University of Nebraska-LincolnUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln
Farm Waste Fashionistas
Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape
Building Better Homes for Bumblebee Queens
Fending off Invasive Species with Science, Education, and a Beer Can
Tough and Tasty: Recasting a Resilient Weed as a Wild Edible
Songbirds as a Measure of Farm Sustainability
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Yup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang thinks part of the world’s most abundant grain may one day rival cotton as the future of textiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang develops sustainable bio-based textile fibers as a biochemical engineer at the University of Nebraska’s Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design. “All clothing is created from fibers,” says Yang. Some are natural, from plants and animals, like cotton, linen, and wool. Others are manufactured from oil-based synthetics, including polyester, spandex, and nylon. The clothing we wear is determined by the supply and demand of natural and synthetic fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A radical change in global fibers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68428\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 930px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68428 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11.jpg\" alt=\"QuestTextileGraph1\" width=\"930\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11.jpg 1897w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-400x175.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-800x350.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-1440x629.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-1180x516.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-960x420.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The source of textile fibers - natural vs. synthetics - has shifted dramatically in the past 50 years. Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For more than 50 years, a radical shift has been taking place in the worldwide source of fibers. In the 1960s, 80% of fibers were natural, while 20% were oil-based synthetics. Today, synthetics dominate the market because petro-based fibers have been cheap and durable, while natural fibers require higher investments in land and water to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68390\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 303px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68390 \" style=\"border: 0.5px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph3.jpg\" alt=\"QuestTextileGraph3\" width=\"303\" height=\"256\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worldwide consumption of textile fibers has doubled in the past 15 years. It will double again in the next 10-15 years. Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But our changing world is impacting the textile supply. An oil shortage is causing petroleum prices to rise, increasing the cost of synthetics. And soaring global populations are competing for space traditionally used to grow crops and cotton – creating a critical need to both feed and clothe the spiraling masses with less available land. Yang fears a crisis is brewing that could create an uncertain future – one that pits growing food vs. clothing fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the world’s annual demand for textile fibers is 85 million tons. Just 15 years ago, it was about \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">half\u003c/span> that figure. Yang cautions, “The consumption will double \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">again\u003c/span> in the next 10-15 years. So everyone in the fiber industry worries how we can get that much fiber for the unlimited demands of humankind?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn tops Yang’s list of new fiber options. “If you look at history, textiles are agriculture. And Nebraska is the place we have lots of corn,” says Yang. Corn is also grown worldwide. Most of that crop is used to feed people and animals – with some serving as a fuel additive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not the corn kernels that interest Yang. It’s their husks he’s after – part of the farm waste left behind in the harvesting process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can farm waste become fiber?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68482\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 231px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SuperdomeHighway1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68482\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SuperdomeHighway1-231x253.jpg\" alt=\"SuperdomeHighway\" width=\"231\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos: Superdome interior - Scott Walker.\u003cbr>Superdome exterior - Photos.com.\u003cbr>Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, the annual farm waste from corn is enormous, a whopping 400 million tons. That’s enough to fill 1,000 Superdomes each year! The stalks, leaves and husks are normally diced up during harvesting and left on the fields to decompose as fertilizer to enrich the soil for the next growing season. But where farmers see fodder for soil, Yang sees a new source of renewable natural fibers that could reduce our dependence on oil-based synthetics – and help meet the world’s textile needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how can Yang’s corn husks become textiles? Corn husks, like cotton, contains cellulose, the building blocks of plant’s cell walls. Cotton is almost pure cellulose that is plucked from the plant’s flower. But corn husks, stalks, cobs, and leaves are made of \u003cstrong>lignocellulose\u003c/strong> – complex and woody biopolymers (lignen, cellulose, and hemicellulose) that are distributed throughout the plant. Many of the fibers in the stalks and leaves are too coarse for textiles. But finer fibers are embedded in the husks to protect the kernels throughout a long growing season. To make husks useful for textiles, Yang and his researchers separate the lignocellulose fibers from the husks in a patented biochemical process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Converting husks to fibers in the lab\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68464\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yangs-LAB_893_8069_01.new_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68464\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yangs-LAB_893_8069_01.new_-228x169.jpg\" alt=\"Yang's LAB_893_8069_01.new\" width=\"228\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yang's graduate students operate a test lab to extract fibers from corn husks. Photo: Gary Hochman/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yang’s team designed a custom-built test lab for the process. “We use common, non-toxic chemicals in a mechanical and biochemical process to extract the fibers,” he says. Yang’s graduate students empty a trash can of husks into a stainless steel tumbling reactor and add a solution of simple chemicals (acetic acid, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, surfactants, and softeners). Piping in hot water, the reactor rotates continuously for half an hour as the solution breaks down the rigid husk material, leaving behind clumps of coarse fibers. The fibers are then washed with water, and dried. Finally, another biochemical treatment reduces the diameter of the coarse fibers to make finer strands. Once the fine fibers are bleached, they can be spun into yarns and colored with common cotton dyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68469\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ECU-Husk-Fibers-2_893_8069_01.new_.01.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68469\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ECU-Husk-Fibers-2_893_8069_01.new_.01-193x169.jpg\" alt=\"ECU Husk Fibers 2_893_8069_01.new.01\" width=\"193\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lignocellulose fibers from corn husks. Photo: Gary Hochman/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although the husk fibers look similar to common textile fibers, Yang says they have different properties than cotton or linen. “Fibers from corn husks have much better stretchability compared to any other natural cellulose fibers. That makes it compatible to be spun together with synthetic fibers, like polyester, that are usually mixed with cotton in making textiles,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab has proved that husk fibers can be made on a small scale. So far, Yang’s team has made one prototype, a red sweater from a yarn mixed from corn husks and polyester fibers. By touch, it’s softer than linen, but similar to cotton. But making one sweater requires a single trash can of husks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can corn husks find a market?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get the process to work on an industrial scale will require massive volumes of husks. That’s no easy task. “Right now, it’s a challenge because there’s not a market for husks,” laments Yang. For the most part, the farming industry is set up to harvest corn for its kernels. Conventional harvesters shell the corn grain, but aren’t designed to separate the rest of the corn plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68486\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/AK-4_MVI_0010.MP4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68486\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/AK-4_MVI_0010.MP4-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A&K 4_MVI_0010.MP4\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">High speed corn husking equipment designed by A&K Development Company separates husks from whole corn cobs at a sweet corn manufacturing plant. Courtesy: Sergio Holm/A&K Development Co.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consulting industry experts, Yang found two exceptions – seed corn and sweet corn manufacturers. Both harvest full cobs, complete with husks. A&K Development Company in Eugene, Oregon manufactures high-speed automated corn husking assemblies that shred the husks off in the blink of an eye before shelling the kernels for seed or sweet corn. Most of these husks are sold to livestock breeders as feed for cattle. In time, these growers and manufacturers might become a source for husks. But it would take complex distribution to make it work – and transportation costs might make it unaffordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68496\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Dux-students-4_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68496\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Dux-students-4_Cropped-258x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dux students 4_Cropped\" width=\"258\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mead High School teacher Thomas Dux and his student 4-H members harvest corn husks by hand\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a while, it looked like the Yang might have to rely upon a century old solution – picking husks by hand. To help, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln enlisted the help of 4-H, the nation’s youth agricultural organization. Thomas Dux, Mead High School science teacher and 4-H leader, organized a class project to help Yang by having his students collect husks in trash bags. “Someday, we hope corn husks will be a commodity,” says Dux, as he bags a fistful of husks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But collecting husks by hand is impractical. A single barrel weighs under 10 pounds. Yang’s team needs 1,000 pounds to run a larger scale test to convince farmers, implement manufacturers and textile mill operators that husks are worth harvesting on an industrial scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dux hopes his class project inspires students to think about sustainable agriculture and new uses for crops. “Maybe one of our students will be the person who creates a part of a combine that actually separates the husk and stores them in a bin,” he adds hopefully.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68517\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 366px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Jay-and-Ty-2_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Jay-and-Ty-2_Cropped-366x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jay and Ty 2_Cropped\" width=\"366\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">FarMax agricultural engineers Jay and Ty Stukenholz are designing innovations in harvesting equipment that may create a commodity for corn husks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unbeknownst to the class, 40 miles away, two enterprising twins, Ty and Jay Stukenholtz, are closing in on a solution. The Stukenholz brothers are agricultural engineers who farm near Nebraska City. During the past 10 years, they’ve designed and custom-built three combines and formed a company, FarmMax, to create sustainable harvesting equipment. They began with a prototype harvester that separates cobs as a source for biochemicals and biofuels. “Over the years, we figured ways to clean the waste stream from a combine,” says Ty Stukenholtz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68794\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FarmMax-Farm-Waste-Recovery-Device.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68794\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FarmMax-Farm-Waste-Recovery-Device-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The FarmMax Farm Waste Recovery Device attaches onto existing corn harvesting combines.