Reporter's Notes for HIV Research: Beyond the Vaccine
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Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.","credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking-400x229.jpg","width":400,"height":229,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking.jpg","width":630,"height":361}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"quest_878":{"type":"attachments","id":"quest_878","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"quest","id":"878","found":true},"title":"216a_hiv300","publishDate":1223929137,"status":"inherit","parent":877,"modified":1223929137,"caption":null,"credit":null,"description":"\u003cp class=\"attachment\">\u003ca href='http://www.kqed.org/quest/files/2008/10/216a_hiv300.jpg' title='216a_hiv300'>\u003cimg width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/216a_hiv300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium\" alt=\"216a_hiv300\" title=\"216a_hiv300\" />\u003c/a>\u003c/p>","imgSizes":{"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/216a_hiv3001-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/216a_hiv3001-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/216a_hiv3001-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/216a_hiv3001-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/216a_hiv3001-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/216a_hiv3001.jpg","width":300,"height":200}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"amystanden":{"type":"authors","id":"210","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"210","found":true},"name":"Amy Standen","firstName":"Amy","lastName":"Standen","slug":"amystanden","email":"astanden@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Amy Standen (@amystanden) is co-host of #\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap\">TheLeapPodcast\u003c/a> (subscribe on iTunes or Stitcher!) and host of KQED and PBSDigital Studios' science video series, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/KQEDDeepLook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>. Her science radio stories appear on KQED and NPR.\r\n\r\nEmail her at astanden@kqed.org","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amy Standen | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/amystanden"},"dr-barry-starr":{"type":"authors","id":"6177","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6177","found":true},"name":"Dr. Barry Starr","firstName":"Dr. Barry","lastName":"Starr","slug":"dr-barry-starr","email":"bstarr@thetech.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Dr. Barry Starr (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/geneticsboy\">@geneticsboy\u003c/a>) is a Geneticist-in-Residence at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose, CA and runs their Stanford at The Tech program. The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dr-barry-starr"},"gabriela-quiros":{"type":"authors","id":"6186","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6186","found":true},"name":"Gabriela Quirós","firstName":"Gabriela","lastName":"Quirós","slug":"gabriela-quiros","email":"gquiros@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Video Producer and Reporter","bio":"Gabriela Quirós is a \u003cstrong>video producer and the coordinating producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. 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She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"},"cat":{"type":"authors","id":"10173","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10173","found":true},"name":"Cat","firstName":"Cat","lastName":"Aboudara","slug":"cat","email":"caboudara@calacademy.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Cathleen (Cat) is the former \u003cstrong>Special Projects Manager at California Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong> and worked in the public programs division.\r\nBefore working at the Academy, Cat got her start as an intern at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlife-museum.org/\">Lindsay Wildlife Museum\u003c/a> for four years and worked with animals ranging from snakes and hawks to foxes and bobcats. She has a deep curiosity about the natural world and native California wildlife.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1db01bf4502e099faeb0628c5015e81f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Cat | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1db01bf4502e099faeb0628c5015e81f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1db01bf4502e099faeb0628c5015e81f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/cat"},"jon-fromer":{"type":"authors","id":"10214","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10214","found":true},"name":"Jon Fromer","firstName":"Jon","lastName":"Fromer","slug":"jon-fromer","email":"jfromer@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jon Fromer has been producing compelling television since 1970. He started out at KRON-TV when it was the Bay Area NBC affiliate and worked there for 23 years. He’s been with KQED for the past 16 years. Jon’s work has a human touch that has earned him high ratings from viewers as well from his peers in the broadcast industry. He’s received honors for a wide range of work, from documentaries and news programs to youth series and cultural specials. A partial list of awards for Jon’s work includes a dozen Northern California EMMYs and one national EMMY as well as two Iris Awards from the National Assoc. of Television Program Executives and two Broadcast Industry Awards. His long running, hip hop based/issue oriented series for teenagers, “Home Turf,” was a 4-time winner at the American Children’s Television Festival. 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Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"630\" height=\"361\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50657\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One day we may all be engineered so that we are immune to all viruses (including the HIV shown here). Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I have been reading a book called \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Regenesis-Synthetic-Biology-Reinvent-Ourselves/dp/0465021751/ref=tmm_hrd_title_popover?ie=UTF8&qid=1362680681&sr=8-1\">Regenesis \u003c/a>where in one part the authors propose a way to re-engineer the human race so all people are resistant to all viruses, known and unknown. This will theoretically be possible in the next few decades (or even sooner) and, if done right, is predicted to make us resistant for a very long time and possibly even forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as you might guess, something this radical does not come without risks. There are many possible health risks involved in a major reshaping of human DNA that essentially divorces us from the nature around us. And there are many ethical dilemmas in its implementation as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The benefits of a virus-free world are obvious. But it is an open question whether the risks outweigh these benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science of Complete Viral Resistance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science behind all of this is plausible although it will definitely be a daunting technological challenge. The basic idea it is to change our operating system—we will be Macs in a PC world and so be immune to those pesky PC viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature’s operating system is the genetic code. At its simplest the code is made up of 64, three letter words called codons. This is the language our genes are written in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viruses are able to infect our cells and make us sick because they use the same operating system. Basically a virus enters a cell and gives it a series of commands via the genetic code to make new viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we engineer our cells to speak a different language, then the viral instructions will be meaningless. Our cell will ignore the virus and eventually clear it out of our system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Re-engineering a code that has been around for a billion years might sound hard, but one of its properties makes it doable. Many of those 64 words mean pretty much the same thing. Our genetic code has a lot of synonyms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50664\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/11/engineering-a-virus-free-future/geneticcodesm/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50664\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/geneticCodeSM.gif\" alt=\"A simple code with lots of synonyms makes re-engineering our operating system relatively simple.\" width=\"250\" height=\"220\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50664\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A simple code with lots of synonyms makes re-engineering our operating system relatively simple.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea would be to change the meaning of a few of the synonyms. What we’d do is pick a codon, maybe TAG, and change all of the TAGs in our genes to its synonyms, TGA and TAA. Then we’d make TAG code for something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now when a virus enters the cell, its instructions to the cell are gibberish. Whenever it gives cells an instruction with TAG somewhere in it, the cell misreads it and so can’t do as it is told. The cell can then calmly ignore the virus and go about its business. (Click \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/viral-resistance\">here \u003c/a>to learn more about the science behind this.