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She is also a scientific illustrator who specializes in primate fossil reconstruction and has recently worked on reconstructing the fossil Ardipithecus ramidus (‘Ardi’) pelvis.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/93942e96f5acd83e2e047ad8fe03114d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Linda Spurlock | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/93942e96f5acd83e2e047ad8fe03114d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/93942e96f5acd83e2e047ad8fe03114d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lindaspurlock"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_59148":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_59148","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"59148","score":null,"sort":[1383577251000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fracking-wastewater","title":"After the Frack","publishDate":1383577251,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\"After the Frack\" was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing -- better known as fracking -- is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. In this television segment, QUEST explores the science behind the disposal of this waste, and the issues that surround it. We caught up with QUEST Ohio producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a> to find out more about some of the issues surrounding fracking and her experience creating this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking is all over the news, and it is controversial. What made you want to take this topic on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to take it on \u003cstrong>because\u003c/strong> it’s all over the news and really controversial. I think there’s a lot of twisting of facts in this topic to serve a specific agenda, and I think the story needed to be told objectively, or as objectively as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I definitely had that moment when I wondered, “Why did I do this to myself?” The story’s so complex. There’s a lot of rhetoric, and on top of that I was dealing with a lot of ugly footage -- trucks, pipes, and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So why focus on the waste created by this fracking process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62971\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking-John_Jack_GH\" width=\"381\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Jack, Vice President of Business Development at GreenHunter Water, stands in front of large pumps, which pump wastewater from fracking into an underground disposal well.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The fracking process uses massive amounts of highly pressurized fresh water to create cracks in the bedrock, which frees up the natural gas stored there. Much of this water then comes back up as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/fracking-wastewater-fullreport.pdf\">contaminated wastewater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohio is, as some say, a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-22/fracking-fluid-soaks-ohio\">dumping ground\u003c/a>” for this wastewater. Other states truck their wastewater in [to Ohio] to dispose of it here. This is because we have so many \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/tag/deep-injection-well/\">deep injection wells\u003c/a>. Injection wells are the sites deep underground where this wastewater must be put. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130816/ENERGY/130819882\">about 200 injection\u003c/a> wells in the state of Ohio, whereas neighboring states have far fewer. Pennsylvania has \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/maps/location-of-deep-injection-wells-in-pennsylvania/\">about 5 active wells\u003c/a> and West Virginia \u003ca href=\"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/09/23/sites-sought-for-fracking-residue.html\">about 60\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You can see a lot of these wastewater trucks coming into the state, right? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh yeah, they’re all over. Out toward the border of Pennsylvania you’ll see the trucks at rest stops and gas stations and coming in on I-80.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the main point of tension in your story? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The tension centers on scientific disagreement about the potential for harm from the disposal of fracking wastewater. Our key interviewees were with Ohio Department of Natural Resources geologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDIQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqHOwqTzl_2M&ei=sX5hUpK_EPal4APKnIHICw&usg=AFQjCNEoLmxEMJvMBIO40mCWcQ6DICmkIQ&sig2=A0Ga2p4TcAYZDs_pC69BiA&bvm=bv.54176721,d.dmg\">Scott Kell\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/2013-OTCO-Shale-Gas-waste-streams-JWR-3-6-13.pdf\">Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice\u003c/a>, who researches the fracking process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do they disagree on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh, everything -- everything from how long fracking has been practiced to what’s in the wastewater to how harmful is it. They don’t agree on whether injection wells are a safe way to contain the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Julie and Mary closer best shot\" width=\"355\" height=\"264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Producer Mary Fecteau interviews Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weatherington-Rice thinks that as the wells age, there’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/injection-wells-the-poison-beneath-us\">great potential for them to leak\u003c/a>, and that there have been documented surface-level leaks before. Kell says the injection well track record is solid, and there have been no instances of groundwater contamination since the process started in the early ’80s. There are also questions and disagreements around the radiation levels in the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, all the facts that are being disputed come down to one question, “Is this a safe process?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was the main challenge you faced in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The main challenge was time, the time limitation [eight minutes] in which to tell the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you have to leave on the cutting-room floor? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: So much! One thing I wish I could have gotten into more was the issue of earthquakes. I mentioned them but didn’t go into specifics about \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/youngstown-ohio-earthquakes-wastewater_n_3869286.html\">how injection wells cause earthquakes\u003c/a>, and what safeguards the Ohio Department of Natural Resources is doing to prevent earthquakes in the future. The underlying science here is basically this: if you pump water deep underground near a fault, it could trigger the fault to slip, causing an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainer/earthquakes/\">earthquake.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wish I could have gone more in depth about the \u003ca href=\"http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf\">chemicals used to frack\u003c/a>. So, before the water gets injected into the ground to fracture a well, energy companies \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/why-chemicals-are-used\">lace it\u003c/a> with chemicals, which include benzene and other potentially hazardous chemicals. These chemicals help lubricate the process, prevent corrosion of the pipe, etc. They represent just a small portion of the total frack fluid, but their presence raises concerns for many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was your goal in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to explore the science behind the disposal of fracking wastewater, and give people tools to form -- and inform -- their own views on it.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. QUEST travels to Ohio to investigate how this wastewater is produced and the controversy over how to safely dispose of it. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457565424,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":815},"headData":{"title":"After the Frack | KQED","description":"Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. QUEST travels to Ohio to investigate how this wastewater is produced and the controversy over how to safely dispose of it. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"After the Frack","datePublished":"2013-11-04T15:00:51.