Why no Y? Gender-bending Transcaucasian mole voles
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The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dr-barry-starr"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_705":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_705","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"705","score":null,"sort":[1216684478000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"surviving-chromosomal-rearrangements","title":"Surviving Chromosomal Rearrangements","publishDate":1216684478,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/spermatazoa1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Mole voles do fine with one X and no Y\u003cbr>\nchromosome.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/07/why-no-y-gender-bending-transcaucasian-mole-voles/\">Last blog\u003c/a> I talked about the Transcaucasian mole vole. This little burrowing mammal has lost its Y chromosome over time. Now both males and females have only a single X.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I focused on how scientists can't yet figure out how there are any male mole voles running around. This week, I want to focus on what this means from an evolutionary perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These little animals show that massive changes in chromosome structure can be tolerated and the species can do quite well. Even when the chromosomal change results in a significant increase in miscarriages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of a mole vole's fertilized eggs don't survive to term. Why not? Because these embryos have either no or two copies of the X chromosome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most mammals have two copies of each of their chromosomes-- one from mom and one from dad. At the end of \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=234\">meiosis\u003c/a>, each chromosome copy ends up in a different sperm or egg. This is so that when an egg and a sperm combine, the new mammal has the right number of chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mole voles end up with half of their sperm or eggs with one X chromosome and the other half with no X chromosome. There is a 1 in 4 chance that a sperm without an X chromosome will fertilize an egg without an X chromosome. Since mammals need an X chromosome to survive, these fertilized eggs don’t make it to term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also a 1 in 4 chance that a sperm with an X chromosome will fertilize an egg with an X chromosome. In most mammals, this would be OK-- the fertilized egg would go on to become a female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is fatal for mole voles. Most likely this is because these animals have a \u003ca href=\"http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowAbstract&ArtikelNr=000104771&Ausgabe=233312&ProduktNr=231547\">defective Xist gene\u003c/a>. This gene's job is to keep only one X chromosome on in any cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, these mole voles deal fine with the fact that half their fertilized eggs do not make it to term. This means that chromosomal rearrangements and changes that affect fertility can be tolerated. At least in the mole vole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is important because one of the key differences between a chimpanzee and a human at the chromosome level is that humans have 46 chromosomes and chimpanzees have 48. Looking at the DNA we see that\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/12/chromosome-fusion-chance-or-design/\"> human chromosome 2 looks just like chimpanzee chromosomes 12 and 13 fused together\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people argue that this sort of rearrangement wouldn't be successful because at an early transition stage from 48 to 46 chromosomes, half the fertilized eggs would not make it to term. These fertilized eggs would either be missing or have an extra chromosome. Just like the mole vole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here we have a mammalian example where this isn't an issue. This little mole vole is doing quite fine thank you very much. As our ancestors most likely did too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Last blog I talked about the Transcaucasian mole vole. This little burrowing mammal has lost its Y chromosome over time. Now both males and females have only a single X. I focused on how scientists can't yet figure out how there are any male mole voles running around. This week, I want to focus on what this means from an evolutionary perspective.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316921026,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":502},"headData":{"title":"Surviving Chromosomal Rearrangements | KQED","description":"Last blog I talked about the Transcaucasian mole vole. This little burrowing mammal has lost its Y chromosome over time. Now both males and females have only a single X. I focused on how scientists can't yet figure out how there are any male mole voles running around. This week, I want to focus on what this means from an evolutionary perspective.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Surviving Chromosomal Rearrangements","datePublished":"2008-07-21T23:54:38.000Z","dateModified":"2011-09-25T03:23:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"705 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=705","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/21/surviving-chromosomal-rearrangements/","disqusTitle":"Surviving Chromosomal Rearrangements","path":"/quest/705/surviving-chromosomal-rearrangements","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/spermatazoa1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Mole voles do fine with one X and no Y\u003cbr>\nchromosome.