Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Moraga Formation
Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Cordelia and Green Valley Faults
Bay Area Volcanoes
Geological Outings Around the Bay: Marin Headlands
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He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_36069":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_36069","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"36069","score":null,"sort":[1335466732000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes","title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Sutter Buttes","publishDate":1335466732,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36075\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttestop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36075\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttestop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttestop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36075\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttestop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttestop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sutter Buttes are an isolated volcanic center surrounded by super-flat bottomland of the Sacramento Valley. All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If it's a fine day and you have a couple of hours to spare on your drive north, why not see one of the curiosities of California and take a spin around the Sutter Buttes, also known as the world's smallest mountain range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Buttes are a compact clump of rocky crags placed smack in the middle of the flat Sacramento Valley. If you know where to look on a clear day, you can first spot them from I-505 as you drive north just north of Winters, some 40 miles off. They're like a mirage, glimpsed through the distant trees and silos, that soon vanishes as an imperceptible rise cuts them off. Otherwise their first appearance is a vision dead ahead as you exit the rounded, dreamlike Dunnigan Hills just before joining I-5. On many hazy days you may catch the barest outline of the Buttes' fairytale-steep peaks and wonder if you're seeing anything at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sutter Buttes are the remains of a young volcanic center that flourished here between about 1.5 and 1.3 million years ago, during the Pleistocene Epoch. On the geologic map below (derived from the California Geological Survey's \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>) its bulls-eye shape is distinct. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36071\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttesmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36071\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesmap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttesmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36071\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesmap.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesmap-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rock units are as follows: Qv, lava plugs and domes; Qv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup>, volcanic flows; E and Ku, Eocene and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A central set of lava plugs and domes (Qv) is surrounded by an apron of volcanic flows of lava and debris (Qv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup>). After the eruptions stopped, erosion uncovered the older sedimentary rocks (E and Ku) that were folded upward by the rising magma. These folded older rocks are prime sites for natural gas wells. In the 1920s the volcanologist Howel Williams, a native of Wales, gave names to these parts that were inspired by Medieval castles: Qv is the Castellated Core, Qv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup> is the Rampart and the soft old rocks between make up the Moat. See more detail of the geologic story, plus a look at the Buttes' interior, \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/sutterbuttes/\">over on my About.com site\u003c/a>. But this is enough background for today's side trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your closest approach to the Buttes on I-5 is at Williams, and that's where you set out for this enchanting feature. Turn off the freeway and head east on state route 20. The road crosses the Central Valley at one of its flattest points. The little town of Colusa sits on the Sacramento River and has a nice park there. This is a worthy side trip—maybe a picnic stop—in itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here there are several different ways to experience the Buttes, depending on your schedule. The shortest trip is a straight drive-by on route 20, after which you can take route 99 north to rejoin I-5 at Red Bluff. Longer versions could include a pass around the little-trafficked north side, a detour into the Buttes on Pass Road, and a complete circumnavigation with optional Pass Road leg. I'll start with the west side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbutteswest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36070\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbutteswest.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbutteswest\" width=\"600\" height=\"370\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36070\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbutteswest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbutteswest-400x247.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Butte Road skirts the ranchlands of the Rampart and several valleys, suitable for orchards and field crops, that penetrate to the Moat. The land of the Buttes is almost entirely in private hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttesnorth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36072\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesnorth.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttesnorth\" width=\"600\" height=\"414\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36072\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesnorth.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesnorth-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rocks of the Rampart and Castellated Core appear distinct in this view from the north. The lightly travelled road gives many opportunities to stop and admire the landscape. The east side of the Buttes is on the outskirts of Yuba City but otherwise is very similar. There the lower Feather River runs down the valley on its way to join the Sacramento near Knights Landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttesrock/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36073\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesrock.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttesrock\" width=\"600\" height=\"408\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36073\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesrock.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesrock-400x272.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you get a chance, pull over and inspect the roadside rocks. The Buttes have long been a ready source of stone for lining canals, bolstering levees and making roadbeds. The lava is a beautiful andesite porphyry that is unusually rich in crystals of hornblende and biotite (black) and feldspar (light). Other roadside rocks might include volcanic conglomerates and tuffs dating from the Buttes' fiery youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttessouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttessouth.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttessouth\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36074\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttessouth.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttessouth-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pass Road takes you inside the Rampart and as close as possible to the Castellated Core. Here South Butte, highest point in the range, rears its head to 2117 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Maidu tribes thought highly of the Buttes; so do its current landowners. Access for hiking is limited but possible through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.middlemountain.org/index.html\">Middle Mountain Foundation\u003c/a>. Perhaps this side trip will inspire a longer visit to California's nearest thing to Shangri-La.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Sutter Buttes are an oak-studded island of extinct volcanoes in the Sacramento Valley bottomlands. Step off the freeway to see California's nearest thing to Shangri-La.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1336497077,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":773},"headData":{"title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Sutter Buttes | KQED","description":"The Sutter Buttes are an oak-studded island of extinct volcanoes in the Sacramento Valley bottomlands. Step off the freeway to see California's nearest thing to Shangri-La.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"36069 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=36069","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/","disqusTitle":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Sutter Buttes","path":"/quest/36069/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36075\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttestop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36075\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttestop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttestop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36075\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttestop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttestop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sutter Buttes are an isolated volcanic center surrounded by super-flat bottomland of the Sacramento Valley. All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If it's a fine day and you have a couple of hours to spare on your drive north, why not see one of the curiosities of California and take a spin around the Sutter Buttes, also known as the world's smallest mountain range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Buttes are a compact clump of rocky crags placed smack in the middle of the flat Sacramento Valley. If you know where to look on a clear day, you can first spot them from I-505 as you drive north just north of Winters, some 40 miles off. They're like a mirage, glimpsed through the distant trees and silos, that soon vanishes as an imperceptible rise cuts them off. Otherwise their first appearance is a vision dead ahead as you exit the rounded, dreamlike Dunnigan Hills just before joining I-5. On many hazy days you may catch the barest outline of the Buttes' fairytale-steep peaks and wonder if you're seeing anything at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sutter Buttes are the remains of a young volcanic center that flourished here between about 1.5 and 1.3 million years ago, during the Pleistocene Epoch. On the geologic map below (derived from the California Geological Survey's \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>) its bulls-eye shape is distinct. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36071\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttesmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36071\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesmap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttesmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36071\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesmap.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesmap-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rock units are as follows: Qv, lava plugs and domes; Qv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup>, volcanic flows; E and Ku, Eocene and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A central set of lava plugs and domes (Qv) is surrounded by an apron of volcanic flows of lava and debris (Qv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup>). After the eruptions stopped, erosion uncovered the older sedimentary rocks (E and Ku) that were folded upward by the rising magma. These folded older rocks are prime sites for natural gas wells. In the 1920s the volcanologist Howel Williams, a native of Wales, gave names to these parts that were inspired by Medieval castles: Qv is the Castellated Core, Qv\u003csup>p\u003c/sup> is the Rampart and the soft old rocks between make up the Moat. See more detail of the geologic story, plus a look at the Buttes' interior, \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/sutterbuttes/\">over on my About.com site\u003c/a>. But this is enough background for today's side trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your closest approach to the Buttes on I-5 is at Williams, and that's where you set out for this enchanting feature. Turn off the freeway and head east on state route 20. The road crosses the Central Valley at one of its flattest points. The little town of Colusa sits on the Sacramento River and has a nice park there. This is a worthy side trip—maybe a picnic stop—in itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here there are several different ways to experience the Buttes, depending on your schedule. The shortest trip is a straight drive-by on route 20, after which you can take route 99 north to rejoin I-5 at Red Bluff. Longer versions could include a pass around the little-trafficked north side, a detour into the Buttes on Pass Road, and a complete circumnavigation with optional Pass Road leg. I'll start with the west side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbutteswest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36070\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbutteswest.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbutteswest\" width=\"600\" height=\"370\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36070\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbutteswest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbutteswest-400x247.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Butte Road skirts the ranchlands of the Rampart and several valleys, suitable for orchards and field crops, that penetrate to the Moat. The land of the Buttes is almost entirely in private hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttesnorth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36072\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesnorth.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttesnorth\" width=\"600\" height=\"414\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36072\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesnorth.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesnorth-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rocks of the Rampart and Castellated Core appear distinct in this view from the north. The lightly travelled road gives many opportunities to stop and admire the landscape. The east side of the Buttes is on the outskirts of Yuba City but otherwise is very similar. There the lower Feather River runs down the valley on its way to join the Sacramento near Knights Landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttesrock/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36073\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesrock.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttesrock\" width=\"600\" height=\"408\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36073\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesrock.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttesrock-400x272.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you get a chance, pull over and inspect the roadside rocks. The Buttes have long been a ready source of stone for lining canals, bolstering levees and making roadbeds. The lava is a beautiful andesite porphyry that is unusually rich in crystals of hornblende and biotite (black) and feldspar (light). Other roadside rocks might include volcanic conglomerates and tuffs dating from the Buttes' fiery youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/26/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes/sutbuttessouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttessouth.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sutbuttessouth\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-36074\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttessouth.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sutbuttessouth-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pass Road takes you inside the Rampart and as close as possible to the Castellated Core. Here South Butte, highest point in the range, rears its head to 2117 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Maidu tribes thought highly of the Buttes; so do its current landowners. Access for hiking is limited but possible through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.middlemountain.org/index.html\">Middle Mountain Foundation\u003c/a>. Perhaps this side trip will inspire a longer visit to California's nearest thing to Shangri-La.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/36069/side-trips-from-interstate-5-sutter-buttes","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_9946","quest_13202","quest_2473","quest_11022","quest_11023","quest_3820","quest_3088"],"featImg":"quest_36075","label":"quest"},"quest_33174":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_33174","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"33174","score":null,"sort":[1331827215000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: New Almaden","publishDate":1331827215,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33179\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmaden/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33179\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmaden-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmaden\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View west from Almaden Quicksilver County Park toward Loma Prieta, highest peak of the Sierra Azul. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the foothills due south of San Jose sit the remnants of California's first mining bonanza, the New Almaden mercury district. Today \u003ca href=\"http://www.newalmaden.org/AQSPark/index.html\">Almaden Quicksilver County Park\u003c/a> is a rugged playground for hikers, bicyclists and equestrians, but lovers of geology and mines have a special kind of fun there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first Californians mined a deep-red ore they called \u003ci>mohetka\u003c/i> in the heights of Los Capitancillos Ridge. Like other ancient peoples around the world, they used it as a pigment. In 1845 a Mexican visitor recognized the substance as cinnabar or mercury ore. Soon afterward the New World's richest quicksilver mining district began production, supplying the mercury for the refiners of the California Gold Rush. Its name, New Almaden, echoed the famous Almadén mines of Spain. A hundred years later, the mines had yielded mercury in the amount of more than a million flasks—a volume of the liquid metal weighing 76 pounds. Although mining ended in the 1970s, geologists believe that much undiscovered ore remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's look at the geologic map of the area (derived from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">USGS Map OF-98-975\u003c/a>). \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 627px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadengeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33181\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadengeomap\" width=\"627\" height=\"472\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33181\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap.png 627w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap-400x301.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 627px) 100vw, 627px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The New Almaden district runs northwest on Los Capitancillos Ridge from the village of New Almaden. Asterisks mark the four park entrances. Franciscan rock units are fm, melange; fpv, volcanics; gs, greenstone; pink, serpentinite; yellow, silica-carbonate rock; orange, chert. Units with names starting Q, T or K are younger.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's kind of a mess, and the details are in the caption, but basically Los Capitancillos Ridge is like many other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/\">Bay Area mercury sites\u003c/a>, an intricate mixture of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Franciscan rocks\u003c/a> and serpentinite that has been kneaded and heated and injected with metal-bearing fluids. These fluids, derived from magma intrusions, replaced the minerals in the serpentinite and turned it into silica-carbonate rock. The cinnabar lodes, in turn, were emplaced in and near the silica-carbonates. As you hike about the ridge, keep an eye underfoot for the widespread \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_metrocks/ig/serpentinites/\">serpentinite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenserpentine/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33182\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenserpentine\" width=\"600\" height=\"438\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33182\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Serpentinite boulders in a streambed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among other things, the park contains mines and machinery spanning a century of progress from traditional techniques of medieval origin to modern American facilities. One mine entrance, the San Cristobal tunnel, has been kept open for a short distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33175\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/sancristobal/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33175\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sancristobal\" width=\"500\" height=\"402\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33175\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Cristobal tunnel, first opened in 1866.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Go on in and look for the veins in the walls. These are typically filled with quartz or dolomite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33184\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenveins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33184\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenveins\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33184\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Veins in the San Cristobal tunnel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another worthwhile spot is the site of the Buena Vista shaft, the deepest in the district. The foundation of the pumphouse is constructed of large blocks of local sandstone and Sierran granite. It was abandoned in 1893.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenfoundation/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33180\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenfoundation\" width=\"600\" height=\"486\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33180\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation-400x324.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Buena Vista shaft mainly served to dewater the hills and allow neighboring mines to go deeper in search of cinnabar. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearby are extensive piles of mine tailings. Although this shaft produced only minor amounts of ore, the rocks themselves are interesting. Remember that collecting rocks and minerals is forbidden. A ranger told me that if people kept taking things home with them, eventually there would be no tailings left. I don't see the problem with that, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">if I could make the rules I would give rockhounds access\u003c/a> to limited parts of the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadentailings/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33183\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadentailings\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-33183\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't miss the views of the surrounding territory. The top photo of this post shows the view west to the Sierra Azul, and to the east are views of the Santa Teresa Hills and Diablo Range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33178\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/hamilton/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33178\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"hamilton\" width=\"600\" height=\"463\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33178\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton-400x309.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mount Hamilton's observatories stand out beyond the lower Santa Teresa Hills, site of more mercury mines and sandstone quarries.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mining museum housed in the Casa Grande, the old manager's residence built in 1854, is full of exhibits and is well worth a visit if you can be there during its brief open hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33176\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/casagrande/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33176\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"casagrande\" width=\"600\" height=\"459\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33176\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande-400x306.