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:17:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"59148 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=59148","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/04/fracking-wastewater/","disqusTitle":"After the Frack","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BM0o2iGgNL0","path":"/quest/59148/fracking-wastewater","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"After the Frack\" was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing -- better known as fracking -- is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. In this television segment, QUEST explores the science behind the disposal of this waste, and the issues that surround it. We caught up with QUEST Ohio producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a> to find out more about some of the issues surrounding fracking and her experience creating this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking is all over the news, and it is controversial. What made you want to take this topic on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to take it on \u003cstrong>because\u003c/strong> it’s all over the news and really controversial. I think there’s a lot of twisting of facts in this topic to serve a specific agenda, and I think the story needed to be told objectively, or as objectively as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I definitely had that moment when I wondered, “Why did I do this to myself?” The story’s so complex. There’s a lot of rhetoric, and on top of that I was dealing with a lot of ugly footage -- trucks, pipes, and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So why focus on the waste created by this fracking process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62971\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking-John_Jack_GH\" width=\"381\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Jack, Vice President of Business Development at GreenHunter Water, stands in front of large pumps, which pump wastewater from fracking into an underground disposal well.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The fracking process uses massive amounts of highly pressurized fresh water to create cracks in the bedrock, which frees up the natural gas stored there. Much of this water then comes back up as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/fracking-wastewater-fullreport.pdf\">contaminated wastewater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohio is, as some say, a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-22/fracking-fluid-soaks-ohio\">dumping ground\u003c/a>” for this wastewater. Other states truck their wastewater in [to Ohio] to dispose of it here. This is because we have so many \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/tag/deep-injection-well/\">deep injection wells\u003c/a>. Injection wells are the sites deep underground where this wastewater must be put. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130816/ENERGY/130819882\">about 200 injection\u003c/a> wells in the state of Ohio, whereas neighboring states have far fewer. Pennsylvania has \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/maps/location-of-deep-injection-wells-in-pennsylvania/\">about 5 active wells\u003c/a> and West Virginia \u003ca href=\"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/09/23/sites-sought-for-fracking-residue.html\">about 60\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You can see a lot of these wastewater trucks coming into the state, right? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh yeah, they’re all over. Out toward the border of Pennsylvania you’ll see the trucks at rest stops and gas stations and coming in on I-80.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the main point of tension in your story? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The tension centers on scientific disagreement about the potential for harm from the disposal of fracking wastewater. Our key interviewees were with Ohio Department of Natural Resources geologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDIQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqHOwqTzl_2M&ei=sX5hUpK_EPal4APKnIHICw&usg=AFQjCNEoLmxEMJvMBIO40mCWcQ6DICmkIQ&sig2=A0Ga2p4TcAYZDs_pC69BiA&bvm=bv.54176721,d.dmg\">Scott Kell\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/2013-OTCO-Shale-Gas-waste-streams-JWR-3-6-13.pdf\">Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice\u003c/a>, who researches the fracking process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do they disagree on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh, everything -- everything from how long fracking has been practiced to what’s in the wastewater to how harmful is it. They don’t agree on whether injection wells are a safe way to contain the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Julie and Mary closer best shot\" width=\"355\" height=\"264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Producer Mary Fecteau interviews Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weatherington-Rice thinks that as the wells age, there’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/injection-wells-the-poison-beneath-us\">great potential for them to leak\u003c/a>, and that there have been documented surface-level leaks before. Kell says the injection well track record is solid, and there have been no instances of groundwater contamination since the process started in the early ’80s. There are also questions and disagreements around the radiation levels in the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, all the facts that are being disputed come down to one question, “Is this a safe process?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was the main challenge you faced in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The main challenge was time, the time limitation [eight minutes] in which to tell the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you have to leave on the cutting-room floor? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: So much! One thing I wish I could have gotten into more was the issue of earthquakes. I mentioned them but didn’t go into specifics about \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/youngstown-ohio-earthquakes-wastewater_n_3869286.html\">how injection wells cause earthquakes\u003c/a>, and what safeguards the Ohio Department of Natural Resources is doing to prevent earthquakes in the future. The underlying science here is basically this: if you pump water deep underground near a fault, it could trigger the fault to slip, causing an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainer/earthquakes/\">earthquake.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wish I could have gone more in depth about the \u003ca href=\"http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf\">chemicals used to frack\u003c/a>. So, before the water gets injected into the ground to fracture a well, energy companies \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/why-chemicals-are-used\">lace it\u003c/a> with chemicals, which include benzene and other potentially hazardous chemicals. These chemicals help lubricate the process, prevent corrosion of the pipe, etc. They represent just a small portion of the total frack fluid, but their presence raises concerns for many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was your goal in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to explore the science behind the disposal of fracking wastewater, and give people tools to form -- and inform -- their own views on it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/59148/fracking-wastewater","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9","quest_11","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_10978","quest_12269","quest_12382","quest_10979","quest_10327","quest_12384","quest_12383","quest_9804","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3293","quest_10429","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_3106","quest_10326"],"featImg":"quest_62975","label":"quest"},"quest_27892":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27892","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27892","score":null,"sort":[1323286104000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"building-a-better-hose","title":"Building a Better Hose","publishDate":1323286104,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gviebranz/\" title=\"George Viebranz\" target=\"_blank\">George Viebranz\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" title=\"QUEST Ohio\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day our lives are affected by the work of chemical engineers who specialize in solving problems through the use of \u003ca href=\"http://plc.cwru.edu/tutorial/enhanced/files/polymers/apps/apps.htm\" title=\"polymers\" target=\"_blank\">polymers\u003c/a>. Simply put, polymers are long “macro-molecules”, formed by combining carbon or silicon atoms with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The combinations form long chains of repeating chemical structures, each with a unique set of chemical properties and characteristics. Depending on the atoms used and their arrangement, engineers and chemists use polymers to create almost anything from a soft toothbrush bristle to a tough bullet-proof vest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php?program=great_jobs&episode=chem_engineer\" style=\"width:512px;height:318px;border:0;overflow:hidden\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some polymers occur in nature, like cellulose, amber, shellac, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ru-Sp/Rubber.html\" title=\"natural rubber\" target=\"_blank\">natural rubber\u003c/a>. Other polymers are manufactured by chemists and engineers, and are referred to as synthetic polymers. In an ongoing quest for better and more useful materials, these scientists aim to make substances tough enough to work in the bitter cold of Antarctica or under the immense pressures encountered thousands of feet below an ocean’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27898\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/07/building-a-better-hose/gj-ramsay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27898\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/gj-ramsay-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Becki Ramsay\" title=\"gj-ramsay\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27898\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Becki Ramsay, Chemical Engineer at Parker- Hannifin Corp. in Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a part of the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/imagine\" title=\"Great Job!