Carving the holiday dinosaur: a phylogeny of wishbones
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class=\"attachment\">\u003ca href='http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/Turkey1.jpg' title='Turkey'>\u003cimg width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/Turkey1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium\" alt=\"Turkey\" title=\"Turkey\" 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She has written for the Berkeley Science Review and the UC Museum of Paleontology’s Understanding Evolution and Understanding Science websites.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Skene | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jennifer-skene"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_47023":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47023","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47023","score":null,"sort":[1353340828000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"turkey-trouble-genetics-gone-too-far","title":"Turkey Trouble: Genetics Gone Too Far?","publishDate":1353340828,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/19/turkey-trouble-genetics-gone-too-far/turkeyfarm/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47026\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47026\" title=\"TurkeyFarm\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/TurkeyFarm.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/TurkeyFarm.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/TurkeyFarm-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We've bred these poor things to the point where they can't even reproduce anymore without our help.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No, this isn’t a blog about genetically modified organisms -- that has been argued enough lately! Instead, in honor of Thanksgiving, I want to talk about regular old selective breeding and the monsters it can create: the industrial turkey, the main course at most dinner tables on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we have all conspired to do to this once noble bird is appallingly awful. In our drive for more healthy white meat, we have selected for giant versions of turkeys with grotesquely over-sized breasts. How over-sized? Their breasts are so big at this point that these poor things can’t successfully mate. Every industrial turkey was created by artificial insemination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only that, but all of that extra muscle has created birds in constant pain. Their bones just can’t easily handle all of that muscle being packed on so quickly. Add the damage to their hearts and the resulting high rate of heart attacks and you have something pretty close to monstrous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And remember, we didn’t engineer these things at all. These caricatures of wild turkeys were hidden in the turkey genome all along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most species have an incredible amount of variation prepacked into their genomes. Look at a Great Dane and a Chihuahua and you’ll know what I mean! Both came from the same basic set of recipes, the wolf genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wild turkeys have a wide range of possible turkeys hidden in their genome too. The current industrial turkey is just a certain combination of all of the different gene versions (or alleles) that were already present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47031\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/19/turkey-trouble-genetics-gone-too-far/goldenretriever/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47031\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47031\" title=\"GoldenRetriever\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/GoldenRetriever.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"267\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It doesn't just stop at turkeys either. Breeding for specific traits affects other animals too.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, if nature had stumbled on this particular combination of alleles in the wild, the resulting turkey would not have survived. Even if it managed to avoid bone damage and heart attacks, the thing couldn't successfully breed anyway. No, this turkey would have mercifully died out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation is different on the factory farm. There the traits which would have doomed this turkey are selected for and this turkey ends up the “winner.” There are definitely different pressures in natural and artificial selection!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this raises the obvious ethical question. Just because we can breed this turkey, should we? The turkey lives a short, miserable life but we get an affordable, healthy source of protein. It is obvious which choice we’ve made as a society, but is it the right one?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course this discussion shouldn’t stop at the turkey. Chickens are having heart attacks all over the place, golden retrievers have a \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask449\">ridiculously high rate of cancer\u003c/a>, and so on for many other artificially selected animals. Should we let this continue so we can have cheaper meat or a dog that looks just so?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before ending, I do want to say that I am not opposed to all artificial selection. Without it, we’d have very few of the crops we have now. Our corn wouldn’t be as sweet, our grapes and bananas would have seeds and so on. It is just that we might want to be more careful in what we create. Especially when we tinker with animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Reading:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/11/turkeytech/\">Great Wired Science Article on the Topic\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ps.fass.org/content/77/12/1773.long\">Article on problems associated with rapid growth\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"No, this isn’t a blog about genetically modified organisms -- that has been argued enough lately! Instead, in honor of Thanksgiving, I want to talk about regular old selective breeding and the monsters it can create.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366756621,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":584},"headData":{"title":"Turkey Trouble: Genetics Gone Too Far? | KQED","description":"No, this isn’t a blog about genetically modified organisms -- that has been argued enough lately! Instead, in honor of Thanksgiving, I want to talk about regular old selective breeding and the monsters it can create.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Turkey Trouble: Genetics Gone Too Far?","datePublished":"2012-11-19T16:00:28.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T22:37:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"47023 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=47023","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/19/turkey-trouble-genetics-gone-too-far/","disqusTitle":"Turkey Trouble: Genetics Gone Too Far?","path":"/quest/47023/turkey-trouble-genetics-gone-too-far","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/19/turkey-trouble-genetics-gone-too-far/turkeyfarm/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47026\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47026\" title=\"TurkeyFarm\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/TurkeyFarm.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/TurkeyFarm.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/TurkeyFarm-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We've bred these poor things to the point where they can't even reproduce anymore without our help.