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Casa Grande has rooms full of period furnishings as well as the Quicksilver Mining Museum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The little museum shop has cinnabar from the Guadalupe Mine for sale. This is the only way you can acquire New Almaden specimens today, unless a dealer is selling off a historic collection at a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/\">rock and mineral show\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33177\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/guadalupecinnabar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33177\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"guadalupecinnabar\" width=\"600\" height=\"487\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33177\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar-400x325.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Almaden cinnabar is notable for its tiny crystals that give the ore a glittering appearance.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The definitive source for historic and geologic information on the area is the classic \u003ca href=\"http://openlibrary.org/books/OL7034975M/Geology_and_quicksilver_deposits_of_the_New_Almaden_District_Santa_Clara_County_California\">US Geological Survey Professional Paper 360\u003c/a>, \"Geology and Quicksilver Deposits of the New Almaden District.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The New Almaden area looms large in Gold Rush history. Today it's an open-air museum of California mining practices and quicksilver geology.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1332966126,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":754},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: New Almaden | KQED","description":"The New Almaden area looms large in Gold Rush history. Today it's an open-air museum of California mining practices and quicksilver geology.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"33174 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=33174","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: New Almaden","path":"/quest/33174/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33179\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmaden/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33179\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmaden-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmaden\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View west from Almaden Quicksilver County Park toward Loma Prieta, highest peak of the Sierra Azul. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the foothills due south of San Jose sit the remnants of California's first mining bonanza, the New Almaden mercury district. Today \u003ca href=\"http://www.newalmaden.org/AQSPark/index.html\">Almaden Quicksilver County Park\u003c/a> is a rugged playground for hikers, bicyclists and equestrians, but lovers of geology and mines have a special kind of fun there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first Californians mined a deep-red ore they called \u003ci>mohetka\u003c/i> in the heights of Los Capitancillos Ridge. Like other ancient peoples around the world, they used it as a pigment. In 1845 a Mexican visitor recognized the substance as cinnabar or mercury ore. Soon afterward the New World's richest quicksilver mining district began production, supplying the mercury for the refiners of the California Gold Rush. Its name, New Almaden, echoed the famous Almadén mines of Spain. A hundred years later, the mines had yielded mercury in the amount of more than a million flasks—a volume of the liquid metal weighing 76 pounds. Although mining ended in the 1970s, geologists believe that much undiscovered ore remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's look at the geologic map of the area (derived from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">USGS Map OF-98-975\u003c/a>). \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 627px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadengeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33181\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadengeomap\" width=\"627\" height=\"472\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33181\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap.png 627w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap-400x301.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 627px) 100vw, 627px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The New Almaden district runs northwest on Los Capitancillos Ridge from the village of New Almaden. Asterisks mark the four park entrances. Franciscan rock units are fm, melange; fpv, volcanics; gs, greenstone; pink, serpentinite; yellow, silica-carbonate rock; orange, chert. Units with names starting Q, T or K are younger.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's kind of a mess, and the details are in the caption, but basically Los Capitancillos Ridge is like many other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/\">Bay Area mercury sites\u003c/a>, an intricate mixture of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Franciscan rocks\u003c/a> and serpentinite that has been kneaded and heated and injected with metal-bearing fluids. These fluids, derived from magma intrusions, replaced the minerals in the serpentinite and turned it into silica-carbonate rock. The cinnabar lodes, in turn, were emplaced in and near the silica-carbonates. As you hike about the ridge, keep an eye underfoot for the widespread \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_metrocks/ig/serpentinites/\">serpentinite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenserpentine/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33182\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenserpentine\" width=\"600\" height=\"438\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33182\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Serpentinite boulders in a streambed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among other things, the park contains mines and machinery spanning a century of progress from traditional techniques of medieval origin to modern American facilities. One mine entrance, the San Cristobal tunnel, has been kept open for a short distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33175\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/sancristobal/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33175\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sancristobal\" width=\"500\" height=\"402\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33175\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Cristobal tunnel, first opened in 1866.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Go on in and look for the veins in the walls. These are typically filled with quartz or dolomite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33184\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenveins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33184\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenveins\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33184\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Veins in the San Cristobal tunnel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another worthwhile spot is the site of the Buena Vista shaft, the deepest in the district. The foundation of the pumphouse is constructed of large blocks of local sandstone and Sierran granite. It was abandoned in 1893.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenfoundation/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33180\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenfoundation\" width=\"600\" height=\"486\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33180\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation-400x324.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Buena Vista shaft mainly served to dewater the hills and allow neighboring mines to go deeper in search of cinnabar. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearby are extensive piles of mine tailings. Although this shaft produced only minor amounts of ore, the rocks themselves are interesting. Remember that collecting rocks and minerals is forbidden. A ranger told me that if people kept taking things home with them, eventually there would be no tailings left. I don't see the problem with that, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">if I could make the rules I would give rockhounds access\u003c/a> to limited parts of the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadentailings/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33183\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadentailings\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-33183\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't miss the views of the surrounding territory. The top photo of this post shows the view west to the Sierra Azul, and to the east are views of the Santa Teresa Hills and Diablo Range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33178\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/hamilton/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33178\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"hamilton\" width=\"600\" height=\"463\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33178\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton-400x309.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mount Hamilton's observatories stand out beyond the lower Santa Teresa Hills, site of more mercury mines and sandstone quarries.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mining museum housed in the Casa Grande, the old manager's residence built in 1854, is full of exhibits and is well worth a visit if you can be there during its brief open hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33176\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/casagrande/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33176\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"casagrande\" width=\"600\" height=\"459\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33176\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande-400x306.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Casa Grande has rooms full of period furnishings as well as the Quicksilver Mining Museum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The little museum shop has cinnabar from the Guadalupe Mine for sale. This is the only way you can acquire New Almaden specimens today, unless a dealer is selling off a historic collection at a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/\">rock and mineral show\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33177\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/guadalupecinnabar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33177\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"guadalupecinnabar\" width=\"600\" height=\"487\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33177\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar-400x325.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Almaden cinnabar is notable for its tiny crystals that give the ore a glittering appearance.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The definitive source for historic and geologic information on the area is the classic \u003ca href=\"http://openlibrary.org/books/OL7034975M/Geology_and_quicksilver_deposits_of_the_New_Almaden_District_Santa_Clara_County_California\">US Geological Survey Professional Paper 360\u003c/a>, \"Geology and Quicksilver Deposits of the New Almaden District.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/33174/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10819","quest_3580","quest_1791","quest_1834","quest_9890","quest_13202","quest_2590","quest_3820"],"featImg":"quest_33179","label":"quest"},"quest_23196":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_23196","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"23196","score":null,"sort":[1314300409000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Moraga Formation","publishDate":1314300409,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23203\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23203\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmtop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23203\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pillar of Moraga Formation lava sets off the view across Strawberry Canyon and the Bay from Grizzly Peak Boulevard in northernmost Oakland. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Berkeley Hills are not just a great vantage point above the central Bay Area—they're also a textbook for geology students. And one of the main chapters in that textbook is our local lava, the Moraga Formation. Dating from 9 to 10 million years ago, this distinctive set of rocks can be visited in many places. Let's have a look at five localities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everywhere it occurs, the Moraga is a strong volcanic rock that underlies hills. But it was laid down on flat ground in late Miocene time, erupting from two or three vents near a range of high hills to its west, where the Bay lies today. The outcrops of the Moraga Formation lie on the map in the outline of a firebird flying northwest. Here's what I mean. Click the image for a 1000-pixel version.