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De-extinction Passenger Pigeon_marquee","publishDate":1397505043,"status":"inherit","parent":69349,"modified":1397505043,"caption":null,"credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710-De-extinction-Passenger-Pigeon_marquee-e1397672008177-400x225.jpg","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710-De-extinction-Passenger-Pigeon_marquee-e1397672008177-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710-De-extinction-Passenger-Pigeon_marquee-e1397672008177-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710-De-extinction-Passenger-Pigeon_marquee-e1397672008177-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710-De-extinction-Passenger-Pigeon_marquee-e1397672008177-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710-De-extinction-Passenger-Pigeon_marquee-e1397672008177-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710-De-extinction-Passenger-Pigeon_marquee-e1397672008177.jpg","width":640,"height":360}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"dr-barry-starr":{"type":"authors","id":"6177","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6177","found":true},"name":"Dr. Barry Starr","firstName":"Dr. Barry","lastName":"Starr","slug":"dr-barry-starr","email":"bstarr@thetech.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Dr. Barry Starr (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/geneticsboy\">@geneticsboy\u003c/a>) is a Geneticist-in-Residence at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose, CA and runs their Stanford at The Tech program. The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dr-barry-starr"},"gabriela-quiros":{"type":"authors","id":"6186","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6186","found":true},"name":"Gabriela Quirós","firstName":"Gabriela","lastName":"Quirós","slug":"gabriela-quiros","email":"gquiros@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Video Producer and Reporter","bio":"Gabriela Quirós is a \u003cstrong>video producer and the coordinating producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_69349":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_69349","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"69349","score":null,"sort":[1398150112000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reawakening-extinct-species","title":"Reawakening Extinct Species","publishDate":1398150112,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Ever since the 1993 blockbuster \u003cstrong>Jurassic Park\u003c/strong>, the possibility of bringing extinct species back to life has been part of our collective imagination. The film, based on a Michael Crichton novel, was itself inspired by actual scientific breakthroughs in the early 1990s that allowed scientists to use DNA from museum specimens and fossils to recreate the genome -- or genetic blueprint -- of dead animals. When the film debuted the science wasn’t advanced enough to bring back extinct species. But today it might well be, and researchers’ growing efforts to recreate extinct species -- in labs from California to Australia -- \u003ca title=\"National Geographic article about de-extinction\" href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/04/125-species-revival/zimmer-text\">have been making headlines\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69776\">It isn’t possible to bring dinosaurs back to life, scientists say, because DNA is too degraded after millions of years. But work is now underway to bring back more recently extinct species, including research at the University of California-Santa Cruz aimed at restoring passenger pigeons, and Harvard scientists’ attempts to bring back the woolly mammoth, which QUEST explores in this half-hour documentary, \u003cstrong>Reawakening Extinct Species\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69776\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Gromme_DistantThunder_HR_25percent_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69776\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Gromme_DistantThunder_HR_25percent_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt='In the 19th century, passenger pigeons were the most abundant birds in the world. Painting \"Distant Thunder,\" by Owen Gromme. Courtesy Anne Marie Gromme.' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the 19th century, passenger pigeons were the most abundant birds in the world. Painting \"Distant Thunder,\" by Owen Gromme. Courtesy Anne Marie Gromme.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are significant \u003ca title=\"KQED Science blog post on de-extinction conference\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/06/05/deextinction-debate-should-extinct-species-be-revived/\">practical\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"San Jose Mercury News article about de-extinction conference\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_23365591/reviving-extinct-species-raises-hopes-and-fears\">ethical, and legal questions\u003c/a> yet to be worked out, such as whether de-extincted species would be protected by the Endangered Species Act or would find sufficient habitat in which to thrive. Nevertheless, scientists around the world are moving ahead using three different technologies to try and bring species back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cloning\u003c/strong>: In April 1999, scientists in Aragón, Spain, trapped the last remaining Pyrenean ibex, known in Spanish as a “bucardo,” a species of large mountain goat adapted to the snowy Pyrenees, where they traipsed along sharp outcroppings and kept mostly out of sight. Long hunted as a source of protein, by 1989 a census revealed that only six to 14 were left, according to Alberto Fernández-Arias, head of Aragón’s Service of Hunting, Fishing and Wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, Spanish researchers carefully took skin samples from the last remaining goat’s left ear and its abdomen. They named the goat Celia, and fitted her with a radio transmitter before releasing her back into Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park. A few months later, in January 2000, Celia was killed by a falling tree. With the species now extinct, José Folch, at the CITA, a public research institute in Aragón, joined researchers from Spain, France, and Belgium to clone the goat in 2002.