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The FarmMax Farm Waste Recovery Device attaches onto existing corn harvesting combines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the Stukenholtz brothers learned of Yang’s plan to harvest husks for textile fibers, they re-designed their harvester to separate kernels and cobs, grind the stalks as mulch for the field, and eject the husks out the back of the combine to collect in a bobcat. “There is literally no combine in the world that can do what this machine is doing right now,” adds Ty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, they’ve re-engineered a farm waste recovery device that attaches onto existing commercial combines. Jay adds, “We’ve designed it to fit any combine.” Soon, their invention will allow farmers to collect kernels, cobs, and husks in one pass, while unloading them “on-the-go,” rather than pulling a cart or making multiple passes to pick up discarded farm waste. Their single-pass system is a sustainable means of saving time and fuel, while enabling farmers to create additional revenue from corn byproducts. “I think it’s got great potential,” adds Ty. “If harvesting husks brings in a similar price to cotton, farmers would really think about the value of those husks.”\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yiqi-Yang_Corn-WS.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-68542\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yiqi-Yang_Corn-WS-255x169.jpg\" alt=\"Yiqi Yang_Corn WS\" width=\"255\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stukenholtz farm waste recovery system may be a game changer for creating a commodity of husks. And although the market doesn’t yet exist, Yiqi Yang remains optimistic. “We have a strong agricultural industry. We’re using Ag wastes. It’s a perfect fit here in Nebraska, and there’s no reason we cannot develop a fiber industry right here at home,” said Yang.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this video, discover how a biochemical engineer in Nebraska is transforming corn husks into fibers for clothing. Could husk fibers rival cotton as a mainstay for textiles in the future?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457555937,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1864},"headData":{"title":"Farm Waste Fashionistas | KQED","description":"In this video, discover how a biochemical engineer in Nebraska is transforming corn husks into fibers for clothing. Could husk fibers rival cotton as a mainstay for textiles in the future?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Farm Waste Fashionistas","datePublished":"2014-03-25T14:00:03.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T20:38:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"67857 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=67857","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/25/farm-waste-fashionistas/","disqusTitle":"Farm Waste Fashionistas","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcaMyWY6gU0","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/67857/farm-waste-fashionistas","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the near future, when you reach for your favorite shirt or sweater – textile scientist Yiqi Yang wants you to thank CORN – not cotton – for that soft, comfortable feel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn? Yup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang thinks part of the world’s most abundant grain may one day rival cotton as the future of textiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang develops sustainable bio-based textile fibers as a biochemical engineer at the University of Nebraska’s Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design. “All clothing is created from fibers,” says Yang. Some are natural, from plants and animals, like cotton, linen, and wool. Others are manufactured from oil-based synthetics, including polyester, spandex, and nylon. The clothing we wear is determined by the supply and demand of natural and synthetic fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A radical change in global fibers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68428\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 930px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68428 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11.jpg\" alt=\"QuestTextileGraph1\" width=\"930\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11.jpg 1897w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-400x175.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-800x350.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-1440x629.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-1180x516.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-960x420.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The source of textile fibers - natural vs. synthetics - has shifted dramatically in the past 50 years. Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For more than 50 years, a radical shift has been taking place in the worldwide source of fibers. In the 1960s, 80% of fibers were natural, while 20% were oil-based synthetics. Today, synthetics dominate the market because petro-based fibers have been cheap and durable, while natural fibers require higher investments in land and water to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68390\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 303px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68390 \" style=\"border: 0.5px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph3.jpg\" alt=\"QuestTextileGraph3\" width=\"303\" height=\"256\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worldwide consumption of textile fibers has doubled in the past 15 years. It will double again in the next 10-15 years. Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But our changing world is impacting the textile supply. An oil shortage is causing petroleum prices to rise, increasing the cost of synthetics. And soaring global populations are competing for space traditionally used to grow crops and cotton – creating a critical need to both feed and clothe the spiraling masses with less available land. Yang fears a crisis is brewing that could create an uncertain future – one that pits growing food vs. clothing fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the world’s annual demand for textile fibers is 85 million tons. Just 15 years ago, it was about \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">half\u003c/span> that figure. Yang cautions, “The consumption will double \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">again\u003c/span> in the next 10-15 years. So everyone in the fiber industry worries how we can get that much fiber for the unlimited demands of humankind?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn tops Yang’s list of new fiber options. “If you look at history, textiles are agriculture. And Nebraska is the place we have lots of corn,” says Yang. Corn is also grown worldwide. Most of that crop is used to feed people and animals – with some serving as a fuel additive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not the corn kernels that interest Yang. It’s their husks he’s after – part of the farm waste left behind in the harvesting process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can farm waste become fiber?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68482\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 231px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SuperdomeHighway1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68482\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SuperdomeHighway1-231x253.jpg\" alt=\"SuperdomeHighway\" width=\"231\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos: Superdome interior - Scott Walker.\u003cbr>Superdome exterior - Photos.com.\u003cbr>Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, the annual farm waste from corn is enormous, a whopping 400 million tons. That’s enough to fill 1,000 Superdomes each year! The stalks, leaves and husks are normally diced up during harvesting and left on the fields to decompose as fertilizer to enrich the soil for the next growing season. But where farmers see fodder for soil, Yang sees a new source of renewable natural fibers that could reduce our dependence on oil-based synthetics – and help meet the world’s textile needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how can Yang’s corn husks become textiles? Corn husks, like cotton, contains cellulose, the building blocks of plant’s cell walls. Cotton is almost pure cellulose that is plucked from the plant’s flower. But corn husks, stalks, cobs, and leaves are made of \u003cstrong>lignocellulose\u003c/strong> – complex and woody biopolymers (lignen, cellulose, and hemicellulose) that are distributed throughout the plant. Many of the fibers in the stalks and leaves are too coarse for textiles. But finer fibers are embedded in the husks to protect the kernels throughout a long growing season. To make husks useful for textiles, Yang and his researchers separate the lignocellulose fibers from the husks in a patented biochemical process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Converting husks to fibers in the lab\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68464\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yangs-LAB_893_8069_01.new_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68464\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yangs-LAB_893_8069_01.new_-228x169.jpg\" alt=\"Yang's LAB_893_8069_01.new\" width=\"228\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yang's graduate students operate a test lab to extract fibers from corn husks. Photo: Gary Hochman/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yang’s team designed a custom-built test lab for the process. “We use common, non-toxic chemicals in a mechanical and biochemical process to extract the fibers,” he says. Yang’s graduate students empty a trash can of husks into a stainless steel tumbling reactor and add a solution of simple chemicals (acetic acid, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, surfactants, and softeners). Piping in hot water, the reactor rotates continuously for half an hour as the solution breaks down the rigid husk material, leaving behind clumps of coarse fibers. The fibers are then washed with water, and dried. Finally, another biochemical treatment reduces the diameter of the coarse fibers to make finer strands. Once the fine fibers are bleached, they can be spun into yarns and colored with common cotton dyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68469\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ECU-Husk-Fibers-2_893_8069_01.new_.01.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68469\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ECU-Husk-Fibers-2_893_8069_01.new_.01-193x169.jpg\" alt=\"ECU Husk Fibers 2_893_8069_01.new.01\" width=\"193\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lignocellulose fibers from corn husks. Photo: Gary Hochman/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although the husk fibers look similar to common textile fibers, Yang says they have different properties than cotton or linen. “Fibers from corn husks have much better stretchability compared to any other natural cellulose fibers. That makes it compatible to be spun together with synthetic fibers, like polyester, that are usually mixed with cotton in making textiles,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab has proved that husk fibers can be made on a small scale. So far, Yang’s team has made one prototype, a red sweater from a yarn mixed from corn husks and polyester fibers. By touch, it’s softer than linen, but similar to cotton. But making one sweater requires a single trash can of husks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can corn husks find a market?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get the process to work on an industrial scale will require massive volumes of husks. That’s no easy task. “Right now, it’s a challenge because there’s not a market for husks,” laments Yang. For the most part, the farming industry is set up to harvest corn for its kernels. Conventional harvesters shell the corn grain, but aren’t designed to separate the rest of the corn plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68486\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/AK-4_MVI_0010.MP4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68486\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/AK-4_MVI_0010.MP4-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A&K 4_MVI_0010.MP4\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">High speed corn husking equipment designed by A&K Development Company separates husks from whole corn cobs at a sweet corn manufacturing plant. Courtesy: Sergio Holm/A&K Development Co.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consulting industry experts, Yang found two exceptions – seed corn and sweet corn manufacturers. Both harvest full cobs, complete with husks. A&K Development Company in Eugene, Oregon manufactures high-speed automated corn husking assemblies that shred the husks off in the blink of an eye before shelling the kernels for seed or sweet corn. Most of these husks are sold to livestock breeders as feed for cattle. In time, these growers and manufacturers might become a source for husks. But it would take complex distribution to make it work – and transportation costs might make it unaffordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68496\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Dux-students-4_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68496\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Dux-students-4_Cropped-258x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dux students 4_Cropped\" width=\"258\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mead High School teacher Thomas Dux and his student 4-H members harvest corn husks by hand\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a while, it looked like the Yang might have to rely upon a century old solution – picking husks by hand. To help, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln enlisted the help of 4-H, the nation’s youth agricultural organization. Thomas Dux, Mead High School science teacher and 4-H leader, organized a class project to help Yang by having his students collect husks in trash bags. “Someday, we hope corn husks will be a commodity,” says Dux, as he bags a fistful of husks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But collecting husks by hand is impractical. A single barrel weighs under 10 pounds. Yang’s team needs 1,000 pounds to run a larger scale test to convince farmers, implement manufacturers and textile mill operators that husks are worth harvesting on an industrial scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dux hopes his class project inspires students to think about sustainable agriculture and new uses for crops. “Maybe one of our students will be the person who creates a part of a combine that actually separates the husk and stores them in a bin,” he adds hopefully.