12870","quest_13","quest_2409","quest_12868","quest_12869","quest_10239","quest_10240"],"featImg":"quest_70612","label":"source_quest_68329"},"quest_58579":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_58579","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"58579","score":null,"sort":[1380204031000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"could-ants-teach-the-biofuel-industry-a-thing-or-two","title":"Could Ants Teach the Biofuel Industry a Thing or Two? ","publishDate":1380204031,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61026\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 632px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Atta3a.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61026 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Atta3a.jpg\" alt=\"Leafcutter ants, native to Central and South America, can't digest the leaves they rely on for food, so they cultivate these gardens of fungi and bacteria to break down plant matter for them. \" width=\"632\" height=\"439\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leafcutter ants, native to Central and South America, can't digest the leaves they rely on for food, so they cultivate these gardens of fungi and bacteria to break down plant matter for them. Photo courtesy of Alex Wild; used with permission.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the lobby of the Microbial Sciences building at the University of Wisconsin, leafcutter ants in a \u003ca href=\"http://currielab.wisc.edu/antcam/\">display colony\u003c/a> hike back and forth. Improbably large leaf fragments wobble on their backs as the ants ferry them between a dwindling pile of oak leaves and a garden of fungus studded with leaves in assorted states of decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Made up of a single species of fungus and a handful of bacterial strains, the fungus garden breaks down the ants’ leafy harvest through an efficient natural process. It’s a process that researchers believe could be a model for producing biofuel in a more sustainable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we transition away from petroleum dependence, ethanol-based biofuel has risen to the forefront as one of the most accessible sources of renewable energy. It’s produced by fermenting plant sugars, which are strung together into long chains called polysaccharides. Before the fermentation process can begin, these chains have to be snipped apart, a process that varies in difficulty depending on the type of plant being used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polysaccharide chains found in corn kernels -- the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=ethanol-domestic-fuel-supply-or-environmental-boondoggle\">primary biofuel crop\u003c/a> in the U.S. -- are relatively simple to break up. But corn depletes the soil and guzzles water and fertilizer, and using it for fuel siphons calories from the food supply to gas tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, perennial grasses and agricultural “waste” like cornstalks offer a biofuel source that has a lighter impact on the environment. But these woodier fibers -- referred to as \u003ca href=\"http://www.genomicscience.energy.gov/biofuels/placemat.shtml\">“cellulosic” biomass\u003c/a> -- are a tangle of robust polysaccharides that are trickier to deconstruct. Further complicating this problem, the molecular structure of plant biomass isn’t uniform. What breaks down the polysaccharides near the surface of a cornstalk or blade of grass might not work at all on those buried more deeply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61032\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0025.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61032 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0025-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0025\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Wisconsin researcher Frank Aylward peers into one of the lab's many leafcutter ant colonies.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But finding efficient ways to extract energy from plants and other forms of biomass is not a new problem. In fact, it’s a problem that Earth’s plant eaters solved millions of years ago. And according to University of Wisconsin researcher Frank Aylward, if you’re looking for a model system, you can’t do better than \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/science_nation/leafcutterants.jsp\">leafcutter ants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They may not have the imposing mien of herbivores like giraffes or elephants, but in Central and South America, leafcutter ants dominate, munching through more of the region’s foliage than any other organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ants can’t digest leaves by themselves -- they have to rely on the garden’s microbes. “We sort of think of the fungus gardens as being an external gut,” Aylward explains. The garden digests biomass and reconstitutes its molecules in little nutrient packets holding a cocktail of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ants are essentially doing what we want to do with biofuel,” says Aylward. “They’re taking all of this recalcitrant plant biomass that’s full of all of these really complicated polymers and they’re degrading it and converting it into energy.” The transformation from leafy greens to energy source is mediated by hundreds of enzymes produced by the fungus garden’s microbes. If these enzymes chow down so efficiently on the leaves of Central America, Aylward and his coworkers wondered, could they be just as effective at breaking apart the sugars of cellulosic biomass in an industrial setting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One model for a commercial biofuel process patterned after the fungus garden could entail splicing the genetic codes for the garden’s most effective enzymes into other microbes, prompting them to churn out biomass-digesting proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first, scientists needed to identify which enzymes the garden uses to digest leaves for the ants and which microbial residents produce them. By sequencing the genomes of the fungus and bacteria and comparing that data to the garden’s enzyme soup, Aylward and his coworkers were able to identify a fungus called \u003cstrong>Leucoagaricus gongylophorus\u003c/strong> as the garden’s biomass-degrading workhorse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61035\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 332px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0056-e1380044705953.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61035 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0056-e1380044705953-332x253.jpg\" alt=\"Aylward extracts a fragment of the fungus garden. This segment was near the surface, and still shows visible leaf matter; the biomass in the garden sinks as it's broken down. \" width=\"332\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aylward extracts a fragment of the fungus garden. This segment was near the surface, and still shows visible leaf matter; the biomass in the garden sinks as it's broken down.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They also found that the fungus calibrates its enzyme cocktail for different stages of leaf decay. The biomass profile changes at each level in the garden -- the freshest leaves sit near the top and the mostly decomposed waste material at the bottom. And Aylward found that the garden’s enzymes changed, too. That insight could provide the biofuel industry with some clues about which enzymes might excel early in the polysaccharide-decomposition process and which ones to apply later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incidentally, this division of labor also reveals which enzymes the garden deploys together at each level. This is a huge boon to anyone designing industrial applications, since enzymes tend to work much better in specific combinations -- and the garden has had 50 million years of symbiosis with the ants to find the most efficient combinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aylward has already been approached by companies interested in synthesizing some of the garden’s enzymes and using them in biofuel production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's difficult to think that we can actually find a process that improves on nature,” Aylward points out, “so it probably makes sense to learn from it.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How leaf-cutter ants and fungus gardens could provide the model for sustainably producing biofuels.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1380659536,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":954},"headData":{"title":"Could Ants Teach the Biofuel Industry a Thing or Two? | KQED","description":"How leaf-cutter ants and fungus gardens could provide the model for sustainably producing biofuels.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Could Ants Teach the Biofuel Industry a Thing or Two? ","datePublished":"2013-09-26T14:00:31.000Z","dateModified":"2013-10-01T20:32:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"58579 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=58579","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/26/could-ants-teach-the-biofuel-industry-a-thing-or-two/","disqusTitle":"Could Ants Teach the Biofuel Industry a Thing or Two? ","path":"/quest/58579/could-ants-teach-the-biofuel-industry-a-thing-or-two","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61026\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 632px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Atta3a.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61026 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Atta3a.jpg\" alt=\"Leafcutter ants, native to Central and South America, can't digest the leaves they rely on for food, so they cultivate these gardens of fungi and bacteria to break down plant matter for them. \" width=\"632\" height=\"439\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leafcutter ants, native to Central and South America, can't digest the leaves they rely on for food, so they cultivate these gardens of fungi and bacteria to break down plant matter for them. Photo courtesy of Alex Wild; used with permission.