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No, this isn’t a blog about genetically modified organisms -- that has been argued enough lately! Instead, in honor of Thanksgiving, I want to talk about regular old selective breeding and the monsters it can create: the industrial turkey, the main course at most dinner tables on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we have all conspired to do to this once noble bird is appallingly awful. In our drive for more healthy white meat, we have selected for giant versions of turkeys with grotesquely over-sized breasts. How over-sized? Their breasts are so big at this point that these poor things can’t successfully mate. Every industrial turkey was created by artificial insemination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only that, but all of that extra muscle has created birds in constant pain. Their bones just can’t easily handle all of that muscle being packed on so quickly. Add the damage to their hearts and the resulting high rate of heart attacks and you have something pretty close to monstrous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And remember, we didn’t engineer these things at all. These caricatures of wild turkeys were hidden in the turkey genome all along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most species have an incredible amount of variation prepacked into their genomes. Look at a Great Dane and a Chihuahua and you’ll know what I mean! Both came from the same basic set of recipes, the wolf genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wild turkeys have a wide range of possible turkeys hidden in their genome too. The current industrial turkey is just a certain combination of all of the different gene versions (or alleles) that were already present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47031\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/19/turkey-trouble-genetics-gone-too-far/goldenretriever/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47031\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47031\" title=\"GoldenRetriever\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/GoldenRetriever.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"267\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It doesn't just stop at turkeys either. Breeding for specific traits affects other animals too.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, if nature had stumbled on this particular combination of alleles in the wild, the resulting turkey would not have survived. Even if it managed to avoid bone damage and heart attacks, the thing couldn't successfully breed anyway. No, this turkey would have mercifully died out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation is different on the factory farm. There the traits which would have doomed this turkey are selected for and this turkey ends up the “winner.” There are definitely different pressures in natural and artificial selection!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this raises the obvious ethical question. Just because we can breed this turkey, should we? The turkey lives a short, miserable life but we get an affordable, healthy source of protein. It is obvious which choice we’ve made as a society, but is it the right one?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course this discussion shouldn’t stop at the turkey. Chickens are having heart attacks all over the place, golden retrievers have a \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask449\">ridiculously high rate of cancer\u003c/a>, and so on for many other artificially selected animals. Should we let this continue so we can have cheaper meat or a dog that looks just so?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before ending, I do want to say that I am not opposed to all artificial selection. Without it, we’d have very few of the crops we have now. Our corn wouldn’t be as sweet, our grapes and bananas would have seeds and so on. It is just that we might want to be more careful in what we create. Especially when we tinker with animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Reading:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/11/turkeytech/\">Great Wired Science Article on the Topic\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ps.fass.org/content/77/12/1773.long\">Article on problems associated with rapid growth\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47023/turkey-trouble-genetics-gone-too-far","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_1197","quest_13202","quest_11604","quest_13364","quest_2912","quest_3319","quest_3007"],"featImg":"quest_47026","label":"quest"},"quest_10797":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10797","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10797","score":null,"sort":[1290704425000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-superfoods-laden-thanksgiving","title":"A Superfoods-laden Thanksgiving","publishDate":1290704425,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\"><a title='By User:Nino Barbieri [CC-BY-SA-2.5 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], from Wikimedia Commons' href='http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_Pumpkins_-.jpg\u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_Pumpkins_-.jpg\">\u003cimg alt=\"By User:Nino Barbieri [<a href="www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5">CC-BY-SA-2.5</a>], <a href='http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_Pumpkins_-.jpg'>from Wikimedia Commons</a>\" src=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/-_Pumpkins_-.jpg/256px--_Pumpkins_-.jpg\" title=\"Pumpkins\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"256\" height=\"171\">\u003c/a>\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/-_Pumpkins_-.jpg/256px--_Pumpkins_-.jpg\" title=\"Pumpkins\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"256\" height=\"171\">'>\u003cimg width=\"300\" alt=\"- Pumpkins -\" src=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/-_Pumpkins_-.jpg/256px--_Pumpkins_-.jpg\">\u003cem>By User: Nino Barbieri [\u003ca href=\"http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5\">CC-BY-SA-2.5\u003c/a>], \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_Pumpkins_-.jpg\">from Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I come from a family of chefs; I love to cook and during Thanksgiving I am happiest in the kitchen. I can be in a kitchen for hours on end amongst knifes, produce, herbs and sauces in the midst of creation. It usually takes me the whole day to create a meal my family can consume in fifteen minutes flat. But since I cook, they end up doing the dishes so it works out!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past several years, I’ve focused on really healthy meals and have become much more interested in the nutritional impact of food. The average Thanksgiving dinner has a whopping 3500 calories; it would take about 7 hours of moderate biking to burn off the whole meal. I skip the sweeter version of sweet potatoes. I serve baked rosemary sweet potato fries; I’ve also tried ginger and lime infused butternut squash soup, cabbage steamed with apples and tomatoes, polenta with herbs and a trio of mushrooms instead of stuffing and pumpkin pudding instead of the pie. For the past several years, I have also brined my turkey and then used the leftovers to make turkey stock and turkey soup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of my favorite recipes have come from a medical focused cookbook called SuperFoods RX by Dr. Stephen J. Pratt & Kathy Matthews. This book outlines the health benefits of fourteen powerhouse foods that aid in health and longevity in life. Four prominent Thanksgiving food items make the list:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Turkey\u003c/strong> – Turkey is in itself is a lean source of protein, but it also packs nutrients like Riboflavin, Niacin, Iron, Selenium, Zinc, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12. Eating turkey is good for your heart and also lowers the risk for cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pumpkin\u003c/strong> – This fruit is part of the gourd family (the same family that incorporates melons) and is very high in fiber and low in calories. It has a great deal of nutrients like potassium, pantothenic acid, magnesium, and vitamins C and E. It also has high concentrations of digestable carotenoids specifically alpha-carotene and beta-carotene. Carotenoids are linked to decreasing the risk of many cancers and women who have the highest dietary concentrations of cartenoids also have the lowest risk of breast cancer. These nutrients also lower the risk of heart disease as well as the risk for cataracts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sweet Potatoes\u003c/strong> - The sweet potato is a sidekick to pumpkin and has many of the same nutrients and health benefits.