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/07/why-no-y-gender-bending-transcaucasian-mole-voles/\">Last blog\u003c/a> I talked about the Transcaucasian mole vole. This little burrowing mammal has lost its Y chromosome over time. Now both males and females have only a single X.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I focused on how scientists can't yet figure out how there are any male mole voles running around. This week, I want to focus on what this means from an evolutionary perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These little animals show that massive changes in chromosome structure can be tolerated and the species can do quite well. Even when the chromosomal change results in a significant increase in miscarriages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of a mole vole's fertilized eggs don't survive to term. Why not? Because these embryos have either no or two copies of the X chromosome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most mammals have two copies of each of their chromosomes-- one from mom and one from dad. At the end of \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=234\">meiosis\u003c/a>, each chromosome copy ends up in a different sperm or egg. This is so that when an egg and a sperm combine, the new mammal has the right number of chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mole voles end up with half of their sperm or eggs with one X chromosome and the other half with no X chromosome. There is a 1 in 4 chance that a sperm without an X chromosome will fertilize an egg without an X chromosome. Since mammals need an X chromosome to survive, these fertilized eggs don’t make it to term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is also a 1 in 4 chance that a sperm with an X chromosome will fertilize an egg with an X chromosome. In most mammals, this would be OK-- the fertilized egg would go on to become a female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is fatal for mole voles. Most likely this is because these animals have a \u003ca href=\"http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowAbstract&ArtikelNr=000104771&Ausgabe=233312&ProduktNr=231547\">defective Xist gene\u003c/a>. This gene's job is to keep only one X chromosome on in any cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the reason, these mole voles deal fine with the fact that half their fertilized eggs do not make it to term. This means that chromosomal rearrangements and changes that affect fertility can be tolerated. At least in the mole vole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is important because one of the key differences between a chimpanzee and a human at the chromosome level is that humans have 46 chromosomes and chimpanzees have 48. Looking at the DNA we see that\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/12/chromosome-fusion-chance-or-design/\"> human chromosome 2 looks just like chimpanzee chromosomes 12 and 13 fused together\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people argue that this sort of rearrangement wouldn't be successful because at an early transition stage from 48 to 46 chromosomes, half the fertilized eggs would not make it to term. These fertilized eggs would either be missing or have an extra chromosome. Just like the mole vole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here we have a mammalian example where this isn't an issue. This little mole vole is doing quite fine thank you very much. As our ancestors most likely did too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/705/surviving-chromosomal-rearrangements","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_13193","quest_596","quest_848","quest_1032","quest_1192","quest_1197","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_1853","quest_2349","quest_3089","quest_3192","quest_3193"],"label":"quest"},"quest_687":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_687","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"687","score":null,"sort":[1215457434000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-no-y-gender-bending-transcaucasian-mole-voles","title":"Why no Y? Gender-bending Transcaucasian mole voles","publishDate":1215457434,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>I've always been fascinated by weird animals. Especially those with out-of-the-ordinary genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/molevole1.jpg\">\u003cem>Transcaucasian mole vole. Image Courtesy of Heike Himmelreich\u003c/em>\u003c/span>One of my favorites is a little burrowing mammal called a Transcaucasian mole vole. These guys live in the Caucasus Mountains of Armenia, Iran, Turkey, and Azerbaijan. There they are born, live, have babies and die. All without a Y chromosome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is really bizarre. In most mammals, two X chromosomes usually means that the animal is female and an X and a Y means the animal is male. All mole voles have a single X chromosome. So technically, there shouldn’t be any males running around. And yet, clearly, there are. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what distinguishes a boy mole vole from a girl mole vole genetically? No one really knows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most mammals, the Y chromosome causes a fertilized egg to turn into a male because of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowSection&rid=gnd.section.156\">SRY\u003c/a> gene. This gene starts a cascade of events that eventually results in a male.