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the lobby of the Microbial Sciences building at the University of Wisconsin, leafcutter ants in a \u003ca href=\"http://currielab.wisc.edu/antcam/\">display colony\u003c/a> hike back and forth. Improbably large leaf fragments wobble on their backs as the ants ferry them between a dwindling pile of oak leaves and a garden of fungus studded with leaves in assorted states of decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Made up of a single species of fungus and a handful of bacterial strains, the fungus garden breaks down the ants’ leafy harvest through an efficient natural process. It’s a process that researchers believe could be a model for producing biofuel in a more sustainable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we transition away from petroleum dependence, ethanol-based biofuel has risen to the forefront as one of the most accessible sources of renewable energy. It’s produced by fermenting plant sugars, which are strung together into long chains called polysaccharides. Before the fermentation process can begin, these chains have to be snipped apart, a process that varies in difficulty depending on the type of plant being used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polysaccharide chains found in corn kernels -- the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=ethanol-domestic-fuel-supply-or-environmental-boondoggle\">primary biofuel crop\u003c/a> in the U.S. -- are relatively simple to break up. But corn depletes the soil and guzzles water and fertilizer, and using it for fuel siphons calories from the food supply to gas tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, perennial grasses and agricultural “waste” like cornstalks offer a biofuel source that has a lighter impact on the environment. But these woodier fibers -- referred to as \u003ca href=\"http://www.genomicscience.energy.gov/biofuels/placemat.shtml\">“cellulosic” biomass\u003c/a> -- are a tangle of robust polysaccharides that are trickier to deconstruct. Further complicating this problem, the molecular structure of plant biomass isn’t uniform. What breaks down the polysaccharides near the surface of a cornstalk or blade of grass might not work at all on those buried more deeply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61032\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0025.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61032 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0025-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0025\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Wisconsin researcher Frank Aylward peers into one of the lab's many leafcutter ant colonies.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But finding efficient ways to extract energy from plants and other forms of biomass is not a new problem. In fact, it’s a problem that Earth’s plant eaters solved millions of years ago. And according to University of Wisconsin researcher Frank Aylward, if you’re looking for a model system, you can’t do better than \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/science_nation/leafcutterants.jsp\">leafcutter ants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They may not have the imposing mien of herbivores like giraffes or elephants, but in Central and South America, leafcutter ants dominate, munching through more of the region’s foliage than any other organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ants can’t digest leaves by themselves -- they have to rely on the garden’s microbes. “We sort of think of the fungus gardens as being an external gut,” Aylward explains. The garden digests biomass and reconstitutes its molecules in little nutrient packets holding a cocktail of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ants are essentially doing what we want to do with biofuel,” says Aylward. “They’re taking all of this recalcitrant plant biomass that’s full of all of these really complicated polymers and they’re degrading it and converting it into energy.” The transformation from leafy greens to energy source is mediated by hundreds of enzymes produced by the fungus garden’s microbes. If these enzymes chow down so efficiently on the leaves of Central America, Aylward and his coworkers wondered, could they be just as effective at breaking apart the sugars of cellulosic biomass in an industrial setting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One model for a commercial biofuel process patterned after the fungus garden could entail splicing the genetic codes for the garden’s most effective enzymes into other microbes, prompting them to churn out biomass-digesting proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first, scientists needed to identify which enzymes the garden uses to digest leaves for the ants and which microbial residents produce them. By sequencing the genomes of the fungus and bacteria and comparing that data to the garden’s enzyme soup, Aylward and his coworkers were able to identify a fungus called \u003cstrong>Leucoagaricus gongylophorus\u003c/strong> as the garden’s biomass-degrading workhorse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61035\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 332px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0056-e1380044705953.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61035 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0056-e1380044705953-332x253.jpg\" alt=\"Aylward extracts a fragment of the fungus garden. This segment was near the surface, and still shows visible leaf matter; the biomass in the garden sinks as it's broken down. \" width=\"332\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aylward extracts a fragment of the fungus garden. This segment was near the surface, and still shows visible leaf matter; the biomass in the garden sinks as it's broken down.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They also found that the fungus calibrates its enzyme cocktail for different stages of leaf decay. The biomass profile changes at each level in the garden -- the freshest leaves sit near the top and the mostly decomposed waste material at the bottom. And Aylward found that the garden’s enzymes changed, too. That insight could provide the biofuel industry with some clues about which enzymes might excel early in the polysaccharide-decomposition process and which ones to apply later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incidentally, this division of labor also reveals which enzymes the garden deploys together at each level. This is a huge boon to anyone designing industrial applications, since enzymes tend to work much better in specific combinations -- and the garden has had 50 million years of symbiosis with the ants to find the most efficient combinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aylward has already been approached by companies interested in synthesizing some of the garden’s enzymes and using them in biofuel production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's difficult to think that we can actually find a process that improves on nature,” Aylward points out, “so it probably makes sense to learn from it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/58579/could-ants-teach-the-biofuel-industry-a-thing-or-two","authors":["10441"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_10995","quest_328","quest_12272","quest_12269","quest_12273","quest_3292","quest_12275"],"featImg":"quest_61026","label":"quest"},"quest_52092":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52092","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52092","score":null,"sort":[1371650427000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"video-game-turns-players-into-biofuel-farmers","title":"Gamers Going Green: New Video Game Turns Players Into Biofuel Farmers","publishDate":1371650427,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56427\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_2678.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-56427 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_2678-e1371242167794.jpg\" alt=\"Fuels of Fuel inspires discussion among Wisconsin college students. Image courtesy of Heather Heggemeier / Wisconsin Energy Institute. \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_2678-e1371242167794.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_2678-e1371242167794-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fields of Fuel inspires discussion among Wisconsin college students. Image courtesy of Heather Heggemeier / Wisconsin Energy Institute.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For many people, the allure of video games is unparalleled. These games provide hours upon hours of entertainment for dedicated players, many of whom are enticed by the prospect of hunting zombies and defeating alien empires. But of course, video games aren't just about fun these days. Since the late 1980s, video games have been used as teaching tools in the classroom, at home, and in other informal education settings. More recently, there has been a surge in the development of games that are being used not only to educate students, but also to enlighten scientists, policy makers, and others who hope to make use of the players' collective brain-power to help solve real-world problems. Stepping into this arena, a group of scientists and educators from the Midwest are trying to harness some of that time spent battling otherworldly marauders, and refocus it around answering questions related to an important agricultural puzzle: how to sustainably manage a biofuel farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there is general agreement that we should be growing crops that can be turned into biofuels, scientists and farmers are still debating the best way to proceed. There are questions about which crops to grow and how to raise them sustainably —as well as the larger question of what it means to be “sustainable.” Is a sustainable farm one with the best soil quality, or one that produces the most fuel, or one that yields enough income to support its farmers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55747\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FoF_screenshot-copy-e1370384995846.