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the resistance more or less permanent requires changing more than one synonym. Viruses are small and mutate like crazy so we have to make it so the virus requires at least ten and probably many more simultaneous mutations to become resistant. The only way to do this is if we make all the changes in one fell swoop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all sounds like some Hollywood \"B movie\" but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/15/redesigning-life/\">scientists are very close\u003c/a> to testing this theory out in \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>, a common lab bacterium. Scientists have made the appropriate changes and are stitching together the DNA as we speak. Soon we should know if this strain of \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> is immune to the phages that plague it. (Phages are what viruses that attack bacteria are called.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this works in bacteria, then it might work in people too. But it isn’t a for sure thing. We are more complicated than a bacterium and the genetic code is more complicated than it first appears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big challenge that has important implications is that we can’t make the necessary changes a bit at a time. If we do that, viruses will mutate along with us and keep up. We need to make all the tens of thousands of changes all at once. This is where the trouble can start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Technical Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are at least two sets of technical risks associated with doing something like this. The first just has to do with how often we make a mistake while changing tens of thousands of our DNA letters. No matter how good we get, there will always be a chance that we make a mistake. And since these changes are in genes, some of the mistakes could be really bad for our health. I am not sure we can ever be careful enough to not introduce a few errors here and there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second big risk is that we do not fully understand how our DNA works. What if there are very small genes we don’t know about that use the synonym that we have changed? The consequences could be severe if that “genelet” plays an important role in the cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem in that the synonyms may not be as alike as we think. We’ve known for a while that not all synonymous codons are created equal. For example, sometimes when we try to optimize a gene by selecting what we think are better codons, the gene stops working. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50677\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/11/engineering-a-virus-free-future/geneticengineering/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50677\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering.jpg\" alt=\"We are bound to make a few mistakes when making so many changes to our DNA.\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50677\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering.jpg 250w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We are bound to make a few mistakes when making so many changes to our DNA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.yeastgenome.org/the-rhythm-of-ribosomes\">study \u003c/a>just out in yeast confirms that some of the specific codons in a gene are there for a reason—not all synonymous codons are used in the same way in the cell. It looks like some words are preferred at certain parts of a gene. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means we may not be able to simply swap one codon out for another in a gene. And since all the genes are competing for a limited amount of machinery using specific codons, we don’t really know what effect eliminating all these codons will have on all 20,000 or 25,000 of our genes. We may slow things down as the parts of the cell all compete for these limited resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes each of these problems worse is that we will need to make all the changes at once in a cell to keep viruses from catching up to us. We will be able to test a lot beforehand, but it may not be enough. We may miss something and that would be unacceptable here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, we are talking about people here not bacteria, yeast or daisies. Mistakes mean a dead baby or one with disabilities. I am not sure there will ever be enough testing to make this safe enough to be worthwhile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Implementation Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you’ve seen, there are definitely health risks associated with doing this (I’m sure I haven’t thought of them all). But the ethical risks might be worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes can’t be made in any of us alive today. They would have to be made by inserting the changed DNA into a stem cell and coaxing that stem cell into becoming an embryo. This means that instead of changing the current human race, we’d be creating a new one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An immediate problem is how we choose who gets to be virus-resistant. And scarily still, whose DNA gets to live on. So the first step will be figuring out who gets to have virus-free children and how we “choose” what DNA that child will have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way would be to make it so everyone who wants a child gets the option of having the child be virus-resistant. Maybe parents fertilize an egg the old fashioned way, the embryo’s DNA is sequenced and the DNA made matches this embryo’s. This makes me a little squeamish and is a strange gray area. We have eliminated the embryo but essentially cloned it…is the child truly identical?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50683\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/11/engineering-a-virus-free-future/atcgpeople-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50683\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/atcgPeople.jpg\" alt=\"This sort of re-engineering might result in two species of humans that cannot interbreed. Yikes.\" width=\"150\" height=\"184\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This sort of re-engineering might result in two species of humans that cannot interbreed. Yikes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another option would be to use a computer to generate a mix of the parents’ DNA and then to make that DNA and grow it into a child. This is scary as you know people will be tempted to choose the DNA rather than letting it come down to chance. We’ll definitely end up with a very different human race in the end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both of these would be pretty expensive dollar-wise but are better than an option where a chosen few get to have virus-free kids. How would that decision be made and who gets to make it? (Hint: The poor would be poorly represented.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever option we choose, there will still be another key issue. Engineered humans and natural humans won’t be able to have kids together. This opens up a whole can of worms if the two groups are around together for any length of time. And chances are they will (unless we outlaw having kids the old fashioned way). We will have artificially speciated the human race!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no way that comes out well. Most likely we’ll split into a group of haves and have nots decided by genetics. The engineered humans will have kids together and the natural humans will too. Occasionally a natural human could make enough money to have an engineered child but for the most part they’d be separated. I’ll let you paint that dystopic future in your head!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are a few of the ethical dilemmas I can think of off the top of my head. I am sure there are many more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may all seem like a problem for Captain Kirk, but it is closer than you might think. It is really important to start talking about this stuff now so we can think out how we are going to deal with these sorts of decisions in coming decades. Before we know it, the need to decide will be upon us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(And I didn’t even bring up the scary possibility of some Bond villain creating a virus-resistant army and then unleashing a deadly virus on the rest of us. Hey, maybe I need to send this idea to Hollywood!)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"I have been reading a book called \"Regenesis\" where in one part the authors propose a way to re-engineer the human race so all people are resistant to all viruses, known and unknown. This will theoretically be possible in the next few decades (or even sooner) and, if done right, is predicted to make us resistant for a very long time and possibly even forever.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1363979854,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":37,"wordCount":1742},"headData":{"title":"Engineering a Virus-Free Future | KQED","description":"I have been reading a book called "Regenesis" where in one part the authors propose a way to re-engineer the human race so all people are resistant to all viruses, known and unknown. This will theoretically be possible in the next few decades (or even sooner) and, if done right, is predicted to make us resistant for a very long time and possibly even forever.