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23200\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 502px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23200\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmmap-502x360.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmmap\" width=\"502\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-23200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Moraga Formation is brown on this geologic map, derived from {link url=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2342/\"}USGS Misc. Field Studies Map 2342{/link}. Localities 1 through 5 are shown in this article.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This view from the southeast shows the high hills above Berkeley, Grizzly Peak on the left and Vollmer Peak on the right. Both consist of lava flows (Vollmer is made of the slightly younger Bald Peak Basalt). Locality 1 is near Grizzly Peak on Grizzly Peak Boulevard. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23205\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragagrizview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23205\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragagrizview\" width=\"640\" height=\"377\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23205\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview-400x236.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The foreground with the winding road is Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve (locality 3); behind it is the hidden canyon of Route 24 (locality 2).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grizzly Peak Boulevard is reached from the west on Claremont Avenue and from the east on Fish Ranch Road; head north and you're immediately in the Moraga Formation. Stop early and often to inspect the rocks. You'll note that everything is strongly tilted, like nearly all rocks of the East Bay hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragagrizcrop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23204\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragagrizcrop\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23204\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop-400x215.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moraga1sthandspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23198\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moraga1sthandspec.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moraga1sthandspec\" width=\"360\" height=\"259\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23198\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moraga Formation consists of lava flows, sedimentary rocks that were laid down between eruptions, and occasional beds of tuff—rock composed of volcanic ash. Rocks like this hand specimen show former gas bubbles, or vesicles. These are a sign that the lava was near the ground surface, allowing water vapor and carbon dioxide to come out of solution and propel eruptions. The Moraga formation is noteworthy for the amount of vesiculated lava it has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just south of the trailhead to Grizzly Peak, a rampart of lava stands up on the west side of the road. Enjoy the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmrampart/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23201\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmrampart\" width=\"640\" height=\"376\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23201\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart-400x235.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the north, the Moraga Formation underlies most of Tilden Park all the way up to Inspiration Point. But let's turn around and \u003ci>really\u003c/i> see it. This photo is a view south showing the next two localities, the Route 24 cut and behind it Sibley Volcanic Preserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragavwsouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23197\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragavwsouth\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23197\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Fish Ranch Road down to Route 24 and head east; make a u-turn at the Wilder Road exit and pull off on the Fish Ranch Road exit heading west. You may observe signs forbidding pedestrians. This is what you'll see across the highway. (Of course, when traffic is backed up from the Caldecott Tunnel you can admire these at leisure from your car.) The Moraga Formation consists of two packages, each consisting of five large lava flows, with a section of mostly sedimentary rocks between them. This is the lower set of flows; up is to the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmrt24/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23202\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmrt24\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23202\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24-400x262.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you turn your attention northward, you may see the basal contact of the Moraga Formation, where the first lava flows came down upon the coarse conglomerate beds of the Orinda Formation. The lavas are of basalt and andesite composition and are quite dark, but they may also be red where they flowed into water or over wet ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmcontact/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23199\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmcontact\" width=\"640\" height=\"324\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23199\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact-400x203.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragasibfly/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23208\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragasibfly.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragasibfly\" width=\"360\" height=\"475\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23208\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locality 3 is Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve, which you reach by going back up Fish Ranch Road and taking Grizzly Peak Boulevard the other direction. Sibley deserves its own separate article, so I will be brief today. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides rocks, Sibley has a lot of wonderful habitat and is interesting at all times of year for its plant and animal life. There are also \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/07/11/the-labyrinths-of-sibley/\">several labyrinths\u003c/a> to discover. And the views are fine in all directions. The only disadvantage is that the parking lot fills up on nice weekends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sibley's great value to geologists is that it exposes a cross section of a volcano's guts, from its feeder dikes coming up through the underlying Orinda and Claremont formations to the remains of the central vent and a short-lived crater lake. These are things you won't see without a lot of legwork and educated eyes, but a history of quarry operations here has unveiled excellent exposures of features that even duffers can spot. One is the presence of \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2009/06/09/amygdules/\">amygdules\u003c/a>, or mineral-filled vesicles. You'll find these throughout the Moraga, but they are most visible at Sibley. Collect them only with your camera, please.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern exposures of the Moraga are smaller and less well known, but you will surely have them to yourself. At locality 4, the dark lava crops out in a deep cleft along Valley View Drive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragaorinda/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23207\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragaorinda.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragaorinda\" width=\"360\" height=\"278\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23207\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have mapped the structure at this location as an anticline or arch, meaning that the whole volcanic section has been folded like a bedsheet being pushed up. The northern part of the Moraga, in contrast, is a syncline or downfold. All three previous localities are on the west side of that syncline, and its axis or center is at the Wilder Road exit on Route 24.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locality 5 is where Canyon Road cuts across a narrow ridge of Moraga lava. The roadway itself is very narrow, and I can't recommend it. Nor are the rocks exposed there especially revealing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you drive a little farther and park at the Valle Vista Staging Area, it's easy to walk back along the old railroad bed, which has been turned into the Lafayette/Moraga Regional Trail. This is a much more peaceful way to see the rocks, which also include conglomerate of the Orinda Formation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragamoraga/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23206\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragamoraga.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragamoraga\" width=\"360\" height=\"567\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23206\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up on the slope are the remains of several old quarries, probably borrow pits for the railroad and road builders. Investigate them carefully, if at all, and watch for rattlesnakes—not that I know they occur here, but doing so is good practice. The Moraga here is dark and cryptic, but I did find a small outcrop of the red variety and—behold—some of the same vesiculated lava we saw at locality 1.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Moraga Formation's distinctive set of volcanic rocks can be visited in many places in the East Bay hills. Let's have a look at five localities.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1314982549,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1110},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Moraga Formation | KQED","description":"The Moraga Formation's distinctive set of volcanic rocks can be visited in many places in the East Bay hills. Let's have a look at five localities.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"23196 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=23196","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Moraga Formation","path":"/quest/23196/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23203\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23203\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmtop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23203\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pillar of Moraga Formation lava sets off the view across Strawberry Canyon and the Bay from Grizzly Peak Boulevard in northernmost Oakland. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Berkeley Hills are not just a great vantage point above the central Bay Area—they're also a textbook for geology students. And one of the main chapters in that textbook is our local lava, the Moraga Formation. Dating from 9 to 10 million years ago, this distinctive set of rocks can be visited in many places. Let's have a look at five localities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everywhere it occurs, the Moraga is a strong volcanic rock that underlies hills. But it was laid down on flat ground in late Miocene time, erupting from two or three vents near a range of high hills to its west, where the Bay lies today. The outcrops of the Moraga Formation lie on the map in the outline of a firebird flying northwest. Here's what I mean. Click the image for a 1000-pixel version.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23200\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 502px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23200\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmmap-502x360.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmmap\" width=\"502\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-23200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Moraga Formation is brown on this geologic map, derived from {link url=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2342/\"}USGS Misc. Field Studies Map 2342{/link}. Localities 1 through 5 are shown in this article.