Black Holes: Ultimate Trash Compactors of the Universe
NASA’s WISE Spots Ys
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Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)","publishDate":1348163338,"status":"inherit","parent":44488,"modified":1348163338,"caption":"Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)","credit":null,"description":"Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole-400x225.jpg","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole.jpg","width":640,"height":360}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"ben-burress":{"type":"authors","id":"6180","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6180","found":true},"name":"Ben Burress","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Burress","slug":"ben-burress","email":"bburress@chabotspace.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_44488":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_44488","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"44488","score":null,"sort":[1348252972000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"black-holes-ultimate-trash-compactors-of-the-universe","title":"Black Holes: Ultimate Trash Compactors of the Universe","publishDate":1348252972,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44489\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/21/black-holes-ultimate-trash-compactors-of-the-universe/blackhole/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44489\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\" title=\"Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44489\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ever hear the one \"Black holes are out of sight\"? Or how about, \"Two protons walk into a black hole\" (end of joke)? How about the definition, \"Black holes are what you get in black socks\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All joking aside (though I may not hold myself to that), the black hole has been deeply entrenched in human imagination as well as popular culture for about as long as it has been an idea, theory, or studied object in science. The first scientific ideas on regions of gravity so strong that light cannot escape were kicked about in the 18th Century. In 1916, Karl Schwarzschild brought the idea into the realm of mathematics, and almost 50 years after that the first observational evidence for the existence of a black hole was discovered. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1964, a rocket-born probe peaking at space from just outside of Earth's atmosphere detected intense X-ray emissions coming from a spot in the constellation Cygnus. Designated Cygnus X-1, this location earned the distinction of being the first probable detection a black hole. The X-rays were explained as coming from the gases of a nearby companion star being pulled off and swallowed up, heating up to a searing X-ray glow before disappearing into the black hole. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This indirect detection of the black hole's theorized presence set the character for future detections of black holes. Since light cannot escape from such a beast, we cannot see the black hole directly but must infer its presence through the effects on its surroundings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone once likened a black hole to the Cheshire Cat from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: the original star has vanished from sight, and all that is left is its grinning gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the theory went, a black hole like Cygnus X-1 is formed when a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel, the core collapsing under its own powerful gravity and the outer shell blown away as a supernova explosion. The collapsing core crushes itself to a mere point in space that contains all of its mass—the ultimate in trash compactors. Infinitely dense and with such intense gravity that nothing, not even light, can escape from the region surrounding it, the \"singularity\" formed by the collapse becomes one of the most mind-warping and thought-twisting things in existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, many other black hole candidates have been detected. In the case of Cygnus X-1, observations have shown that it has a mass 14.8 times that of our Sun, and has a \"light trapping\" reach of about 16 miles—the black hole's \"event horizon.\" To all things--light, matter, and a heroic astronaut caught up in an epic science fiction adventure—the event horizon is the ultimate point of no return. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The equations that showed how an object like the Cygnus X-1 black hole could, or even should, exist in nature also told scientists something that really opened up the imagination: there should be no limit on the size, or mass, of a black hole. As difficult as it may be to imagine the mass of ten, twenty, or thirty Suns crushed to a point in space, the math promised that black holes with millions or even billions of solar masses could exist, which pointed scientists to the cores of galaxies, regions known to contain a lot of material from which such supermassive black holes might form. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is believed that the core of every major galaxy probably contains a supermassive black hole. Our own Milky Way is believed to contain a 4.3 million solar mass black hole at its core—and that's thought to be at the lower end in size for galactic supermassive black holes. The Milky Way's \"dark heart\" has been inferred from the motions of a number of stars in the galactic core, which have trajectories indicating that they are orbiting something quite massive (like, 4.3 million solar masses), yet unseen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, observations are showing us that black holes may be quite common in the Universe. Data from satellite observatories like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/news/wise20120829.html\" title=\"NASA WISE\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's WISE\u003c/a> spacecraft have shown the probable presence of millions of candidates. And soon we should be seeing the highest resolution X-ray results yet from NASA's recently launched \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/nustar/main/index.html\" title=\"NASA NuSTAR\" target=\"_blank\">NuSTAR \u003c/a>spacecraft. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And recently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nao.ac.jp/E/release/2012/07/20/seeds-of-massive-black-holes-found-at-the-center-of-the-milky-way-galaxy.html\" title=\"Intermediate Mass Black Holes\" target=\"_blank\">evidence for the existence of the long-sought \"Intermediate Mass Black Hole\"\u003c/a> (the Jan Bradys of black holes, maybe?)—objects with masses in the range of thousands or tens of thousands of solar masses--has been acquired, shedding even more light on this family of objects—the Black Hole Bunch. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing we know with probable certainty: What happens in a black hole\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As bizarre as black holes have been depicted in science fiction, the reality of black holes as described by science is far stranger. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998387,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":811},"headData":{"title":"Black Holes: Ultimate Trash Compactors of the Universe | KQED","description":"As bizarre as black holes have been depicted in science fiction, the reality of black holes as described by science is far stranger. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Black Holes: Ultimate Trash Compactors of the Universe","datePublished":"2012-09-21T18:42:52.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:53:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"44488 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=44488","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/21/black-holes-ultimate-trash-compactors-of-the-universe/","disqusTitle":"Black Holes: Ultimate Trash Compactors of the Universe","path":"/quest/44488/black-holes-ultimate-trash-compactors-of-the-universe","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44489\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/21/black-holes-ultimate-trash-compactors-of-the-universe/blackhole/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44489\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\" title=\"Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44489\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/blackhole-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a black hole and companion star. Credit ESA/Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre (M. Kornmesser, L. L. Christensen)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ever hear the one \"Black holes are out of sight\"? Or how about, \"Two protons walk into a black hole\" (end of joke)? How about the definition, \"Black holes are what you get in black socks\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All joking aside (though I may not hold myself to that), the black hole has been deeply entrenched in human imagination as well as popular culture for about as long as it has been an idea, theory, or studied object in science. The first scientific ideas on regions of gravity so strong that light cannot escape were kicked about in the 18th Century. In 1916, Karl Schwarzschild brought the idea into the realm of mathematics, and almost 50 years after that the first observational evidence for the existence of a black hole was discovered. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1964, a rocket-born probe peaking at space from just outside of Earth's atmosphere detected intense X-ray emissions coming from a spot in the constellation Cygnus. Designated Cygnus X-1, this location earned the distinction of being the first probable detection a black hole. The X-rays were explained as coming from the gases of a nearby companion star being pulled off and swallowed up, heating up to a searing X-ray glow before disappearing into the black hole. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This indirect detection of the black hole's theorized presence set the character for future detections of black holes. Since light cannot escape from such a beast, we cannot see the black hole directly but must infer its presence through the effects on its surroundings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone once likened a black hole to the Cheshire Cat from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: the original star has vanished from sight, and all that is left is its grinning gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the theory went, a black hole like Cygnus X-1 is formed when a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel, the core collapsing under its own powerful gravity and the outer shell blown away as a supernova explosion. The collapsing core crushes itself to a mere point in space that contains all of its mass—the ultimate in trash compactors. Infinitely dense and with such intense gravity that nothing, not even light, can escape from the region surrounding it, the \"singularity\" formed by the collapse becomes one of the most mind-warping and thought-twisting things in existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, many other black hole candidates have been detected. In the case of Cygnus X-1, observations have shown that it has a mass 14.8 times that of our Sun, and has a \"light trapping\" reach of about 16 miles—the black hole's \"event horizon.\" To all things--light, matter, and a heroic astronaut caught up in an epic science fiction adventure—the event horizon is the ultimate point of no return. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The equations that showed how an object like the Cygnus X-1 black hole could, or even should, exist in nature also told scientists something that really opened up the imagination: there should be no limit on the size, or mass, of a black hole. As difficult as it may be to imagine the mass of ten, twenty, or thirty Suns crushed to a point in space, the math promised that black holes with millions or even billions of solar masses could exist, which pointed scientists to the cores of galaxies, regions known to contain a lot of material from which such supermassive black holes might form. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is believed that the core of every major galaxy probably contains a supermassive black hole. Our own Milky Way is believed to contain a 4.3 million solar mass black hole at its core—and that's thought to be at the lower end in size for galactic supermassive black holes. The Milky Way's \"dark heart\" has been inferred from the motions of a number of stars in the galactic core, which have trajectories indicating that they are orbiting something quite massive (like, 4.3 million solar masses), yet unseen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, observations are showing us that black holes may be quite common in the Universe. Data from satellite observatories like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/news/wise20120829.html\" title=\"NASA WISE\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's WISE\u003c/a> spacecraft have shown the probable presence of millions of candidates. And soon we should be seeing the highest resolution X-ray results yet from NASA's recently launched \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/nustar/main/index.html\" title=\"NASA NuSTAR\" target=\"_blank\">NuSTAR \u003c/a>spacecraft. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And recently, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nao.ac.jp/E/release/2012/07/20/seeds-of-massive-black-holes-found-at-the-center-of-the-milky-way-galaxy.html\" title=\"Intermediate Mass Black Holes\" target=\"_blank\">evidence for the existence of the long-sought \"Intermediate Mass Black Hole\"\u003c/a> (the Jan Bradys of black holes, maybe?)—objects with masses in the range of thousands or tens of thousands of solar masses--has been acquired, shedding even more light on this family of objects—the Black Hole Bunch. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing we know with probable certainty: What happens in a black hole\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/44488/black-holes-ultimate-trash-compactors-of-the-universe","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_4"],"tags":["quest_11252","quest_544","quest_11470","quest_1918","quest_11399","quest_13202","quest_11471","quest_10019"],"featImg":"quest_44489","label":"quest"},"quest_23189":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_23189","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"23189","score":null,"sort":[1314378919000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa%e2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys","title":"NASA’s WISE Spots Ys","publishDate":1314378919,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23191\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/26/nasa%e2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys/ydwarf-artistconcept/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23191\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\" title=\"Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23191\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the ongoing hunt for things in space that are more and more difficult to find (because scientists love a good challenge), NASA’s WISE spacecraft has revealed something new lurking in the dark: Y Dwarfs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered, though long anticipated, “Y Dwarf” is an even smaller, cooler version of the sub-stellar object called a \u003ca href=\"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/cosmic_reference/brown_dwarfs.html\">brown dwarf\u003c/a>, with surface temperatures hovering around that of a human body, or even “room temperature.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Y Dwarf stars are so cool that even the infrared radiation they emit is faint, and it took the new, state of the art instruments on \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/23aug_coldeststars/\">NASA’s WISE \u003c/a>(Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer) spacecraft to detect them. With its highly sensitive IR cameras, WISE has discovered about 100 new brown dwarf stars, with six among them being Y Dwarfs ranging in distance from 9 to 40 light years away. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The imaginative side of me likes the idea: a cool, dark, quiescent “star,” like a large, lone Jupiter, floating in the dark interstices between the showier “\u003ca href=\"http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_mainsequence.html\">main sequence\u003c/a>” stars, warmly casting its low-energy heat rays into the stellar community. And perhaps it has planets, too, this dark star; worlds of icy darkness, day and night. By night, the clearest, darkest, starriest skies you can see anywhere; by day, the same, except with a softly glowing magenta “sun” embedded in the glittering blackness….\u003cbr>\n…but this is not what comes to mind when I think of a star! Stars are supposed to be blindingly bright, incredibly hot, and violently eruptive! Right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stars, like planets, belong to a wide, continuous spectrum of physical stature, from the giant “O” class stars with 60 solar masses, 50,000 degree C surface temperatures, and 800,000 times the brightness of our Sun down the scale though the B, A, F, G (our Sun), and K classes, to the small M class stars. M stars possess less than a tenth the mass of our Sun and as little as a thousandth the brightness, being only two to three thousand degrees at the surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But below the classical “Oh Be A Fine (Girl or Guy—pick one!), Kiss Me” scale, astronomers have added letters to the scale as they theorized, and eventually observed, even lesser balls of gas that were still too massive to be classified as big planets: L, T, and sometimes Y. Well, not sometimes—not now that WISE has seen six of them, pulling them out of theory into scientific fact. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beside temperature and mass, one of the attributes astronomers use to help classify these objects is by the abundances, or lack, of certain chemical compounds, like titanium oxide, methane, water vapor—which got me to thinking. It is too hot on our Sun for chemical compounds (molecules) to exist; they would quickly be broken into simple chemical elements (atoms) if they ever appeared there. But Y Dwarfs have surface temperatures not unlike that of the air surrounding you right now, and so more complex molecules can dwell there. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It occurs to me (following a short string of ifs) that, if Y Dwarfs have these Earth-like surface temperatures, and if the heat energy from inside the star is sufficient, and if sufficiently complex molecules could develop, over time, under those conditions—if, if, if—then might it be possible for life to exist on such an object? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life, on a star? That’s my own musing, nothing more, but how cool would that be?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA’s WISE spacecraft has revealed something new lurking in the dark: Y Dwarfs.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371060400,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":607},"headData":{"title":"NASA’s WISE Spots Ys | KQED","description":"NASA’s WISE spacecraft has revealed something new lurking in the dark: Y Dwarfs.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA’s WISE Spots Ys","datePublished":"2011-08-26T17:15:19.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T18:06:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"23189 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=23189","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/26/nasa%e2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys/","disqusTitle":"NASA’s WISE Spots Ys","path":"/quest/23189/nasa%e2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23191\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/26/nasa%e2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys/ydwarf-artistconcept/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23191\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\" title=\"Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23191\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the ongoing hunt for things in space that are more and more difficult to find (because scientists love a good challenge), NASA’s WISE spacecraft has revealed something new lurking in the dark: Y Dwarfs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered, though long anticipated, “Y Dwarf” is an even smaller, cooler version of the sub-stellar object called a \u003ca href=\"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/cosmic_reference/brown_dwarfs.html\">brown dwarf\u003c/a>, with surface temperatures hovering around that of a human body, or even “room temperature.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Y Dwarf stars are so cool that even the infrared radiation they emit is faint, and it took the new, state of the art instruments on \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/23aug_coldeststars/\">NASA’s WISE \u003c/a>(Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer) spacecraft to detect them. With its highly sensitive IR cameras, WISE has discovered about 100 new brown dwarf stars, with six among them being Y Dwarfs ranging in distance from 9 to 40 light years away. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The imaginative side of me likes the idea: a cool, dark, quiescent “star,” like a large, lone Jupiter, floating in the dark interstices between the showier “\u003ca href=\"http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_mainsequence.html\">main sequence\u003c/a>” stars, warmly casting its low-energy heat rays into the stellar community. And perhaps it has planets, too, this dark star; worlds of icy darkness, day and night. By night, the clearest, darkest, starriest skies you can see anywhere; by day, the same, except with a softly glowing magenta “sun” embedded in the glittering blackness….\u003cbr>\n…but this is not what comes to mind when I think of a star! Stars are supposed to be blindingly bright, incredibly hot, and violently eruptive! Right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stars, like planets, belong to a wide, continuous spectrum of physical stature, from the giant “O” class stars with 60 solar masses, 50,000 degree C surface temperatures, and 800,000 times the brightness of our Sun down the scale though the B, A, F, G (our Sun), and K classes, to the small M class stars. M stars possess less than a tenth the mass of our Sun and as little as a thousandth the brightness, being only two to three thousand degrees at the surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But below the classical “Oh Be A Fine (Girl or Guy—pick one!), Kiss Me” scale, astronomers have added letters to the scale as they theorized, and eventually observed, even lesser balls of gas that were still too massive to be classified as big planets: L, T, and sometimes Y. Well, not sometimes—not now that WISE has seen six of them, pulling them out of theory into scientific fact. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beside temperature and mass, one of the attributes astronomers use to help classify these objects is by the abundances, or lack, of certain chemical compounds, like titanium oxide, methane, water vapor—which got me to thinking. It is too hot on our Sun for chemical compounds (molecules) to exist; they would quickly be broken into simple chemical elements (atoms) if they ever appeared there. But Y Dwarfs have surface temperatures not unlike that of the air surrounding you right now, and so more complex molecules can dwell there. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It occurs to me (following a short string of ifs) that, if Y Dwarfs have these Earth-like surface temperatures, and if the heat energy from inside the star is sufficient, and if sufficiently complex molecules could develop, over time, under those conditions—if, if, if—then might it be possible for life to exist on such an object? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life, on a star? That’s my own musing, nothing more, but how cool would that be?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/23189/nasa%e2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_10021","quest_544","quest_10023","quest_10022","quest_1918","quest_13202","quest_2775","quest_10019","quest_10020"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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