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"50649 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=50649","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/11/engineering-a-virus-free-future/","disqusTitle":"Engineering a Virus-Free Future","path":"/quest/50649/engineering-a-virus-free-future","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50657\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/11/engineering-a-virus-free-future/hivdocking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50657\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking.jpg\" alt=\"One day we may all be engineered so that we are immune to all viruses (including the HIV shown here). Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"630\" height=\"361\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50657\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/HIVdocking-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One day we may all be engineered so that we are immune to all viruses (including the HIV shown here). Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I have been reading a book called \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Regenesis-Synthetic-Biology-Reinvent-Ourselves/dp/0465021751/ref=tmm_hrd_title_popover?ie=UTF8&qid=1362680681&sr=8-1\">Regenesis \u003c/a>where in one part the authors propose a way to re-engineer the human race so all people are resistant to all viruses, known and unknown. This will theoretically be possible in the next few decades (or even sooner) and, if done right, is predicted to make us resistant for a very long time and possibly even forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as you might guess, something this radical does not come without risks. There are many possible health risks involved in a major reshaping of human DNA that essentially divorces us from the nature around us. And there are many ethical dilemmas in its implementation as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The benefits of a virus-free world are obvious. But it is an open question whether the risks outweigh these benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science of Complete Viral Resistance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science behind all of this is plausible although it will definitely be a daunting technological challenge. The basic idea it is to change our operating system—we will be Macs in a PC world and so be immune to those pesky PC viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature’s operating system is the genetic code. At its simplest the code is made up of 64, three letter words called codons. This is the language our genes are written in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viruses are able to infect our cells and make us sick because they use the same operating system. Basically a virus enters a cell and gives it a series of commands via the genetic code to make new viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we engineer our cells to speak a different language, then the viral instructions will be meaningless. Our cell will ignore the virus and eventually clear it out of our system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Re-engineering a code that has been around for a billion years might sound hard, but one of its properties makes it doable. Many of those 64 words mean pretty much the same thing. Our genetic code has a lot of synonyms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50664\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/11/engineering-a-virus-free-future/geneticcodesm/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50664\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/geneticCodeSM.gif\" alt=\"A simple code with lots of synonyms makes re-engineering our operating system relatively simple.\" width=\"250\" height=\"220\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50664\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A simple code with lots of synonyms makes re-engineering our operating system relatively simple.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea would be to change the meaning of a few of the synonyms. What we’d do is pick a codon, maybe TAG, and change all of the TAGs in our genes to its synonyms, TGA and TAA. Then we’d make TAG code for something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now when a virus enters the cell, its instructions to the cell are gibberish. Whenever it gives cells an instruction with TAG somewhere in it, the cell misreads it and so can’t do as it is told. The cell can then calmly ignore the virus and go about its business. (Click \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/viral-resistance\">here \u003c/a>to learn more about the science behind this.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the resistance more or less permanent requires changing more than one synonym. Viruses are small and mutate like crazy so we have to make it so the virus requires at least ten and probably many more simultaneous mutations to become resistant. The only way to do this is if we make all the changes in one fell swoop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all sounds like some Hollywood \"B movie\" but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/15/redesigning-life/\">scientists are very close\u003c/a> to testing this theory out in \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em>, a common lab bacterium. Scientists have made the appropriate changes and are stitching together the DNA as we speak. Soon we should know if this strain of \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> is immune to the phages that plague it. (Phages are what viruses that attack bacteria are called.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this works in bacteria, then it might work in people too. But it isn’t a for sure thing. We are more complicated than a bacterium and the genetic code is more complicated than it first appears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big challenge that has important implications is that we can’t make the necessary changes a bit at a time. If we do that, viruses will mutate along with us and keep up. We need to make all the tens of thousands of changes all at once. This is where the trouble can start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Technical Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are at least two sets of technical risks associated with doing something like this. The first just has to do with how often we make a mistake while changing tens of thousands of our DNA letters. No matter how good we get, there will always be a chance that we make a mistake. And since these changes are in genes, some of the mistakes could be really bad for our health. I am not sure we can ever be careful enough to not introduce a few errors here and there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second big risk is that we do not fully understand how our DNA works. What if there are very small genes we don’t know about that use the synonym that we have changed? The consequences could be severe if that “genelet” plays an important role in the cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem in that the synonyms may not be as alike as we think. We’ve known for a while that not all synonymous codons are created equal. For example, sometimes when we try to optimize a gene by selecting what we think are better codons, the gene stops working. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50677\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/11/engineering-a-virus-free-future/geneticengineering/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50677\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering.jpg\" alt=\"We are bound to make a few mistakes when making so many changes to our DNA.\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50677\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering.jpg 250w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GeneticEngineering-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We are bound to make a few mistakes when making so many changes to our DNA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.yeastgenome.org/the-rhythm-of-ribosomes\">study \u003c/a>just out in yeast confirms that some of the specific codons in a gene are there for a reason—not all synonymous codons are used in the same way in the cell. It looks like some words are preferred at certain parts of a gene. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means we may not be able to simply swap one codon out for another in a gene. And since all the genes are competing for a limited amount of machinery using specific codons, we don’t really know what effect eliminating all these codons will have on all 20,000 or 25,000 of our genes. We may slow things down as the parts of the cell all compete for these limited resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes each of these problems worse is that we will need to make all the changes at once in a cell to keep viruses from catching up to us. We will be able to test a lot beforehand, but it may not be enough. We may miss something and that would be unacceptable here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, we are talking about people here not bacteria, yeast or daisies. Mistakes mean a dead baby or one with disabilities. I am not sure there will ever be enough testing to make this safe enough to be worthwhile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Implementation Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you’ve seen, there are definitely health risks associated with doing this (I’m sure I haven’t thought of them all). But the ethical risks might be worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes can’t be made in any of us alive today. They would have to be made by inserting the changed DNA into a stem cell and coaxing that stem cell into becoming an embryo. This means that instead of changing the current human race, we’d be creating a new one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An immediate problem is how we choose who gets to be virus-resistant. And scarily still, whose DNA gets to live on. So the first step will be figuring out who gets to have virus-free children and how we “choose” what DNA that child will have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way would be to make it so everyone who wants a child gets the option of having the child be virus-resistant. Maybe parents fertilize an egg the old fashioned way, the embryo’s DNA is sequenced and the DNA made matches this embryo’s. This makes me a little squeamish and is a strange gray area. We have eliminated the embryo but essentially cloned it…is the child truly identical?