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-55747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FoF_screenshot-copy-e1370384968279-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"The fields on the left are populated by corn and switchgrass; at right, graphs show the farm's sustainability over time in terms of ecology, income, and energy production. \" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The fields on the left are populated by corn and switchgrass; at right, graphs show the farm's sustainability over time in terms of ecology, income, and energy production.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To answer some of these questions, scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://wid.wisc.edu\">Wisconsin Institute for Discovery\u003c/a> (WID) and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have teamed up with ecologists and educators to create a \u003ca href=\"http://wid.wisc.edu/featured-science/student-computer-game-simulates-biofuel-production/\">video game\u003c/a>. Their hope is that the game will lure players into channeling the kind of critical thinking used in entertainment based video games, which will in turn provide insights about the best way to grow biofuel crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the game, whose working title is \u003cem>Fields of Fuel,\u003c/em> players plant plots of energy-dense corn or more \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/pubs/switchgrass.pdf\">eco-friendly switchgrass\u003c/a> — and then decide if they want to till the soil and whether or not to add fertilizer. After the virtual harvest, graphs display their income, energy production, and ecological impact, and compare those values to other players’ scores and to their own performance the previous year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Fields of Fuel\u003c/em> started as a student project in an interdisciplinary computer-science class taught by three WID scientists: Ben Shapiro, now a professor of engineering education at Tufts University; Michael Ferris, Professor of Computer Sciences at UW-Madison; and Steve Wangen, a postdoctoral researcher in UW-Madison’s department of Forestry and Wildlife Ecology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56682\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/switchgrass.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-56682\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/switchgrass-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"switchgrass\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Switchgrass can be processed to yield cellulosic ethanol, which has a higher net energy yield and lower greenhouse-gas production than ethanol from corn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the \u003ca href=\"http://www.glbrc.org\">Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center \u003c/a>realized the project’s potential, they contributed funding to keep it going. Rosemary Russ, a professor in the department of Curriculum and Instruction at UW-Madison, came on board to study players’ learning strategies and apply that knowledge to future iterations of the game. \u003cem>Fields of Fuel\u003c/em> has been piloted in high-school classrooms and is slated to appear in courses at UW. During my conversation with the developers, they asked me to play it, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t take long to figure out that maximizing your score isn’t straightforward. When I wondered why fertilizing switchgrass hadn’t increased its yield, Shapiro reminded me that no effect has a single cause: “it’s choices you’re making, it’s changes in the soil, it’s choices other players are making; there are all these things that make the mapping between cause and effect harder to think about.” For players, it quickly becomes apparent that the notion of “sustainability” is more complicated than they might have expected. Having to think critically about all of the options in order to make decisions is part of what gives video games an edge as a teaching tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the simplicity of the interface, the game developers relied on complex computational modeling and ecological expertise to create a set of situations that resemble real-life scenarios. As a result, scientists can assess the players’ decision-making process, and use what they learn to better understand how real farmers make analogous decisions. For example, when players decide what to plant for the next season, on what data are they basing these decisions? Do they weigh their “environment” or “economy” scores more heavily?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56436\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 446px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FoF_screenshot_planting-e1371130720375.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-56436\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FoF_screenshot_planting-e1371130720375-446x253.png\" alt=\"This empty field can be planted with corn, a perennial grass like switchgrass, or a cover crop. \" width=\"446\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This empty field can be planted with corn, a perennial grass like switchgrass, or a cover crop.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Fields of Fue\u003c/em>l should be ready for roll-out in classrooms by this fall. And after they nail down the features they want to include in a broader release, the developers hope they’ll be able to make \u003cem>Fields of Fue\u003c/em>l publicly available. That could yield a huge volume of data about learning and decision-making, and a get a huge number of people thinking a little more deeply about sustainable choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biofuels research isn’t the only area of study poised to benefit from these video games. Other games developed at the WID engage players in \u003ca href=\"http://www.eriainteractive.com/project_TrailsForward.php\">forest management\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.gameslearningsociety.org/citizen-science-civic-engagement-thats-more-than-a-game/\">algae remediation\u003c/a>. As for Ferris, Shapiro, Russ, and Wangen, they’re full of ideas for additions to their model (like utilizing fertilizer runoff from another player’s farm) and ways to improve the interface (like color-coding the field to show soil health).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their motivation to continue refining and expanding these games stems, in part, from the fact that \u003cem>Fields of Fuel\u003c/em> hits close to home for researchers based in the agricultural Midwest. As Shapiro explains, “One of the things that we’re really excited about is how we can have the courses we teach at the university produce tools and systems that have an impact on our community.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new video game designed by computer scientists and ecologists is poised to shed light on the best way to manage biofuel farms.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371650434,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":1054},"headData":{"title":"Gamers Going Green: New Video Game Turns Players Into Biofuel Farmers | KQED","description":"A new video game designed by computer scientists and ecologists is poised to shed light on the best way to manage biofuel farms.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Gamers Going Green: New Video Game Turns Players Into Biofuel Farmers","datePublished":"2013-06-19T14:00:27.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-19T14:00:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"52092 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52092","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/06/19/video-game-turns-players-into-biofuel-farmers/","disqusTitle":"Gamers Going Green: New Video Game Turns Players Into Biofuel Farmers","path":"/quest/52092/video-game-turns-players-into-biofuel-farmers","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56427\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_2678.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-56427 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_2678-e1371242167794.jpg\" alt=\"Fuels of Fuel inspires discussion among Wisconsin college students. Image courtesy of Heather Heggemeier / Wisconsin Energy Institute. \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_2678-e1371242167794.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_2678-e1371242167794-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fields of Fuel inspires discussion among Wisconsin college students. Image courtesy of Heather Heggemeier / Wisconsin Energy Institute.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For many people, the allure of video games is unparalleled. These games provide hours upon hours of entertainment for dedicated players, many of whom are enticed by the prospect of hunting zombies and defeating alien empires. But of course, video games aren't just about fun these days. Since the late 1980s, video games have been used as teaching tools in the classroom, at home, and in other informal education settings. More recently, there has been a surge in the development of games that are being used not only to educate students, but also to enlighten scientists, policy makers, and others who hope to make use of the players' collective brain-power to help solve real-world problems. Stepping into this arena, a group of scientists and educators from the Midwest are trying to harness some of that time spent battling otherworldly marauders, and refocus it around answering questions related to an important agricultural puzzle: how to sustainably manage a biofuel farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there is general agreement that we should be growing crops that can be turned into biofuels, scientists and farmers are still debating the best way to proceed. There are questions about which crops to grow and how to raise them sustainably —as well as the larger question of what it means to be “sustainable.” Is a sustainable farm one with the best soil quality, or one that produces the most fuel, or one that yields enough income to support its farmers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55747\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FoF_screenshot-copy-e1370384995846.