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69771\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_AragonGov_Celia_Stuffed_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69771\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_AragonGov_Celia_Stuffed_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt='The remains of the last Pyrenean ibex, a female named \"Celia,\" are in a museum in the Spanish town of Torla. Courtesy Government of Aragón.' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The remains of the last Pyrenean ibex, a female named \"Celia,\" are in a museum in the Spanish town of Torla. Courtesy Government of Aragón.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To clone the bucardo, the researchers defrosted cells they had obtained from Celia’s skin samples. Using technology developed to clone Dolly the sheep in 1996, they transferred the nucleus from Celia’s cells into cells from domestic goats whose nucleus had been removed (a cell’s nucleus contains its genetic material, in the form of chromosomes). They then stimulated the cells with a jolt of electricity and waited to see which ones grew into embryos. They transferred 154 embryos into surrogate mothers, a cross between domestic and wild goats. A bucardo kid was born in 2003, but died after a few minutes from a lung deformity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folch and his collaborators are repeating their attempt this year and Fernández-Arias said they hope that if all goes well, a kid, or kids, could be born in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Australia researcher \u003ca title=\"Michael Archer page\" href=\"http://www.bees.unsw.edu.au/michael-archer\">Michael Archer\u003c/a> is attempting to clone the \u003ca title=\"The Thylacine Museum\" href=\"http://www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/mrp/itsd/itsd_1.htm\">Tasmanian tiger\u003c/a>, also known as a thylacine or Tasmanian wolf. This was a unique carnivore that carried its young in a pouch and was hunted to extinction by 1936. Archer, who is based at the University of New South Wales, is also working to bring back the gastric brooding frog. Discovered in 1972, it turned its stomach into a uterus where it gestated its tadpoles, then birthed the baby frogs through its mouth. (In most frogs, females and males excrete eggs and sperm, and fertilization occurs in the water).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_PeterSchouten_Gastric-brooding-Frog_Painting_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69784\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_PeterSchouten_Gastric-brooding-Frog_Painting_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The extinct gastric brooding frog gave birth through its mouth. Painting by Peter Schouten, courtesy Michael Archer.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The extinct gastric brooding frog gave birth through its mouth. Painting by Peter Schouten, courtesy Michael Archer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s the first time we’ve seen an animal change one organ in the body into another,” said Archer. “The medical world was excited at the frog’s discovery. They wondered, could they use this in human health, not to have babies in our stomachs but to manage gastric secretions in the gut?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The frog was extinct by 1983, likely wiped out by chytrid fungus, a disease spread by peoples’ shoes that is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/disappearing-frogs/\">decimating frog populations\u003c/a> around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Breeding: \u003c/strong>In the Netherlands entrepreneurs at an organization called \u003ca title=\"Rewilding Europe\" href=\"http://www.rewildingeurope.com/\">Rewilding Europe\u003c/a> are working to create large wildlife parks in parts of the continent where farmland has been abandoned, such as along Croatian mountain ranges on the Adriatic coast, emptied out during the 1990s wars in the former Yugoslavia. They envision parks teeming with wildlife like bears and wolves, and the aurochs, the ancestor to all breeds of modern cattle. Aurochs were hunted, domesticated, and bred out of existence by 1627. They would have been the only cattle big enough to put up a fight with predators like wolves, said Ronald Goderie of the Holland-based \u003ca title=\"Tauros Programme\" href=\"http://www.taurosproject.com/\">Taurus Foundation\u003c/a>, which is working in close collaboration with the Rewilding Europe project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69764\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Rewilding_Oerrund_groep_Felius_scaled2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Rewilding_Oerrund_groep_Felius_scaled2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Aurochs, the ancestors of all modern cattle, disappeared from Europe in 1627. Illustration by Marleen Felius, Taurus Foundation.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aurochs, the ancestors of all modern cattle, disappeared from Europe in 1627. Illustration by Marleen Felius, Taurus Foundation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They want to create something like the game parks in Africa or the national parks in America that will also realize some economic activity,” said Goderie. The idea would be that visitors could go on a European safari.