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50683\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/11/engineering-a-virus-free-future/atcgpeople-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50683\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/atcgPeople.jpg\" alt=\"This sort of re-engineering might result in two species of humans that cannot interbreed. Yikes.\" width=\"150\" height=\"184\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This sort of re-engineering might result in two species of humans that cannot interbreed. Yikes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another option would be to use a computer to generate a mix of the parents’ DNA and then to make that DNA and grow it into a child. This is scary as you know people will be tempted to choose the DNA rather than letting it come down to chance. We’ll definitely end up with a very different human race in the end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both of these would be pretty expensive dollar-wise but are better than an option where a chosen few get to have virus-free kids. How would that decision be made and who gets to make it? (Hint: The poor would be poorly represented.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever option we choose, there will still be another key issue. Engineered humans and natural humans won’t be able to have kids together. This opens up a whole can of worms if the two groups are around together for any length of time. And chances are they will (unless we outlaw having kids the old fashioned way). We will have artificially speciated the human race!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no way that comes out well. Most likely we’ll split into a group of haves and have nots decided by genetics. The engineered humans will have kids together and the natural humans will too. Occasionally a natural human could make enough money to have an engineered child but for the most part they’d be separated. I’ll let you paint that dystopic future in your head!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are a few of the ethical dilemmas I can think of off the top of my head. I am sure there are many more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may all seem like a problem for Captain Kirk, but it is closer than you might think. It is really important to start talking about this stuff now so we can think out how we are going to deal with these sorts of decisions in coming decades. Before we know it, the need to decide will be upon us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(And I didn’t even bring up the scary possibility of some Bond villain creating a virus-resistant army and then unleashing a deadly virus on the rest of us. Hey, maybe I need to send this idea to Hollywood!)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50649/engineering-a-virus-free-future","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_9950","quest_13202","quest_11827","quest_2861","quest_3319","quest_3082"],"featImg":"quest_50657","label":"quest"},"quest_5821":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5821","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5821","score":null,"sort":[1273590016000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-hepatitis-c-the-silent-epidemic","title":"Producer's Notes: Hepatitis C, Hope and Humanity","publishDate":1273590016,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>I’ve been producing television for more than 40 years, but I’m a relative newcomer to QUEST. I’ve done four pieces so far for the series, and each segment has been a reminder of why I do what I do. I’ve grown from all I’ve learned in researching the topics, doing my best to grasp the ideas and articulate them clearly so others can grasp the content, which is often complex and steeped in a vocabulary all its own. What’s more, I’ve had the opportunity to tell stories that have meaning to people’s lives, and stories with new and hopeful developments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I came to realize that hope has a lot to do with science. It’s the driving force for those who seek cures, for those who work to protect the environment, for those who search for solutions to the pain and problems facing humanity. I’ve seen excitement and passion in the eyes of scientists when they talk about the difference their research can make in the world. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it was the human element and the promising science that made “\u003ca>Hepatitis C: The Silent Epidemic\u003c/a>” a piece that moved me and will stay with me. The human impact of a story gives it power. So as a producer, I always look for those who are most affected and those who are left out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of a number of encouraging sides in the fight to contain and prevent the spread of HCV is the development of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hepcsf.org/\">San Francisco Task Force on Hepatitis C \u003c/a>and I had the privilege of attending one of their meetings. From patients dealing daily with the potentially deadly liver disease to doctors and community advocates, the room was full of committed and good-hearted people with a range of backgrounds and expertise. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As members of the Task Force talked about what needs to be done to stem the spread of the disease and to develop public awareness campaigns, one of the two African-Americans at the meeting talked about the disproportionate impact of hepatitis C in the black community. She urged the task force to make a concerted effort to reach out to African-Americans. I sensed her frustration as the discussion continued with little or no response to her concerns and afterward I followed her out into the lobby to talk about it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I must say that everyone we interviewed for this piece shared the concern about the high rates of HCV among African-Americans and expressed agreement on the necessity of developing strategies targeting Black people and particularly African-American men. At the same time, I know that many problems that affect society in general have the most devastating affects on communities of color, and I’m aware that these communities are often underserved or ignored. So I identified with her frustration and was determined to include information on race and hep C in the segment for QUEST. It turns out that her concerns were justified and the facts she presented were accurate and cause for alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>African-Americans have the highest rate of hepatitis C in the United States. Hep C is almost twice as common among African-Americans as among Caucasians. And current treatments are ineffective for 70 to 80 percent of black people who are infected with the virus. The rates for Latinos are also high and there are numerous factors that add to the elevated incidence of HCV in communities of color including lack of health care coverage and diet. The alarming rate of hepatitis C among prisoners is also a contributing factor. I recently did a segment on prisons for another KQED program, (\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/thisweek/\">This Week In Northern California\u003c/a>) and was reminded of the disproportionate number of black and Latino men in California prisons where the HCV infection rates often run as high as 80%. As these inmates are released and return to their cities, neighborhoods and families, they can contribute to the spread of the hep C virus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fight to prevent HCV and to find a cure for the disease is woefully under funded, public awareness of the epidemic is minimal, and myths and misinformation about hepatitis C are common. Education and public awareness campaigns that are culturally sensitive and that target specific communities will be critical to stemming the epidemic. And when more effective treatments are developed, keeping the medicine affordable will also be key to eradicating the disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Considering how little I knew about hepatitis C before producing this segment and how much I have learned from doing it, I am anxiously awaiting the outcome of the groundbreaking scientific research to find a cure. The predictions are promising and give me hope. I can use some hope. My daughter is African-American, in her mid-forties and has liver disease. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"I came to realize that hope has a lot to do with science. It’s the driving force for those who seek cures, for those who work to protect the environment, for those who search for solutions to the pain and problems facing humanity.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457717280,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":817},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Hepatitis C, Hope and Humanity | KQED","description":"I came to realize that hope has a lot to do with science. It’s the driving force for those who seek cures, for those who work to protect the environment, for those who search for solutions to the pain and problems facing humanity.