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68517\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 366px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Jay-and-Ty-2_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Jay-and-Ty-2_Cropped-366x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jay and Ty 2_Cropped\" width=\"366\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">FarMax agricultural engineers Jay and Ty Stukenholz are designing innovations in harvesting equipment that may create a commodity for corn husks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unbeknownst to the class, 40 miles away, two enterprising twins, Ty and Jay Stukenholtz, are closing in on a solution. The Stukenholz brothers are agricultural engineers who farm near Nebraska City. During the past 10 years, they’ve designed and custom-built three combines and formed a company, FarmMax, to create sustainable harvesting equipment. They began with a prototype harvester that separates cobs as a source for biochemicals and biofuels. “Over the years, we figured ways to clean the waste stream from a combine,” says Ty Stukenholtz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68794\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FarmMax-Farm-Waste-Recovery-Device.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68794\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FarmMax-Farm-Waste-Recovery-Device-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The FarmMax Farm Waste Recovery Device attaches onto existing corn harvesting combines.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The FarmMax Farm Waste Recovery Device attaches onto existing corn harvesting combines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the Stukenholtz brothers learned of Yang’s plan to harvest husks for textile fibers, they re-designed their harvester to separate kernels and cobs, grind the stalks as mulch for the field, and eject the husks out the back of the combine to collect in a bobcat. “There is literally no combine in the world that can do what this machine is doing right now,” adds Ty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, they’ve re-engineered a farm waste recovery device that attaches onto existing commercial combines. Jay adds, “We’ve designed it to fit any combine.” Soon, their invention will allow farmers to collect kernels, cobs, and husks in one pass, while unloading them “on-the-go,” rather than pulling a cart or making multiple passes to pick up discarded farm waste. Their single-pass system is a sustainable means of saving time and fuel, while enabling farmers to create additional revenue from corn byproducts. “I think it’s got great potential,” adds Ty. “If harvesting husks brings in a similar price to cotton, farmers would really think about the value of those husks.”\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yiqi-Yang_Corn-WS.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-68542\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yiqi-Yang_Corn-WS-255x169.jpg\" alt=\"Yiqi Yang_Corn WS\" width=\"255\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stukenholtz farm waste recovery system may be a game changer for creating a commodity of husks. And although the market doesn’t yet exist, Yiqi Yang remains optimistic. “We have a strong agricultural industry. We’re using Ag wastes. It’s a perfect fit here in Nebraska, and there’s no reason we cannot develop a fiber industry right here at home,” said Yang.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/67857/farm-waste-fashionistas","authors":["10297"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_12734","quest_12721","quest_702","quest_12730","quest_12727","quest_12720","quest_12728","quest_12726","quest_12731","quest_12269","quest_12729","quest_12718","quest_12724","quest_12722","quest_12732","quest_12354","quest_13364","quest_12733","quest_2893","quest_12735","quest_12719","quest_12725","quest_10511","quest_3071","quest_12723"],"featImg":"quest_68371","label":"source_quest_67857"},"quest_60576":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60576","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60576","score":null,"sort":[1391698822000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"searching-for-a-new-perspective-of-an-altered-landscape","title":"Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape","publishDate":1391698822,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>If you’re old enough to have childhood memories, chances are you’re old enough to have witnessed a land use change. Maybe the woods behind your parents’ home has morphed into rows of new houses. Maybe the creek where you caught your first fish now boasts a parking lot for a big box store. Maybe a particularly picturesque farmstead is now a collection of crumbling structures engulfed by overgrown weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These landscape changes come big and small, and often so gradually that they go unnoticed. That said, many long-time residents of the Great Plains can and will tell you this much: where they once saw diverse prairie habitats, they now see cropland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies examining recent rates of grassland, wetland, and shrubland loss in the country’s midsection have revealed head-turning statistics. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593829/#!po=31.2500\">research report\u003c/a> published by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/index.xhtml\">\u003cstrong>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong> (PNAS)\u003c/a> in March 2013 concluded that grassland-to-cropland conversion rates across “significant portions of the US Western Corn Belt” from 2001 to 2011 were similar to rates of rainforest conversion in Brazil, Malaysia, and Indonesia during the 1980s and 1990s (1.0 to 5.4 percent annually).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also suggested that, especially in Nebraska, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=3593829_pnas.1215404110fig04.jpg\">noticeable fraction of the conversion occurs on marginal lands\u003c/a> that are poorly suited for crop production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Culprits, victims, and beneficiaries of this habitat loss are somewhat debatable, but what is uncontestable is the reality that the Great Plains’ landscapes have been drastically altered over the last century and a half. What was once a grassy wilderness is now a vast agro-industrial zone -- a place where the landscape struggles to support both biodiversity and the crop-based commodities that our times demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not news to \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/powell/\">Larkin Powell\u003c/a>, a professor of conservation biology and wildlife ecology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Since his childhood days on a family farm in rural Iowa, Powell has been taking notice of the landscape changes around him -- and how easy it is to forget how things used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66781 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Views of Kearney, Nebraska from the north hill. I’m always looking for evidence of landscape change. The amount of change to our urban areas is significant—especially in the amount of trees in our towns and cities. This series of images followed by a photo I took in 2013 is an effective reminder that Nebraska’s urban areas have grown and changed their landscapes at the same time the rural landscape has changed. (Caption by Larkin Powell. Top two photos: Buffalo County Historical Society Collection. Bottom photo: Larkin Powell.) \" width=\"336\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Buffalo County Historical Society Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We drive around on our landscapes today and we’re only familiar with what we see today,” said Powell, who added, “We can kind of remember what was there last week. There’s this ‘landscape perception’ field of study that suggests that people don’t do well -- in our brains -- of keeping track of little changes that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Powell these often forgettable landscape changes have resulted in big impacts on everything from local biodiversity to human diets to cultural and societal features like architecture, hobbies, and rural populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Powell’s professional research is focused on the behaviors and what he calls the “life history” of prairie wildlife in changing landscapes. And while the data he gathers are useful from a scientific perspective, they don’t always help the public visualize -- or care about -- the tangible impacts of human activities on natural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, more recently, Powell has set off on an effort to gather something else: the collective memories of prairie life. Specifically, he scours county historical societies and the Nebraska State Historical Museum archives for photographs and articles from relatively recent but nonetheless forgotten times. The end result will be a book that “makes people reflect a little bit, at least,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66776\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 327px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66776 \" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1-467x360.jpg\" alt=\"Solomon Butcher photographed many pioneer families in Custer County prior to 1901. I like to look at the objects this family chose to present for the photographer. Were they sending a message to their relatives back East? Did the presence of elk antlers (no longer found in Custer County) tell their family and friends “we’ve got enough to eat”? (Caption by Larkin Powell. Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection.)\" width=\"327\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family portrait from Custer County, Nebraska from sometime before 1901. Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A portrait of homesteaders showing off a stack of elk antlers where elk no longer exist; a photo of a butcher selling pronghorn for Christmas dinners; an image of a farmer installing an irrigation system with his sons; aerial photographs of farmsteads morphing into fields of row crops over time -- together these images become a biography of the landscape over the last 150 years, a recorded history of human pursuits and the way in which they have affected other species on the prairie. The goal is to fill in the gaps of memory loss, to “make cross-connections,” said Powell, between our behaviors and some of their unnoticed repercussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve slowly been converting grasslands to cropland or modifying the way we farm, slowly over time,” he said. “So the question right now is, if that speed of conversion has gone up like statistics suggest, are we close to a tipping point with some of these species?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent flight to the Sandhills of western Nebraska, Powell said he looked out the window of the plane and wondered, “If I were a pheasant or a meadowlark…where would I go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell’s project is coming together under the working title “The Best of Intentions,” which he said he chose because it’s important to acknowledge that people don’t alter the landscape because they have ill intentions for wildlife. It happens, he said, “out of the necessity to meet demands, and out of the desire to support a family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think that sometimes -- as people who are interested in conservation -- we have a tendency to kind of point fingers and say, ‘Why don’t they get it?’” Powell said. “The point of it is, it just happens. It’s not a pointing-fingers book. This is what we’ve done as a society, and there are things that will happen, and this is how our landscape changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell believes that the photographs and stories he has found could help landowners to recall the slow progression of changes that have impacted their land. “You can sit down with somebody and look at what the land looked like on their place and they’ll be like, ‘Yeah, I guess it really has changed more than I thought it did.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will it alter the course of the future? I’m not sure,” said Powell. “But I think it makes us think, at least a little bit, about the impact we can have on the landscape. Learning from the past, learning from our history, looking at our landscape in a new way helps us see a future we might not have thought of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Click a thumbnail below to open a slideshow of photographs and captions from Powell's collection.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery columns=\"2\" link=\"file\" ids=\"66788,66789,66791,66779,66780,66787,66784,66786\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See also:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/21/us/setting-the-table-for-a-fluttering-comeback-with-milkweed.html?_r=0\">A New York Times article with information about monarch butterfly conservation efforts as their food supply diminishes on the prairie.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">This article from Harvest Public Media describing the loss of prairie to agricultural pursuits, and one family's effort to avoid the ethanol boom and save their grassland.