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Taurus Foundation is focused on bringing back the aurochs by working with researchers in Holland, Spain, and Portugal to breed “primitive” types of cattle: breeds that have survived in poorer parts of Europe where modern breeds of cattle aren’t as available. The process of breeding these cattle to make them more like their ancestors is called “back breeding.” The foundation has already produced 150 crossbred cattle, said Goderie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69768\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Rewilding_ManoloUno_SWD-2012-09-09-190250_03_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69768\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Rewilding_ManoloUno_SWD-2012-09-09-190250_03_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt='A bull called \"Manolo Uno\" was bred to resemble an aurochs. Courtesy Staffan Widstrand.' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bull called \"Manolo Uno\" was bred to resemble an aurochs. Courtesy Staffan Widstrand.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first of these crossbred animals, a bull named Manolo Uno, was created by performing in vitro fertilization using eggs from a Maremmana Primitivo cow from the Maremma region of Tuscany, Italy, and sperm from a Pajuna bull, from Andalucía, Spain. Researchers using genetic analysis have traced both breeds back to aurochs. Maremmanas are similar to aurochs in their thick horns, large size, and coloration (black males and brown females). Pajunas have long faces, like their ancestors. And both breeds live in natural herds and can subsist in harsh conditions. To create Manolo Uno, sperm and egg were joined in a lab by \u003ca title=\"Hurkmans ET web site\" href=\"http://en.hurkmanset.nl/\">Hurkmans ET\u003c/a>, a Dutch company, and the resulting fertilized egg was carried by a surrogate dairy cow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genome Editing: \u003c/strong>At the University of California-Santa Cruz, biologists \u003ca title=\"Ben Novak's bio\" href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/about-us/\">Ben Novak\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Beth Shapiro, UCSC\" href=\"http://campusdirectory.ucsc.edu/detail.php?type=people&uid=bashapir\">Beth Shapiro\u003c/a> are piecing together the genome of the extinct \u003ca title=\"Project Passenger Pigeon web site\" href=\"http://passengerpigeon.org/\">passenger pigeon\u003c/a>. Three to five billion of these pigeons existed in the United States in the 19th century. They are believed to have been the most abundant birds in the world, but they were hunted for food and went extinct in 1914. Novak’s work to bring the bird back is being funded by \u003ca title=\"Revive & Restore\" href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/\">Revive & Restore\u003c/a>, a nonprofit group based in Sausalito, California, co-founded by environmentalist \u003ca title=\"Stewart Brand's TED talk about de-extinction\" href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/de-extinction/2013/stewart-brand-the-dawn-of-de-extinction-are-you-ready/\">Stewart Brand\u003c/a>, creator of the \u003ca title=\"Whole Earth Catalog\" href=\"http://www.wholeearth.com/index.php\">\u003cstrong>Whole Earth Catalog\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and entrepreneur \u003ca title=\"Ryan Phelan's bio\" href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/about-us/\">Ryan Phelan\u003c/a>, former CEO of DNA Direct, \u003ca title=\"QUEST story about DNA Direct\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/genetic-testing-through-the-web/\">one of the first companies to offer genetic testing online\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69770\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Passenger-pigeon-specimen_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69770\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Passenger-pigeon-specimen_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Passenger pigeon specimens, like this one from the Oakland Museum of California, are all that remains from what was once the most abundant bird in the world. Photo by Arwen Curry, QUEST Northern California. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Passenger pigeon specimens, like this one from the Oakland Museum of California, are all that remains from what was once the most abundant bird in the world. Photo by Arwen Curry, QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Using DNA extracted from passenger pigeon specimens stored in facilities like Canada’s \u003ca title=\"Royal Ontario Museum\" href=\"http://www.rom.on.ca/en\">Royal Ontario Museum\u003c/a>, Novak and Shapiro are putting together as much of the passenger pigeon’s genome as possible. Then they’ll compare it to the genome of its closest living relative, the band-tailed pigeon, which is found on the West Coast, in the Southwest, and all the way down to Argentina. By comparing the two genomes scientists hope to figure out what genes gave the passenger pigeon its physical characteristics, like the long tail and swift wings that allowed it to fly at 60 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once researchers have identified these genes and built them in the lab using chemical compounds, they’ll insert them into the band-tailed pigeon’s genome using new genome-editing technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like very precise scissors that allow you to cut and splice with unprecedented accuracy and ease of use,” said Harvard Medical School geneticist \u003ca title=\"George Church's TEDx talk about de-extinction\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTH_fmQo3Ok\">George Church\u003c/a>, one of the scientists who pioneered the technology, known as \u003ca title=\"Nature article on CRISPR biotech company Editas\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/crispr-technology-leaps-from-lab-to-industry-1.14299\">CRISPR\u003c/a>, in the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69765\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69765\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"If revived, woolly mammoths could help keep the permafrost from melting, say scientists. Illustration by Mauricio Antón, courtesy PLoS Biology.