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"5821 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/05/11/producers-notes-hepatitis-c-the-silent-epidemic/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/05/11/producers-notes-hepatitis-c-the-silent-epidemic/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: Hepatitis C, Hope and Humanity","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jaN5usme5Ms","path":"/quest/5821/producers-notes-hepatitis-c-the-silent-epidemic","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>I’ve been producing television for more than 40 years, but I’m a relative newcomer to QUEST. I’ve done four pieces so far for the series, and each segment has been a reminder of why I do what I do. I’ve grown from all I’ve learned in researching the topics, doing my best to grasp the ideas and articulate them clearly so others can grasp the content, which is often complex and steeped in a vocabulary all its own. What’s more, I’ve had the opportunity to tell stories that have meaning to people’s lives, and stories with new and hopeful developments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I came to realize that hope has a lot to do with science. It’s the driving force for those who seek cures, for those who work to protect the environment, for those who search for solutions to the pain and problems facing humanity. I’ve seen excitement and passion in the eyes of scientists when they talk about the difference their research can make in the world. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it was the human element and the promising science that made “\u003ca>Hepatitis C: The Silent Epidemic\u003c/a>” a piece that moved me and will stay with me. The human impact of a story gives it power. So as a producer, I always look for those who are most affected and those who are left out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of a number of encouraging sides in the fight to contain and prevent the spread of HCV is the development of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hepcsf.org/\">San Francisco Task Force on Hepatitis C \u003c/a>and I had the privilege of attending one of their meetings. From patients dealing daily with the potentially deadly liver disease to doctors and community advocates, the room was full of committed and good-hearted people with a range of backgrounds and expertise. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As members of the Task Force talked about what needs to be done to stem the spread of the disease and to develop public awareness campaigns, one of the two African-Americans at the meeting talked about the disproportionate impact of hepatitis C in the black community. She urged the task force to make a concerted effort to reach out to African-Americans. I sensed her frustration as the discussion continued with little or no response to her concerns and afterward I followed her out into the lobby to talk about it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I must say that everyone we interviewed for this piece shared the concern about the high rates of HCV among African-Americans and expressed agreement on the necessity of developing strategies targeting Black people and particularly African-American men. At the same time, I know that many problems that affect society in general have the most devastating affects on communities of color, and I’m aware that these communities are often underserved or ignored. So I identified with her frustration and was determined to include information on race and hep C in the segment for QUEST. It turns out that her concerns were justified and the facts she presented were accurate and cause for alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>African-Americans have the highest rate of hepatitis C in the United States. Hep C is almost twice as common among African-Americans as among Caucasians. And current treatments are ineffective for 70 to 80 percent of black people who are infected with the virus. The rates for Latinos are also high and there are numerous factors that add to the elevated incidence of HCV in communities of color including lack of health care coverage and diet. The alarming rate of hepatitis C among prisoners is also a contributing factor. I recently did a segment on prisons for another KQED program, (\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/thisweek/\">This Week In Northern California\u003c/a>) and was reminded of the disproportionate number of black and Latino men in California prisons where the HCV infection rates often run as high as 80%. As these inmates are released and return to their cities, neighborhoods and families, they can contribute to the spread of the hep C virus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fight to prevent HCV and to find a cure for the disease is woefully under funded, public awareness of the epidemic is minimal, and myths and misinformation about hepatitis C are common. Education and public awareness campaigns that are culturally sensitive and that target specific communities will be critical to stemming the epidemic. And when more effective treatments are developed, keeping the medicine affordable will also be key to eradicating the disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Considering how little I knew about hepatitis C before producing this segment and how much I have learned from doing it, I am anxiously awaiting the outcome of the groundbreaking scientific research to find a cure. The predictions are promising and give me hope. I can use some hope. My daughter is African-American, in her mid-forties and has liver disease. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5821/producers-notes-hepatitis-c-the-silent-epidemic","authors":["10214"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_607","quest_1011","quest_1353","quest_1354","quest_1375","quest_1461","quest_3351","quest_1669","quest_1673","quest_1962","quest_2530","quest_2893","quest_2990","quest_3055","quest_3082"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2389":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2389","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2389","score":null,"sort":[1242065004000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fearing-1918","title":"Fearing 1918","publishDate":1242065004,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/piggy.jpg\">\u003cem>Animal viruses can be more deadly than their human\u003cbr> counterparts\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nA lot of people have been commenting about the apparent overreaction of governments to the swine flu. Why go to such extreme measures to deal with simple influenza? The reason has to do with the \u003ca href=\"http://1918.pandemicflu.gov/index.htm\">flu pandemic of 1918-1919\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over those two years, at least three waves of flu struck killing over 600,000 people in the U.S. and a staggering 30-50 million people worldwide. People died at such a high rate that cities ran out of caskets and dead bodies were stacked on porches and in the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governments have been concerned that history might repeat itself because the two flues share one thing in common--\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=26\">they both started out as animal viruses\u003c/a>. And our bodies are not particularly good at fighting off viruses new to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year a new flock of flu strains kicks off the flu season. Almost always these strains are variations of human flues from previous years. What this means is that we have seen cousins of these viruses in the past and so have a leg up on mounting an attack and defeating them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do not have this same leg up on animal viruses. Our immune systems haven't seen anything like them and so can't mount a quick attack. The end result is that the percentage of people who die from animal flues tends to be much higher than from run of the mill human flues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any flu season, the CDC estimates that 5-20% of the U.S. population ends up with the flu. And that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/us_flu-related_deaths.htm\">36,000 of these people die\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Flu/story?id=1173856&page=1\">numbers of deaths would be much higher\u003c/a> if a truly deadly animal flu virus like the bird flu from a few years back were to emerge and gain the ability to spread from person to person. (The bird flu was never more than a few isolated cases since it never gained this ability.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first blush, this is what the swine flu looked like. The disease spread easily among people and, in Mexico at least, appeared to be more deadly than normal flues. So governments around the world sprang into action. Since flu is spread through contact, governments tried to keep people away from each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They closed schools at the fist sign of trouble. Mexico closed restaurants, theaters and museums too. All of this was done in an attempt to prevent the spread of a disease like the flu of 1918.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least outside of Mexico, this flu does not seem to be too much worse than other flues. So it may be that governments overreacted this time. But I would prefer that they overreact like this as opposed to ignoring a deadly pandemic. We don't want another 1918 on our hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/influenza/sfeature/sanfran.html\">More info on The 1918 Flu in San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A lot of people have been commenting about the apparent overreaction of governments to the swine flu. Why go to such extreme measures to deal with simple influenza? The reason has to do with the flu pandemic of 1918-1919.