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-55747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FoF_screenshot-copy-e1370384968279-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"The fields on the left are populated by corn and switchgrass; at right, graphs show the farm's sustainability over time in terms of ecology, income, and energy production. \" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The fields on the left are populated by corn and switchgrass; at right, graphs show the farm's sustainability over time in terms of ecology, income, and energy production.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To answer some of these questions, scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://wid.wisc.edu\">Wisconsin Institute for Discovery\u003c/a> (WID) and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have teamed up with ecologists and educators to create a \u003ca href=\"http://wid.wisc.edu/featured-science/student-computer-game-simulates-biofuel-production/\">video game\u003c/a>. Their hope is that the game will lure players into channeling the kind of critical thinking used in entertainment based video games, which will in turn provide insights about the best way to grow biofuel crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the game, whose working title is \u003cem>Fields of Fuel,\u003c/em> players plant plots of energy-dense corn or more \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/pubs/switchgrass.pdf\">eco-friendly switchgrass\u003c/a> — and then decide if they want to till the soil and whether or not to add fertilizer. After the virtual harvest, graphs display their income, energy production, and ecological impact, and compare those values to other players’ scores and to their own performance the previous year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Fields of Fuel\u003c/em> started as a student project in an interdisciplinary computer-science class taught by three WID scientists: Ben Shapiro, now a professor of engineering education at Tufts University; Michael Ferris, Professor of Computer Sciences at UW-Madison; and Steve Wangen, a postdoctoral researcher in UW-Madison’s department of Forestry and Wildlife Ecology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56682\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/switchgrass.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-56682\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/switchgrass-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"switchgrass\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Switchgrass can be processed to yield cellulosic ethanol, which has a higher net energy yield and lower greenhouse-gas production than ethanol from corn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the \u003ca href=\"http://www.glbrc.org\">Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center \u003c/a>realized the project’s potential, they contributed funding to keep it going. Rosemary Russ, a professor in the department of Curriculum and Instruction at UW-Madison, came on board to study players’ learning strategies and apply that knowledge to future iterations of the game. \u003cem>Fields of Fuel\u003c/em> has been piloted in high-school classrooms and is slated to appear in courses at UW. During my conversation with the developers, they asked me to play it, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t take long to figure out that maximizing your score isn’t straightforward. When I wondered why fertilizing switchgrass hadn’t increased its yield, Shapiro reminded me that no effect has a single cause: “it’s choices you’re making, it’s changes in the soil, it’s choices other players are making; there are all these things that make the mapping between cause and effect harder to think about.” For players, it quickly becomes apparent that the notion of “sustainability” is more complicated than they might have expected. Having to think critically about all of the options in order to make decisions is part of what gives video games an edge as a teaching tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the simplicity of the interface, the game developers relied on complex computational modeling and ecological expertise to create a set of situations that resemble real-life scenarios. As a result, scientists can assess the players’ decision-making process, and use what they learn to better understand how real farmers make analogous decisions. For example, when players decide what to plant for the next season, on what data are they basing these decisions? Do they weigh their “environment” or “economy” scores more heavily?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56436\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 446px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FoF_screenshot_planting-e1371130720375.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-56436\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FoF_screenshot_planting-e1371130720375-446x253.png\" alt=\"This empty field can be planted with corn, a perennial grass like switchgrass, or a cover crop. \" width=\"446\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This empty field can be planted with corn, a perennial grass like switchgrass, or a cover crop.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Fields of Fue\u003c/em>l should be ready for roll-out in classrooms by this fall. And after they nail down the features they want to include in a broader release, the developers hope they’ll be able to make \u003cem>Fields of Fue\u003c/em>l publicly available. That could yield a huge volume of data about learning and decision-making, and a get a huge number of people thinking a little more deeply about sustainable choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biofuels research isn’t the only area of study poised to benefit from these video games. Other games developed at the WID engage players in \u003ca href=\"http://www.eriainteractive.com/project_TrailsForward.php\">forest management\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.gameslearningsociety.org/citizen-science-civic-engagement-thats-more-than-a-game/\">algae remediation\u003c/a>. As for Ferris, Shapiro, Russ, and Wangen, they’re full of ideas for additions to their model (like utilizing fertilizer runoff from another player’s farm) and ways to improve the interface (like color-coding the field to show soil health).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their motivation to continue refining and expanding these games stems, in part, from the fact that \u003cem>Fields of Fuel\u003c/em> hits close to home for researchers based in the agricultural Midwest. As Shapiro explains, “One of the things that we’re really excited about is how we can have the courses we teach at the university produce tools and systems that have an impact on our community.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52092/video-game-turns-players-into-biofuel-farmers","authors":["10441"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_127","quest_328","quest_3292","quest_9913","quest_3072","quest_10416"],"featImg":"quest_56427","label":"quest"},"quest_43049":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_43049","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"43049","score":null,"sort":[1346252411000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"starbucks-food-waste-fuels-experimental-biorefinery","title":"Starbucks' Food Waste Fuels Experimental Biorefinery","publishDate":1346252411,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43050\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/29/starbucks-food-waste-fuels-experimental-biorefinery/starbucks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43050\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43050\" title=\"starbucks\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/starbucks-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"starbucks pastry\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leftover pastries and coffee grounds from Starbucks could be turned into precursors to plastic. Credit: {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/andreanna/4468677088/\"}Andreanna Moya Photography/Flickr{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An experimental biorefinery turns spent coffee grounds and old pastries from Starbucks into a building block for plastic. Using food waste as fuel might improve the sustainability of biobased chemical production, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil refineries clean up crude oil to produce fuel for cars, trucks and planes. Side products from that process include building blocks for plastics, fabrics and detergents, like lactic acid, succinic acid and glycerol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biorefineries could reduce our dependence on fossil fuels by creating fuel from renewable sources of energy like plant biomass. Right now, many biorefineries consume sugars and starches from corn – a plant we eat as food. Should food supplies become scarce, humans and biorefineries would compete for fuel. Energy from food waste, instead of food plants, could make biobased chemical production more sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carol Lin, at the City University of Hong Kong, and her coworkers developed a tabletop biorefinery to run on food waste from Starbucks. Fungi first break down the food into sugars. Then bacteria transform those sugars into succinic acid, a chemical building block for plastics, spandex, detergents and deicing solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starbucks Hong Kong donated money to help fund Lin’s research, which she presented at a meeting of the American Chemical Society last week. The company produces nearly 5000 tons of food waste yearly in Hong Kong alone, which would normally be burned or buried in landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lin says she is adapting the biorefinery to make other chemicals from the pastry waste. And there is funding to test the technology on a pilot scale in Germany, she said in \u003ca href=\"http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAIN&node_id=222&content_id=CNBP_030537&use_sec=true&sec_url_var=region1&__uuid=85bffd3d-35ad-40f4-b0dd-7e90a1e51fd0\">a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies already produce succinic acid using sugars in wheat and corn. BioAmber, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, is running a pilot plant in France and \u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bioamber-announces-biobased-succinic-acid-plant-in-ontario-canada-128586383.html\">plans to open a larger plant\u003c/a> in Ontario in 2013. The new plant will produce 18 thousand tons of succinic acid at first, scaling up to more than 38 thousand tons at peak production. Reverdia will soon open a plant in Italy that can produce about 10 thousand tons of succinic acid yearly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “food versus fuel” debate over the sugar source for biorefineries often involves biofuel production more than chemical production. About 33 to 40% of corn in the U.S. goes towards making ethanol. And in a year where drought affects corn supplies, some groups are pushing government agencies to reduce their biofuel mandates.