\" target=\"_blank\">Great Job!\u003c/a>” series that highlights exciting careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), a production crew with WVIZ/PBS ideastream®, in Cleveland, Ohio, spent a day with Becki Ramsay. Becki is a chemical engineer with the Hose Products Division of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parker.com/\" title=\"Parker-Hannifin Corporation\" target=\"_blank\">Parker-Hannifin Corporation\u003c/a>. She and her team create hoses from synthetic polymers to meet the design specifications they get from mechanical engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During our interview, Becki expressed to us why she decided early on to become an engineer. \u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“It’s sort of like you’re interested in so many different things that you don’t really know what to do. You like science, you like math, you like physics. You like all of that. And engineering is one of those things that you can go down any one of those paths depending on what your particular interest is.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> Eventually, Becki decided that she was interested in polymers so she continued her studies to eventually become a chemical engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result of her work with Parker, Becki and her team create hoses that remain flexible and convey power through hydraulic fluids while operating under the most extreme environmental conditions, whether it’s sub-zero temperatures or in an application that will pulse it millions of times. These hoses are absolutely critical in the operation of machinery used in industries such as construction, mining, forestry, transportation, and more. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27903\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/07/building-a-better-hose/burst_test/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27903\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/burst_test-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"burst test chamber\" title=\"burst_test\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27903\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside this Burst Test Chamber, hoses are filled with water and pressurized until they explode.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every day, Becki works with chemists and other engineers to create and test the quality of new materials. On the day of our shoot, we visited the Burst Test Chamber. The chamber is made of armor-plated steel and bullet-proof glass. Inside the chamber, hoses are filled with water and pressurized until they explode. Many of the hoses have bursting points in excess of 14,000 pounds per square inch. That would be like getting hit by an explosion with more than 15 million pounds of force, or having to lift three space shuttles! During one of the tests, the hose exploded at nearly 16,000 pounds per square inch!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The best part about this career is that I’m always learning something new. Not every design works the way we expect right from the start, but that is all part of research and development. We study and analyze samples when they fail to figure out what went wrong. We find ways to correct those problems and the whole testing process starts over again. It is exciting to see a product go from an idea to an actual sample being tested in the lab. The real satisfaction comes when you get a passing test result and know you’ve solved all the design issues.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a fascinating day for us. Sometimes we take so much for granted that we don’t think about the interesting careers and interesting people who change our world with their inventions every day. Look around your house. If you look closely enough and think deeply enough, you’ll be amazed, too, by the number of everyday conveniences we have because of the ingenuity of chemical engineers like Becki Ramsay and the many other polymer scientists just like her.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Depending on the atoms used and their arrangement, engineers and chemists use polymers to create almost anything from a soft toothbrush bristle to a tough bullet-proof vest.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1323286105,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":738},"headData":{"title":"Building a Better Hose | KQED","description":"Depending on the atoms used and their arrangement, engineers and chemists use polymers to create almost anything from a soft toothbrush bristle to a tough bullet-proof vest.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Building a Better Hose","datePublished":"2011-12-07T19:28:24.000Z","dateModified":"2011-12-07T19:28:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"27892 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=27892","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/07/building-a-better-hose/","disqusTitle":"Building a Better Hose","path":"/quest/27892/building-a-better-hose","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gviebranz/\" title=\"George Viebranz\" target=\"_blank\">George Viebranz\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" title=\"QUEST Ohio\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every day our lives are affected by the work of chemical engineers who specialize in solving problems through the use of \u003ca href=\"http://plc.cwru.edu/tutorial/enhanced/files/polymers/apps/apps.htm\" title=\"polymers\" target=\"_blank\">polymers\u003c/a>. Simply put, polymers are long “macro-molecules”, formed by combining carbon or silicon atoms with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The combinations form long chains of repeating chemical structures, each with a unique set of chemical properties and characteristics. Depending on the atoms used and their arrangement, engineers and chemists use polymers to create almost anything from a soft toothbrush bristle to a tough bullet-proof vest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php?program=great_jobs&episode=chem_engineer\" style=\"width:512px;height:318px;border:0;overflow:hidden\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some polymers occur in nature, like cellulose, amber, shellac, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ru-Sp/Rubber.html\" title=\"natural rubber\" target=\"_blank\">natural rubber\u003c/a>. Other polymers are manufactured by chemists and engineers, and are referred to as synthetic polymers. In an ongoing quest for better and more useful materials, these scientists aim to make substances tough enough to work in the bitter cold of Antarctica or under the immense pressures encountered thousands of feet below an ocean’s surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27898\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/07/building-a-better-hose/gj-ramsay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27898\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/gj-ramsay-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Becki Ramsay\" title=\"gj-ramsay\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27898\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Becki Ramsay, Chemical Engineer at Parker- Hannifin Corp. in Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a part of the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/imagine\" title=\"Great Job!\" target=\"_blank\">Great Job!\u003c/a>” series that highlights exciting careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), a production crew with WVIZ/PBS ideastream®, in Cleveland, Ohio, spent a day with Becki Ramsay. Becki is a chemical engineer with the Hose Products Division of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parker.com/\" title=\"Parker-Hannifin Corporation\" target=\"_blank\">Parker-Hannifin Corporation\u003c/a>. She and her team create hoses from synthetic polymers to meet the design specifications they get from mechanical engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During our interview, Becki expressed to us why she decided early on to become an engineer. \u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“It’s sort of like you’re interested in so many different things that you don’t really know what to do. You like science, you like math, you like physics. You like all of that. And engineering is one of those things that you can go down any one of those paths depending on what your particular interest is.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp> Eventually, Becki decided that she was interested in polymers so she continued her studies to eventually become a chemical engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result of her work with Parker, Becki and her team create hoses that remain flexible and convey power through hydraulic fluids while operating under the most extreme environmental conditions, whether it’s sub-zero temperatures or in an application that will pulse it millions of times. These hoses are absolutely critical in the operation of machinery used in industries such as construction, mining, forestry, transportation, and more. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27903\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/07/building-a-better-hose/burst_test/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27903\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/burst_test-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"burst test chamber\" title=\"burst_test\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27903\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside this Burst Test Chamber, hoses are filled with water and pressurized until they explode.