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1242065004,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":506},"headData":{"title":"Fearing 1918 | KQED","description":"A lot of people have been commenting about the apparent overreaction of governments to the swine flu. Why go to such extreme measures to deal with simple influenza? The reason has to do with the flu pandemic of 1918-1919.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"2389 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2389","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/11/fearing-1918/","disqusTitle":"Fearing 1918","path":"/quest/2389/fearing-1918","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/piggy.jpg\">\u003cem>Animal viruses can be more deadly than their human\u003cbr> counterparts\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nA lot of people have been commenting about the apparent overreaction of governments to the swine flu. Why go to such extreme measures to deal with simple influenza? The reason has to do with the \u003ca href=\"http://1918.pandemicflu.gov/index.htm\">flu pandemic of 1918-1919\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over those two years, at least three waves of flu struck killing over 600,000 people in the U.S. and a staggering 30-50 million people worldwide. People died at such a high rate that cities ran out of caskets and dead bodies were stacked on porches and in the streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governments have been concerned that history might repeat itself because the two flues share one thing in common--\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=26\">they both started out as animal viruses\u003c/a>. And our bodies are not particularly good at fighting off viruses new to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year a new flock of flu strains kicks off the flu season. Almost always these strains are variations of human flues from previous years. What this means is that we have seen cousins of these viruses in the past and so have a leg up on mounting an attack and defeating them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do not have this same leg up on animal viruses. Our immune systems haven't seen anything like them and so can't mount a quick attack. The end result is that the percentage of people who die from animal flues tends to be much higher than from run of the mill human flues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any flu season, the CDC estimates that 5-20% of the U.S. population ends up with the flu. And that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/us_flu-related_deaths.htm\">36,000 of these people die\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Flu/story?id=1173856&page=1\">numbers of deaths would be much higher\u003c/a> if a truly deadly animal flu virus like the bird flu from a few years back were to emerge and gain the ability to spread from person to person. (The bird flu was never more than a few isolated cases since it never gained this ability.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first blush, this is what the swine flu looked like. The disease spread easily among people and, in Mexico at least, appeared to be more deadly than normal flues. So governments around the world sprang into action. Since flu is spread through contact, governments tried to keep people away from each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They closed schools at the fist sign of trouble. Mexico closed restaurants, theaters and museums too. All of this was done in an attempt to prevent the spread of a disease like the flu of 1918.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least outside of Mexico, this flu does not seem to be too much worse than other flues. So it may be that governments overreacted this time. But I would prefer that they overreact like this as opposed to ignoring a deadly pandemic. We don't want another 1918 on our hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/influenza/sfeature/sanfran.html\">More info on The 1918 Flu in San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2389/fearing-1918","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_38","quest_521","quest_1117","quest_1290","quest_1464","quest_1900","quest_2117","quest_2854","quest_3082"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2244":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2244","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2244","score":null,"sort":[1241225468000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-swine-flu-and-you","title":"Reporter's Notes: Swine Flu and You","publishDate":1241225468,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/swine-flu-and-you\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/radio3-30_swineflublog300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The swine flu virus. Credit: C. S. Goldsmith and A. Balish, CDC.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As this story is being produced, the reports on swine flu are changing hourly. Cases are popping up \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_12267034\" target=\"_blank\">closer and closer to home\u003c/a>, and the CDC \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/\" target=\"_blank\">is updating several times a day\u003c/a> on the spread of the virus, and plans to fight it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $64,000 question is \u003ca href=\"http://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/swine-flu-a-cause-for-panic/?8ty&emc=ty&apage=3\" target=\"_blank\">how worried we should be\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swine flu is largely untreatable: The two effective antiviral drugs, Tamiflu and Relenza, must be taken within 48 hours of infection to stop the spread of the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves a vaccine. Vaccines are relatively \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/business/economy/29vaccine.html?ref=media\" target=\"_blank\">straightforward to create\u003c/a>, but they take time. If swine flu becomes a deadly pandemic (meaning it's not only widespread -- a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic\" target=\"_blank\">pandemic \u003c/a>-- but more lethal \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-sci-swine-reality30-2009apr30,0,3606923.story\" target=\"_blank\">than it appears to be\u003c/a> so far) the demand for vaccines would likely far outpace supply. According to Art Reingold, at UC Berkeley's School of Public Health, it could take years for doses to reach everyone in the world who's vulnerable to the disease. Here in the US, we have very few vaccine producing facilities, which means we'd be competing with other countries' priorities to treat their own citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our story focuses on what could, one day, be the answer to pandemics like this one: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/23/health/23flu.html\" target=\"_blank\">a universal vaccine\u003c/a>. Scientists like Harvard Medical School's Wayne Marasco believe that, in just a few years, \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126976.000-scientists-find-chink-in-flus-armour.html\" target=\"_blank\">we might be able to inoculate ourselves\u003c/a> against nearly all influenza viruses – like a tetanus shot, against the flu. Universal vaccines will come too late for our current swine flu pandemic. But they may well be our response to pandemics of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/swine-flu-and-you\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/swine-flu-and-you\">Listen to the Swine Flu and You\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.47851 -122.1407\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As this story is being produced, the reports on swine flu are changing hourly. Cases are popping up closer and closer to home, and the CDC is updating several times a day on the spread of the virus, and plans to fight it. The $64,000 question is how worried we should be.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443833529,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":291},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Swine Flu and You | KQED","description":"As this story is being produced, the reports on swine flu are changing hourly. Cases are popping up closer and closer to home, and the CDC is updating several times a day on the spread of the virus, and plans to fight it. The $64,000 question is how worried we should be.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"2244 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2244","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/01/reporters-notes-swine-flu-and-you/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Swine Flu and You","path":"/quest/2244/reporters-notes-swine-flu-and-you","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/swine-flu-and-you\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/radio3-30_swineflublog300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The swine flu virus. Credit: C. S. Goldsmith and A. Balish, CDC.