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If revived, woolly mammoths could help keep the permafrost from melting, say scientists. Illustration by Mauricio Antón, courtesy PLoS Biology.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In his lab, Church is editing elephant cells to try to make those animals more closely resemble woolly mammoths, with a fatty layer and thick fur to better withstand the cold. Teams in Russia and South Korea hope to \u003ca title=\"NPR story about woolly mammoth blood find\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/05/31/187581614/report-of-liquid-woolly-mammoth-blood-prompts-clone-talk\">clone a woolly mammoth\u003c/a> using blood found in fossilized remains. And although it may be years before mammoths roam the Earth or passenger pigeons take to the skies, it probably isn’t too early to start considering the implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science associate producer Arwen Curry contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Author's note: This post was corrected on 4/24 to reflect the correct number of bucardos that researchers believe remained in 1989. A census revealed that six to 14 were left, not four. The principal investigator on the cloning of the bucardo is José Folch, at the CITA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore efforts to bring back extinct species in this QUEST documentary. Should we turn back the clock?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457560955,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1689},"headData":{"title":"Reawakening Extinct Species | KQED","description":"Explore efforts to bring back extinct species in this QUEST documentary. Should we turn back the clock?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"69349 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=69349","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/22/reawakening-extinct-species/","disqusTitle":"Reawakening Extinct Species","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWjqn24l6TM","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/69349/reawakening-extinct-species","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ever since the 1993 blockbuster \u003cstrong>Jurassic Park\u003c/strong>, the possibility of bringing extinct species back to life has been part of our collective imagination. The film, based on a Michael Crichton novel, was itself inspired by actual scientific breakthroughs in the early 1990s that allowed scientists to use DNA from museum specimens and fossils to recreate the genome -- or genetic blueprint -- of dead animals. When the film debuted the science wasn’t advanced enough to bring back extinct species. But today it might well be, and researchers’ growing efforts to recreate extinct species -- in labs from California to Australia -- \u003ca title=\"National Geographic article about de-extinction\" href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/04/125-species-revival/zimmer-text\">have been making headlines\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69776\">It isn’t possible to bring dinosaurs back to life, scientists say, because DNA is too degraded after millions of years. But work is now underway to bring back more recently extinct species, including research at the University of California-Santa Cruz aimed at restoring passenger pigeons, and Harvard scientists’ attempts to bring back the woolly mammoth, which QUEST explores in this half-hour documentary, \u003cstrong>Reawakening Extinct Species\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69776\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Gromme_DistantThunder_HR_25percent_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69776\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Gromme_DistantThunder_HR_25percent_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt='In the 19th century, passenger pigeons were the most abundant birds in the world. Painting \"Distant Thunder,\" by Owen Gromme. Courtesy Anne Marie Gromme.' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the 19th century, passenger pigeons were the most abundant birds in the world. Painting \"Distant Thunder,\" by Owen Gromme. Courtesy Anne Marie Gromme.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are significant \u003ca title=\"KQED Science blog post on de-extinction conference\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/06/05/deextinction-debate-should-extinct-species-be-revived/\">practical\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"San Jose Mercury News article about de-extinction conference\" href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_23365591/reviving-extinct-species-raises-hopes-and-fears\">ethical, and legal questions\u003c/a> yet to be worked out, such as whether de-extincted species would be protected by the Endangered Species Act or would find sufficient habitat in which to thrive. Nevertheless, scientists around the world are moving ahead using three different technologies to try and bring species back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cloning\u003c/strong>: In April 1999, scientists in Aragón, Spain, trapped the last remaining Pyrenean ibex, known in Spanish as a “bucardo,” a species of large mountain goat adapted to the snowy Pyrenees, where they traipsed along sharp outcroppings and kept mostly out of sight. Long hunted as a source of protein, by 1989 a census revealed that only six to 14 were left, according to Alberto Fernández-Arias, head of Aragón’s Service of Hunting, Fishing and Wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, Spanish researchers carefully took skin samples from the last remaining goat’s left ear and its abdomen. They named the goat Celia, and fitted her with a radio transmitter before releasing her back into Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park. A few months later, in January 2000, Celia was killed by a falling tree. With the species now extinct, José Folch, at the CITA, a public research institute in Aragón, joined researchers from Spain, France, and Belgium to clone the goat in 2002.