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility would be if the SRY gene happened to move to another chromosome. There are certainly cases of this happening even in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this were the case, then maybe a different chromosome has the SRY gene in mole voles. Maybe there are versions of the gene that work and versions that don't. Now we have a gene no different than an eye or hair color gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Good model but it isn't true. Scientists have looked but it appears that these little guys don't have an SRY gene. They make the male/female decision in a completely different way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most likely somewhere along the way a gene mutated so that it could now determine the sex of these mammals. When this happened, the loss of the Y didn't matter much and so it was lost. The mole vole evolved into a Y-less mammal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if any chromosome had to go it would be the Y. It has been under constant attack ever since it distinguished itself from the X chromosome 200 or 300 million years ago. It has gone from being one of the biggest chromosomes with 900-1400 genes to a bit of DNA with around 80 genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are even active discussions about whether the Y is on a death spiral in all mammals. Soon we may all be mole voles. Or be gone. Some of my recent posts elsewhere on this topic:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=51\">Males going extinct?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=28\">Fish that change gender\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1215457434,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":421},"headData":{"title":"Why no Y? Gender-bending Transcaucasian mole voles | KQED","description":"I've always been fascinated by weird animals. Especially those with out-of-the-ordinary genetics. Transcaucasian mole vole. Image Courtesy of Heike HimmelreichOne of my favorites is a little burrowing mammal called a Transcaucasian mole vole. These guys live in the Caucasus Mountains of Armenia, Iran, Turkey, and Azerbaijan. There they are born, live, have babies and die.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why no Y? Gender-bending Transcaucasian mole voles","datePublished":"2008-07-07T19:03:54.000Z","dateModified":"2008-07-07T19:03:54.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"687 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=687","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/07/why-no-y-gender-bending-transcaucasian-mole-voles/","disqusTitle":"Why no Y? Gender-bending Transcaucasian mole voles","path":"/quest/687/why-no-y-gender-bending-transcaucasian-mole-voles","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>I've always been fascinated by weird animals. Especially those with out-of-the-ordinary genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/molevole1.jpg\">\u003cem>Transcaucasian mole vole. Image Courtesy of Heike Himmelreich\u003c/em>\u003c/span>One of my favorites is a little burrowing mammal called a Transcaucasian mole vole. These guys live in the Caucasus Mountains of Armenia, Iran, Turkey, and Azerbaijan. There they are born, live, have babies and die. All without a Y chromosome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is really bizarre. In most mammals, two X chromosomes usually means that the animal is female and an X and a Y means the animal is male. All mole voles have a single X chromosome. So technically, there shouldn’t be any males running around. And yet, clearly, there are. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what distinguishes a boy mole vole from a girl mole vole genetically? No one really knows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most mammals, the Y chromosome causes a fertilized egg to turn into a male because of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowSection&rid=gnd.section.156\">SRY\u003c/a> gene. This gene starts a cascade of events that eventually results in a male.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility would be if the SRY gene happened to move to another chromosome. There are certainly cases of this happening even in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this were the case, then maybe a different chromosome has the SRY gene in mole voles. Maybe there are versions of the gene that work and versions that don't. Now we have a gene no different than an eye or hair color gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Good model but it isn't true. Scientists have looked but it appears that these little guys don't have an SRY gene. They make the male/female decision in a completely different way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most likely somewhere along the way a gene mutated so that it could now determine the sex of these mammals. When this happened, the loss of the Y didn't matter much and so it was lost. The mole vole evolved into a Y-less mammal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if any chromosome had to go it would be the Y. It has been under constant attack ever since it distinguished itself from the X chromosome 200 or 300 million years ago. It has gone from being one of the biggest chromosomes with 900-1400 genes to a bit of DNA with around 80 genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are even active discussions about whether the Y is on a death spiral in all mammals. Soon we may all be mole voles. Or be gone. Some of my recent posts elsewhere on this topic:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=51\">Males going extinct?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=28\">Fish that change gender\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/687/why-no-y-gender-bending-transcaucasian-mole-voles","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_511","quest_596","quest_848","quest_1187","quest_1188","quest_1197","quest_3351","quest_1725","quest_2349","quest_2769","quest_2770","quest_3089","quest_3195"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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