\u003cbr>\nMeanwhile, biobased chemical production \u003ca href=\"http://cenblog.org/cleantech-chemistry/2012/08/rfs-plagued-by-critics-while-bio-based-chemicals-move-forward/\">remains under their radar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to sidestep this debate – for both fuels and chemicals – involves using cellulose in wood pulp and dried corn stalks as a sugar source. But this approach can't produce cost-competitive biofuels right now. It takes too much energy to disassemble rigid cellulose fibers into edible sugars for biorefinery microbes. Nevertheless, some companies hope to find ways to use cellulose for biobased chemical production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day our favorite fuels, plastics and detergents may come from plant and food waste instead of fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Most of our plastics come from petroleum-based chemicals. Now, thanks to engineered microbes, similar materials might be made using food waste from Starbucks.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366737941,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":522},"headData":{"title":"Starbucks' Food Waste Fuels Experimental Biorefinery | KQED","description":"Most of our plastics come from petroleum-based chemicals. Now, thanks to engineered microbes, similar materials might be made using food waste from Starbucks.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Starbucks' Food Waste Fuels Experimental Biorefinery","datePublished":"2012-08-29T15:00:11.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T17:25:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"43049 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=43049","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/29/starbucks-food-waste-fuels-experimental-biorefinery/","disqusTitle":"Starbucks' Food Waste Fuels Experimental Biorefinery","path":"/quest/43049/starbucks-food-waste-fuels-experimental-biorefinery","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43050\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/29/starbucks-food-waste-fuels-experimental-biorefinery/starbucks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43050\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43050\" title=\"starbucks\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/starbucks-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"starbucks pastry\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leftover pastries and coffee grounds from Starbucks could be turned into precursors to plastic. Credit: {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/andreanna/4468677088/\"}Andreanna Moya Photography/Flickr{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An experimental biorefinery turns spent coffee grounds and old pastries from Starbucks into a building block for plastic. Using food waste as fuel might improve the sustainability of biobased chemical production, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil refineries clean up crude oil to produce fuel for cars, trucks and planes. Side products from that process include building blocks for plastics, fabrics and detergents, like lactic acid, succinic acid and glycerol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biorefineries could reduce our dependence on fossil fuels by creating fuel from renewable sources of energy like plant biomass. Right now, many biorefineries consume sugars and starches from corn – a plant we eat as food. Should food supplies become scarce, humans and biorefineries would compete for fuel. Energy from food waste, instead of food plants, could make biobased chemical production more sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carol Lin, at the City University of Hong Kong, and her coworkers developed a tabletop biorefinery to run on food waste from Starbucks. Fungi first break down the food into sugars. Then bacteria transform those sugars into succinic acid, a chemical building block for plastics, spandex, detergents and deicing solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starbucks Hong Kong donated money to help fund Lin’s research, which she presented at a meeting of the American Chemical Society last week. The company produces nearly 5000 tons of food waste yearly in Hong Kong alone, which would normally be burned or buried in landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lin says she is adapting the biorefinery to make other chemicals from the pastry waste. And there is funding to test the technology on a pilot scale in Germany, she said in \u003ca href=\"http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAIN&node_id=222&content_id=CNBP_030537&use_sec=true&sec_url_var=region1&__uuid=85bffd3d-35ad-40f4-b0dd-7e90a1e51fd0\">a statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies already produce succinic acid using sugars in wheat and corn. BioAmber, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, is running a pilot plant in France and \u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bioamber-announces-biobased-succinic-acid-plant-in-ontario-canada-128586383.html\">plans to open a larger plant\u003c/a> in Ontario in 2013. The new plant will produce 18 thousand tons of succinic acid at first, scaling up to more than 38 thousand tons at peak production. Reverdia will soon open a plant in Italy that can produce about 10 thousand tons of succinic acid yearly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “food versus fuel” debate over the sugar source for biorefineries often involves biofuel production more than chemical production. About 33 to 40% of corn in the U.S. goes towards making ethanol. And in a year where drought affects corn supplies, some groups are pushing government agencies to reduce their biofuel mandates.\u003cbr>\nMeanwhile, biobased chemical production \u003ca href=\"http://cenblog.org/cleantech-chemistry/2012/08/rfs-plagued-by-critics-while-bio-based-chemicals-move-forward/\">remains under their radar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to sidestep this debate – for both fuels and chemicals – involves using cellulose in wood pulp and dried corn stalks as a sugar source. But this approach can't produce cost-competitive biofuels right now. It takes too much energy to disassemble rigid cellulose fibers into edible sugars for biorefinery microbes. Nevertheless, some companies hope to find ways to use cellulose for biobased chemical production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day our favorite fuels, plastics and detergents may come from plant and food waste instead of fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43049/starbucks-food-waste-fuels-experimental-biorefinery","authors":["10331"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_11765","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_328","quest_11389","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_11388","quest_11390","quest_13364"],"featImg":"quest_43050","label":"quest"},"quest_3539":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3539","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3539","score":null,"sort":[1253044809000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-algae-power","title":"Producer's Notes: Algae Power","publishDate":1253044809,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Today’s episode of QUEST features our 10-minute TV story about efforts to produce biofuels from algae. In 1996, when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.gov/\">U.S. Department of Energy\u003c/a> concluded its 25-year research project into the potential of algae as biofuels, its report concluded that the most cost-effective way to grow algae was in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_Species_Program\">open ponds\u003c/a>. With climate change and geopolitics prompting new research into the algae-as-fuel question, some companies are pursuing the open pond route, while others are looking into closed systems such as bioreactors. In our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/algae-power\">TV story\u003c/a> we profile \u003ca href=\"http://www.originoil.com\">OriginOil\u003c/a>, a Los Angeles-based company developing a bioreactor that looks like a miniature Christmas tree, complete with bright, colored lights. And we interview the CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.aurorabiofuels.com/\">Aurora Biofuels\u003c/a>, a company based in the Bay Area city of Alameda, which is re-imagining open ponds, as well as trying to create strains of algae that are ideal for fuel production. Before becoming the CEO of Aurora Biofuels, Bob Walsh worked at the oil company Shell for 25 years. Here’s an excerpt of QUEST’s March, 2009, interview with Walsh, most of which didn't make it into the TV segment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>QUEST: What excited you about algae? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>BOB WALSH:\u003c/strong> I ran oil products businesses for many years and understand the cost-competitiveness and the commodity basis of it. And what excited me about algae was, A, it’s renewable. B, you're using a feed stock of carbon dioxide, which is basically free. And finally, what excited me about this company, Aurora Biofuels, was the aspect of solving it end to end, not just the biotech (end of things), but also the engineering aspects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: What has algae been grown for in ponds in the past?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WALSH:\u003c/strong> Algae’s been grown in open ponds for decades. And typically it’s been done with nutraceuticals – spirulina, which many people use as a protein pill. That is grown in open ponds, but not very cost-effectively because they haven’t had to be very cost-effective. They can charge $10 per pound.