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69771\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_AragonGov_Celia_Stuffed_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69771\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_AragonGov_Celia_Stuffed_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt='The remains of the last Pyrenean ibex, a female named \"Celia,\" are in a museum in the Spanish town of Torla. Courtesy Government of Aragón.' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The remains of the last Pyrenean ibex, a female named \"Celia,\" are in a museum in the Spanish town of Torla. Courtesy Government of Aragón.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To clone the bucardo, the researchers defrosted cells they had obtained from Celia’s skin samples. Using technology developed to clone Dolly the sheep in 1996, they transferred the nucleus from Celia’s cells into cells from domestic goats whose nucleus had been removed (a cell’s nucleus contains its genetic material, in the form of chromosomes). They then stimulated the cells with a jolt of electricity and waited to see which ones grew into embryos. They transferred 154 embryos into surrogate mothers, a cross between domestic and wild goats. A bucardo kid was born in 2003, but died after a few minutes from a lung deformity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folch and his collaborators are repeating their attempt this year and Fernández-Arias said they hope that if all goes well, a kid, or kids, could be born in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Australia researcher \u003ca title=\"Michael Archer page\" href=\"http://www.bees.unsw.edu.au/michael-archer\">Michael Archer\u003c/a> is attempting to clone the \u003ca title=\"The Thylacine Museum\" href=\"http://www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/mrp/itsd/itsd_1.htm\">Tasmanian tiger\u003c/a>, also known as a thylacine or Tasmanian wolf. This was a unique carnivore that carried its young in a pouch and was hunted to extinction by 1936. Archer, who is based at the University of New South Wales, is also working to bring back the gastric brooding frog. Discovered in 1972, it turned its stomach into a uterus where it gestated its tadpoles, then birthed the baby frogs through its mouth. (In most frogs, females and males excrete eggs and sperm, and fertilization occurs in the water).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_PeterSchouten_Gastric-brooding-Frog_Painting_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69784\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_PeterSchouten_Gastric-brooding-Frog_Painting_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The extinct gastric brooding frog gave birth through its mouth. Painting by Peter Schouten, courtesy Michael Archer.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The extinct gastric brooding frog gave birth through its mouth. Painting by Peter Schouten, courtesy Michael Archer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s the first time we’ve seen an animal change one organ in the body into another,” said Archer. “The medical world was excited at the frog’s discovery. They wondered, could they use this in human health, not to have babies in our stomachs but to manage gastric secretions in the gut?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The frog was extinct by 1983, likely wiped out by chytrid fungus, a disease spread by peoples’ shoes that is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/disappearing-frogs/\">decimating frog populations\u003c/a> around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Breeding: \u003c/strong>In the Netherlands entrepreneurs at an organization called \u003ca title=\"Rewilding Europe\" href=\"http://www.rewildingeurope.com/\">Rewilding Europe\u003c/a> are working to create large wildlife parks in parts of the continent where farmland has been abandoned, such as along Croatian mountain ranges on the Adriatic coast, emptied out during the 1990s wars in the former Yugoslavia. They envision parks teeming with wildlife like bears and wolves, and the aurochs, the ancestor to all breeds of modern cattle. Aurochs were hunted, domesticated, and bred out of existence by 1627. They would have been the only cattle big enough to put up a fight with predators like wolves, said Ronald Goderie of the Holland-based \u003ca title=\"Tauros Programme\" href=\"http://www.taurosproject.com/\">Taurus Foundation\u003c/a>, which is working in close collaboration with the Rewilding Europe project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69764\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Rewilding_Oerrund_groep_Felius_scaled2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Rewilding_Oerrund_groep_Felius_scaled2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Aurochs, the ancestors of all modern cattle, disappeared from Europe in 1627. Illustration by Marleen Felius, Taurus Foundation.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aurochs, the ancestors of all modern cattle, disappeared from Europe in 1627. Illustration by Marleen Felius, Taurus Foundation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They want to create something like the game parks in Africa or the national parks in America that will also realize some economic activity,” said Goderie. The idea would be that visitors could go on a European safari.