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nCranberries\u003c/strong> - Cranberries are a sidekick and cousins to Blueberries; both Cranberries and Blueberries are native to North America. These small berries have very high levels of antioxidant phytonutrients. Phytonutrients have been shown to aid in body cells communicating efficiently even aiding aging brain cells from further degeneration, preventing cellular level mutations, and fighting the onslaught of cancer cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of my recipes and health insights have come from this book. I have a very dog-eared and tattered copy of it on my kitchen shelf. To find more about these superfoods and the rest of the list go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.superfoodsrx.com\">Superfoods RX website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Four prominent Thanksgiving food items could be considered 'superfoods.' Are these on your table?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443829596,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":563},"headData":{"title":"A Superfoods-laden Thanksgiving | KQED","description":"Four prominent Thanksgiving food items could be considered 'superfoods.' Are these on your table?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Superfoods-laden Thanksgiving","datePublished":"2010-11-25T17:00:25.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T23:46:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"10797 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/11/25/a-superfoods-laden-thanksgiving/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/25/a-superfoods-laden-thanksgiving/","disqusTitle":"A Superfoods-laden Thanksgiving","path":"/quest/10797/a-superfoods-laden-thanksgiving","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\"><a title='By User:Nino Barbieri [CC-BY-SA-2.5 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], from Wikimedia Commons' href='http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_Pumpkins_-.jpg\u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_Pumpkins_-.jpg\">\u003cimg alt=\"By User:Nino Barbieri [<a href="www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5">CC-BY-SA-2.5</a>], <a href='http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_Pumpkins_-.jpg'>from Wikimedia Commons</a>\" src=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/-_Pumpkins_-.jpg/256px--_Pumpkins_-.jpg\" title=\"Pumpkins\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"256\" height=\"171\">\u003c/a>\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/-_Pumpkins_-.jpg/256px--_Pumpkins_-.jpg\" title=\"Pumpkins\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"256\" height=\"171\">'>\u003cimg width=\"300\" alt=\"- Pumpkins -\" src=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/-_Pumpkins_-.jpg/256px--_Pumpkins_-.jpg\">\u003cem>By User: Nino Barbieri [\u003ca href=\"http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5\">CC-BY-SA-2.5\u003c/a>], \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_Pumpkins_-.jpg\">from Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I come from a family of chefs; I love to cook and during Thanksgiving I am happiest in the kitchen. I can be in a kitchen for hours on end amongst knifes, produce, herbs and sauces in the midst of creation. It usually takes me the whole day to create a meal my family can consume in fifteen minutes flat. But since I cook, they end up doing the dishes so it works out!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past several years, I’ve focused on really healthy meals and have become much more interested in the nutritional impact of food. The average Thanksgiving dinner has a whopping 3500 calories; it would take about 7 hours of moderate biking to burn off the whole meal. I skip the sweeter version of sweet potatoes. I serve baked rosemary sweet potato fries; I’ve also tried ginger and lime infused butternut squash soup, cabbage steamed with apples and tomatoes, polenta with herbs and a trio of mushrooms instead of stuffing and pumpkin pudding instead of the pie. For the past several years, I have also brined my turkey and then used the leftovers to make turkey stock and turkey soup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of my favorite recipes have come from a medical focused cookbook called SuperFoods RX by Dr. Stephen J. Pratt & Kathy Matthews. This book outlines the health benefits of fourteen powerhouse foods that aid in health and longevity in life. Four prominent Thanksgiving food items make the list:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Turkey\u003c/strong> – Turkey is in itself is a lean source of protein, but it also packs nutrients like Riboflavin, Niacin, Iron, Selenium, Zinc, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12. Eating turkey is good for your heart and also lowers the risk for cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pumpkin\u003c/strong> – This fruit is part of the gourd family (the same family that incorporates melons) and is very high in fiber and low in calories. It has a great deal of nutrients like potassium, pantothenic acid, magnesium, and vitamins C and E. It also has high concentrations of digestable carotenoids specifically alpha-carotene and beta-carotene. Carotenoids are linked to decreasing the risk of many cancers and women who have the highest dietary concentrations of cartenoids also have the lowest risk of breast cancer. These nutrients also lower the risk of heart disease as well as the risk for cataracts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sweet Potatoes\u003c/strong> - The sweet potato is a sidekick to pumpkin and has many of the same nutrients and health benefits.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nCranberries\u003c/strong> - Cranberries are a sidekick and cousins to Blueberries; both Cranberries and Blueberries are native to North America. These small berries have very high levels of antioxidant phytonutrients. Phytonutrients have been shown to aid in body cells communicating efficiently even aiding aging brain cells from further degeneration, preventing cellular level mutations, and fighting the onslaught of cancer cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of my recipes and health insights have come from this book. I have a very dog-eared and tattered copy of it on my kitchen shelf. To find more about these superfoods and the rest of the list go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.superfoodsrx.com\">Superfoods RX website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10797/a-superfoods-laden-thanksgiving","authors":["10173"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_720","quest_2022","quest_2337","quest_2836","quest_2912","quest_3007"],"label":"quest"},"quest_10753":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10753","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10753","score":null,"sort":[1290440353000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"give-thanks-for-wild-turkeys","title":"Give Thanks for Wild Turkeys","publishDate":1290440353,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/Turkey1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A wild turkey, on display for the local ladies. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/alanvernon/\">Alan Vernon\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Thanksgiving approaches, all thoughts turn to turkeys. Especially when I see a gang of wild ones impeding my progress as I walk to my office in the Berkeley hills. These turkeys are feathered and feisty, strutting on their skinny legs and poking the ground with their sharp beaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wild turkeys, \u003cem>Meleagris gallopavo\u003c/em>, are not native to California. They were first introduced to the state for hunting in the 1870s. Subsequent introductions, in the 1920s and 1950s, failed to take—the birds were farm-raised and they didn’t fare well. In the 1970s, California Fish and Game introduced a subspecies called Rio Grande (\u003cem>M. gallopavo intermedia\u003c/em>), wild-caught from Texas. This time, the turkeys kept trotting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish and Game estimates that there are now 240,000 wild turkeys in California. Some think of wild turkeys as dinner—you can hunt them, if you have a license. One of my students assures me that they are delicious. However, others think of them as pests. People blame them for digging up gardens, leaving droppings, and scratching cars (especially if a turkey sees his reflection in a shiny car door). To prevent turkeys from damaging your property, California Fish and Game has some recommendations in their \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/keepmewild/turkey.html\">Keep Me Wild guide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar\">feral pig\u003c/a>, another non-native species that was introduce for hunting, wild turkeys have important effects on our local ecosystems. Turkeys tear up the ground in their search for tasty insects. They eat a wide variety of foods, from acorns to lizards. Daniel Gluesenkamp at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.egret.org/\">Audubon Canyon Ranch\u003c/a> studied their ecological effects. Check out this \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/oct-dec-2010/ground-invasion\">article\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/\">Bay Nature\u003c/a> to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I used to think of turkeys as the Norman Rockwell Thanksgiving Dinner archetype: plucked, basted, and golden brown. But now that I’ve seen wild turkeys, I have much more respect for these birds. They are proud, regal, and frankly a bit intimidating. I now understand why \u003ca href=\"http://www.fi.edu/franklin/birthday/faq.html#21\">Ben Franklin wished the Founding Fathers had chosen the turkey\u003c/a>, rather than the bald eagle, as the nation’s bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As Thanksgiving approaches, all thoughts turn to turkeys - especially when I see a gang of wild ones in the Berkeley hills.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1290440353,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":363},"headData":{"title":"Give Thanks for Wild Turkeys | KQED","description":"As Thanksgiving approaches, all thoughts turn to turkeys - especially when I see a gang of wild ones in the Berkeley hills.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Give Thanks for Wild Turkeys","datePublished":"2010-11-22T15:39:13.000Z","dateModified":"2010-11-22T15:39:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"10753 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=10753","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/22/give-thanks-for-wild-turkeys/","disqusTitle":"Give Thanks for Wild Turkeys","path":"/quest/10753/give-thanks-for-wild-turkeys","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/Turkey1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A wild turkey, on display for the local ladies. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/alanvernon/\">Alan Vernon\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Thanksgiving approaches, all thoughts turn to turkeys. Especially when I see a gang of wild ones impeding my progress as I walk to my office in the Berkeley hills. These turkeys are feathered and feisty, strutting on their skinny legs and poking the ground with their sharp beaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wild turkeys, \u003cem>Meleagris gallopavo\u003c/em>, are not native to California. They were first introduced to the state for hunting in the 1870s. Subsequent introductions, in the 1920s and 1950s, failed to take—the birds were farm-raised and they didn’t fare well. In the 1970s, California Fish and Game introduced a subspecies called Rio Grande (\u003cem>M. gallopavo intermedia\u003c/em>), wild-caught from Texas. This time, the turkeys kept trotting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish and Game estimates that there are now 240,000 wild turkeys in California. Some think of wild turkeys as dinner—you can hunt them, if you have a license. One of my students assures me that they are delicious. However, others think of them as pests. People blame them for digging up gardens, leaving droppings, and scratching cars (especially if a turkey sees his reflection in a shiny car door). To prevent turkeys from damaging your property, California Fish and Game has some recommendations in their \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/keepmewild/turkey.html\">Keep Me Wild guide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar\">feral pig\u003c/a>, another non-native species that was introduce for hunting, wild turkeys have important effects on our local ecosystems. Turkeys tear up the ground in their search for tasty insects. They eat a wide variety of foods, from acorns to lizards. Daniel Gluesenkamp at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.egret.org/\">Audubon Canyon Ranch\u003c/a> studied their ecological effects. Check out this \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/oct-dec-2010/ground-invasion\">article\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/\">Bay Nature\u003c/a> to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I used to think of turkeys as the Norman Rockwell Thanksgiving Dinner archetype: plucked, basted, and golden brown. But now that I’ve seen wild turkeys, I have much more respect for these birds. They are proud, regal, and frankly a bit intimidating. I now understand why \u003ca href=\"http://www.fi.edu/franklin/birthday/faq.html#21\">Ben Franklin wished the Founding Fathers had chosen the turkey\u003c/a>, rather than the bald eagle, as the nation’s bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10753/give-thanks-for-wild-turkeys","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_2912","quest_3007","quest_3151"],"featImg":"quest_10755","label":"quest"},"quest_4441":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_4441","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"4441","score":null,"sort":[1259164824000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-science-behind-brining","title":"The Science Behind Brining a Turkey","publishDate":1259164824,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/11/blog_turkey.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Brining a turkey can help retain more moisture and flavor during the cooking process. Photo by Shawn Hatfield.