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nQ: What would be the difference that you would be looking for in terms of cost-effectiveness, compared to what’s been done already?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WALSH:\u003c/strong> Historically, algae were just grown in an open pond and captured carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and the sun. What we’re actually doing is injecting the CO2 we recover from a steel mill or power plant, to give the algae food. And we’ve engineered it to get better mixing, so it grows more quickly. And then finally, rather than drying the algae out, we actually do a wet extraction of the oil, which is much more cost-effective than drying it as they have historically done for proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: So what price would you be aiming for, and what price can the algae be grown for now?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWALSH: \u003c/strong> Oil today has been around $50 per barrel. We believe we need to be competitive in the $50-60 range. And that’s what our final target is. I think oil will be $60-100 over the next 10 to 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: What would the algae biofuels facility of the future look like?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WALSH: You’ll situate it very close to a CO2 source – a steel mill or a power plant. It will encompass several thousand acres of barren land – because you want dry, barren land – and use salt water. And it would produce roughly 120 million gallons a year of useable fuel into the existing infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: Can algae fuel actually make a contribution to our transportation needs?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WALSH:\u003c/strong> Algae can be a player. It’s going to take a lot of different solutions because of the different climates and things that you need for it. It’s also a trillion-gallon market. And so it’s not going to happen tomorrow. But certainly algae can be a 5- to 10-percent player in ten years, in the marketplace.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Before becoming the CEO of Aurora Biofuels, Bob Walsh worked at the oil company Shell for 25 years. Here’s an excerpt of QUEST’s March, 2009, interview with Walsh, most of which didn't make it into the TV segment.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457742953,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":682},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Algae Power | KQED","description":"Before becoming the CEO of Aurora Biofuels, Bob Walsh worked at the oil company Shell for 25 years. Here’s an excerpt of QUEST’s March, 2009, interview with Walsh, most of which didn't make it into the TV segment.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Algae Power","datePublished":"2009-09-15T20:00:09.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-12T00:35:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3539 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3539","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/15/producers-notes-algae-power/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: Algae Power","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waPgGQNppHY","path":"/quest/3539/producers-notes-algae-power","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Today’s episode of QUEST features our 10-minute TV story about efforts to produce biofuels from algae. In 1996, when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.gov/\">U.S. Department of Energy\u003c/a> concluded its 25-year research project into the potential of algae as biofuels, its report concluded that the most cost-effective way to grow algae was in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_Species_Program\">open ponds\u003c/a>. With climate change and geopolitics prompting new research into the algae-as-fuel question, some companies are pursuing the open pond route, while others are looking into closed systems such as bioreactors. In our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/algae-power\">TV story\u003c/a> we profile \u003ca href=\"http://www.originoil.com\">OriginOil\u003c/a>, a Los Angeles-based company developing a bioreactor that looks like a miniature Christmas tree, complete with bright, colored lights. And we interview the CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.aurorabiofuels.com/\">Aurora Biofuels\u003c/a>, a company based in the Bay Area city of Alameda, which is re-imagining open ponds, as well as trying to create strains of algae that are ideal for fuel production. Before becoming the CEO of Aurora Biofuels, Bob Walsh worked at the oil company Shell for 25 years. Here’s an excerpt of QUEST’s March, 2009, interview with Walsh, most of which didn't make it into the TV segment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>QUEST: What excited you about algae? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>BOB WALSH:\u003c/strong> I ran oil products businesses for many years and understand the cost-competitiveness and the commodity basis of it. And what excited me about algae was, A, it’s renewable. B, you're using a feed stock of carbon dioxide, which is basically free. And finally, what excited me about this company, Aurora Biofuels, was the aspect of solving it end to end, not just the biotech (end of things), but also the engineering aspects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: What has algae been grown for in ponds in the past?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WALSH:\u003c/strong> Algae’s been grown in open ponds for decades. And typically it’s been done with nutraceuticals – spirulina, which many people use as a protein pill. That is grown in open ponds, but not very cost-effectively because they haven’t had to be very cost-effective. They can charge $10 per pound.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nQ: What would be the difference that you would be looking for in terms of cost-effectiveness, compared to what’s been done already?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WALSH:\u003c/strong> Historically, algae were just grown in an open pond and captured carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and the sun. What we’re actually doing is injecting the CO2 we recover from a steel mill or power plant, to give the algae food. And we’ve engineered it to get better mixing, so it grows more quickly. And then finally, rather than drying the algae out, we actually do a wet extraction of the oil, which is much more cost-effective than drying it as they have historically done for proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: So what price would you be aiming for, and what price can the algae be grown for now?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWALSH: \u003c/strong> Oil today has been around $50 per barrel. We believe we need to be competitive in the $50-60 range. And that’s what our final target is. I think oil will be $60-100 over the next 10 to 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: What would the algae biofuels facility of the future look like?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WALSH: You’ll situate it very close to a CO2 source – a steel mill or a power plant. It will encompass several thousand acres of barren land – because you want dry, barren land – and use salt water. And it would produce roughly 120 million gallons a year of useable fuel into the existing infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: Can algae fuel actually make a contribution to our transportation needs?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WALSH:\u003c/strong> Algae can be a player. It’s going to take a lot of different solutions because of the different climates and things that you need for it. It’s also a trillion-gallon market. And so it’s not going to happen tomorrow. But certainly algae can be a 5- to 10-percent player in ten years, in the marketplace.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3539/producers-notes-algae-power","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_11765","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_116","quest_127","quest_328","quest_3351","quest_2009","quest_2349","quest_2893"],"label":"quest"},"quest_17499":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17499","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17499","score":null,"sort":[1251858600000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"algae-power","title":"Algae Power","publishDate":1251858600,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In a co-production with NOVA scienceNow, QUEST explores the potential of algae---once considered nothing more than pond scum---to become the fuel of the future. Entrepreneurs from the Bay Area to LA are working to create the next generation of biofuels from algae. But will you ever be able to run your car off it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Learn more about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/15/producers-notes-algae-power/\" target=\"_blank\">algae energy and this video\u003c/a> with the Producer's Notes.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In a co-production with NOVA scienceNow, QUEST explores the potential of algae---once considered nothing more than pond scum---to become the fuel of the future. Entrepreneurs from the Bay Area to LA are working to create the next generation of biofuels from algae. But will you ever be able to run your car off it? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457742860,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":72},"headData":{"title":"Algae Power | KQED","description":"In a co-production with NOVA scienceNow, QUEST explores the potential of algae---once considered nothing more than pond scum---to become the fuel of the future. Entrepreneurs from the Bay Area to LA are working to create the next generation of biofuels from algae. But will you ever be able to run your car off it? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Algae Power","datePublished":"2009-09-02T02:30:00.