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This view from the southeast shows the high hills above Berkeley, Grizzly Peak on the left and Vollmer Peak on the right. Both consist of lava flows (Vollmer is made of the slightly younger Bald Peak Basalt). Locality 1 is near Grizzly Peak on Grizzly Peak Boulevard. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23205\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragagrizview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23205\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragagrizview\" width=\"640\" height=\"377\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23205\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview-400x236.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The foreground with the winding road is Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve (locality 3); behind it is the hidden canyon of Route 24 (locality 2).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grizzly Peak Boulevard is reached from the west on Claremont Avenue and from the east on Fish Ranch Road; head north and you're immediately in the Moraga Formation. Stop early and often to inspect the rocks. You'll note that everything is strongly tilted, like nearly all rocks of the East Bay hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragagrizcrop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23204\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragagrizcrop\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23204\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop-400x215.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moraga1sthandspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23198\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moraga1sthandspec.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moraga1sthandspec\" width=\"360\" height=\"259\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23198\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moraga Formation consists of lava flows, sedimentary rocks that were laid down between eruptions, and occasional beds of tuff—rock composed of volcanic ash. Rocks like this hand specimen show former gas bubbles, or vesicles. These are a sign that the lava was near the ground surface, allowing water vapor and carbon dioxide to come out of solution and propel eruptions. The Moraga formation is noteworthy for the amount of vesiculated lava it has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just south of the trailhead to Grizzly Peak, a rampart of lava stands up on the west side of the road. Enjoy the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmrampart/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23201\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmrampart\" width=\"640\" height=\"376\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23201\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart-400x235.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the north, the Moraga Formation underlies most of Tilden Park all the way up to Inspiration Point. But let's turn around and \u003ci>really\u003c/i> see it. This photo is a view south showing the next two localities, the Route 24 cut and behind it Sibley Volcanic Preserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragavwsouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23197\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragavwsouth\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23197\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Fish Ranch Road down to Route 24 and head east; make a u-turn at the Wilder Road exit and pull off on the Fish Ranch Road exit heading west. You may observe signs forbidding pedestrians. This is what you'll see across the highway. (Of course, when traffic is backed up from the Caldecott Tunnel you can admire these at leisure from your car.) The Moraga Formation consists of two packages, each consisting of five large lava flows, with a section of mostly sedimentary rocks between them. This is the lower set of flows; up is to the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmrt24/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23202\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmrt24\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23202\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24-400x262.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you turn your attention northward, you may see the basal contact of the Moraga Formation, where the first lava flows came down upon the coarse conglomerate beds of the Orinda Formation. The lavas are of basalt and andesite composition and are quite dark, but they may also be red where they flowed into water or over wet ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmcontact/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23199\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmcontact\" width=\"640\" height=\"324\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23199\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact-400x203.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragasibfly/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23208\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragasibfly.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragasibfly\" width=\"360\" height=\"475\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23208\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locality 3 is Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve, which you reach by going back up Fish Ranch Road and taking Grizzly Peak Boulevard the other direction. Sibley deserves its own separate article, so I will be brief today. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides rocks, Sibley has a lot of wonderful habitat and is interesting at all times of year for its plant and animal life. There are also \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/07/11/the-labyrinths-of-sibley/\">several labyrinths\u003c/a> to discover. And the views are fine in all directions. The only disadvantage is that the parking lot fills up on nice weekends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sibley's great value to geologists is that it exposes a cross section of a volcano's guts, from its feeder dikes coming up through the underlying Orinda and Claremont formations to the remains of the central vent and a short-lived crater lake. These are things you won't see without a lot of legwork and educated eyes, but a history of quarry operations here has unveiled excellent exposures of features that even duffers can spot. One is the presence of \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2009/06/09/amygdules/\">amygdules\u003c/a>, or mineral-filled vesicles. You'll find these throughout the Moraga, but they are most visible at Sibley. Collect them only with your camera, please.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern exposures of the Moraga are smaller and less well known, but you will surely have them to yourself. At locality 4, the dark lava crops out in a deep cleft along Valley View Drive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragaorinda/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23207\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragaorinda.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragaorinda\" width=\"360\" height=\"278\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23207\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have mapped the structure at this location as an anticline or arch, meaning that the whole volcanic section has been folded like a bedsheet being pushed up. The northern part of the Moraga, in contrast, is a syncline or downfold. All three previous localities are on the west side of that syncline, and its axis or center is at the Wilder Road exit on Route 24.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locality 5 is where Canyon Road cuts across a narrow ridge of Moraga lava. The roadway itself is very narrow, and I can't recommend it. Nor are the rocks exposed there especially revealing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you drive a little farther and park at the Valle Vista Staging Area, it's easy to walk back along the old railroad bed, which has been turned into the Lafayette/Moraga Regional Trail. This is a much more peaceful way to see the rocks, which also include conglomerate of the Orinda Formation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragamoraga/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23206\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragamoraga.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragamoraga\" width=\"360\" height=\"567\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23206\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up on the slope are the remains of several old quarries, probably borrow pits for the railroad and road builders. Investigate them carefully, if at all, and watch for rattlesnakes—not that I know they occur here, but doing so is good practice. The Moraga here is dark and cryptic, but I did find a small outcrop of the red variety and—behold—some of the same vesiculated lava we saw at locality 1.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/23196/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10024","quest_3635","quest_13202","quest_10025","quest_3820"],"featImg":"quest_23203","label":"quest"},"quest_15300":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15300","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15300","score":null,"sort":[1308246491000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-cordelia-and-green-valley-faults","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Cordelia and Green Valley Faults","publishDate":1308246491,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/cordeliaflttop2.jpg\" alt=\"cordelia fault\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>The Cordelia fault, west of Fairfield, provides the best exposure of the San Andreas fault zone in the Bay Area. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas fault is called the boundary between the North American and Pacific plates. It gets a lot of attention, but the plate-tectonic action actually is spread over a wide band of active faults on both sides, west and east, of the San Andreas proper. The easternmost strand of the San Andreas fault zone lies in Napa and Solano counties. This simple road trip will get you acquainted with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The textbooks say that the thin bright line of the San Andreas fault is the plate boundary, but in real life the North American plate is deeply splintered halfway to the Rockies. North America and the Pacific have about 2 inches a year of motion between them. The San Andreas proper accounts for the majority of that, but lesser faults in the Coast Range like the Hayward, Calaveras, Rodgers Creek and Maacama take up a large share too. Even the crustal cracks east of the Sierra Nevada move a few millimeters a year. Basically, the whole Bay Area sits within the plate boundary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around here, the easternmost part of that boundary consists of the Greenville/Concord fault in the East Bay and the Green Valley fault in the North Bay. The two faults are considered to be connected, although they are offset a few kilometers from each other beneath Suisun Bay. Both are worth a day trip, but let's go north this time. Here's a look at the geology of the area between Fairfield and Napa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/greenvlyfltmap2.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"geologic map\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003cem>From the USGS \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/docs/Napa_County.kmz\">Napa County geologic map\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/docs/Solano_County.kmz\">Solano County geologic map\u003c/a> in Google Earth—click for 750-pixel version\u003c/em>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The purple area is young lavas and related rocks of the Sonoma Volcanics. The green area is much older sedimentary rocks of the Great Valley Sequence; we won't see those. The gold in between is widespread \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/31/landslide-season/\">landslide deposits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'll start west of Fairfield at the Green Valley Road exit from I-80 eastbound, which is just before the intersection with I-680. From 680 take exit 70 and take three right turns to reach Lopes Road, which becomes Green Valley Road. Now the fun part begins as you make your leisurely way into Green Valley. The valley is bounded along its west side by the Green Valley fault, which runs north into private land in the rugged hills. The Green Valley fault seems to rupture every thousand years or so (and last ruptured between 1600 and 1800), but there isn't much data. There is some \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">creep motion\u003c/a> measured on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Green Valley fault is not easily visited, but its smaller sibling is—the Cordelia fault. It runs through the lava hills on the east side of Green Valley. About 3.5 miles up Green Valley Road, Rockville Road exits to the right. Take it over the hills for about a mile and a half until you reach a dramatic roadcut. This is it looking west from the far side. On the geologic map above, it's at the north end of the Cordelia fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/cordeliafltcut2.jpg\" alt=\"cordelia fault roadcut\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pull over and find the distinct trace of the fault, made obvious where the finely ground rock, or gouge, in the fault zone has crumbled out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/cordeliafltgouge2.jpg\" alt=\"cordelia fault trace\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The west side of the Cordelia fault is moving north, but no movement has been recorded in historic time. This is an easygoing fault, at the edge of the busy zone on the plate boundary. It's about as user-friendly as a fault can be, and its appearance here is the best fault exposure in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the time to inspect the rocks, too. Take a sample if you like. These are volcanic rocks—not lava flows, but tuff: hot-welded bodies of ash and other volcano stuff laid down in huge burning avalanches back when this region was an eruptive center. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">Today Clear Lake and The Geysers is the center of activity.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/cordeliafltrocks2.jpg\" alt=\"sonoma volcanics\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/cordeliafltclast2.jpg\" alt=\"tuff clast\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few places you'll find welded tuff, an assemblage of an intriguing variety of material that has cooked together into a sturdy stone. (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/ig/extrusives/weldtuffcloseup.htm\">Here's a closeup.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/cordeliaflttuff2.jpg\" alt=\"sonoma volcanics welded tuff\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have the time, just a little farther there's an entrance to Fairfield's \u003ca href=\"http://www.fairfield.ca.gov/gov/depts/pw/open_space/rockville_hills_regional_park/default.asp\">Rockville Hills Regional Park\u003c/a> and an \u003ca href=\"http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?wp=GC2418F\">EarthCache\u003c/a> connected to the Cordelia fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here, continue on Rockville Road and turn left on Suisun Valley Road. This leads into the hills and becomes Wooden Valley Road. After about a 10-mile drive you'll enter the charming Wooden Valley, at the top center of the geologic map. From there you can look west to the Green Valley fault again as it emerges from the hills and runs along a high scarp. The fault ends just north of here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/GVFnorthend2.jpg\" alt=\"green valley fault\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wooden Valley Road ends at state route 121, Monticello Road. Turn left on it and drive along the Green Valley fault. Notice the \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/naturalhazardsclimate/ig/Landslides/woodenvlydebrisflow.htm\">landslide scar from 2006\u003c/a> in the picture above and watch for it as you drive past; the whole hillside is unstable. Where the road turns sharply right and heads into the woods, there's a small turnout where you can admire the view east over Wooden Valley to the highest spot in this part of the Coast Range, Blue Ridge topped by Mount Vaca. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/GVFnorthview2.jpg\" alt=\"view from green valley fault\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here it's a nice drive through the volcanic hills down to Napa and the heart of the wine country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.2538 -122.1395\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Cordelia fault is about as user-friendly as a fault can be, and its appearance west of Fairfield is the best fault exposure in the Bay Area.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1311135056,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":923},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Cordelia and Green Valley Faults | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"15300 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=15300","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/16/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-cordelia-and-green-valley-faults/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Cordelia and Green Valley Faults","path":"/quest/15300/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-cordelia-and-green-valley-faults","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/cordeliaflttop2.jpg\" alt=\"cordelia fault\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>The Cordelia fault, west of Fairfield, provides the best exposure of the San Andreas fault zone in the Bay Area. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas fault is called the boundary between the North American and Pacific plates. It gets a lot of attention, but the plate-tectonic action actually is spread over a wide band of active faults on both sides, west and east, of the San Andreas proper. The easternmost strand of the San Andreas fault zone lies in Napa and Solano counties. This simple road trip will get you acquainted with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The textbooks say that the thin bright line of the San Andreas fault is the plate boundary, but in real life the North American plate is deeply splintered halfway to the Rockies. North America and the Pacific have about 2 inches a year of motion between them. The San Andreas proper accounts for the majority of that, but lesser faults in the Coast Range like the Hayward, Calaveras, Rodgers Creek and Maacama take up a large share too. Even the crustal cracks east of the Sierra Nevada move a few millimeters a year. Basically, the whole Bay Area sits within the plate boundary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around here, the easternmost part of that boundary consists of the Greenville/Concord fault in the East Bay and the Green Valley fault in the North Bay. The two faults are considered to be connected, although they are offset a few kilometers from each other beneath Suisun Bay. Both are worth a day trip, but let's go north this time. Here's a look at the geology of the area between Fairfield and Napa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/greenvlyfltmap2.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"geologic map\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003cem>From the USGS \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/docs/Napa_County.kmz\">Napa County geologic map\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/docs/Solano_County.kmz\">Solano County geologic map\u003c/a> in Google Earth—click for 750-pixel version\u003c/em>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The purple area is young lavas and related rocks of the Sonoma Volcanics. The green area is much older sedimentary rocks of the Great Valley Sequence; we won't see those. The gold in between is widespread \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/31/landslide-season/\">landslide deposits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'll start west of Fairfield at the Green Valley Road exit from I-80 eastbound, which is just before the intersection with I-680. From 680 take exit 70 and take three right turns to reach Lopes Road, which becomes Green Valley Road. Now the fun part begins as you make your leisurely way into Green Valley. The valley is bounded along its west side by the Green Valley fault, which runs north into private land in the rugged hills. The Green Valley fault seems to rupture every thousand years or so (and last ruptured between 1600 and 1800), but there isn't much data. There is some \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">creep motion\u003c/a> measured on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Green Valley fault is not easily visited, but its smaller sibling is—the Cordelia fault. It runs through the lava hills on the east side of Green Valley. About 3.5 miles up Green Valley Road, Rockville Road exits to the right. Take it over the hills for about a mile and a half until you reach a dramatic roadcut. This is it looking west from the far side. On the geologic map above, it's at the north end of the Cordelia fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/cordeliafltcut2.jpg\" alt=\"cordelia fault roadcut\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pull over and find the distinct trace of the fault, made obvious where the finely ground rock, or gouge, in the fault zone has crumbled out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/cordeliafltgouge2.jpg\" alt=\"cordelia fault trace\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The west side of the Cordelia fault is moving north, but no movement has been recorded in historic time. This is an easygoing fault, at the edge of the busy zone on the plate boundary. It's about as user-friendly as a fault can be, and its appearance here is the best fault exposure in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the time to inspect the rocks, too. Take a sample if you like. These are volcanic rocks—not lava flows, but tuff: hot-welded bodies of ash and other volcano stuff laid down in huge burning avalanches back when this region was an eruptive center. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">Today Clear Lake and The Geysers is the center of activity.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/cordeliafltrocks2.jpg\" alt=\"sonoma volcanics\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/cordeliafltclast2.jpg\" alt=\"tuff clast\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few places you'll find welded tuff, an assemblage of an intriguing variety of material that has cooked together into a sturdy stone. (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/ig/extrusives/weldtuffcloseup.htm\">Here's a closeup.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/cordeliaflttuff2.jpg\" alt=\"sonoma volcanics welded tuff\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have the time, just a little farther there's an entrance to Fairfield's \u003ca href=\"http://www.fairfield.ca.gov/gov/depts/pw/open_space/rockville_hills_regional_park/default.asp\">Rockville Hills Regional Park\u003c/a> and an \u003ca href=\"http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?wp=GC2418F\">EarthCache\u003c/a> connected to the Cordelia fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here, continue on Rockville Road and turn left on Suisun Valley Road. This leads into the hills and becomes Wooden Valley Road. After about a 10-mile drive you'll enter the charming Wooden Valley, at the top center of the geologic map. From there you can look west to the Green Valley fault again as it emerges from the hills and runs along a high scarp. The fault ends just north of here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/GVFnorthend2.jpg\" alt=\"green valley fault\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wooden Valley Road ends at state route 121, Monticello Road. Turn left on it and drive along the Green Valley fault. Notice the \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/naturalhazardsclimate/ig/Landslides/woodenvlydebrisflow.htm\">landslide scar from 2006\u003c/a> in the picture above and watch for it as you drive past; the whole hillside is unstable. Where the road turns sharply right and heads into the woods, there's a small turnout where you can admire the view east over Wooden Valley to the highest spot in this part of the Coast Range, Blue Ridge topped by Mount Vaca. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/GVFnorthview2.jpg\" alt=\"view from green valley fault\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here it's a nice drive through the volcanic hills down to Napa and the heart of the wine country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.2538 -122.1395\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15300/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-cordelia-and-green-valley-faults","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_909","quest_3570","quest_3675","quest_2484","quest_3770","quest_3805","quest_3820"],"featImg":"quest_15302","label":"quest"},"quest_14117":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_14117","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"14117","score":null,"sort":[1304025174000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-area-volcanoes","title":"Bay Area Volcanoes","publishDate":1304025174,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2.jpg\" alt=\"bay area volcanoes\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Former volcano Mount Konocti overlooks Clear Lake. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/snakphotography/\">Stephen Nakatami\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license; all other photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has been very familiar with earthquakes for at least 20 million years. Volcanoes might seem more remote, but their traces can be seen in many places. Lava flows and ashfall beds are widespread in our rocks, marking the progress of an ancient volcanic center through the area. And while the nearest active volcanoes are beyond the Sierra Nevada, they're close enough to keep an eye on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has three major sources of volcanism and one minor one. The minor one is what we have in the Bay Area, but let me mention the others first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The classic type of California volcanism arises from subduction. This diagram shows how it looks for northernmost California today, with an oceanic plate traveling beneath North America. Water and sediment on top of the downgoing plate acts like a flux, promoting melting in the overlying plate. That's how volcanoes are produced all around the Pacific \"ring of fire,\" and all of California used to look that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/CAsubduction2.gif\" alt=\"subduction\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Cross-section from US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Cascade Range volcanoes are produced by this mechanism. California members of the Cascades include Mount Lassen, which last erupted in 1917, and Mount Shasta, which may have erupted in the 1700s. South of that, this system was interrupted when the San Andreas fault system formed and began extending northward (now the boundary between the two tectonic regimes is a triple junction at Cape Mendocino). An example of Cascade volcanic deposits crops out south of Ocean Beach near San Francisco, a prominent ash bed in the seacliffs of the Merced Formation. It's known as the Rockland ash and came from an ancestor of Lassen volcano, called Mount Tehama, about 600,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-OBeachash2.jpg\" alt=\"ash bed\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second major kind of California volcanism is beyond the Sierra, in the Mammoth Lakes area and points south. The last \"supervolcano\" eruption from that area was about 700,000 years ago, and ash from it (the Bishop Tuff) fell here although I don't know where to point you to it. That volcanism is related to stretching of the crust in the Basin and Range province, which basically includes all of Nevada and surrounding counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third type of volcanism is related to Yellowstone, of all places. The geysers and lava flows of Yellowstone are the current location of an eruptive center that began about 16 million years ago in Oregon and slowly burned its way eastward across Idaho, leaving enormous plains of solid lava behind. Northeastern California has a lot of it. One of the first eruptions in that series came from California, sending a glowing flood of basalt lava our way. It flowed more than 200 kilometers as far as Vacaville, where it's mapped as the Putnam Peak Basalt. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-putnam2.jpg\" alt=\"putnam peak basalt\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Boulders of basalt akin to that in Yellowstone and Idaho lie west of Winters.\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can inspect this rock at leisure \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geophoto_tours/ig/CAtransecttrip/stop6blackrocks.htm\">on Route 128 west of Winters\u003c/a>, about 2 miles west of Pleasants Valley Road. It's the location given at the top of this post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, on to our own local volcanism. As the San Andreas fault system cut northward through our region, it cut off the preexisting subducting plate like a letter opener slicing across an envelope. The plate continued to descend, leaving behind it a traveling \"slab window\" that briefly allowed the hot underlying rocks of the Earth's mantle to send up magma. In the Bay Area, slab-window volcanic rocks came in three pulses. The first pulse dates from 11 to 8.5 million years ago. Its lavas have been dismembered by motion along the San Andreas and related faults, and now it occurs east of Hollister (the Quien Sabe Volcanics), in the East Bay Hills (well exposed in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/a>), at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bahiker.com/northbayhikes/burdell.html\">Burdell Mountain\u003c/a> in Marin County, and the Tolay Volcanics between Petaluma and Santa Rosa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-sibley2.jpg\" alt=\"sibley lava\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Mineral-filled bubbles in lava beds at Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next pulse of slab-window volcanism produced the large Sonoma Volcanics between 8 and 2.5 million years ago. A good place to see these is at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.petrifiedforest.org/\">Petrified Forest\u003c/a> park west of Calistoga, where whole redwood trunks have been fossilized in the silica-rich ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-petforest2.jpg\" alt=\"petrified forest\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, slab-window volcanism has migrated north to the Clear Lake/Geysers region. Mount Konocti, overlooking the lake, is a recent volcanic construction. The famous hot springs get their heat from this volcanism. And the huge geothermal power complex at \u003ca href=\"http://www.geysers.com/\">The Geysers\u003c/a>, based on natural steam heated by underlying magma, supplies electricity to the Bay Area, helping you read this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.5175 -122.0561\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Lava flows and ashfall beds are widespread in our rocks, marking the progress of an ancient volcanic center through the area. Indeed, volcanism helps you read this story.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316922971,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":796},"headData":{"title":"Bay Area Volcanoes | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"14117 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=14117","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/","disqusTitle":"Bay Area Volcanoes","path":"/quest/14117/bay-area-volcanoes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2.jpg\" alt=\"bay area volcanoes\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Former volcano Mount Konocti overlooks Clear Lake. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/snakphotography/\">Stephen Nakatami\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license; all other photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has been very familiar with earthquakes for at least 20 million years. Volcanoes might seem more remote, but their traces can be seen in many places. Lava flows and ashfall beds are widespread in our rocks, marking the progress of an ancient volcanic center through the area. And while the nearest active volcanoes are beyond the Sierra Nevada, they're close enough to keep an eye on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has three major sources of volcanism and one minor one. The minor one is what we have in the Bay Area, but let me mention the others first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The classic type of California volcanism arises from subduction. This diagram shows how it looks for northernmost California today, with an oceanic plate traveling beneath North America. Water and sediment on top of the downgoing plate acts like a flux, promoting melting in the overlying plate. That's how volcanoes are produced all around the Pacific \"ring of fire,\" and all of California used to look that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/CAsubduction2.gif\" alt=\"subduction\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Cross-section from US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Cascade Range volcanoes are produced by this mechanism. California members of the Cascades include Mount Lassen, which last erupted in 1917, and Mount Shasta, which may have erupted in the 1700s. South of that, this system was interrupted when the San Andreas fault system formed and began extending northward (now the boundary between the two tectonic regimes is a triple junction at Cape Mendocino). An example of Cascade volcanic deposits crops out south of Ocean Beach near San Francisco, a prominent ash bed in the seacliffs of the Merced Formation. It's known as the Rockland ash and came from an ancestor of Lassen volcano, called Mount Tehama, about 600,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-OBeachash2.jpg\" alt=\"ash bed\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second major kind of California volcanism is beyond the Sierra, in the Mammoth Lakes area and points south. The last \"supervolcano\" eruption from that area was about 700,000 years ago, and ash from it (the Bishop Tuff) fell here although I don't know where to point you to it. That volcanism is related to stretching of the crust in the Basin and Range province, which basically includes all of Nevada and surrounding counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third type of volcanism is related to Yellowstone, of all places. The geysers and lava flows of Yellowstone are the current location of an eruptive center that began about 16 million years ago in Oregon and slowly burned its way eastward across Idaho, leaving enormous plains of solid lava behind. Northeastern California has a lot of it. One of the first eruptions in that series came from California, sending a glowing flood of basalt lava our way. It flowed more than 200 kilometers as far as Vacaville, where it's mapped as the Putnam Peak Basalt. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-putnam2.jpg\" alt=\"putnam peak basalt\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Boulders of basalt akin to that in Yellowstone and Idaho lie west of Winters.\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can inspect this rock at leisure \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geophoto_tours/ig/CAtransecttrip/stop6blackrocks.htm\">on Route 128 west of Winters\u003c/a>, about 2 miles west of Pleasants Valley Road. It's the location given at the top of this post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, on to our own local volcanism. As the San Andreas fault system cut northward through our region, it cut off the preexisting subducting plate like a letter opener slicing across an envelope. The plate continued to descend, leaving behind it a traveling \"slab window\" that briefly allowed the hot underlying rocks of the Earth's mantle to send up magma. In the Bay Area, slab-window volcanic rocks came in three pulses. The first pulse dates from 11 to 8.5 million years ago. Its lavas have been dismembered by motion along the San Andreas and related faults, and now it occurs east of Hollister (the Quien Sabe Volcanics), in the East Bay Hills (well exposed in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/a>), at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bahiker.com/northbayhikes/burdell.html\">Burdell Mountain\u003c/a> in Marin County, and the Tolay Volcanics between Petaluma and Santa Rosa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-sibley2.jpg\" alt=\"sibley lava\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Mineral-filled bubbles in lava beds at Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next pulse of slab-window volcanism produced the large Sonoma Volcanics between 8 and 2.5 million years ago. A good place to see these is at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.petrifiedforest.org/\">Petrified Forest\u003c/a> park west of Calistoga, where whole redwood trunks have been fossilized in the silica-rich ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-petforest2.jpg\" alt=\"petrified forest\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, slab-window volcanism has migrated north to the Clear Lake/Geysers region. Mount Konocti, overlooking the lake, is a recent volcanic construction. The famous hot springs get their heat from this volcanism. And the huge geothermal power complex at \u003ca href=\"http://www.geysers.com/\">The Geysers\u003c/a>, based on natural steam heated by underlying magma, supplies electricity to the Bay Area, helping you read this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.5175 -122.0561\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/14117/bay-area-volcanoes","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3479","quest_3516","quest_1206","quest_3594","quest_3635","quest_2447","quest_2484","quest_2817","quest_3820","quest_3088","quest_3832"],"featImg":"quest_14119","label":"quest"},"quest_13980":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_13980","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"13980","score":null,"sort":[1303415507000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Marin Headlands","publishDate":1303415507,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadthumb2.jpg\" alt=\"marin headlands\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>A ridge of deep-sea chert sets off the Golden Gate and its signature bridge. Photos by Andrew Alden except where noted.