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/sports/local/outdoors/grasslands-under-siege-in-the-plains/article_7bcf969e-0fea-59ee-ba77-8ca1c1eb3023.html\">This editorial from Peter Berthelsen of Pheasants Forever published by the Lincoln Journal Star on December 29, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While prairie is converted to cropland at a breakneck pace, one conservation biologist in Nebraska is finding an alternative way to jog the collective memory of the Great Plains landscape. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442704072,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":true,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1185},"headData":{"title":"Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape | KQED","description":"While prairie is converted to cropland at a breakneck pace, one conservation biologist in Nebraska is finding an alternative way to jog the collective memory of the Great Plains landscape. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape","datePublished":"2014-02-06T15:00:22.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T23:07:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"60576 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60576","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/06/searching-for-a-new-perspective-of-an-altered-landscape/","disqusTitle":"Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape","path":"/quest/60576/searching-for-a-new-perspective-of-an-altered-landscape","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’re old enough to have childhood memories, chances are you’re old enough to have witnessed a land use change. Maybe the woods behind your parents’ home has morphed into rows of new houses. Maybe the creek where you caught your first fish now boasts a parking lot for a big box store. Maybe a particularly picturesque farmstead is now a collection of crumbling structures engulfed by overgrown weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These landscape changes come big and small, and often so gradually that they go unnoticed. That said, many long-time residents of the Great Plains can and will tell you this much: where they once saw diverse prairie habitats, they now see cropland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies examining recent rates of grassland, wetland, and shrubland loss in the country’s midsection have revealed head-turning statistics. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593829/#!po=31.2500\">research report\u003c/a> published by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/index.xhtml\">\u003cstrong>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong> (PNAS)\u003c/a> in March 2013 concluded that grassland-to-cropland conversion rates across “significant portions of the US Western Corn Belt” from 2001 to 2011 were similar to rates of rainforest conversion in Brazil, Malaysia, and Indonesia during the 1980s and 1990s (1.0 to 5.4 percent annually).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also suggested that, especially in Nebraska, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=3593829_pnas.1215404110fig04.jpg\">noticeable fraction of the conversion occurs on marginal lands\u003c/a> that are poorly suited for crop production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Culprits, victims, and beneficiaries of this habitat loss are somewhat debatable, but what is uncontestable is the reality that the Great Plains’ landscapes have been drastically altered over the last century and a half. What was once a grassy wilderness is now a vast agro-industrial zone -- a place where the landscape struggles to support both biodiversity and the crop-based commodities that our times demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not news to \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/powell/\">Larkin Powell\u003c/a>, a professor of conservation biology and wildlife ecology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Since his childhood days on a family farm in rural Iowa, Powell has been taking notice of the landscape changes around him -- and how easy it is to forget how things used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66781 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Views of Kearney, Nebraska from the north hill. I’m always looking for evidence of landscape change. The amount of change to our urban areas is significant—especially in the amount of trees in our towns and cities. This series of images followed by a photo I took in 2013 is an effective reminder that Nebraska’s urban areas have grown and changed their landscapes at the same time the rural landscape has changed. (Caption by Larkin Powell. Top two photos: Buffalo County Historical Society Collection. Bottom photo: Larkin Powell.) \" width=\"336\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Buffalo County Historical Society Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We drive around on our landscapes today and we’re only familiar with what we see today,” said Powell, who added, “We can kind of remember what was there last week. There’s this ‘landscape perception’ field of study that suggests that people don’t do well -- in our brains -- of keeping track of little changes that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Powell these often forgettable landscape changes have resulted in big impacts on everything from local biodiversity to human diets to cultural and societal features like architecture, hobbies, and rural populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Powell’s professional research is focused on the behaviors and what he calls the “life history” of prairie wildlife in changing landscapes. And while the data he gathers are useful from a scientific perspective, they don’t always help the public visualize -- or care about -- the tangible impacts of human activities on natural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, more recently, Powell has set off on an effort to gather something else: the collective memories of prairie life. Specifically, he scours county historical societies and the Nebraska State Historical Museum archives for photographs and articles from relatively recent but nonetheless forgotten times. The end result will be a book that “makes people reflect a little bit, at least,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66776\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 327px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66776 \" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1-467x360.jpg\" alt=\"Solomon Butcher photographed many pioneer families in Custer County prior to 1901. I like to look at the objects this family chose to present for the photographer. Were they sending a message to their relatives back East? Did the presence of elk antlers (no longer found in Custer County) tell their family and friends “we’ve got enough to eat”? (Caption by Larkin Powell. Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection.)\" width=\"327\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family portrait from Custer County, Nebraska from sometime before 1901. Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A portrait of homesteaders showing off a stack of elk antlers where elk no longer exist; a photo of a butcher selling pronghorn for Christmas dinners; an image of a farmer installing an irrigation system with his sons; aerial photographs of farmsteads morphing into fields of row crops over time -- together these images become a biography of the landscape over the last 150 years, a recorded history of human pursuits and the way in which they have affected other species on the prairie. The goal is to fill in the gaps of memory loss, to “make cross-connections,” said Powell, between our behaviors and some of their unnoticed repercussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve slowly been converting grasslands to cropland or modifying the way we farm, slowly over time,” he said. “So the question right now is, if that speed of conversion has gone up like statistics suggest, are we close to a tipping point with some of these species?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent flight to the Sandhills of western Nebraska, Powell said he looked out the window of the plane and wondered, “If I were a pheasant or a meadowlark…where would I go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell’s project is coming together under the working title “The Best of Intentions,” which he said he chose because it’s important to acknowledge that people don’t alter the landscape because they have ill intentions for wildlife. It happens, he said, “out of the necessity to meet demands, and out of the desire to support a family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think that sometimes -- as people who are interested in conservation -- we have a tendency to kind of point fingers and say, ‘Why don’t they get it?’” Powell said. “The point of it is, it just happens. It’s not a pointing-fingers book. This is what we’ve done as a society, and there are things that will happen, and this is how our landscape changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell believes that the photographs and stories he has found could help landowners to recall the slow progression of changes that have impacted their land. “You can sit down with somebody and look at what the land looked like on their place and they’ll be like, ‘Yeah, I guess it really has changed more than I thought it did.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will it alter the course of the future? I’m not sure,” said Powell. “But I think it makes us think, at least a little bit, about the impact we can have on the landscape. Learning from the past, learning from our history, looking at our landscape in a new way helps us see a future we might not have thought of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Click a thumbnail below to open a slideshow of photographs and captions from Powell's collection.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"gallery","attributes":{"named":{"columns":"2","link":"file","ids":"66788,66789,66791,66779,66780,66787,66784,66786","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See also:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/21/us/setting-the-table-for-a-fluttering-comeback-with-milkweed.html?_r=0\">A New York Times article with information about monarch butterfly conservation efforts as their food supply diminishes on the prairie.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">This article from Harvest Public Media describing the loss of prairie to agricultural pursuits, and one family's effort to avoid the ethanol boom and save their grassland.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/sports/local/outdoors/grasslands-under-siege-in-the-plains/article_7bcf969e-0fea-59ee-ba77-8ca1c1eb3023.html\">This editorial from Peter Berthelsen of Pheasants Forever published by the Lincoln Journal Star on December 29, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60576/searching-for-a-new-perspective-of-an-altered-landscape","authors":["10447"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_326","quest_702","quest_733","quest_1023","quest_1073","quest_12269","quest_10353","quest_1374","quest_12594","quest_12591","quest_12590","quest_12586","quest_12588","quest_12596","quest_12593","quest_12511","quest_3929","quest_10388","quest_12595","quest_12589","quest_2187","quest_12587","quest_2349","quest_12354","quest_12592","quest_2844","quest_12598","quest_12597","quest_10511","quest_3155"],"featImg":"quest_66823","label":"quest"},"quest_58267":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_58267","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"58267","score":null,"sort":[1384441213000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"building-better-homes-for-bumblebee-queens","title":"Building Better Homes for Bumblebee Queens","publishDate":1384441213,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-63542\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a moment to think about your dream house. What is it made of? Where is it? What kind of stuff do you have inside to make you feel comfortable, safe, and happy? It’s OK to be picky. It’s your dream house, after all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, if you are fantasizing about a small wooden box in a garden that features a single room full of soft insulating materials that smell like mouse urine, there is something you should know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might be a bumblebee queen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that turns out to be the case, it would be wise for you to befriend Dr. Doug Golick at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. As an assistant professor of entomology, Golick leads a research project called Bumble Boosters, which is equally intent on learning more about bumblebees, promoting the biological and pollination benefits they provide, and finding new ways to get the public involved, from funding to fieldwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 227px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DrGolick.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DrGolick-227x360.