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I grew up in a family of chefs. I think I was three when I cooked my first meal on our olive green gas stove. My brother proudly watched over my process as I burned scrambled eggs. Since then, my abilities have improved. Thanksgiving is one of my favorite holidays because I get to be in the kitchen for a good solid chunk of time. For those who love to cook, Thanksgiving is like the SuperBowl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the last couple of years, I have brined the bird. One of the things I hated growing up at Thanksgiving was overcooked turkey. It is dry, flavorless and feels like eating cardboard. I would often forgo turkey because of how dry it was. Meat, especially lean meat like turkey loses about a third of its moisture during cooking. One year, my uncle tried to alleviate this dryness by deep fat frying the turkey. However, he forgot to heat the oil before putting the bird in the cooker which is a fairly big no-no. Needless to say that year, I was very grateful that I was a practicing vegetarian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brining has been my preference for the past three years because it is far healthier than deep fat frying and it cuts the cooking time in half. Most importantly is creates a juicy delicious Thanksgiving turkey. Brining entails soaking the meat for a number of hours in a chilled solution of salt and water. I got my recipe off the food network site, specifically from \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/alton-brown/good-eats-roast-turkey-recipe/index.html\">Alton Brown\u003c/a> on Good Eats and it includes salt, vegetable stock, brown sugar and various spices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how does brining work? The salt solution passes through the permeable meat cells during the soaking process using the method of osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane - in this case the meat cells. Through diffusion, the salt and water within the meat cells balance with the salt and water in the surrounding brine which results in a higher concentration of salt and water in the meat. Food chemists disagree about the mechanics of this diffusion and how \u003ca href=\"http://www.virtualweberbullet.com/brining.html\">salt travels across membranes\u003c/a>, but at the end of the day, the diffusion results in more water and flavor within the cells of the meat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high concentration of salt also denatures protein strands. In their normal state, the strands are tightly wound; denatured strands unwind and tangle. During cooking, this unusual structure traps water molecules and holds onto them. The end result of this osmosis is less moisture is lost during cooking. This year, I couldn’t cook on Thanksgiving day so I invited friends over for pre-Thanksgiving. The turkey turned out just as good as last year. Even the leftover bird was moist after being reheated in a microwave. Which means that this is a recipe that will stay in the folder in my kitchen for years to come...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy Thanksgiving!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information about the science behind cooking, here are some great websites:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cookingforengineers.com/\">Cooking for Engineers\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/\">Exploratorium’s Science of Cooking\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.foodnetwork.com/good-eats/index.html\">Good Eats on the Food Network\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One of the things I hated growing up at Thanksgiving was overcooked turkey. It is dry, flavorless and feels like eating cardboard. I would often forgo turkey because of how dry it was. Brining has been my preference for the past three years because it is far healthier than deep fat frying and it cuts the cooking time in half. Most importantly is creates a juicy delicious Thanksgiving turkey.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1259164824,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":538},"headData":{"title":"The Science Behind Brining a Turkey | KQED","description":"One of the things I hated growing up at Thanksgiving was overcooked turkey. It is dry, flavorless and feels like eating cardboard. I would often forgo turkey because of how dry it was. Brining has been my preference for the past three years because it is far healthier than deep fat frying and it cuts the cooking time in half. Most importantly is creates a juicy delicious Thanksgiving turkey.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Science Behind Brining a Turkey","datePublished":"2009-11-25T16:00:24.000Z","dateModified":"2009-11-25T16:00:24.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"4441 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=4441","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/11/25/the-science-behind-brining/","disqusTitle":"The Science Behind Brining a Turkey","path":"/quest/4441/the-science-behind-brining","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/11/blog_turkey.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Brining a turkey can help retain more moisture and flavor during the cooking process. Photo by Shawn Hatfield.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I grew up in a family of chefs. I think I was three when I cooked my first meal on our olive green gas stove. My brother proudly watched over my process as I burned scrambled eggs. Since then, my abilities have improved. Thanksgiving is one of my favorite holidays because I get to be in the kitchen for a good solid chunk of time. For those who love to cook, Thanksgiving is like the SuperBowl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the last couple of years, I have brined the bird. One of the things I hated growing up at Thanksgiving was overcooked turkey. It is dry, flavorless and feels like eating cardboard. I would often forgo turkey because of how dry it was. Meat, especially lean meat like turkey loses about a third of its moisture during cooking. One year, my uncle tried to alleviate this dryness by deep fat frying the turkey. However, he forgot to heat the oil before putting the bird in the cooker which is a fairly big no-no. Needless to say that year, I was very grateful that I was a practicing vegetarian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brining has been my preference for the past three years because it is far healthier than deep fat frying and it cuts the cooking time in half. Most importantly is creates a juicy delicious Thanksgiving turkey. Brining entails soaking the meat for a number of hours in a chilled solution of salt and water. I got my recipe off the food network site, specifically from \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/alton-brown/good-eats-roast-turkey-recipe/index.html\">Alton Brown\u003c/a> on Good Eats and it includes salt, vegetable stock, brown sugar and various spices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how does brining work? The salt solution passes through the permeable meat cells during the soaking process using the method of osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane - in this case the meat cells. Through diffusion, the salt and water within the meat cells balance with the salt and water in the surrounding brine which results in a higher concentration of salt and water in the meat. Food chemists disagree about the mechanics of this diffusion and how \u003ca href=\"http://www.virtualweberbullet.com/brining.html\">salt travels across membranes\u003c/a>, but at the end of the day, the diffusion results in more water and flavor within the cells of the meat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high concentration of salt also denatures protein strands. In their normal state, the strands are tightly wound; denatured strands unwind and tangle. During cooking, this unusual structure traps water molecules and holds onto them. The end result of this osmosis is less moisture is lost during cooking. This year, I couldn’t cook on Thanksgiving day so I invited friends over for pre-Thanksgiving. The turkey turned out just as good as last year. Even the leftover bird was moist after being reheated in a microwave. Which means that this is a recipe that will stay in the folder in my kitchen for years to come...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy Thanksgiving!