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every day, Becki works with chemists and other engineers to create and test the quality of new materials. On the day of our shoot, we visited the Burst Test Chamber. The chamber is made of armor-plated steel and bullet-proof glass. Inside the chamber, hoses are filled with water and pressurized until they explode. Many of the hoses have bursting points in excess of 14,000 pounds per square inch. That would be like getting hit by an explosion with more than 15 million pounds of force, or having to lift three space shuttles! During one of the tests, the hose exploded at nearly 16,000 pounds per square inch!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The best part about this career is that I’m always learning something new. Not every design works the way we expect right from the start, but that is all part of research and development. We study and analyze samples when they fail to figure out what went wrong. We find ways to correct those problems and the whole testing process starts over again. It is exciting to see a product go from an idea to an actual sample being tested in the lab. The real satisfaction comes when you get a passing test result and know you’ve solved all the design issues.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a fascinating day for us. Sometimes we take so much for granted that we don’t think about the interesting careers and interesting people who change our world with their inventions every day. Look around your house. If you look closely enough and think deeply enough, you’ll be amazed, too, by the number of everyday conveniences we have because of the ingenuity of chemical engineers like Becki Ramsay and the many other polymer scientists just like her.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27892/building-a-better-hose","authors":["10264","10295"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_13197","quest_3563","quest_10527","quest_3351","quest_3325","quest_10379","quest_2141","quest_10526","quest_2349","quest_3293","quest_10326"],"featImg":"quest_27903","label":"quest"},"quest_27004":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27004","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27004","score":null,"sort":[1320887992000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction","title":"The Twinsburg John Doe: Forensic Reconstruction","publishDate":1320887992,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27074\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe1-447x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg Ohio John Doe\" title=\"twinsburg_ohio_john_doe\" width=\"447\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27074\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anyone who recognizes the man in this sketch can contact either the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office at 330-643-2101 or Detective Sgt. Greg Feketik from the Twinsburg Police Department at 330-963-6221 or 330-425-1234.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Twinsburg John Doe case is an especially tough one, and the Summit County Police Department and the Medical Examiner’s office need help identifying this man. No dental records have been found that match his teeth. I hope my facial reconstruction will jog someone’s memory, and that he will be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Background for Twinsburg Case\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The remains of a young adult male were found behind a small factory in Twinsburg, Ohio in 1982. The bones and body parts had been cut up and wrapped in plastic garbage bags and buried. It was believed the man had been dead several years when the remains were discovered. There have never been any leads in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence Angel, of the Smithsonian Institution, was the first physical anthropologist to examine the bones. He determined the victim was an African American man in his early 20s to mid-30s. He was about 5 feet, 5 inches tall with a slight but muscular build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serial killer \u003ca href=\"http://www.biography.com/people/jeffrey-dahmer-9264755\">Jeffrey Dahmer\u003c/a> of Bath Township was questioned as a possible suspect for two days in 1991 by investigators from Bath Township Police Department and the Summit County sheriff.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Preparing the skull\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27081\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 192px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/jd-1skull/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27081\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/JD-1skull-192x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull\" title=\"JD-1skull\" width=\"192\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull with tissue depth markers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Twinsburg John Doe skeleton was only partial, and the skull was badly damaged on the forehead, nose, back of the head and both mastoid processes (lumps of bone near the ear). It looked like the bones had been injured. Imagining that someone may have died a violent death is very troubling, but this should not influence you to make the subject look ‘sad’ in your facial reconstruction. The people who knew this man probably knew a young, energetic person and shared happier times with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had to reconstruct the bridge of the nose. Luckily some of the surrounding bone was undamaged, so it was possible to estimate the slope of the nasal bones. The bridge of the nose is where tissue depth marker #4 is glued, so it’s important to reconstruct the anatomy here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except for one molar tooth the mandible was missing. A new mandible had to be reconstructed, one that fit well with the upper teeth and the region of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). Tissue depth markers #7 – 10 and 18, 20 and 21 are on the mandible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27086\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 306px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/jd-skull2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27086\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/JD-skull2-306x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull (profile)\" title=\"JD-skull2\" width=\"306\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27086\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull (profile)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I measured, on the John Doe skull, how wide the mandible would have been and then found one just that wide (an adult, African American male) from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/PhysicalAnthropology/Collections/Hamann-ToddCollection.aspx\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\u003c/a> and roughed out a clay copy, using some of the dimensions from the actual bony mandible, and the width of the TMJ region of the John Doe skull. I inserted the real molar tooth that was found at the crime scene into its proper place in the clay mandible. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A colleague, Anne Sanford, made a plaster cast of some anterior mandibular teeth from an adult male in the Osteological Collection, and I embedded these into the clay mandible so that they articulated with the upper teeth of John Doe in the way they would in a normal dentition (no marked overbite or underbite). Unless we have evidence to the contrary, we always make the guess that the individual was ‘normal’. If the proportions (evident in the skull) are reflected in the features the artist creates, this should produce a likeness that friends and relatives will recognize. You would never want to make extra big ears, or really bushy eyebrows, or an elaborate hairstyle (unless there was some evidence for them) because this would be distracting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been more than 30 years since this man died. I dearly hope that by sharing this information, and the images of his face, someone will recognize him and we can finally determine his identity.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1320888104,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":706},"headData":{"title":"The Twinsburg John Doe: Forensic Reconstruction | KQED","description":"The Twinsburg John Doe case is an especially tough one, and the Summit County Police Department and the Medical Examiner’s office need help identifying this man. No dental records have been found that match his teeth. I hope my facial reconstruction will jog someone’s memory, and that he will be recognized. Background for Twinsburg Case","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Twinsburg John Doe: Forensic Reconstruction","datePublished":"2011-11-10T01:19:52.000Z","dateModified":"2011-11-10T01:21:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"27004 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=27004","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/","disqusTitle":"The Twinsburg John Doe: Forensic Reconstruction","path":"/quest/27004/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27074\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe1-447x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg Ohio John Doe\" title=\"twinsburg_ohio_john_doe\" width=\"447\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27074\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anyone who recognizes the man in this sketch can contact either the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office at 330-643-2101 or Detective Sgt. Greg Feketik from the Twinsburg Police Department at 330-963-6221 or 330-425-1234.