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Doug Golick\" width=\"227\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Doug Golick poses for a portrait with one of his bumblebee box prototypes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To me, this is a complex issue,” Golick said. “We all know pollinators are great, but what are the other issues around their management? What are the issues around agriculture related to them? What are the issues related to conservation? How do we convince people to make behavior changes in their yard, where people spray everything to kill all the weeds and get rid of every bug they see? That’s what we’re interested in, because the pollinators really do need our help right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the Bumble Booster research includes understanding what bumblebee queens look for in a home, with the hope that a greater number of attractive domiciles will create less competition among queens for a place to establish their colonies. Queens frequently colonize abandoned, underground rodent dens, but according to Golick, dead queens are often found in the corners of these dens, having lost the battle for the real estate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, a greater number of acceptable domiciles would eliminate these battles and provide a population boost, but so far no human-designed bumblebee home has proven to be up to snuff compared to a good, old-fashioned rat hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of designs out there that are published,” said Golick, but “very few are having any sort of success.” Golick explained that a box with just 10 percent of the domiciles colonized is currently recognized as “good” success, but most of the existing design prototypes have barely any colonization occurring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to build a box with a higher success rate than that,” he said. “I think if they were a more directly noticeable economic insect, we’d probably have all this stuff figured out by now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63620\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 302px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/BEEBUMBLE.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63620 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/BEEBUMBLE-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"302\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bumblebee checks out a pink cosmos in southeast Nebraska.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to him, what a doe-eyed, fuzzy, striped, and generally docile bumblebee lacks in economic value may be made up for by its ability to get the ordinary citizen interested in science and habitat conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Golick agreed that bumblebees could take on the same role as pandas, elephants, wolves, and other “charismatic megafauna” used to spur public interest in conserving habitats that also support less charming but equally at-risk or endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63618\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 306px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/IMG_3497.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63618 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/IMG_3497-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"306\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louise Lynch, a PhD student at UNL, studies the behavioral and educational outcomes of citizen science projects. Here she is seen constructing a Bumble Booster bumblebee box, which will be completed and distributed before spring 2014.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, he launched a Bumble Boosters Kickstarter campaign in May 2013, and through its success, crowdsourced the funding to construct 200 bumblebee boxes on the UNL campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime prior to spring 2014, contributors who donated $100 or more will receive their very own box to set up in a place where a family of bumblebees would be welcome, such as a flower garden. Time will then tell whether or not the box design is successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much as the team would like to discover the formula for making a bumblebee dream house, an equally important goal is to learn how these citizen scientists engage in the scientific process and what individuals do in their communities to get friends and neighbors involved in scientific pursuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">“Insects are a vehicle to teach science,” Golick said. “So, for things like pollinators that are really a hot topic right now, I think we can take advantage of that to help the public become aware of the benefits of insects and the benefits of making critical decisions about complex issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/CU_box.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62467 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/CU_box-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bumblebee Box \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Doug Golick carries one of the Bumble Boosters bumblebee box prototypes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A Nebraska scientist is building bumblebee boxes in an effort to learn more about these mysterious pollinators and get the public engaged in the scientific process.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1384300077,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":793},"headData":{"title":"Building Better Homes for Bumblebee Queens | KQED","description":"A Nebraska scientist is building bumblebee boxes in an effort to learn more about these mysterious pollinators and get the public engaged in the scientific process.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Building Better Homes for Bumblebee Queens","datePublished":"2013-11-14T15:00:13.000Z","dateModified":"2013-11-12T23:47:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"58267 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=58267","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/14/building-better-homes-for-bumblebee-queens/","disqusTitle":"Building Better Homes for Bumblebee Queens","path":"/quest/58267/building-better-homes-for-bumblebee-queens","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-63542\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/FeaturedImage_BBB_1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a moment to think about your dream house. What is it made of? Where is it? What kind of stuff do you have inside to make you feel comfortable, safe, and happy? It’s OK to be picky. It’s your dream house, after all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, if you are fantasizing about a small wooden box in a garden that features a single room full of soft insulating materials that smell like mouse urine, there is something you should know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might be a bumblebee queen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that turns out to be the case, it would be wise for you to befriend Dr. Doug Golick at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. As an assistant professor of entomology, Golick leads a research project called Bumble Boosters, which is equally intent on learning more about bumblebees, promoting the biological and pollination benefits they provide, and finding new ways to get the public involved, from funding to fieldwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 227px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DrGolick.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DrGolick-227x360.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Doug Golick\" width=\"227\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Doug Golick poses for a portrait with one of his bumblebee box prototypes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To me, this is a complex issue,” Golick said. “We all know pollinators are great, but what are the other issues around their management? What are the issues around agriculture related to them? What are the issues related to conservation? How do we convince people to make behavior changes in their yard, where people spray everything to kill all the weeds and get rid of every bug they see? That’s what we’re interested in, because the pollinators really do need our help right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the Bumble Booster research includes understanding what bumblebee queens look for in a home, with the hope that a greater number of attractive domiciles will create less competition among queens for a place to establish their colonies. Queens frequently colonize abandoned, underground rodent dens, but according to Golick, dead queens are often found in the corners of these dens, having lost the battle for the real estate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, a greater number of acceptable domiciles would eliminate these battles and provide a population boost, but so far no human-designed bumblebee home has proven to be up to snuff compared to a good, old-fashioned rat hole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of designs out there that are published,” said Golick, but “very few are having any sort of success.” Golick explained that a box with just 10 percent of the domiciles colonized is currently recognized as “good” success, but most of the existing design prototypes have barely any colonization occurring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to build a box with a higher success rate than that,” he said. “I think if they were a more directly noticeable economic insect, we’d probably have all this stuff figured out by now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63620\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 302px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/BEEBUMBLE.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63620 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/BEEBUMBLE-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"302\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bumblebee checks out a pink cosmos in southeast Nebraska.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to him, what a doe-eyed, fuzzy, striped, and generally docile bumblebee lacks in economic value may be made up for by its ability to get the ordinary citizen interested in science and habitat conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Golick agreed that bumblebees could take on the same role as pandas, elephants, wolves, and other “charismatic megafauna” used to spur public interest in conserving habitats that also support less charming but equally at-risk or endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63618\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 306px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/IMG_3497.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63618 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/IMG_3497-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"306\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louise Lynch, a PhD student at UNL, studies the behavioral and educational outcomes of citizen science projects. Here she is seen constructing a Bumble Booster bumblebee box, which will be completed and distributed before spring 2014.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With that in mind, he launched a Bumble Boosters Kickstarter campaign in May 2013, and through its success, crowdsourced the funding to construct 200 bumblebee boxes on the UNL campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometime prior to spring 2014, contributors who donated $100 or more will receive their very own box to set up in a place where a family of bumblebees would be welcome, such as a flower garden. Time will then tell whether or not the box design is successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much as the team would like to discover the formula for making a bumblebee dream house, an equally important goal is to learn how these citizen scientists engage in the scientific process and what individuals do in their communities to get friends and neighbors involved in scientific pursuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">“Insects are a vehicle to teach science,” Golick said. “So, for things like pollinators that are really a hot topic right now, I think we can take advantage of that to help the public become aware of the benefits of insects and the benefits of making critical decisions about complex issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62467\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/CU_box.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62467 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/CU_box-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bumblebee Box \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Doug Golick carries one of the Bumble Boosters bumblebee box prototypes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/58267/building-better-homes-for-bumblebee-queens","authors":["10447"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_12415","quest_12257","quest_12418","quest_684","quest_11375","quest_12416","quest_13196","quest_3564","quest_12269","quest_12417","quest_2255","quest_2256","quest_3289","quest_13364","quest_10511"],"featImg":"quest_63542","label":"quest"},"quest_55622":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_55622","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"55622","score":null,"sort":[1379340019000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fending-off-invasive-species-with-science-education-and-a-beer-can","title":"Fending off Invasive Species with Science, Education, and a Beer Can","publishDate":1379340019,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59531\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59531\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"081913buschlitecloseup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The zebra mussel that was found on a beer can in an Omaha lake in 2010.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It probably isn’t the only empty beer can to have found its way to the floor of Zorinsky Lake in Omaha, Nebraska, and it probably won’t be the last. But in the story of a domestic battle that has had wide-ranging ecological and economic consequences, it is certainly the most significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addison Krebs, the Omaha Boy Scout who found the beer can on November 9, 2010, quickly became a hero to local biologists, ecologists, and water recreation enthusiasts -- not just because of his efforts to clean the lake of litter but also because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.omaha.com/article/20101125/NEWS01/711249794\">what he discovered in the process\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attached to the top rim of the beer can was the first zebra mussel ever found in a publicly accessible Nebraska lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relentlessly efficient breeders, zebra mussels have been spreading from the Great Lakes to waterways in eastern states and throughout the Rust Belt since 1986. Over the last decade they have steadily encroached upon the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" \" style=\"border: 10px;margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 15px\" src=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"355\" height=\"242\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/\">US Geological Survey\u003c/a> map shows annual distribution of confirmed zebra and quagga mussel occurences in United States waters between 1986 and 2011. Click on the image to view an enlarged version.