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-12T00:34:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17499 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/algae-power/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/01/algae-power/","disqusTitle":"Algae Power","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waPgGQNppHY","path":"/quest/17499/algae-power","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a co-production with NOVA scienceNow, QUEST explores the potential of algae---once considered nothing more than pond scum---to become the fuel of the future. Entrepreneurs from the Bay Area to LA are working to create the next generation of biofuels from algae. But will you ever be able to run your car off it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Learn more about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/15/producers-notes-algae-power/\" target=\"_blank\">algae energy and this video\u003c/a> with the Producer's Notes.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17499/algae-power","authors":["6186","2100"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_11765","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_116","quest_328","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2893"],"featImg":"quest_40988","label":"quest"},"quest_3076":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3076","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3076","score":null,"sort":[1248203722000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-decoding-synthetic-biology","title":"Producer's Notes: Decoding Synthetic Biology","publishDate":1248203722,"format":"video","headTitle":"Producer’s Notes: Decoding Synthetic Biology | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Synthetic biology portends big changes in our lives by ushering in a dizzying array of applications in everything from medicine to biofuels, environmental remediation to agriculture. Though many of these applications haven’t yet come on line, researchers are hard at work to synthesize new drugs and devices made from genetic parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there’s an enzyme that exists in plants which makes methyl halides, a molecule which can be catalytically converted into gasoline and other chemicals. Imagine if you could put this enzyme-making gene into yeast, then you could brew the yeast to churn out the methyl halides and after some optimization of the production pathway, you could scale up production to pump out this carbon neutral gasoline precursor for use in today’s automobiles. This is the idea behind an innovative biofuels project that has taken off in the lab of Chris Voigt at \u003ca href=\"http://pharmacy.ucsf.edu/\">UCSF’s School of Pharmacy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3077\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/blog_synthbio1.jpg\" alt=\"UCSF biologist Jeff Tabor holds up an ecoli culture designed to display the shape of a squid.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3077\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSF biologist Jeff Tabor holds up an ecoli culture designed to display the shape of a squid.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voigt and his team surveyed the genetic database for the presence of the gene that encodes for the enzyme that makes methyl halides. Lo and behold, the gene exists in plants as diverse as ice plant, which dots the northern California coast, bok choy and pinot noir grapes. After building a library of about 100 enzymes from these diverse plants, the researchers had to determine which of these would function best in the yeast. They zeroed in on an enzyme from ice plant and then used the tool of DNA synthesis to translate the gene for the enzyme that makes methyl halides into something that would work in yeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remarkable thing about this project is that the researchers never actually touched any of the plants. They simply “Googled” a genetic database to find all the genes out there in plants that produce the enzyme that makes methyl halides. As Professor Voigt says, “it’s incredible that synthetic biology is something that could really unlock the potential of using organisms in order to produce fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Synthetic biology portends big changes in our lives by ushering in a dizzying array of applications in everything from medicine to biofuels, environmental remediation to agriculture.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684975745,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":356},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Decoding Synthetic Biology | KQED","description":"Synthetic biology portends big changes in our lives by ushering in a dizzying array of applications in everything from medicine to biofuels, environmental remediation to agriculture.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Decoding Synthetic Biology","datePublished":"2009-07-21T19:15:22.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:49:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtADBcxWpVg","templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/3076/producers-notes-decoding-synthetic-biology","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Synthetic biology portends big changes in our lives by ushering in a dizzying array of applications in everything from medicine to biofuels, environmental remediation to agriculture. Though many of these applications haven’t yet come on line, researchers are hard at work to synthesize new drugs and devices made from genetic parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there’s an enzyme that exists in plants which makes methyl halides, a molecule which can be catalytically converted into gasoline and other chemicals. Imagine if you could put this enzyme-making gene into yeast, then you could brew the yeast to churn out the methyl halides and after some optimization of the production pathway, you could scale up production to pump out this carbon neutral gasoline precursor for use in today’s automobiles. This is the idea behind an innovative biofuels project that has taken off in the lab of Chris Voigt at \u003ca href=\"http://pharmacy.ucsf.edu/\">UCSF’s School of Pharmacy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3077\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/blog_synthbio1.jpg\" alt=\"UCSF biologist Jeff Tabor holds up an ecoli culture designed to display the shape of a squid.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3077\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSF biologist Jeff Tabor holds up an ecoli culture designed to display the shape of a squid.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voigt and his team surveyed the genetic database for the presence of the gene that encodes for the enzyme that makes methyl halides. Lo and behold, the gene exists in plants as diverse as ice plant, which dots the northern California coast, bok choy and pinot noir grapes. After building a library of about 100 enzymes from these diverse plants, the researchers had to determine which of these would function best in the yeast. They zeroed in on an enzyme from ice plant and then used the tool of DNA synthesis to translate the gene for the enzyme that makes methyl halides into something that would work in yeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remarkable thing about this project is that the researchers never actually touched any of the plants. They simply “Googled” a genetic database to find all the genes out there in plants that produce the enzyme that makes methyl halides. As Professor Voigt says, “it’s incredible that synthetic biology is something that could really unlock the potential of using organisms in order to produce fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3076/producers-notes-decoding-synthetic-biology","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_11765","quest_8","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_152","quest_219","quest_267","quest_324","quest_328","quest_13193","quest_13194","quest_880","quest_13197","quest_1191","quest_1520","quest_3351","quest_1592","quest_2771","quest_2861","quest_2893"],"label":"quest"},"quest_516":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_516","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"516","score":null,"sort":[1207683999000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol","title":"Producer's Notes - Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol","publishDate":1207683999,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>It doesn't need to be said that there's a heated debate about how to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions with actions that lessen our society's carbon footprint. Biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel are one option. They're touted as being carbon neutral because the CO2 they emit comes from crops which had previously sequestered them in the atmosphere. In contrast, petroleum produces CO2 emissions that had previously been buried deep in the earth's crust, adding to the other green house gases in the environment. For example, the U.S. Department of Energy - citing research by the Argonne National Laboratory – states that \u003ca href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/ethanol_benefits.html\" target=\"_blank\">ethanol derived from corn emits 25% less\u003c/a> greenhouse gas emissions than petroleum and that the savings with cellulosic ethanol, made from a feedstock like switchgrass, are much higher, in effect producing no additional greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when QUEST decided to move forward on producing a story about biofuels, I welcomed the opportunity to assist Series Producer Josh Rosen in its crafting. Being QUEST, we weren't content to merely renumerate the different kinds of biofuels and how cellulosic ethanol is more efficient than corn-based ethanol. Instead, our story focuses on the pioneering work being done by researchers affiliated with the \u003ca href=\"http://jbei.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Joint BioEnergy Initiative\u003c/a> (JBEI), a multi-billion dollar research initiative based in Emeryville, as they look beyond ethanol to the next generation of biofuels. So not only is JBEI looking at various feedstocks like switchgrass, rice, poplar and innovative ways to “deconstruct” the cellulosic material, it also attempts to synthesize fuels that work more efficiently in America's automotive fleet, still overwhelmingly reliant on gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even top researchers at JBEI like Jay Keasling and Blake Simmons caution that this next generation of biofuels won't be coming online for years. Moreover, new research suggests that the net production cycle of biofuels, from the clear-cutting of trees to grow the crops to their transport to markets far away, may yield as many or more emissions as the use of petroleum-based fuel. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/02/13/EDGEV10VF.DTL\" target=\"_blank\">A recent Op-Ed piece \u003c/a>in the San Francisco Chronicle by UC Berkeley Alex Farrell cites the reason for this as primarily one of production-- the way we clear land for growing biofuels, as well as our emphasis on the use of food-based crops like corn and soybean, which aren't terribly efficient sources of ethanol to begin with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tad Patzek, also at UC Berkeley, has been an ardent critic of the carbon-neutral reputation of biofuels, garnering controversy for conducting studies that some other researchers have criticized for their calculations of emissions arising from biofuel production. (See Patzek's co-authored article on page 19 of the March 2007 edition of Energy Tribune). Earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.stri.org/english/about_stri/headline_news/news/article.php?id=740\" target=\"_blank\">a study by researchers at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute\u003c/a> suggests that biofuels are not created equal, as those made from U.S. corn, Malaysian palm oil and Brazilian soy yield more emissions than their petroleum-based counterparts, given the environmental damage they reap when grown for fuel. The study cites recycled cooking oil and biofuel made from grassy and woody cellulosic material as being more intelligent choices for cutting down on emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so the debate continues, struggling to keep pace with the technological progress made by scientists toiling away in their quest to find the holy grail of an efficient, cheap and environmentally-friendly biofuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel are one option for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457969188,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":568},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes - Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol | KQED","description":"Biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel are one option for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes - Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol","datePublished":"2008-04-08T19:46:39.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-14T15:26:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"516 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/04/08/producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/08/producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes - Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RoUJaeFbVhM","path":"/quest/516/producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It doesn't need to be said that there's a heated debate about how to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions with actions that lessen our society's carbon footprint. Biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel are one option. They're touted as being carbon neutral because the CO2 they emit comes from crops which had previously sequestered them in the atmosphere. In contrast, petroleum produces CO2 emissions that had previously been buried deep in the earth's crust, adding to the other green house gases in the environment. For example, the U.S. Department of Energy - citing research by the Argonne National Laboratory – states that \u003ca href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/ethanol_benefits.html\" target=\"_blank\">ethanol derived from corn emits 25% less\u003c/a> greenhouse gas emissions than petroleum and that the savings with cellulosic ethanol, made from a feedstock like switchgrass, are much higher, in effect producing no additional greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when QUEST decided to move forward on producing a story about biofuels, I welcomed the opportunity to assist Series Producer Josh Rosen in its crafting. Being QUEST, we weren't content to merely renumerate the different kinds of biofuels and how cellulosic ethanol is more efficient than corn-based ethanol. Instead, our story focuses on the pioneering work being done by researchers affiliated with the \u003ca href=\"http://jbei.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Joint BioEnergy Initiative\u003c/a> (JBEI), a multi-billion dollar research initiative based in Emeryville, as they look beyond ethanol to the next generation of biofuels. So not only is JBEI looking at various feedstocks like switchgrass, rice, poplar and innovative ways to “deconstruct” the cellulosic material, it also attempts to synthesize fuels that work more efficiently in America's automotive fleet, still overwhelmingly reliant on gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even top researchers at JBEI like Jay Keasling and Blake Simmons caution that this next generation of biofuels won't be coming online for years. Moreover, new research suggests that the net production cycle of biofuels, from the clear-cutting of trees to grow the crops to their transport to markets far away, may yield as many or more emissions as the use of petroleum-based fuel. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/02/13/EDGEV10VF.DTL\" target=\"_blank\">A recent Op-Ed piece \u003c/a>in the San Francisco Chronicle by UC Berkeley Alex Farrell cites the reason for this as primarily one of production-- the way we clear land for growing biofuels, as well as our emphasis on the use of food-based crops like corn and soybean, which aren't terribly efficient sources of ethanol to begin with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tad Patzek, also at UC Berkeley, has been an ardent critic of the carbon-neutral reputation of biofuels, garnering controversy for conducting studies that some other researchers have criticized for their calculations of emissions arising from biofuel production. (See Patzek's co-authored article on page 19 of the March 2007 edition of Energy Tribune). Earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.stri.org/english/about_stri/headline_news/news/article.php?id=740\" target=\"_blank\">a study by researchers at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute\u003c/a> suggests that biofuels are not created equal, as those made from U.S. corn, Malaysian palm oil and Brazilian soy yield more emissions than their petroleum-based counterparts, given the environmental damage they reap when grown for fuel. The study cites recycled cooking oil and biofuel made from grassy and woody cellulosic material as being more intelligent choices for cutting down on emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so the debate continues, struggling to keep pace with the technological progress made by scientists toiling away in their quest to find the holy grail of an efficient, cheap and environmentally-friendly biofuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/516/producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_54","quest_328","quest_438","quest_529","quest_637","quest_702","quest_984","quest_1023","quest_1224","quest_1272","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_1630","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_2856","quest_2893"],"featImg":"quest_517","label":"quest"},"quest_17406":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17406","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17406","score":null,"sort":[1207679400000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"biofuels-beyond-ethanol","title":"Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol","publishDate":1207679400,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3357,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>For years there's been buzz -- both positive and negative -- about generating ethanol fuel from corn. But thanks to recent developments, the Bay Area is rapidly becoming a world center for the next generation of green fuel alternatives. Meet the scientists investigating the newest methods for converting what we grow into what makes us go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Learn more about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/08/producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol/\" target=\"_blank\">biofuels and this video\u003c/a> with the Producer's Notes.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For years there's been buzz -- both positive and negative -- about generating ethanol fuel from corn. But thanks to recent developments, the Bay Area is rapidly becoming a world center for the next generation of green fuel alternatives. Meet the scientists investigating the newest methods for converting what we grow into what makes us go.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457969024,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":69},"headData":{"title":"Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol | KQED","description":"For years there's been buzz -- both positive and negative -- about generating ethanol fuel from corn. But thanks to recent developments, the Bay Area is rapidly becoming a world center for the next generation of green fuel alternatives. 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But thanks to recent developments, the Bay Area is rapidly becoming a world center for the next generation of green fuel alternatives. Meet the scientists investigating the newest methods for converting what we grow into what makes us go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Learn more about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/08/producers-notes-biofuels-beyond-ethanol/\" target=\"_blank\">biofuels and this video\u003c/a> with the Producer's Notes.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17406/biofuels-beyond-ethanol","authors":["10190","6176"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_8","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_127","quest_328","quest_3351","quest_1623","quest_1626","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2893"],"collections":["quest_3357"],"featImg":"quest_517","label":"quest_3357"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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