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Twinsburg John Doe case is an especially tough one, and the Summit County Police Department and the Medical Examiner’s office need help identifying this man. No dental records have been found that match his teeth. I hope my facial reconstruction will jog someone’s memory, and that he will be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Background for Twinsburg Case\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The remains of a young adult male were found behind a small factory in Twinsburg, Ohio in 1982. The bones and body parts had been cut up and wrapped in plastic garbage bags and buried. It was believed the man had been dead several years when the remains were discovered. There have never been any leads in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence Angel, of the Smithsonian Institution, was the first physical anthropologist to examine the bones. He determined the victim was an African American man in his early 20s to mid-30s. He was about 5 feet, 5 inches tall with a slight but muscular build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serial killer \u003ca href=\"http://www.biography.com/people/jeffrey-dahmer-9264755\">Jeffrey Dahmer\u003c/a> of Bath Township was questioned as a possible suspect for two days in 1991 by investigators from Bath Township Police Department and the Summit County sheriff.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Preparing the skull\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27081\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 192px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/jd-1skull/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27081\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/JD-1skull-192x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull\" title=\"JD-1skull\" width=\"192\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull with tissue depth markers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Twinsburg John Doe skeleton was only partial, and the skull was badly damaged on the forehead, nose, back of the head and both mastoid processes (lumps of bone near the ear). It looked like the bones had been injured. Imagining that someone may have died a violent death is very troubling, but this should not influence you to make the subject look ‘sad’ in your facial reconstruction. The people who knew this man probably knew a young, energetic person and shared happier times with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had to reconstruct the bridge of the nose. Luckily some of the surrounding bone was undamaged, so it was possible to estimate the slope of the nasal bones. The bridge of the nose is where tissue depth marker #4 is glued, so it’s important to reconstruct the anatomy here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except for one molar tooth the mandible was missing. A new mandible had to be reconstructed, one that fit well with the upper teeth and the region of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). Tissue depth markers #7 – 10 and 18, 20 and 21 are on the mandible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27086\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 306px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/jd-skull2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27086\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/JD-skull2-306x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull (profile)\" title=\"JD-skull2\" width=\"306\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27086\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull (profile)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I measured, on the John Doe skull, how wide the mandible would have been and then found one just that wide (an adult, African American male) from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/PhysicalAnthropology/Collections/Hamann-ToddCollection.aspx\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\u003c/a> and roughed out a clay copy, using some of the dimensions from the actual bony mandible, and the width of the TMJ region of the John Doe skull. I inserted the real molar tooth that was found at the crime scene into its proper place in the clay mandible. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A colleague, Anne Sanford, made a plaster cast of some anterior mandibular teeth from an adult male in the Osteological Collection, and I embedded these into the clay mandible so that they articulated with the upper teeth of John Doe in the way they would in a normal dentition (no marked overbite or underbite). Unless we have evidence to the contrary, we always make the guess that the individual was ‘normal’. If the proportions (evident in the skull) are reflected in the features the artist creates, this should produce a likeness that friends and relatives will recognize. You would never want to make extra big ears, or really bushy eyebrows, or an elaborate hairstyle (unless there was some evidence for them) because this would be distracting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been more than 30 years since this man died. I dearly hope that by sharing this information, and the images of his face, someone will recognize him and we can finally determine his identity.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27004/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction","authors":["10299"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_180","quest_216","quest_10435","quest_10432","quest_10433","quest_10431","quest_3351","quest_3325","quest_10434","quest_3293","quest_10429","quest_10430","quest_10326"],"featImg":"quest_27074","label":"quest"},"quest_26965":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26965","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26965","score":null,"sort":[1320887671000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-on-the-spot-resurrecting-the-dead","title":"Science on the SPOT: Resurrecting the Dead","publishDate":1320887671,"format":"video","headTitle":"Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3296,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>As Director of Human Health at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/Index.aspx\">Cleveland Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>, Dr. Linda Spurlock’s job is to educate the public through exhibits, programming, and health education classes. But, from time to time, she is asked to utilize her unique scientific training as a biological anthropologist and forensic artist to help law enforcement identify the remains of a murder victim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-resurrecting-the-dead/hamman-todd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27037\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27037\" title=\"hamman-todd\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/hamman-todd-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We met Linda in the Main Osteology Lab of the Physical Anthropology Department of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. This facility is home to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/PhysicalAnthropology/Collections/Hamann-ToddCollection.aspx\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\u003c/a>; the largest well-documented human skeletal collection in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to “resurrect the dead” Linda uses the skull of an individual to either sculpt or sketch an image of what the person may have looked like in life. While she sculpts 3-dimensional models on occasion, this method is not often the best approach in forensic reconstruction cases. It is more time-consuming and is sometimes impractical, especially if the skull is fragile. Most of the time, she creates a 2-dimensional sketch for the police department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking at certain features of a skull, a biological anthropologist can determine the approximate age, gender, and ethnicity of an individual but it is up to forensic artists like Linda to “narrow down the possibilities” in order to trigger recognition by relatives and loved ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first forensic sketch she did for law enforcement was based on the bones of a girl that were found in Portage County, Ohio in 1994. The sketch was seen and recognized by a police officer working on a case of a missing girl from Rochester, Pennsylvania. This led to the DNA testing of the missing girl’s family in western Pennsylvania and the bones found in Ohio. It turned out that they were a perfect match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After obtaining the bones from the police department, Linda prepares the skull by gluing the lower jaw into position. Next, she takes careful measurements to determine specific characteristics of the skull. She then cuts and glues on markers fashioned from mechanical erasers. These “tissue depth markers” indicate how far the soft tissue and skin would have extended out in life. Next, a colleague takes two photographs of the skull: one from the front and another from the side. These are then printed at exactly life-size and taped to a board over which tracing vellum is then attached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27040\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27040\" title=\"spurlock3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/spurlock3-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Linda Spurlock\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Spurlock putting the finishing touches on a forensic sketch.