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As this story is being produced, the reports on swine flu are changing hourly. Cases are popping up \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_12267034\" target=\"_blank\">closer and closer to home\u003c/a>, and the CDC \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/\" target=\"_blank\">is updating several times a day\u003c/a> on the spread of the virus, and plans to fight it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $64,000 question is \u003ca href=\"http://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/swine-flu-a-cause-for-panic/?8ty&emc=ty&apage=3\" target=\"_blank\">how worried we should be\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swine flu is largely untreatable: The two effective antiviral drugs, Tamiflu and Relenza, must be taken within 48 hours of infection to stop the spread of the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves a vaccine. Vaccines are relatively \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/business/economy/29vaccine.html?ref=media\" target=\"_blank\">straightforward to create\u003c/a>, but they take time. If swine flu becomes a deadly pandemic (meaning it's not only widespread -- a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic\" target=\"_blank\">pandemic \u003c/a>-- but more lethal \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-sci-swine-reality30-2009apr30,0,3606923.story\" target=\"_blank\">than it appears to be\u003c/a> so far) the demand for vaccines would likely far outpace supply. According to Art Reingold, at UC Berkeley's School of Public Health, it could take years for doses to reach everyone in the world who's vulnerable to the disease. Here in the US, we have very few vaccine producing facilities, which means we'd be competing with other countries' priorities to treat their own citizens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our story focuses on what could, one day, be the answer to pandemics like this one: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/23/health/23flu.html\" target=\"_blank\">a universal vaccine\u003c/a>. Scientists like Harvard Medical School's Wayne Marasco believe that, in just a few years, \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126976.000-scientists-find-chink-in-flus-armour.html\" target=\"_blank\">we might be able to inoculate ourselves\u003c/a> against nearly all influenza viruses – like a tetanus shot, against the flu. Universal vaccines will come too late for our current swine flu pandemic. But they may well be our response to pandemics of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/swine-flu-and-you\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/swine-flu-and-you\">Listen to the Swine Flu and You\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.47851 -122.1407\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2244/reporters-notes-swine-flu-and-you","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_848","quest_1117","quest_13201","quest_1464","quest_1586","quest_13206","quest_2854","quest_3055","quest_3082"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2236":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2236","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2236","score":null,"sort":[1241123896000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"swine-flu-a-virus-or-a-bacteria","title":"Swine Flu - A Virus or a Bacteria?","publishDate":1241123896,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/04/swine-flu-virus.jpg\">\u003cem>The swine flu virus, up close (and colorized!)\u003cbr>\nCredit: C. S. Goldsmith and A. Balish, CDC\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swine Flu has been blanketing the news as of late. On April 29th, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a> (CDC) reported the first US fatality occurring in Texas. The CDC has determined that this swine influenza A(H1N1) virus is contagious and spreading from human to human. Yet at this time, they do not know how easily the virus spreads between people. At our museum, we have taken this very seriously and staff has been asked to stay home if symptoms arise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC is recommending that those who come down with flu-like symptoms stay home from work in order to decrease the rate of infection. The Swine Flu is a viral infection rather than a bacterial infection, which makes it harder to treat. Much of the care for viruses is preventive; viruses are hard to treat after they have entered a living host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people do not know the difference between a viral infection and a bacterial one and consider them interchangeable. Yet they are quite different. Viruses are sub-microscopic particles ranging in size from 20 to 300 nanometers (about 1000 times smaller than the width of a human hair). Viruses must have a living host to function. They remain dormant until they infect a living cell. Within a cell, they then change the genetic material of the cell to replicate the virus. AIDS and Influenza are both created by this process of taking over the normal function of a cell in order to replicate viral cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bacteria do not take over cells. Bacteria are much larger than viruses, usually 10 to 100 times bigger than a virus. Their shapes include curved rods, spheres, rods and spirals. They are known as intercellular organisms because they live between cells. All viruses are harmful to the host because they alter cells, but bacteria can be beneficial (like the species that live in our guts and help us digest our food). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmful bacteria in the body create infections like Strep throat or Small Pox. Bacteria can grow and reproduce in both living and non-living environments. Antibiotics are used to treat harmful bacterial growth and infection in the body. Antibiotics; however, are ineffectual against treating viruses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the Swine Flu is a virally spread disease, it is even more important to practice prevention. The CDC sees this disease being spread like a common flu - mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing by people with influenza. People can also become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose. Taking simple precautions like washing your hands and covering your mouth when sneezing is effective prevention. Working in a museum,we take this extra seriously considering how often we come in contact with lots of people and their germs. Many of my co-workers, myself included, have hand sanitizer at our desks, wash our hands often, and carry tissues. It is a simple way to combat an evasive illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more about how to protect yourself from swine flu, check out \u003ca href=\"http://www2a.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=11322\">this podcast\u003c/a> from the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.769700 -122.466000\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Swine Flu has been blanketing the news as of late. On April 29th, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a> (CDC) reported the first US fatality occurring in Texas. The CDC has determined that this swine influenza A(H1N1) virus is contagious and spreading from human to human. Yet at this time, they do not know how easily the virus spreads between people. At our museum, we have taken this very seriously and staff has been asked to stay home if symptoms arise.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1241123896,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":535},"headData":{"title":"Swine Flu - A Virus or a Bacteria? | KQED","description":"Swine Flu has been blanketing the news as of late. On April 29th, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported the first US fatality occurring in Texas. The CDC has determined that this swine influenza A(H1N1) virus is contagious and spreading from human to human. Yet at this time, they do not know how easily the virus spreads between people. At our museum, we have taken this very seriously and staff has been asked to stay home if symptoms arise.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"2236 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2236","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/30/swine-flu-a-virus-or-a-bacteria/","disqusTitle":"Swine Flu - A Virus or a Bacteria?","path":"/quest/2236/swine-flu-a-virus-or-a-bacteria","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/04/swine-flu-virus.jpg\">\u003cem>The swine flu virus, up close (and colorized!)\u003cbr>\nCredit: C. S. Goldsmith and A. Balish, CDC\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swine Flu has been blanketing the news as of late. On April 29th, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a> (CDC) reported the first US fatality occurring in Texas. The CDC has determined that this swine influenza A(H1N1) virus is contagious and spreading from human to human. Yet at this time, they do not know how easily the virus spreads between people. At our museum, we have taken this very seriously and staff has been asked to stay home if symptoms arise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC is recommending that those who come down with flu-like symptoms stay home from work in order to decrease the rate of infection. The Swine Flu is a viral infection rather than a bacterial infection, which makes it harder to treat. Much of the care for viruses is preventive; viruses are hard to treat after they have entered a living host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people do not know the difference between a viral infection and a bacterial one and consider them interchangeable. Yet they are quite different. Viruses are sub-microscopic particles ranging in size from 20 to 300 nanometers (about 1000 times smaller than the width of a human hair). Viruses must have a living host to function. They remain dormant until they infect a living cell. Within a cell, they then change the genetic material of the cell to replicate the virus. AIDS and Influenza are both created by this process of taking over the normal function of a cell in order to replicate viral cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bacteria do not take over cells. Bacteria are much larger than viruses, usually 10 to 100 times bigger than a virus. Their shapes include curved rods, spheres, rods and spirals. They are known as intercellular organisms because they live between cells. All viruses are harmful to the host because they alter cells, but bacteria can be beneficial (like the species that live in our guts and help us digest our food). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmful bacteria in the body create infections like Strep throat or Small Pox. Bacteria can grow and reproduce in both living and non-living environments. Antibiotics are used to treat harmful bacterial growth and infection in the body. Antibiotics; however, are ineffectual against treating viruses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the Swine Flu is a virally spread disease, it is even more important to practice prevention. The CDC sees this disease being spread like a common flu - mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing by people with influenza. People can also become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose. Taking simple precautions like washing your hands and covering your mouth when sneezing is effective prevention. Working in a museum,we take this extra seriously considering how often we come in contact with lots of people and their germs. Many of my co-workers, myself included, have hand sanitizer at our desks, wash our hands often, and carry tissues. It is a simple way to combat an evasive illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more about how to protect yourself from swine flu, check out \u003ca href=\"http://www2a.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=11322\">this podcast\u003c/a> from the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.769700 -122.466000\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2236/swine-flu-a-virus-or-a-bacteria","authors":["10173"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_267","quest_13201","quest_2854","quest_3082"],"label":"quest"},"quest_877":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_877","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"877","score":null,"sort":[1224004461000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-for-hiv-research-beyond-the-vaccine","title":"Reporter's Notes for HIV Research: Beyond the Vaccine","publishDate":1224004461,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Although African Americans represent one eighth of the U.S. population, they make up half of the people living with HIV in the country, according to the Los Angeles-based Black AIDS Institute's 2008 report \u003ca href=\"http://www.blackaids.org/image_uploads/article_575/08_left_behind.pdf\">Left Behind - Black America: A Neglected Priority in the Global AIDS Epidemic.\"\u003c/a> An African American woman is 23 times more likely to get infected with HIV than a Caucasian woman. And the overwhelming risk for black women is unprotected sex with men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reasons why African Americans are so burdened with HIV are complicated, says doctor Edward Machtinger, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.whp.ucsf.edu/\">Women's HIV Program at UCSF\u003c/a>. The high rate of incarceration of African American men plays an important role, with men carrying HIV back to their female partners when they get out of prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HIV/AIDS is a disease of poverty. \"Sexually transmitted diseases, in general, disproportionately afflict the poor,\" says Ruth Greenblatt, who is the founder of the Women's HIV Program and the principal investigator of the Northern California site of the Women's Interagency HIV Study. \"If you have poor access to health care, you're less likely to see a doctor early on in your HIV infection, and thus you may be more likely to transmit infection, and you may be less likely to be able to afford condoms and medication.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HIV is now the leading cause of death for African American women between 24 and 35 years old. \"Women tend to get sicker and die faster and more often than their male counterparts with HIV,\" says Machtinger. \"One reason is that women don't perceive themselves to be at risk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its report, the Black AIDS Institute says that turning the tide is possible, but that it will require better planning and more funding from the federal government, and a stronger commitment from African American leaders. And the report calls for people to get tested. \"Knowing your HIV status early can save your life,\" it concludes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For patients who have access to drugs, infection with the virus ceased to be a death sentence in 1995, when combinations of drugs called highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were developed. For some patients, drugs can reduce the amount of virus to undetectable levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some virus always hides in the body's immune cells and attacks again if the patient stops taking their medication. Researchers are working on developing a drug to wipe out this latent virus, which could mean the end of AIDS. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Although African Americans represent one eighth of the U.S. population, they make up half of the people living with HIV in the country, according to the Los Angeles-based Black AIDS Institute.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457812695,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":415},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes for HIV Research: Beyond the Vaccine | KQED","description":"Although African Americans represent one eighth of the U.S. population, they make up half of the people living with HIV in the country, according to the Los Angeles-based Black AIDS Institute.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"877 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=877","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/10/14/reporters-notes-for-hiv-research-beyond-the-vaccine/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes for HIV Research: Beyond the Vaccine","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmQ0dg9djak","path":"/quest/877/reporters-notes-for-hiv-research-beyond-the-vaccine","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Although African Americans represent one eighth of the U.S. population, they make up half of the people living with HIV in the country, according to the Los Angeles-based Black AIDS Institute's 2008 report \u003ca href=\"http://www.blackaids.org/image_uploads/article_575/08_left_behind.pdf\">Left Behind - Black America: A Neglected Priority in the Global AIDS Epidemic.\"\u003c/a> An African American woman is 23 times more likely to get infected with HIV than a Caucasian woman. And the overwhelming risk for black women is unprotected sex with men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reasons why African Americans are so burdened with HIV are complicated, says doctor Edward Machtinger, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.whp.ucsf.edu/\">Women's HIV Program at UCSF\u003c/a>. The high rate of incarceration of African American men plays an important role, with men carrying HIV back to their female partners when they get out of prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HIV/AIDS is a disease of poverty. \"Sexually transmitted diseases, in general, disproportionately afflict the poor,\" says Ruth Greenblatt, who is the founder of the Women's HIV Program and the principal investigator of the Northern California site of the Women's Interagency HIV Study. \"If you have poor access to health care, you're less likely to see a doctor early on in your HIV infection, and thus you may be more likely to transmit infection, and you may be less likely to be able to afford condoms and medication.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HIV is now the leading cause of death for African American women between 24 and 35 years old. \"Women tend to get sicker and die faster and more often than their male counterparts with HIV,\" says Machtinger. \"One reason is that women don't perceive themselves to be at risk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its report, the Black AIDS Institute says that turning the tide is possible, but that it will require better planning and more funding from the federal government, and a stronger commitment from African American leaders. And the report calls for people to get tested. \"Knowing your HIV status early can save your life,\" it concludes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For patients who have access to drugs, infection with the virus ceased to be a death sentence in 1995, when combinations of drugs called highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were developed. For some patients, drugs can reduce the amount of virus to undetectable levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some virus always hides in the body's immune cells and attacks again if the patient stops taking their medication. Researchers are working on developing a drug to wipe out this latent virus, which could mean the end of AIDS. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/877/reporters-notes-for-hiv-research-beyond-the-vaccine","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_78","quest_89","quest_269","quest_343","quest_1084","quest_1375","quest_3351","quest_2269","quest_2784","quest_2893","quest_3082","quest_3180"],"featImg":"quest_878","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.","airtime":"SAT 4pm-5pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/reveal","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/","rss":"http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"}},"says-you":{"id":"says-you","title":"Says You!","info":"Public radio's game show of bluff and bluster, words and whimsy. 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