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Officials quickly reacted to Krebs’s discovery, draining the lake and freezing out any remaining threat. In the three years since (and despite exploding populations in the neighboring states of Kansas, Missouri, and Iowa), no established zebra mussel populations have been found within Nebraska’s borders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fabled, mussel-sporting beer can from Omaha is now a trophy of sorts at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Nebraska-Invasive-Species-Project/356557141125\">Nebraska Invasive Species Project\u003c/a> headquarters at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The project works to increase public awareness of invasive species, which fosters the possibility of early detection and rapid eradication like that accomplished at \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=zorinsky+lake+omaha+ne&ll=41.22005,-96.161785&spn=0.056103,0.131922&client=safari&oe=UTF-8&hnear=Zorinsky+Lake&gl=us&t=h&z=14\">Zorinsky Lake\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodney Verhoeff coordinated the project during Nebraska’s spring and summer boating season of 2013. He says that when future generations reflect on the health and stability of native ecosystems, current efforts to control invasive species like zebra mussels will be a part of our generation’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we’re in this age of information, we know better. So, given the fact that we’ve done the research and have the knowledge, I’d say we have the responsibility, even the obligation, to do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s at stake if we don’t? Lots of money, for one thing. Unchecked populations of mussels can quickly colonize the insides of pipes and attach to the hard surfaces of water-based infrastructures, problems that potentially cost millions of dollars to fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the real victims are the native species that normally support functional, productive ecosystems. Verhoeff warns that an invasive species like the zebra mussel can throw off an entire ecosystem’s balance, or “biological homeostasis.” One of his biggest concerns is that even the professionals who pay close attention to the intricacies of ecosystems don’t know all the consequences of an invasive species running wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60251\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60251 \" style=\"border: 1px solid orange;margin-top: 25px;margin-bottom: 5px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe-640x360.gif\" alt=\"shoe\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A shoe encrusted by quagga mussels--a relative to the zebra mussel--at the Nebraska Invasive Species Project headquarters. Quagga mussels behave similarly to zebra mussels and are another a major concern in the United States. See \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/current_zm_quag_map.jpg\">this USGS map\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you take something so complex, like a web, and you pluck one little part out, you think it has no impact, but it could have huge, huge impacts elsewhere,” Verhoeff explains. “So, it’s much better to take a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides public education, the Nebraska Invasive Species Project takes a proactive approach by regularly gathering water samples from Nebraska lakes and searching for microscopic zebra mussel veligers (the zebra mussel’s larval stage). Evidence of veligers would trigger a rapid and thorough response at the lake from which it was pulled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None have been found yet, but with so many nearby lakes impacted and the relatively low levels of state-funded resources available to fight these invasives, it’s hard to imagine that Nebraska’s streak of luck will last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verhoeff wants to see an expanded state policy, such as mandatory boat inspections like \u003ca href=\"http://wildlife.state.co.us/Fishing/Management/MandatoryBoatInspections/Pages/MandatoryBoatInspections.aspx\">those implemented in Colorado\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says there is great support for that because, “people on the water understand that this is a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some are economically driven and some are recreationally driven because they know what this could do to our fisheries,” he says. “And then there’s another group that just understands that it’s our job to be good stewards of the environment, that it’s our obligation to take care of these natural communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" link=\"file\" ids=\"60213,60211,60214,60212,60216,60217\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How an alert Boy Scout, hard working biologists, and continued vigilance have helped one Great Plains state remain free of invasive zebra mussels -- for now. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1379541208,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":true,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":825},"headData":{"title":"Fending off Invasive Species with Science, Education, and a Beer Can | KQED","description":"How an alert Boy Scout, hard working biologists, and continued vigilance have helped one Great Plains state remain free of invasive zebra mussels -- for now. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fending off Invasive Species with Science, Education, and a Beer Can","datePublished":"2013-09-16T14:00:19.000Z","dateModified":"2013-09-18T21:53:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"55622 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=55622","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/16/fending-off-invasive-species-with-science-education-and-a-beer-can/","disqusTitle":"Fending off Invasive Species with Science, Education, and a Beer Can","path":"/quest/55622/fending-off-invasive-species-with-science-education-and-a-beer-can","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59531\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59531\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"081913buschlitecloseup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The zebra mussel that was found on a beer can in an Omaha lake in 2010.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It probably isn’t the only empty beer can to have found its way to the floor of Zorinsky Lake in Omaha, Nebraska, and it probably won’t be the last. But in the story of a domestic battle that has had wide-ranging ecological and economic consequences, it is certainly the most significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addison Krebs, the Omaha Boy Scout who found the beer can on November 9, 2010, quickly became a hero to local biologists, ecologists, and water recreation enthusiasts -- not just because of his efforts to clean the lake of litter but also because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.omaha.com/article/20101125/NEWS01/711249794\">what he discovered in the process\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attached to the top rim of the beer can was the first zebra mussel ever found in a publicly accessible Nebraska lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relentlessly efficient breeders, zebra mussels have been spreading from the Great Lakes to waterways in eastern states and throughout the Rust Belt since 1986. Over the last decade they have steadily encroached upon the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" \" style=\"border: 10px;margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 15px\" src=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"355\" height=\"242\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/\">US Geological Survey\u003c/a> map shows annual distribution of confirmed zebra and quagga mussel occurences in United States waters between 1986 and 2011. Click on the image to view an enlarged version.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Officials quickly reacted to Krebs’s discovery, draining the lake and freezing out any remaining threat. In the three years since (and despite exploding populations in the neighboring states of Kansas, Missouri, and Iowa), no established zebra mussel populations have been found within Nebraska’s borders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fabled, mussel-sporting beer can from Omaha is now a trophy of sorts at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Nebraska-Invasive-Species-Project/356557141125\">Nebraska Invasive Species Project\u003c/a> headquarters at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The project works to increase public awareness of invasive species, which fosters the possibility of early detection and rapid eradication like that accomplished at \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=zorinsky+lake+omaha+ne&ll=41.22005,-96.161785&spn=0.056103,0.131922&client=safari&oe=UTF-8&hnear=Zorinsky+Lake&gl=us&t=h&z=14\">Zorinsky Lake\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodney Verhoeff coordinated the project during Nebraska’s spring and summer boating season of 2013. He says that when future generations reflect on the health and stability of native ecosystems, current efforts to control invasive species like zebra mussels will be a part of our generation’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we’re in this age of information, we know better. So, given the fact that we’ve done the research and have the knowledge, I’d say we have the responsibility, even the obligation, to do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s at stake if we don’t? Lots of money, for one thing. Unchecked populations of mussels can quickly colonize the insides of pipes and attach to the hard surfaces of water-based infrastructures, problems that potentially cost millions of dollars to fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the real victims are the native species that normally support functional, productive ecosystems. Verhoeff warns that an invasive species like the zebra mussel can throw off an entire ecosystem’s balance, or “biological homeostasis.” One of his biggest concerns is that even the professionals who pay close attention to the intricacies of ecosystems don’t know all the consequences of an invasive species running wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60251\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60251 \" style=\"border: 1px solid orange;margin-top: 25px;margin-bottom: 5px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe-640x360.gif\" alt=\"shoe\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A shoe encrusted by quagga mussels--a relative to the zebra mussel--at the Nebraska Invasive Species Project headquarters. Quagga mussels behave similarly to zebra mussels and are another a major concern in the United States. See \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/current_zm_quag_map.jpg\">this USGS map\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you take something so complex, like a web, and you pluck one little part out, you think it has no impact, but it could have huge, huge impacts elsewhere,” Verhoeff explains. “So, it’s much better to take a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides public education, the Nebraska Invasive Species Project takes a proactive approach by regularly gathering water samples from Nebraska lakes and searching for microscopic zebra mussel veligers (the zebra mussel’s larval stage). Evidence of veligers would trigger a rapid and thorough response at the lake from which it was pulled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None have been found yet, but with so many nearby lakes impacted and the relatively low levels of state-funded resources available to fight these invasives, it’s hard to imagine that Nebraska’s streak of luck will last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verhoeff wants to see an expanded state policy, such as mandatory boat inspections like \u003ca href=\"http://wildlife.state.co.us/Fishing/Management/MandatoryBoatInspections/Pages/MandatoryBoatInspections.aspx\">those implemented in Colorado\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says there is great support for that because, “people on the water understand that this is a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some are economically driven and some are recreationally driven because they know what this could do to our fisheries,” he says. “And then there’s another group that just understands that it’s our job to be good stewards of the environment, that it’s our obligation to take care of these natural communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"gallery","attributes":{"named":{"type":"slideshow","link":"file","ids":"60213,60211,60214,60212,60216,60217","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/55622/fending-off-invasive-species-with-science-education-and-a-beer-can","authors":["10447"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_12242","quest_326","quest_12248","quest_12243","quest_684","quest_13196","quest_1103","quest_12269","quest_12246","quest_1489","quest_3930","quest_9933","quest_12245","quest_3289","quest_12244","quest_2530","quest_12060","quest_10511","quest_12247","quest_12241"],"featImg":"quest_60368","label":"quest"},"quest_53521":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53521","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53521","score":null,"sort":[1375192807000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"purslane-resilient-weed-wild-edible","title":"Tough and Tasty: Recasting a Resilient Weed as a Wild Edible ","publishDate":1375192807,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58462\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/ross1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58462 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/ross1-640x358.png\" alt=\"ross\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>(Photo by Jon Augustine/QUEST)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If a farmer told you \u003cstrong>not \u003c/strong>to pull a weed, would you be worried about him? Maybe you’d insist he get out of the heat and drink some water, or take a vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, that farmer may have good reason to protect his weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the middle of July 2012, the costliest drought in recorded history had Nebraska in its grip. Not a sprinkle of rain had fallen on Ross Brockley’s farm since June 4, and wouldn’t again until July 31. His half-dozen acres of vegetable gardens were green thanks only to constant watering by hand and diligent weeding performed by Brockley, his wife, Barb, and me, his lone farmhand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the southeast corner of the state, residents had spent their summer watching scorched soil crack and fields of crops turn brown. On this particular day I noticed a very healthy plant in an empty garden bed. It didn’t resemble anything I recognized as food so I pulled it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Even amid the dead stalks of drought-stricken corn, purslane was defiantly rearing its little red branches.