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Taurus Foundation is focused on bringing back the aurochs by working with researchers in Holland, Spain, and Portugal to breed “primitive” types of cattle: breeds that have survived in poorer parts of Europe where modern breeds of cattle aren’t as available. The process of breeding these cattle to make them more like their ancestors is called “back breeding.” The foundation has already produced 150 crossbred cattle, said Goderie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69768\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Rewilding_ManoloUno_SWD-2012-09-09-190250_03_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69768\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Rewilding_ManoloUno_SWD-2012-09-09-190250_03_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt='A bull called \"Manolo Uno\" was bred to resemble an aurochs. Courtesy Staffan Widstrand.' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bull called \"Manolo Uno\" was bred to resemble an aurochs. Courtesy Staffan Widstrand.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first of these crossbred animals, a bull named Manolo Uno, was created by performing in vitro fertilization using eggs from a Maremmana Primitivo cow from the Maremma region of Tuscany, Italy, and sperm from a Pajuna bull, from Andalucía, Spain. Researchers using genetic analysis have traced both breeds back to aurochs. Maremmanas are similar to aurochs in their thick horns, large size, and coloration (black males and brown females). Pajunas have long faces, like their ancestors. And both breeds live in natural herds and can subsist in harsh conditions. To create Manolo Uno, sperm and egg were joined in a lab by \u003ca title=\"Hurkmans ET web site\" href=\"http://en.hurkmanset.nl/\">Hurkmans ET\u003c/a>, a Dutch company, and the resulting fertilized egg was carried by a surrogate dairy cow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Genome Editing: \u003c/strong>At the University of California-Santa Cruz, biologists \u003ca title=\"Ben Novak's bio\" href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/about-us/\">Ben Novak\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Beth Shapiro, UCSC\" href=\"http://campusdirectory.ucsc.edu/detail.php?type=people&uid=bashapir\">Beth Shapiro\u003c/a> are piecing together the genome of the extinct \u003ca title=\"Project Passenger Pigeon web site\" href=\"http://passengerpigeon.org/\">passenger pigeon\u003c/a>. Three to five billion of these pigeons existed in the United States in the 19th century. They are believed to have been the most abundant birds in the world, but they were hunted for food and went extinct in 1914. Novak’s work to bring the bird back is being funded by \u003ca title=\"Revive & Restore\" href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/\">Revive & Restore\u003c/a>, a nonprofit group based in Sausalito, California, co-founded by environmentalist \u003ca title=\"Stewart Brand's TED talk about de-extinction\" href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/de-extinction/2013/stewart-brand-the-dawn-of-de-extinction-are-you-ready/\">Stewart Brand\u003c/a>, creator of the \u003ca title=\"Whole Earth Catalog\" href=\"http://www.wholeearth.com/index.php\">\u003cstrong>Whole Earth Catalog\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and entrepreneur \u003ca title=\"Ryan Phelan's bio\" href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/about-us/\">Ryan Phelan\u003c/a>, former CEO of DNA Direct, \u003ca title=\"QUEST story about DNA Direct\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/genetic-testing-through-the-web/\">one of the first companies to offer genetic testing online\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69770\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Passenger-pigeon-specimen_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69770\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Passenger-pigeon-specimen_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Passenger pigeon specimens, like this one from the Oakland Museum of California, are all that remains from what was once the most abundant bird in the world. Photo by Arwen Curry, QUEST Northern California. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Passenger pigeon specimens, like this one from the Oakland Museum of California, are all that remains from what was once the most abundant bird in the world. Photo by Arwen Curry, QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Using DNA extracted from passenger pigeon specimens stored in facilities like Canada’s \u003ca title=\"Royal Ontario Museum\" href=\"http://www.rom.on.ca/en\">Royal Ontario Museum\u003c/a>, Novak and Shapiro are putting together as much of the passenger pigeon’s genome as possible. Then they’ll compare it to the genome of its closest living relative, the band-tailed pigeon, which is found on the West Coast, in the Southwest, and all the way down to Argentina. By comparing the two genomes scientists hope to figure out what genes gave the passenger pigeon its physical characteristics, like the long tail and swift wings that allowed it to fly at 60 miles per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once researchers have identified these genes and built them in the lab using chemical compounds, they’ll insert them into the band-tailed pigeon’s genome using new genome-editing technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like very precise scissors that allow you to cut and splice with unprecedented accuracy and ease of use,” said Harvard Medical School geneticist \u003ca title=\"George Church's TEDx talk about de-extinction\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTH_fmQo3Ok\">George Church\u003c/a>, one of the scientists who pioneered the technology, known as \u003ca title=\"Nature article on CRISPR biotech company Editas\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/crispr-technology-leaps-from-lab-to-industry-1.14299\">CRISPR\u003c/a>, in the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69765\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-69765\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/710_Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"If revived, woolly mammoths could help keep the permafrost from melting, say scientists. Illustration by Mauricio Antón, courtesy PLoS Biology.