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information about the science behind cooking, here are some great websites:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cookingforengineers.com/\">Cooking for Engineers\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/\">Exploratorium’s Science of Cooking\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.foodnetwork.com/good-eats/index.html\">Good Eats on the Food Network\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/4441/the-science-behind-brining","authors":["10173"],"tags":["quest_129","quest_388","quest_691","quest_2482","quest_2912","quest_3007"],"label":"quest"},"quest_966":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_966","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"966","score":null,"sort":[1227736499000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"turkey-and-tryptophan","title":"Turkey and Tryptophan","publishDate":1227736499,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/blog_turkey.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Turkey cannot be the only culprit of induced drowsiness after\u003cbr>\na Thanksgiving meal.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>With the proximity to Thanksgiving, I thought it would be fun to shed some science on the holiday and turkey is a great specimen to study. It is a commonly held assumption that eating copious amounts of turkey, which contain the amino acid \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan\">Tryptophan,\u003c/a> will trigger the drowsiness felt after a large Thanksgiving meal. However, is this assumption true and if so how is Tryptophan the culprit?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tryptophan is an essential amino acid. An essential amino acid is one that our bodies cannot synthesize, so it must come from food or supplements. Tryptophan is not only a building block in protein biosynthesis in our body but also a biochemical precursor for synthesizing Serotonin, Melatonin and Niacin. Both Serotonin and Melatonin are factors in inducing drowsiness and sleep. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that facilitates emotions including desire, body temperature, sleep, appetite and metabolism. Serotonin can also be converted into Melatonin, which further regulates sleep, maintaining the circadian rhythms of several biological functions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The foods that contain Tryptophan are usually protein-based and include chocolate, oats, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, red meat, poultry, fish, eggs, along with specific nuts and certain fruits. However, turkey contains the same amount of Tryptophan of other meats. Most meats contain .25 grams of Tryptophan per 100 grams of food while dried egg whites contain 1 gram of Tryptophan per 100 grams of food. Turkey cannot be the only culprit of induced drowsiness after a Thanksgiving meal. If this was indeed true, people would be drowsy after any normal meal containing meat as the levels of Tryptophan are equivalent. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other two denominators with the Thanksgiving meal are high carbohydrates and fat. An average Thanksgiving meal can have 3000 calories and 239 grams of fat. In comparison, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/\">United Nations FAO\u003c/a> says the average American consumed 3770 calories per day in 2001-2003. It has been shown in studies in both animals and humans that a meal high in carbohydrates and fat triggers Insulin. Insulin them stimulates the uptake of large neutral branched-chain amino acids, known as LNAA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tryptophan does not fall into the LNAA family and thus the ratio of Tryptophan to LNAA in the blood stream increases when Insulin is released into the blood stream. Less competition for transporters in the blood stream results in the uptake of Tryptophan across the blood-brain barrier and the synthesis of Serotonin and Melatonin. This in turn creates the lethargy and drowsiness common after the Thanksgiving meal. Therefore it is not turkey alone that ends in a nap after Thanksgiving dinner. It is a collaborative process. Without the intake of carbohydrates dressed up as rolls, sweet potatoes, mashed potatoes, stuffing and pumpkin pie, the Tryptophan in the iconic Thanksgiving turkey would have too much competition for synthesis. Insulin clears away the competition and in turn isolates Tryptophan in the blood stream enabling it to be readily synthesized. The whole meal is responsible for the drowsiness. The next question that could be posed is this the body’s way to have us slow down to aid digestion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7697 -122.466\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It is a commonly held assumption that eating copious amounts of turkey, which contain the amino acid Tryptophan, will trigger the drowsiness felt after a large Thanksgiving meal. Is this assumption true?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1227736499,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":528},"headData":{"title":"Turkey and Tryptophan | KQED","description":"It is a commonly held assumption that eating copious amounts of turkey, which contain the amino acid Tryptophan, will trigger the drowsiness felt after a large Thanksgiving meal. Is this assumption true?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Turkey and Tryptophan","datePublished":"2008-11-26T21:54:59.000Z","dateModified":"2008-11-26T21:54:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"966 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=966","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/26/turkey-and-tryptophan/","disqusTitle":"Turkey and Tryptophan","path":"/quest/966/turkey-and-tryptophan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/blog_turkey.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Turkey cannot be the only culprit of induced drowsiness after\u003cbr>\na Thanksgiving meal.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>With the proximity to Thanksgiving, I thought it would be fun to shed some science on the holiday and turkey is a great specimen to study. It is a commonly held assumption that eating copious amounts of turkey, which contain the amino acid \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan\">Tryptophan,\u003c/a> will trigger the drowsiness felt after a large Thanksgiving meal. However, is this assumption true and if so how is Tryptophan the culprit?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tryptophan is an essential amino acid. An essential amino acid is one that our bodies cannot synthesize, so it must come from food or supplements. Tryptophan is not only a building block in protein biosynthesis in our body but also a biochemical precursor for synthesizing Serotonin, Melatonin and Niacin. Both Serotonin and Melatonin are factors in inducing drowsiness and sleep. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that facilitates emotions including desire, body temperature, sleep, appetite and metabolism. Serotonin can also be converted into Melatonin, which further regulates sleep, maintaining the circadian rhythms of several biological functions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The foods that contain Tryptophan are usually protein-based and include chocolate, oats, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, red meat, poultry, fish, eggs, along with specific nuts and certain fruits. However, turkey contains the same amount of Tryptophan of other meats. Most meats contain .25 grams of Tryptophan per 100 grams of food while dried egg whites contain 1 gram of Tryptophan per 100 grams of food. Turkey cannot be the only culprit of induced drowsiness after a Thanksgiving meal. If this was indeed true, people would be drowsy after any normal meal containing meat as the levels of Tryptophan are equivalent. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other two denominators with the Thanksgiving meal are high carbohydrates and fat. An average Thanksgiving meal can have 3000 calories and 239 grams of fat. In comparison, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/\">United Nations FAO\u003c/a> says the average American consumed 3770 calories per day in 2001-2003. It has been shown in studies in both animals and humans that a meal high in carbohydrates and fat triggers Insulin. Insulin them stimulates the uptake of large neutral branched-chain amino acids, known as LNAA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tryptophan does not fall into the LNAA family and thus the ratio of Tryptophan to LNAA in the blood stream increases when Insulin is released into the blood stream. Less competition for transporters in the blood stream results in the uptake of Tryptophan across the blood-brain barrier and the synthesis of Serotonin and Melatonin. This in turn creates the lethargy and drowsiness common after the Thanksgiving meal. Therefore it is not turkey alone that ends in a nap after Thanksgiving dinner. It is a collaborative process. Without the intake of carbohydrates dressed up as rolls, sweet potatoes, mashed potatoes, stuffing and pumpkin pie, the Tryptophan in the iconic Thanksgiving turkey would have too much competition for synthesis. Insulin clears away the competition and in turn isolates Tryptophan in the blood stream enabling it to be readily synthesized. The whole meal is responsible for the drowsiness. The next question that could be posed is this the body’s way to have us slow down to aid digestion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7697 -122.466\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/966/turkey-and-tryptophan","authors":["10173"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_144","quest_887","quest_1378","quest_2317","quest_2912","quest_3002","quest_3007"],"label":"quest"},"quest_610":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_610","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"610","score":null,"sort":[1211397109000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"quest-for-a-kind-egg","title":"Quest for a Kind Egg","publishDate":1211397109,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/blog_egg.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>Yep, I love eggs: scrambled, poached, deviled, fried, boiled, and my favorite, egg in a basket. They are the perfect breakfast or power-ball snack. I also love the idea of purchasing eggs from farms that raise them with kindness and humanity, and that has proven a bit challenging. There are many terms to decipher, but armed with correct information, we can all help chickens and still enjoy those eggs. The following chart gives information about a few local farms and is thanks to my favorite place to grocery shop, \u003ca href=\"http://www.rainbow.coop/\">Rainbow Grocery\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"70\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\u003cstrong>Rock Island\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>Judy's Family Farm\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u003cstrong>Uncle Eddies\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47\">\u003cstrong>Chino\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>Organic Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>Clover\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>Clover Organic\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>Marin Sun Farms\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>Eatwell Farms\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>Clark\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Summit\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"70\">\u003cstrong>Organic Feed\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"70\">\u003cstrong>Hormones, Antibiotics & other additives in chicken feed\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"70\">\u003cstrong>Kept in Cages\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"70\">\u003cstrong>Have access to outside\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"70\">\u003cstrong>Beaks clipped\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"70\">\u003cstrong>Forced molted\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u003cstrong>no \u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Organic Fed / Certified Organic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All organic eggs are certified by the USDA. Organic eggs come from hens whose feed is free of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and commercial fertilizers. Organic chicken feed contains no animal byproducts and the hens have never been given antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hormones and Antibiotics:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA banned the use of hormones - most notably diethylstilbestrol, or DES - in poultry in 1959, after they not only caused tragic health problems in consumers but also failed to stimulate growth in chickens. \"Hormone free\" is a misleading bit of marketing that suggests other egg producers are illegally dosing their birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kept in Cages\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some hens are kept in battery cages; enclosures so small the animals can't spread their wings. Battery caged hens are crammed as many as six chickens into a cage at a time, leaving each bird with less personal space than a sheet of ordinary notebook paper. Critics say the battery system causes the spread of disease, requires the painful de-beaking of birds, and restricts natural bird behaviors, such as dusting or nesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have Access to Outside\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Free Range\" and \"Free Roaming\" are terms that bring to mind idyllic barnyard scenes. These labels, which are regulated by the USDA, may be used by a producer if their hens are allowed some access to the outdoors. This does not guarantee constant access, nor is there any specification of the size of the outdoor area (which is, of course, a penned area, not a range).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beaks Clipped\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also known as debeaking, or beak trimming, is a process by which parts of the \u003ca title=\"Beak\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak\">beak\u003c/a> of a \u003ca title=\"Chicken\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken\">chicken\u003c/a> or \u003ca title=\"Turkey (bird)\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_%28bird%29\">turkey\u003c/a> are trimmed. Many variations of debeaking are used. Most commonly, the beak is shortened permanently, with the lower beak somewhat longer than the upper beak. The goal of this is to reduce cannibalism in stressed-out bird populations, such as in crowded egg-laying hen houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forced Molted\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When light and temperature are manipulated so hens lay eggs more than normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Omega-3 enriched\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Omega-3 is a polyunsaturated fatty acid considered crucial by some for developing brains and preventing heart disease and depression. Farmers boost the omega-3 content of their hens' eggs by adding ground flaxseed, algae, or even fish oil to the birds' feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My own kind choice is to stay informed, shop at the local farmers' market and ask questions, and someday, raise my own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have any tips or insights into local egg farms, please do share!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more egg carton terms, go to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blog.pennlive.com/naturalliving/2007/06/eggs.html\">http://blog.pennlive.com/naturalliving/2007/06/eggs.html\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amyg.