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Don’t do that!” Brockley yelped from across the garden. “I’m saving it,” he said sternly. “We’ll eat that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant looked like a bundle of long red worms, each with several green oval-shaped cartoon ears. It looked more like something suited for a compost pile than a cultivated garden. This drought had clearly taken a toll on Brockley’s mental state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He picked up the plant I had just discarded, broke off two stems, and put one in his mouth. He held the other in front of my face, indicating that I was to follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s purslane,” he said as he chewed, “and it’s primo!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hesitantly took a bite and chewed it slowly. “Peppery,” I thought. The crunch felt like a snap pea with the skin of an apple. Then came a blast of citrus flavor. I would have told Brockley that I enjoyed it, but I couldn’t bring myself to interrupt his obvious state of food bliss. I simply looked on as he finished eating the entire plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"//www.youtube.com/v/HubIGpwJFkE?version=3&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/HubIGpwJFkE?version=3&hl=en_US\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this introduction to purslane, I started seeing it everywhere -- from my yard to cracks in sidewalks to the shoulders of gravel roads. Even amid the dead stalks of drought-stricken corn, purslane was defiantly rearing its little red branches. The stuff seemed to be laughing in the face of the unrelenting dry spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wondered if my conditioned aversion to weeds had been keeping me from trying other wild edibles, so I sought out an expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslaneoxtailsoup-1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslaneoxtailsoup-1.png\" alt=\"purslaneoxtailsoup-1\" width=\"242\" height=\"747\">\u003c/a>Kay Young is a local legend among plant people. In 1993, she authored \u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/lhy55p6\">\u003cstrong>Wild Seasons: Gathering and Cooking Wild Plants of the Great Plains\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and has been active in Lincoln’s gardening community for decades. The 82-year-old has dedicated her life to local folklore, horticulture, and ethnobotany. A quick tour of her backyard revealed a variety of nurtured plants that one would expect to see in a yard-waste bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She walked me around her property, showing off several edible plants that occur naturally in our prairie ecosystems. We nipped at milkweed, lambsquarter, various flower blossoms, dandelions, and more. Young’s current favorite is Virginia mountain mint, which is native to Nebraska. It makes a refreshing, sugar-free drink when refrigerated in a pitcher of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At her driveway we snacked on purslane that she’d planted in flowerpots. She recommended including the leaves in tacos and burritos and praised its ability to replace less reliable greens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you make a sandwich with mayonnaise or salad dressing, it doesn’t get wimpy the way lettuce does,” she said of purslane’s hardy leaves. “And in the summer, when the lettuce is getting bitter, purslane is still just wonderful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so with minimal to no help, purslane and other wild plants are thriving during the country’s worst drought in decades. On top of that, they taste good. But the label “edible” is just a nice way of saying it’s something to chew on that won’t kill you, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wrong. For instance, purslane might be one of the healthiest greens out there. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0716-97602004000200013&script=sci_arttext\">A study by the Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health,\u003c/a> a nonprofit research organization in Washington, D.C., states that purslane is the “richest source of omega-3 fatty acids of any green leafy vegetable yet examined.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Omega-3 fatty acids contribute to proper metabolism, and according to the same report, their presence is waning in a Western diet that strays from nutrient sources that humans evolved to need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In developing new sources of food, the study of dietary composition of wild plants is essential,” the report concludes. “Their cultivation should lead to increased production of plants rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, both of which reduce the risk of chronic diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Reading this made me wonder why we weren’t cultivating nutritious, drought-tolerant weeds like purslane. Could some of these wild edibles become dinner-table staples in the near future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslane_breakoutphoto.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-58260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslane_breakoutphoto-640x325.png\" alt=\"purslane_breakoutphoto\" width=\"640\" height=\"325\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question I visited Bob Henrickson, an assistant director of the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu\">Nebraska State Arboretum\u003c/a> at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henrickson agreed that people are failing themselves by not indulging in the prairie’s naturally occurring food sources. He acknowledged that cultivating these so-called weeds would require less water and potentially reduce the need for pesticides and chemical fertilizers, but he was not optimistic that vast fields of purslane, milkweed, or gooseberries would soon replace the established, lucrative crops of the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re never gonna outcompete corn and beans,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He suggested that the best chance to get wild edibles onto dinner plates on a larger scale is to introduce them to urban gardeners who grow food to support their own dietary values and not their pocketbooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Use them with the attitude that ‘it’s going to enhance my food,’ not that ‘I’m going to save me and the planet,’ and you’ll find yourself using them more and more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the farm, Brockley agrees with that sentiment. He just wants to see his customers using common sense in their relationship with purslane instead of worrying about his mental health when he eats it in front of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People say, ‘That stuff grows in the cracks of my sidewalk. I don’t want to eat that.’ But when you think about it, it’s growing in the cracks of sidewalks during the worst drought of most of our lives. Isn’t that exactly what you want to eat?” asks Brockley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever is in that plant, keeping it alive and healthy,” he adds, “I want in my blood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Find out why some residents of a drought-plagued state are welcoming a weed to their gardens—and their dinner plates.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1375399144,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1205},"headData":{"title":"Tough and Tasty: Recasting a Resilient Weed as a Wild Edible | KQED","description":"Find out why some residents of a drought-plagued state are welcoming a weed to their gardens—and their dinner plates.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Tough and Tasty: Recasting a Resilient Weed as a Wild Edible ","datePublished":"2013-07-30T14:00:07.000Z","dateModified":"2013-08-01T23:19:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"53521 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53521","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/07/30/purslane-resilient-weed-wild-edible/","disqusTitle":"Tough and Tasty: Recasting a Resilient Weed as a Wild Edible ","path":"/quest/53521/purslane-resilient-weed-wild-edible","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58462\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/ross1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58462 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/ross1-640x358.png\" alt=\"ross\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>(Photo by Jon Augustine/QUEST)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If a farmer told you \u003cstrong>not \u003c/strong>to pull a weed, would you be worried about him? Maybe you’d insist he get out of the heat and drink some water, or take a vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, that farmer may have good reason to protect his weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the middle of July 2012, the costliest drought in recorded history had Nebraska in its grip. Not a sprinkle of rain had fallen on Ross Brockley’s farm since June 4, and wouldn’t again until July 31. His half-dozen acres of vegetable gardens were green thanks only to constant watering by hand and diligent weeding performed by Brockley, his wife, Barb, and me, his lone farmhand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the southeast corner of the state, residents had spent their summer watching scorched soil crack and fields of crops turn brown. On this particular day I noticed a very healthy plant in an empty garden bed. It didn’t resemble anything I recognized as food so I pulled it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Even amid the dead stalks of drought-stricken corn, purslane was defiantly rearing its little red branches.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Don’t do that!” Brockley yelped from across the garden. “I’m saving it,” he said sternly. “We’ll eat that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant looked like a bundle of long red worms, each with several green oval-shaped cartoon ears. It looked more like something suited for a compost pile than a cultivated garden. This drought had clearly taken a toll on Brockley’s mental state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He picked up the plant I had just discarded, broke off two stems, and put one in his mouth. He held the other in front of my face, indicating that I was to follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s purslane,” he said as he chewed, “and it’s primo!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hesitantly took a bite and chewed it slowly. “Peppery,” I thought. The crunch felt like a snap pea with the skin of an apple. Then came a blast of citrus flavor. I would have told Brockley that I enjoyed it, but I couldn’t bring myself to interrupt his obvious state of food bliss. I simply looked on as he finished eating the entire plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"//www.youtube.com/v/HubIGpwJFkE?version=3&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/HubIGpwJFkE?version=3&hl=en_US\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this introduction to purslane, I started seeing it everywhere -- from my yard to cracks in sidewalks to the shoulders of gravel roads. Even amid the dead stalks of drought-stricken corn, purslane was defiantly rearing its little red branches. The stuff seemed to be laughing in the face of the unrelenting dry spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wondered if my conditioned aversion to weeds had been keeping me from trying other wild edibles, so I sought out an expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslaneoxtailsoup-1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslaneoxtailsoup-1.png\" alt=\"purslaneoxtailsoup-1\" width=\"242\" height=\"747\">\u003c/a>Kay Young is a local legend among plant people. In 1993, she authored \u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/lhy55p6\">\u003cstrong>Wild Seasons: Gathering and Cooking Wild Plants of the Great Plains\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and has been active in Lincoln’s gardening community for decades. The 82-year-old has dedicated her life to local folklore, horticulture, and ethnobotany. A quick tour of her backyard revealed a variety of nurtured plants that one would expect to see in a yard-waste bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She walked me around her property, showing off several edible plants that occur naturally in our prairie ecosystems. We nipped at milkweed, lambsquarter, various flower blossoms, dandelions, and more. Young’s current favorite is Virginia mountain mint, which is native to Nebraska. It makes a refreshing, sugar-free drink when refrigerated in a pitcher of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At her driveway we snacked on purslane that she’d planted in flowerpots. She recommended including the leaves in tacos and burritos and praised its ability to replace less reliable greens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you make a sandwich with mayonnaise or salad dressing, it doesn’t get wimpy the way lettuce does,” she said of purslane’s hardy leaves. “And in the summer, when the lettuce is getting bitter, purslane is still just wonderful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so with minimal to no help, purslane and other wild plants are thriving during the country’s worst drought in decades. On top of that, they taste good. But the label “edible” is just a nice way of saying it’s something to chew on that won’t kill you, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wrong. For instance, purslane might be one of the healthiest greens out there. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0716-97602004000200013&script=sci_arttext\">A study by the Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health,\u003c/a> a nonprofit research organization in Washington, D.C., states that purslane is the “richest source of omega-3 fatty acids of any green leafy vegetable yet examined.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Omega-3 fatty acids contribute to proper metabolism, and according to the same report, their presence is waning in a Western diet that strays from nutrient sources that humans evolved to need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In developing new sources of food, the study of dietary composition of wild plants is essential,” the report concludes. “Their cultivation should lead to increased production of plants rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, both of which reduce the risk of chronic diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Reading this made me wonder why we weren’t cultivating nutritious, drought-tolerant weeds like purslane. Could some of these wild edibles become dinner-table staples in the near future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslane_breakoutphoto.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-58260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslane_breakoutphoto-640x325.png\" alt=\"purslane_breakoutphoto\" width=\"640\" height=\"325\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question I visited Bob Henrickson, an assistant director of the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu\">Nebraska State Arboretum\u003c/a> at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henrickson agreed that people are failing themselves by not indulging in the prairie’s naturally occurring food sources. He acknowledged that cultivating these so-called weeds would require less water and potentially reduce the need for pesticides and chemical fertilizers, but he was not optimistic that vast fields of purslane, milkweed, or gooseberries would soon replace the established, lucrative crops of the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re never gonna outcompete corn and beans,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He suggested that the best chance to get wild edibles onto dinner plates on a larger scale is to introduce them to urban gardeners who grow food to support their own dietary values and not their pocketbooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Use them with the attitude that ‘it’s going to enhance my food,’ not that ‘I’m going to save me and the planet,’ and you’ll find yourself using them more and more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the farm, Brockley agrees with that sentiment. He just wants to see his customers using common sense in their relationship with purslane instead of worrying about his mental health when he eats it in front of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People say, ‘That stuff grows in the cracks of my sidewalk. I don’t want to eat that.’ But when you think about it, it’s growing in the cracks of sidewalks during the worst drought of most of our lives. Isn’t that exactly what you want to eat?” asks Brockley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever is in that plant, keeping it alive and healthy,” he adds, “I want in my blood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53521/purslane-resilient-weed-wild-edible","authors":["10447"],"categories":["quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_12173","quest_12171","quest_830","quest_886","quest_12174","quest_12175","quest_12168","quest_1073","quest_1122","quest_12169","quest_9934","quest_3930","quest_12172","quest_2022","quest_12167","quest_3289","quest_12170","quest_12176","quest_13364","quest_12060","quest_10511","quest_9885"],"featImg":"quest_58461","label":"quest"},"quest_27960":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27960","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27960","score":null,"sort":[1323190813000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"songbirds-as-a-measure-of-farm-sustainability","title":"Songbirds as a Measure of Farm Sustainability","publishDate":1323190813,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27964\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/dickcissel.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27964\" title=\"dickcissel\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/dickcissel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dickcissel - a grassland bird. Photo Credit: Amy Larson \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dickcissel - a grassland bird. Photo Credit: Amy Larson\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In an effort to improve the sustainability and health of their land, farmers are increasingly interested in taking a systems approach to farmland management. A systems approach acknowledges the key connections between ecological, economic, and social components. Given the ensuing complexity, measuring the health of a farm system requires good diagnostic tools. In addition, these tools need to be clear and straightforward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our current effort at the University of Nebraska Lincoln to develop a set of such indicators for farmers, the \u003ca href=\"http://hfi.unl.edu/hfi.shtml\">Healthy Farm Index\u003c/a>, focuses on biodiversity and ecosystem services at the farm scale. One indicator in the index is the presences of a given set of birds on the farm. Birds are a popular indicator because they are sensitive to change in farm practices, found broadly in the environment, and are easy to detect by sight and sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to detect birds by sound has spurred our research group to develop resources to aid farmers and other people interested in the songs and calls of farmland birds. As researchers, we use auditory detections of birds as one of our primary monitoring tools. With acoustic recorders, we have recorded the songs and calls of our local bird communities. Back in the lab, we use software to identify and isolate the best songs and calls. These vocalizations have been posted to our website, \u003ca href=\"http://mediahub.unl.edu/channels/186\">Farmland Birds of Nebraska\u003c/a>, and distributed back to farmers and others interested on CDs. With the acoustic recordings, farmers can select a group of indicator species suitable for their area, learn its call, and listen for the bird while working in the field. This information can be used by the farmer in assessing their own farm or can be shared more broadly with researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recordings also allow farmers to share with consumers (many of whom are birders) an added environmental benefit of their farm. This spring we were able to take these recorded vocalizations back to one of our participating farms. In partnership with \u003ca href=\"http://www.commongoodfarm.com/\">Common Good Farm\u003c/a>, we hosted a “Birding on the Farm” tour. Local residents and other farmers spent the morning listening for and identifying the community of birds at the farm. New and experienced birders alike were surprised at the diversity found on the single farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the coming months, we are expanding our network of recorders. This winter we will be monitoring winter bird communities on participating farms and testing the influences that road noise may have on bird vocalization and communication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"John Quinn, a researcher at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, explains how he collects and uses bird calls to establish an indicator for farm healthiness known as the Healthy Farm Index. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366754361,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":422},"headData":{"title":"Songbirds as a Measure of Farm Sustainability | KQED","description":"John Quinn, a researcher at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, explains how he collects and uses bird calls to establish an indicator for farm healthiness known as the Healthy Farm Index. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Songbirds as a Measure of Farm Sustainability","datePublished":"2011-12-06T17:00:13.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T21:59:21.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"27960 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=27960","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/06/songbirds-as-a-measure-of-farm-sustainability/","disqusTitle":"Songbirds as a Measure of Farm Sustainability","path":"/quest/27960/songbirds-as-a-measure-of-farm-sustainability","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27964\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/dickcissel.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27964\" title=\"dickcissel\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/dickcissel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dickcissel - a grassland bird. Photo Credit: Amy Larson \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dickcissel - a grassland bird. Photo Credit: Amy Larson\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In an effort to improve the sustainability and health of their land, farmers are increasingly interested in taking a systems approach to farmland management. A systems approach acknowledges the key connections between ecological, economic, and social components. Given the ensuing complexity, measuring the health of a farm system requires good diagnostic tools. In addition, these tools need to be clear and straightforward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our current effort at the University of Nebraska Lincoln to develop a set of such indicators for farmers, the \u003ca href=\"http://hfi.unl.edu/hfi.shtml\">Healthy Farm Index\u003c/a>, focuses on biodiversity and ecosystem services at the farm scale. One indicator in the index is the presences of a given set of birds on the farm. Birds are a popular indicator because they are sensitive to change in farm practices, found broadly in the environment, and are easy to detect by sight and sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability to detect birds by sound has spurred our research group to develop resources to aid farmers and other people interested in the songs and calls of farmland birds. As researchers, we use auditory detections of birds as one of our primary monitoring tools. With acoustic recorders, we have recorded the songs and calls of our local bird communities. Back in the lab, we use software to identify and isolate the best songs and calls. These vocalizations have been posted to our website, \u003ca href=\"http://mediahub.unl.edu/channels/186\">Farmland Birds of Nebraska\u003c/a>, and distributed back to farmers and others interested on CDs. With the acoustic recordings, farmers can select a group of indicator species suitable for their area, learn its call, and listen for the bird while working in the field. This information can be used by the farmer in assessing their own farm or can be shared more broadly with researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recordings also allow farmers to share with consumers (many of whom are birders) an added environmental benefit of their farm. This spring we were able to take these recorded vocalizations back to one of our participating farms. In partnership with \u003ca href=\"http://www.commongoodfarm.com/\">Common Good Farm\u003c/a>, we hosted a “Birding on the Farm” tour. Local residents and other farmers spent the morning listening for and identifying the community of birds at the farm. New and experienced birders alike were surprised at the diversity found on the single farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the coming months, we are expanding our network of recorders. This winter we will be monitoring winter bird communities on participating farms and testing the influences that road noise may have on bird vocalization and communication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27960/songbirds-as-a-measure-of-farm-sustainability","authors":["10309"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_10512","quest_10513","quest_85","quest_252","quest_326","quest_10514","quest_921","quest_1073","quest_10510","quest_3351","quest_3930","quest_3929","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3289","quest_2731","quest_2844","quest_13364","quest_10511"],"featImg":"quest_27963","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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