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If revived, woolly mammoths could help keep the permafrost from melting, say scientists. Illustration by Mauricio Antón, courtesy PLoS Biology.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In his lab, Church is editing elephant cells to try to make those animals more closely resemble woolly mammoths, with a fatty layer and thick fur to better withstand the cold. Teams in Russia and South Korea hope to \u003ca title=\"NPR story about woolly mammoth blood find\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/05/31/187581614/report-of-liquid-woolly-mammoth-blood-prompts-clone-talk\">clone a woolly mammoth\u003c/a> using blood found in fossilized remains. And although it may be years before mammoths roam the Earth or passenger pigeons take to the skies, it probably isn’t too early to start considering the implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science associate producer Arwen Curry contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Author's note: This post was corrected on 4/24 to reflect the correct number of bucardos that researchers believe remained in 1989. A census revealed that six to 14 were left, not four. The principal investigator on the cloning of the bucardo is José Folch, at the CITA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/69349/reawakening-extinct-species","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_439","quest_12811","quest_1049","quest_12269","quest_12812","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_3320","quest_3071","quest_12813","quest_3183"],"featImg":"quest_69746","label":"source_quest_69349"},"quest_933":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_933","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"933","score":null,"sort":[1226359839000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mammoth-resurrection","title":"Mammoth Resurrection","publishDate":1226359839,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>I had always thought that bringing back an extinct animal like the mammoth was impossible using today's techniques. I may have been wrong. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/mammoth.jpg\">\u003cem>Maybe a clone of this guy will wander the Earth one day.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>A new study shows that \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2008/10/31/0806166105.full.pdf+html\">scientists can clone a mouse that has been dead and frozen for 16 years\u003c/a>. If they can apply what they've learned to a mammoth that has been dead and frozen for over 10,000 years, then maybe my kids can ride a mammoth one day. Or at least my grandkids can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You Need More than DNA to Clone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloning isn't as simple as was shown in Jurassic Park. You can't take DNA and make a clone from it. Instead, you need an intact nucleus. And ideally, an intact nucleus in an intact cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nucleus is where DNA is kept in our cells. The DNA is stored and packaged there in a way that only Mother Nature can do (for now). We can’t take our 6 feet of DNA and cram it into the tiny space of the nucleus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cem>Cloning 101.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>As I said, right now cloning uses intact cells. Here's how it works:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1)\tTake a cell from the animal to be cloned\u003cbr>\n2)\tRemove the nucleus from an egg (this is called an enucleated egg)\u003cbr>\n3)\tFuse the two cells and let it divide a few times in a Petri dish\u003cbr>\n4)\tImplant the growing embryo into a surrogate mother\u003cbr>\n5)\tIf everything goes well, a clone is born \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This procedure requires living intact cells to be used. The problem with a frozen animal cell is that it is dead and ice crystals have torn it apart. It is not possible to fuse a beat up dead cell with an enucleated egg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cloning Using Frozen Cells\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the researchers in this new study did was change the protocol a bit. Instead of fusing two cells, they harvested nuclei from the frozen cells and injected them directly into the enucleated egg. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they tried to clone the mouse that had been frozen for 16 years this way, it didn't work. But they managed to get 4 clones by adding an extra step. What they did was to make embryonic stem (ES) cells from the frozen mouse and use those cells to make a clone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically they cloned the mouse but then instead of putting the embryo into a surrogate mother, they harvested its ES cells. Then they used the nuclei from these cells to create a clone in the usual way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we can now clone a long frozen mouse. The next step will be to try to clone an extinct animal like a mammoth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cloning a Mammoth is Trickier than a Mouse\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mammoth cloning will be no walk in the park. First off, we don’t have any mammoth eggs or cells to use. We'll have to use elephant ones. Hopefully, elephant eggs and/or cells will be compatible with a mammoth's nucleus. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=145\"> But there is some concern they they might not be compatible\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, elephants are a lot harder to work with than mice. The experiments in this study used thousands of eggs to get a few clones. I don’t know enough about elephant biology but it seems like you'd need a lot of elephants to get that many eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is definitely the first step in resurrecting long dead animals. For now we'll have to focus on the frozen ones. Maybe in the future researchers can figure out how to clone animals stored in formaldehyde. Or from pelts. Then we can start reviving species we humans have managed to kill off over the years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"I had always thought that bringing back an extinct animal like the mammoth was impossible using today's techniques. I may have been wrong.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443833374,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":630},"headData":{"title":"Mammoth Resurrection | KQED","description":"I had always thought that bringing back an extinct animal like the mammoth was impossible using today's techniques. I may have been wrong.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"933 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=933","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/10/mammoth-resurrection/","disqusTitle":"Mammoth Resurrection","path":"/quest/933/mammoth-resurrection","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>I had always thought that bringing back an extinct animal like the mammoth was impossible using today's techniques. I may have been wrong. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/mammoth.jpg\">\u003cem>Maybe a clone of this guy will wander the Earth one day.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>A new study shows that \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2008/10/31/0806166105.full.pdf+html\">scientists can clone a mouse that has been dead and frozen for 16 years\u003c/a>. If they can apply what they've learned to a mammoth that has been dead and frozen for over 10,000 years, then maybe my kids can ride a mammoth one day. Or at least my grandkids can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You Need More than DNA to Clone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloning isn't as simple as was shown in Jurassic Park. You can't take DNA and make a clone from it. Instead, you need an intact nucleus. And ideally, an intact nucleus in an intact cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nucleus is where DNA is kept in our cells. The DNA is stored and packaged there in a way that only Mother Nature can do (for now). We can’t take our 6 feet of DNA and cram it into the tiny space of the nucleus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cem>Cloning 101.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>As I said, right now cloning uses intact cells. Here's how it works:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1)\tTake a cell from the animal to be cloned\u003cbr>\n2)\tRemove the nucleus from an egg (this is called an enucleated egg)\u003cbr>\n3)\tFuse the two cells and let it divide a few times in a Petri dish\u003cbr>\n4)\tImplant the growing embryo into a surrogate mother\u003cbr>\n5)\tIf everything goes well, a clone is born \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This procedure requires living intact cells to be used. The problem with a frozen animal cell is that it is dead and ice crystals have torn it apart. It is not possible to fuse a beat up dead cell with an enucleated egg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cloning Using Frozen Cells\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the researchers in this new study did was change the protocol a bit. Instead of fusing two cells, they harvested nuclei from the frozen cells and injected them directly into the enucleated egg. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they tried to clone the mouse that had been frozen for 16 years this way, it didn't work. But they managed to get 4 clones by adding an extra step. What they did was to make embryonic stem (ES) cells from the frozen mouse and use those cells to make a clone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically they cloned the mouse but then instead of putting the embryo into a surrogate mother, they harvested its ES cells. Then they used the nuclei from these cells to create a clone in the usual way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we can now clone a long frozen mouse. The next step will be to try to clone an extinct animal like a mammoth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cloning a Mammoth is Trickier than a Mouse\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mammoth cloning will be no walk in the park. First off, we don’t have any mammoth eggs or cells to use. We'll have to use elephant ones. Hopefully, elephant eggs and/or cells will be compatible with a mammoth's nucleus. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=145\"> But there is some concern they they might not be compatible\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, elephants are a lot harder to work with than mice. The experiments in this study used thousands of eggs to get a few clones. I don’t know enough about elephant biology but it seems like you'd need a lot of elephants to get that many eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is definitely the first step in resurrecting long dead animals. For now we'll have to focus on the frozen ones. Maybe in the future researchers can figure out how to clone animals stored in formaldehyde. Or from pelts. Then we can start reviving species we humans have managed to kill off over the years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/933/mammoth-resurrection","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_628","quest_629","quest_848","quest_960","quest_1004","quest_1005","quest_1049","quest_1192","quest_1197","quest_1552","quest_1727","quest_1882","quest_2020","quest_3183"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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