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To start a sketch, Dr. Spurlock draws the outline of the face based on the tissue depth markers. She then draws in eyeballs, the widest part of the nose, and marks the dimensions of the mouth. On the profile, she determines the projection of the nose and sketches in the forehead, nose and lips. Next, she adds ears, hair, some shading, and fills in some of the features based-once again-on the unique qualities of the skull. She considers herself lucky if there are a few hair samples remaining on the skull from which she can determine length, texture and color. It also helps if there are articles of clothing or a belt found with the remains. These can help determine the size and weight of an individual, and informs her decision about which standard of tissue depth markers to cut (slender, normal or obese).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Spurlock admits that even her best sketch will not be evidence enough to identify a person in a court of law. Additional information including DNA samples, dental records, and unique medical hardware (like an artificial hip) may lead to the “positive ID” of an individual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The older a case, the less likely it is that the individual will be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, she works on cold cases in which the victim has been dead for several years or even several decades. In 2009, Linda was asked to sketch the likeness of a man whose bones were found in Twinsburg, Ohio in 1982. Even though it has been more than 30 years since this man was killed, Dr. Spurlock hopes that someday he will be recognized- the first step in solving the crime and catching the murderer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27058\" title=\"twinsburg ohio john doe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe-447x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg Ohio John Doe\" width=\"447\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anyone who recognizes the man in this sketch can contact either the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office at 330-643-2101 or Detective Sgt. Greg Feketik from the Twinsburg Police Department at 330-963-6221 or 330-425-1234\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Web Extra - Linda Spurlock's First Forensic Reconstructions and Sketches\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Linda shares how she first learned to do forensic work, both for anthropology and law enforcement.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zY5egMtaWEo\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"QUEST travels to the Cleveland Museum of Natural History to meet Linda Spurlock, an anatomist and forensic reconstruction artist who uses clay to re-construct the faces of ancient humans in order to show what they looked like when alive. She also sketches more recently deceased people using only their remains in order to help police solve crimes. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1486516181,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":805},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: Resurrecting the Dead | KQED","description":"QUEST travels to the Cleveland Museum of Natural History to meet Linda Spurlock, an anatomist and forensic reconstruction artist who uses clay to re-construct the faces of ancient humans in order to show what they looked like when alive. She also sketches more recently deceased people using only their remains in order to help police solve crimes. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science on the SPOT: Resurrecting the Dead","datePublished":"2011-11-10T01:14:31.000Z","dateModified":"2017-02-08T01:09:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"26965 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=26965","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/science-on-the-spot-resurrecting-the-dead/","disqusTitle":"Science on the SPOT: Resurrecting the Dead","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBGa_JyGt4s","path":"/quest/26965/science-on-the-spot-resurrecting-the-dead","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As Director of Human Health at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/Index.aspx\">Cleveland Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>, Dr. Linda Spurlock’s job is to educate the public through exhibits, programming, and health education classes. But, from time to time, she is asked to utilize her unique scientific training as a biological anthropologist and forensic artist to help law enforcement identify the remains of a murder victim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-resurrecting-the-dead/hamman-todd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27037\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27037\" title=\"hamman-todd\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/hamman-todd-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We met Linda in the Main Osteology Lab of the Physical Anthropology Department of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. This facility is home to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/PhysicalAnthropology/Collections/Hamann-ToddCollection.aspx\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\u003c/a>; the largest well-documented human skeletal collection in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to “resurrect the dead” Linda uses the skull of an individual to either sculpt or sketch an image of what the person may have looked like in life. While she sculpts 3-dimensional models on occasion, this method is not often the best approach in forensic reconstruction cases. It is more time-consuming and is sometimes impractical, especially if the skull is fragile. Most of the time, she creates a 2-dimensional sketch for the police department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking at certain features of a skull, a biological anthropologist can determine the approximate age, gender, and ethnicity of an individual but it is up to forensic artists like Linda to “narrow down the possibilities” in order to trigger recognition by relatives and loved ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first forensic sketch she did for law enforcement was based on the bones of a girl that were found in Portage County, Ohio in 1994. The sketch was seen and recognized by a police officer working on a case of a missing girl from Rochester, Pennsylvania. This led to the DNA testing of the missing girl’s family in western Pennsylvania and the bones found in Ohio. It turned out that they were a perfect match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After obtaining the bones from the police department, Linda prepares the skull by gluing the lower jaw into position. Next, she takes careful measurements to determine specific characteristics of the skull. She then cuts and glues on markers fashioned from mechanical erasers. These “tissue depth markers” indicate how far the soft tissue and skin would have extended out in life. Next, a colleague takes two photographs of the skull: one from the front and another from the side. These are then printed at exactly life-size and taped to a board over which tracing vellum is then attached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27040\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27040\" title=\"spurlock3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/spurlock3-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Linda Spurlock\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Spurlock putting the finishing touches on a forensic sketch.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To start a sketch, Dr. Spurlock draws the outline of the face based on the tissue depth markers. She then draws in eyeballs, the widest part of the nose, and marks the dimensions of the mouth. On the profile, she determines the projection of the nose and sketches in the forehead, nose and lips. Next, she adds ears, hair, some shading, and fills in some of the features based-once again-on the unique qualities of the skull. She considers herself lucky if there are a few hair samples remaining on the skull from which she can determine length, texture and color. It also helps if there are articles of clothing or a belt found with the remains. These can help determine the size and weight of an individual, and informs her decision about which standard of tissue depth markers to cut (slender, normal or obese).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Spurlock admits that even her best sketch will not be evidence enough to identify a person in a court of law. Additional information including DNA samples, dental records, and unique medical hardware (like an artificial hip) may lead to the “positive ID” of an individual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The older a case, the less likely it is that the individual will be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, she works on cold cases in which the victim has been dead for several years or even several decades. In 2009, Linda was asked to sketch the likeness of a man whose bones were found in Twinsburg, Ohio in 1982. Even though it has been more than 30 years since this man was killed, Dr. Spurlock hopes that someday he will be recognized- the first step in solving the crime and catching the murderer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27058\" title=\"twinsburg ohio john doe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe-447x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg Ohio John Doe\" width=\"447\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anyone who recognizes the man in this sketch can contact either the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office at 330-643-2101 or Detective Sgt. Greg Feketik from the Twinsburg Police Department at 330-963-6221 or 330-425-1234\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Web Extra - Linda Spurlock's First Forensic Reconstructions and Sketches\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Linda shares how she first learned to do forensic work, both for anthropology and law enforcement.