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of people, tourists and locals alike, come here to gaze over the Golden Gate. But if you turn your back to it, the Marin Headlands are a textbook location to see some classic rocks of the Franciscan Complex. Rocks like these set apart the landscapes that incorporate them, literally shaping San Francisco's worldview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marin Headlands have such a distinctive set of Franciscan rocks that their geologic package is named the Marin Headlands terrane, a geologist's word that means a well-defined piece of land and the closely related rocks that underlie it. The Franciscan has about a dozen terranes represented in the Bay Area, and while the Marin Headlands terrane appears in several places, this is where to see it best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Headlands couldn't be easier to get to—the entrance is just north of the Golden Gate Bridge. Head west and start on Conzelman Road, and stop at the first turnout (Battery Spencer) if you can find a parking spot; if there isn't try the next, because all display the same rocks. The roadcuts on Conzelman Road have just been renewed as the roadway is improved, so it's a great time to study them. (Road work goes on during the week; check \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectheadlands.gov/\">projectheadlands.gov\u003c/a> for updates.) Here's what you'll be looking at. Remember that no hammering or collecting is allowed in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/marin-headlands.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadconz12.jpg\" alt=\"conzelman road chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reddish-brown, swirly rock is ribbon chert. This hard sedimentary stone started out in the Pacific as deep-sea clay full of the microscopic shells of radiolarians, lying on the volcanic rocks of the seafloor. It was once flat beds, but as the seafloor was subducted beneath California the chert was crumpled into a picturesque state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadconz22.jpg\" alt=\"folded ribbon chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crust itself was also crumpled, sliced into ribbons and stacked up. That accounts for the look of the geologic map of the Headlands (click it to see it bigger).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadmap2.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"marin headlands geologic map\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>From \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2918/\">USGS Scientific Investigations Map 2918\u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map depicts three main rock types from the Franciscan: the oldest lava of the ancient seabed of Jurassic age (Jfv), the deep-sea chert that sifted down onto it over a period of some 100 million years (JKfc), and the sandstone that collected on top of that as the seafloor approached California during the Cretaceous Period (Kfs). Melange, as I've explained \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">in my post about Shell Beach\u003c/a>, is an intimate mixture of all three (and more) Franciscan rock types. Alluvium is the young sediment that lies in river valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lava that once underlay the chert now crops out next to it. At the end of Conzelman Road, at Point Bonita (south of the \"Kfs\" label), there's a spot where you can see spectacularly preserved pillow lava, looking as pristine as it did 150 million years ago when it erupted into the deep sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadpillows2.jpg\" alt=\"pillow lava\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/edbierman/\">Ed Bierman\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see this lava close up on the south end of Rodeo Beach (northwest of \"Kfs\") in its mildly metamorphosed form known as greenstone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadgreenstone2.jpg\" alt=\"rodeo beach greenstone\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you're at the beach, take care NOT to resist the excellent pebbles, sourced from the whole range of the Franciscan. I'm told that Kirby Cove's pebble beach is just as good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadpebbles2.jpg\" alt=\"rodeo beach pebbles\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're up for some hiking, there's a lot more to see. For instance, north of Rodeo Beach the view up the coast shows off the sandstone and melange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadnorth2.jpg\" alt=\"marin coast\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you keep your eyes on the ground, you may spot black manganese minerals coating the chert. Parts of the Headlands were exploited for this strategic mineral during World War II. The most likely source for the material is the formation of manganese nodules, back when this chert was abyssal mud. To impress your friends, be sure to call out, \"Look! Psilomelane!\" when you find some. That's the name of this sooty-looking mixture of manganese oxides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadmang2.jpg\" alt=\"psilomelane\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you still must admire the Golden Gate instead of the rocks, let my colleague Brian Romans show you \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/14/sand-waves-and-the-golden-gate/\">some of the wonderful geology under that impressive strait\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.829 -122.483\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Marin Headlands are a textbook location to see some classic rocks of the Franciscan Complex, rocks that literally shape San Francisco's worldview.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1343973965,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":714},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Marin Headlands | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"13980 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=13980","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Marin Headlands","path":"/quest/13980/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadthumb2.jpg\" alt=\"marin headlands\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>A ridge of deep-sea chert sets off the Golden Gate and its signature bridge. Photos by Andrew Alden except where noted.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of people, tourists and locals alike, come here to gaze over the Golden Gate. But if you turn your back to it, the Marin Headlands are a textbook location to see some classic rocks of the Franciscan Complex. Rocks like these set apart the landscapes that incorporate them, literally shaping San Francisco's worldview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marin Headlands have such a distinctive set of Franciscan rocks that their geologic package is named the Marin Headlands terrane, a geologist's word that means a well-defined piece of land and the closely related rocks that underlie it. The Franciscan has about a dozen terranes represented in the Bay Area, and while the Marin Headlands terrane appears in several places, this is where to see it best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Headlands couldn't be easier to get to—the entrance is just north of the Golden Gate Bridge. Head west and start on Conzelman Road, and stop at the first turnout (Battery Spencer) if you can find a parking spot; if there isn't try the next, because all display the same rocks. The roadcuts on Conzelman Road have just been renewed as the roadway is improved, so it's a great time to study them. (Road work goes on during the week; check \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectheadlands.gov/\">projectheadlands.gov\u003c/a> for updates.) Here's what you'll be looking at. Remember that no hammering or collecting is allowed in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/marin-headlands.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadconz12.jpg\" alt=\"conzelman road chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reddish-brown, swirly rock is ribbon chert. This hard sedimentary stone started out in the Pacific as deep-sea clay full of the microscopic shells of radiolarians, lying on the volcanic rocks of the seafloor. It was once flat beds, but as the seafloor was subducted beneath California the chert was crumpled into a picturesque state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadconz22.jpg\" alt=\"folded ribbon chert\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crust itself was also crumpled, sliced into ribbons and stacked up. That accounts for the look of the geologic map of the Headlands (click it to see it bigger).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadmap2.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"marin headlands geologic map\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>From \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2918/\">USGS Scientific Investigations Map 2918\u003c/a>\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map depicts three main rock types from the Franciscan: the oldest lava of the ancient seabed of Jurassic age (Jfv), the deep-sea chert that sifted down onto it over a period of some 100 million years (JKfc), and the sandstone that collected on top of that as the seafloor approached California during the Cretaceous Period (Kfs). Melange, as I've explained \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">in my post about Shell Beach\u003c/a>, is an intimate mixture of all three (and more) Franciscan rock types. Alluvium is the young sediment that lies in river valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lava that once underlay the chert now crops out next to it. At the end of Conzelman Road, at Point Bonita (south of the \"Kfs\" label), there's a spot where you can see spectacularly preserved pillow lava, looking as pristine as it did 150 million years ago when it erupted into the deep sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadpillows2.jpg\" alt=\"pillow lava\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/edbierman/\">Ed Bierman\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see this lava close up on the south end of Rodeo Beach (northwest of \"Kfs\") in its mildly metamorphosed form known as greenstone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadgreenstone2.jpg\" alt=\"rodeo beach greenstone\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you're at the beach, take care NOT to resist the excellent pebbles, sourced from the whole range of the Franciscan. I'm told that Kirby Cove's pebble beach is just as good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadpebbles2.jpg\" alt=\"rodeo beach pebbles\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're up for some hiking, there's a lot more to see. For instance, north of Rodeo Beach the view up the coast shows off the sandstone and melange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadnorth2.jpg\" alt=\"marin coast\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you keep your eyes on the ground, you may spot black manganese minerals coating the chert. Parts of the Headlands were exploited for this strategic mineral during World War II. The most likely source for the material is the formation of manganese nodules, back when this chert was abyssal mud. To impress your friends, be sure to call out, \"Look! Psilomelane!\" when you find some. That's the name of this sooty-looking mixture of manganese oxides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mheadmang2.jpg\" alt=\"psilomelane\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you still must admire the Golden Gate instead of the rocks, let my colleague Brian Romans show you \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/14/sand-waves-and-the-golden-gate/\">some of the wonderful geology under that impressive strait\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.829 -122.483\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/13980/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3507","quest_3580","quest_1237","quest_1738","quest_3747","quest_3820"],"featImg":"quest_14006","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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