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/zY5egMtaWEo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/zY5egMtaWEo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26965/science-on-the-spot-resurrecting-the-dead","authors":["10264"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_180","quest_216","quest_10435","quest_10432","quest_10440","quest_10431","quest_3351","quest_10434","quest_10429","quest_10430","quest_10326"],"featImg":"quest_26984","label":"quest_3296"},"quest_23830":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_23830","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"23830","score":null,"sort":[1320172500000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cool-critters-lake-erie-water-snake","title":"Cool Critters: Lake Erie Water Snake","publishDate":1320172500,"format":"video","headTitle":"Cool Critters | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3299,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca title=\"Jean O'Malley\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jean O'Malley\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"QUEST Ohio\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within and along the waters of Lake Erie (one of the five Great Lakes), there is a daily struggle for survival between natives and unwelcome invasive species. Most times, these unwanted invaders have negative consequences for the lake’s long-standing residents. However, there are rare occasions when the \u003cem>native\u003c/em> actually benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin Stanford, herpetologist, researcher, and snake lover from Northern Illinois University, has been observing this struggle for over ten years as the Recovery Plan Coordinator for the Lake Erie water snake. She works out of \u003ca href=\"http://stonelab.osu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ohio State University’s Stone Laboratory\u003c/a> on South Bass Island in western Lake Erie. An expert on these snakes, Kristin, aka “The Island Snake Lady,” works hard to educate students and the public about them, and encourages the islanders to co-exist peacefully with their slithery neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 395px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-23858 \" title=\"Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS4-395x253.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\" width=\"395\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of six species of snake found on South Bass Island, \u003ca href=\"http://respectthesnake.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Erie water snakes\u003c/a> (or LEWS for short) are a species found only in the western basin of Lake Erie, in Ohio and southern Ontario, Canada. The reason the water snakes were listed as a state endangered, federally threatened species in 1999 was due to three primary threats to their population – low population size, habitat destruction, and human persecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.visitputinbay.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">South Bass Island\u003c/a> is a very popular spot for vacationers, with homes built along the shore, boats in the harbor, and hundreds of visitors rattling around the island on golf carts every day. It’s not too far across the water from nearby Cedar Point Amusement Park. Kristin invited us out to the island, one of a series of three small islands – South, Middle and North Bass Islands – to search for snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how does one count snakes? Kristin takes a group of five to ten hardy volunteers to fourteen different study sites on the island, to – as she says – “scour the shore line” for all of the adult snakes that they are able to catch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin’s prime hunting ground is the Scheeff East Point Nature Preserve on the northern point of the island. Our production crew arrived on a hot and humid June morning to find that \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayflynews.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mayflies \u003c/a>had invaded the island, adding to the gross factor of our visit. These insects flew up out of the grass and covered our heads, clothes, and equipment. Luckily, they don’t bite as they don’t even have mouths! Their only career goal is to mate, lay eggs in the lake and die within three days. Once we got used to the mayflies, we turned our attention to snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23855\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23855\" title=\"Hunting for LEWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS3-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Hunting for LEWS\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hunting for LEWS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some of their study sites, the researchers place heavy black mats on the ground. The snakes love to snuggle under the mats to keep warm. Kristin warned us that one mat in particular has been doing really well. “When I lift it up, there’s probably going to be about forty snakes underneath.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>YIKES! She wasn’t kidding. There were a bunch, and she gamely grabbed two handfuls of the writhing reptiles. Normally she has several people to help her. Today, she struggled by herself, and managed to get a few into a pillowcase she had brought along as a snake catching bag. And yes, they bite, but they’re not poisonous. She does get bitten in the course of gathering snakes, but they’re usually gone by the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin and her colleagues estimate the number of water snakes by utilizing “mark and recapture techniques.” They insert a small microchip called a pit tag under the skin of the adult snakes they capture, and use the ratio of marked animals to unmarked animals to generate population and density estimates for the Lake Erie water snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin plucks a snake out of the grass near the lake shore, and points out the green mark on its back that means it’s been captured and given a pit tag recently. “So what we can do then is scan it and get the pit tag number and re-release it relatively quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After we catch the animals, we take some appropriate and annual regular data on them including snout to vent length, mass, we score them for sex and color pattern, and then we also look for the presence of recently consumed prey items. And all that involves is looking for a little bulge inside the snake’s belly. When we see that, we slowly and gently regurgitate that and then we will bring those samples back to the laboratory for further analysis and we identify them to species and that’s how we’re able to determine that the water snakes are eating about 90% round gobies now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are\u003ca href=\"http://www.glsc.usgs.gov/main.php?content=research_invasive_goby&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> round gobies\u003c/a>? No, they’re not fancy marbles. They are a small invasive fish species to Lake Erie, from the Black and Caspian Seas, arriving in the ballast of cargo ships about the mid-1990s. They are considered a very harmful species because they are voracious nest predators for many of Lake Erie’s bottom-dwelling fish and game fish. They gobble up all of the eggs and fry in a very short period of time. And there are BILLIONS of them in Lake Erie now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-large wp-image-23854\" title=\"LEWS sign on South Bass Island\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS2-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"LEWS sign on South Bass Island\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, normally there is not much good to say about an invasive species. But Kristin explained, “It was about the mid to late 1990s when we started seeing gobies pop up in Lake Erie water snake diet samples.” As they continued to study the snakes, they started seeing more and more gobies popping up in their diet samples, and now, Kristin tells us, round gobies are about 90% of the water snake’s diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what effect is this new menu item having on the Lake Erie water snake? Kristin and her colleagues have been able to show that, since the water snakes have been eating round gobies, “they have increased their growth rate, they’ve increased their maximum body size, so they can grow bigger than they ever could before, they’ve increased their reproductive rate, as well as their survival rate, and population growth rate.” The result – a population explosion of water snakes on the Lake Erie Islands, and also the nearby mainland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due in part to the impact of the round gobies, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/reptiles/lews/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service\u003c/a> announced on August 15 that the Lake Erie water snake has been removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered wildlife. And that is – at least from the point of view of the snakes AND the Island Snake Lady – “a really great ending to our story.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Within and along the waters of Lake Erie (one of the five Great Lakes), there is a daily struggle for survival between natives and unwelcomed invasive species. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1532640058,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1157},"headData":{"title":"Cool Critters: Lake Erie Water Snake | KQED","description":"Within and along the waters of Lake Erie (one of the five Great Lakes), there is a daily struggle for survival between natives and unwelcomed invasive species. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Cool Critters: Lake Erie Water Snake","datePublished":"2011-11-01T18:35:00.000Z","dateModified":"2018-07-26T21:20:58.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"23830 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=23830","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/01/cool-critters-lake-erie-water-snake/","disqusTitle":"Cool Critters: Lake Erie Water Snake","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-A468qN5kS0","path":"/quest/23830/cool-critters-lake-erie-water-snake","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca title=\"Jean O'Malley\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jean O'Malley\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"QUEST Ohio\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within and along the waters of Lake Erie (one of the five Great Lakes), there is a daily struggle for survival between natives and unwelcome invasive species. Most times, these unwanted invaders have negative consequences for the lake’s long-standing residents. However, there are rare occasions when the \u003cem>native\u003c/em> actually benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin Stanford, herpetologist, researcher, and snake lover from Northern Illinois University, has been observing this struggle for over ten years as the Recovery Plan Coordinator for the Lake Erie water snake. She works out of \u003ca href=\"http://stonelab.osu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ohio State University’s Stone Laboratory\u003c/a> on South Bass Island in western Lake Erie. An expert on these snakes, Kristin, aka “The Island Snake Lady,” works hard to educate students and the public about them, and encourages the islanders to co-exist peacefully with their slithery neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 395px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-23858 \" title=\"Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS4-395x253.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\" width=\"395\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of six species of snake found on South Bass Island, \u003ca href=\"http://respectthesnake.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Erie water snakes\u003c/a> (or LEWS for short) are a species found only in the western basin of Lake Erie, in Ohio and southern Ontario, Canada. The reason the water snakes were listed as a state endangered, federally threatened species in 1999 was due to three primary threats to their population – low population size, habitat destruction, and human persecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.visitputinbay.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">South Bass Island\u003c/a> is a very popular spot for vacationers, with homes built along the shore, boats in the harbor, and hundreds of visitors rattling around the island on golf carts every day. It’s not too far across the water from nearby Cedar Point Amusement Park. Kristin invited us out to the island, one of a series of three small islands – South, Middle and North Bass Islands – to search for snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how does one count snakes? Kristin takes a group of five to ten hardy volunteers to fourteen different study sites on the island, to – as she says – “scour the shore line” for all of the adult snakes that they are able to catch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin’s prime hunting ground is the Scheeff East Point Nature Preserve on the northern point of the island. Our production crew arrived on a hot and humid June morning to find that \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayflynews.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mayflies \u003c/a>had invaded the island, adding to the gross factor of our visit. These insects flew up out of the grass and covered our heads, clothes, and equipment. Luckily, they don’t bite as they don’t even have mouths! Their only career goal is to mate, lay eggs in the lake and die within three days. Once we got used to the mayflies, we turned our attention to snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23855\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23855\" title=\"Hunting for LEWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS3-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Hunting for LEWS\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hunting for LEWS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some of their study sites, the researchers place heavy black mats on the ground. The snakes love to snuggle under the mats to keep warm. Kristin warned us that one mat in particular has been doing really well. “When I lift it up, there’s probably going to be about forty snakes underneath.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>YIKES! She wasn’t kidding. There were a bunch, and she gamely grabbed two handfuls of the writhing reptiles. Normally she has several people to help her. Today, she struggled by herself, and managed to get a few into a pillowcase she had brought along as a snake catching bag. And yes, they bite, but they’re not poisonous. She does get bitten in the course of gathering snakes, but they’re usually gone by the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin and her colleagues estimate the number of water snakes by utilizing “mark and recapture techniques.” They insert a small microchip called a pit tag under the skin of the adult snakes they capture, and use the ratio of marked animals to unmarked animals to generate population and density estimates for the Lake Erie water snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin plucks a snake out of the grass near the lake shore, and points out the green mark on its back that means it’s been captured and given a pit tag recently. “So what we can do then is scan it and get the pit tag number and re-release it relatively quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After we catch the animals, we take some appropriate and annual regular data on them including snout to vent length, mass, we score them for sex and color pattern, and then we also look for the presence of recently consumed prey items. And all that involves is looking for a little bulge inside the snake’s belly. When we see that, we slowly and gently regurgitate that and then we will bring those samples back to the laboratory for further analysis and we identify them to species and that’s how we’re able to determine that the water snakes are eating about 90% round gobies now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are\u003ca href=\"http://www.glsc.usgs.gov/main.php?content=research_invasive_goby&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> round gobies\u003c/a>? No, they’re not fancy marbles. They are a small invasive fish species to Lake Erie, from the Black and Caspian Seas, arriving in the ballast of cargo ships about the mid-1990s. They are considered a very harmful species because they are voracious nest predators for many of Lake Erie’s bottom-dwelling fish and game fish. They gobble up all of the eggs and fry in a very short period of time. And there are BILLIONS of them in Lake Erie now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-large wp-image-23854\" title=\"LEWS sign on South Bass Island\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS2-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"LEWS sign on South Bass Island\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, normally there is not much good to say about an invasive species. But Kristin explained, “It was about the mid to late 1990s when we started seeing gobies pop up in Lake Erie water snake diet samples.” As they continued to study the snakes, they started seeing more and more gobies popping up in their diet samples, and now, Kristin tells us, round gobies are about 90% of the water snake’s diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what effect is this new menu item having on the Lake Erie water snake? Kristin and her colleagues have been able to show that, since the water snakes have been eating round gobies, “they have increased their growth rate, they’ve increased their maximum body size, so they can grow bigger than they ever could before, they’ve increased their reproductive rate, as well as their survival rate, and population growth rate.” The result – a population explosion of water snakes on the Lake Erie Islands, and also the nearby mainland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due in part to the impact of the round gobies, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/reptiles/lews/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service\u003c/a> announced on August 15 that the Lake Erie water snake has been removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered wildlife. And that is – at least from the point of view of the snakes AND the Island Snake Lady – “a really great ending to our story.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/23830/cool-critters-lake-erie-water-snake","authors":["10264","10268"],"series":["quest_3299"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_447","quest_980","quest_10324","quest_10325","quest_10327","quest_1489","quest_3351","quest_10323","quest_10322","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10429","quest_10321","quest_2893","quest_10326"],"featImg":"quest_25938","label":"quest_3299"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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