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Gotliffe\u003c/strong> is Conservation Manager at \u003ca title=\"The Oakland Zoo\" href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org\" target=\"_blank\">The Oakland Zoo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7772 -122.166595\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443833289,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":639},"headData":{"title":"Quest for a Kind Egg | KQED","description":"Yep, I love eggs: scrambled, poached, deviled, fried, boiled, and my favorite, egg in a basket. They are the perfect breakfast or power-ball snack. I also love the idea of purchasing eggs from farms that raise them with kindness and humanity, and that has proven a bit challenging. There are many terms to decipher, but","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Quest for a Kind Egg","datePublished":"2008-05-21T19:11:49.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:48:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"610 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/05/21/quest-for-a-kind-egg/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/21/quest-for-a-kind-egg/","disqusTitle":"Quest for a Kind Egg","path":"/quest/610/quest-for-a-kind-egg","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/blog_egg.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>Yep, I love eggs: scrambled, poached, deviled, fried, boiled, and my favorite, egg in a basket. They are the perfect breakfast or power-ball snack. I also love the idea of purchasing eggs from farms that raise them with kindness and humanity, and that has proven a bit challenging. There are many terms to decipher, but armed with correct information, we can all help chickens and still enjoy those eggs. The following chart gives information about a few local farms and is thanks to my favorite place to grocery shop, \u003ca href=\"http://www.rainbow.coop/\">Rainbow Grocery\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"70\">\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\u003cstrong>Rock Island\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>Judy's Family Farm\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u003cstrong>Uncle Eddies\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47\">\u003cstrong>Chino\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>Organic Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>Clover\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>Clover Organic\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>Marin Sun Farms\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>Eatwell Farms\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>Clark\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Summit\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"70\">\u003cstrong>Organic Feed\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"70\">\u003cstrong>Hormones, Antibiotics & other additives in chicken feed\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"70\">\u003cstrong>Kept in Cages\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"70\">\u003cstrong>Have access to outside\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"70\">\u003cstrong>Beaks clipped\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>yes\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"70\">\u003cstrong>Forced molted\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"46\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"49\">\u003cstrong>no \u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"59\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"48\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"58\">\u003cstrong>no\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Organic Fed / Certified Organic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All organic eggs are certified by the USDA. Organic eggs come from hens whose feed is free of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and commercial fertilizers. Organic chicken feed contains no animal byproducts and the hens have never been given antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hormones and Antibiotics:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA banned the use of hormones - most notably diethylstilbestrol, or DES - in poultry in 1959, after they not only caused tragic health problems in consumers but also failed to stimulate growth in chickens. \"Hormone free\" is a misleading bit of marketing that suggests other egg producers are illegally dosing their birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kept in Cages\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some hens are kept in battery cages; enclosures so small the animals can't spread their wings. Battery caged hens are crammed as many as six chickens into a cage at a time, leaving each bird with less personal space than a sheet of ordinary notebook paper. Critics say the battery system causes the spread of disease, requires the painful de-beaking of birds, and restricts natural bird behaviors, such as dusting or nesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have Access to Outside\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Free Range\" and \"Free Roaming\" are terms that bring to mind idyllic barnyard scenes. These labels, which are regulated by the USDA, may be used by a producer if their hens are allowed some access to the outdoors. This does not guarantee constant access, nor is there any specification of the size of the outdoor area (which is, of course, a penned area, not a range).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beaks Clipped\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also known as debeaking, or beak trimming, is a process by which parts of the \u003ca title=\"Beak\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak\">beak\u003c/a> of a \u003ca title=\"Chicken\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken\">chicken\u003c/a> or \u003ca title=\"Turkey (bird)\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_%28bird%29\">turkey\u003c/a> are trimmed. Many variations of debeaking are used. Most commonly, the beak is shortened permanently, with the lower beak somewhat longer than the upper beak. The goal of this is to reduce cannibalism in stressed-out bird populations, such as in crowded egg-laying hen houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Forced Molted\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When light and temperature are manipulated so hens lay eggs more than normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Omega-3 enriched\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Omega-3 is a polyunsaturated fatty acid considered crucial by some for developing brains and preventing heart disease and depression. Farmers boost the omega-3 content of their hens' eggs by adding ground flaxseed, algae, or even fish oil to the birds' feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My own kind choice is to stay informed, shop at the local farmers' market and ask questions, and someday, raise my own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have any tips or insights into local egg farms, please do share!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more egg carton terms, go to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blog.pennlive.com/naturalliving/2007/06/eggs.html\">http://blog.pennlive.com/naturalliving/2007/06/eggs.html\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amyg.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Gotliffe\u003c/strong> is Conservation Manager at \u003ca title=\"The Oakland Zoo\" href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org\" target=\"_blank\">The Oakland Zoo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7772 -122.166595\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/610/quest-for-a-kind-egg","authors":["10178"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_424","quest_574","quest_783","quest_812","quest_831","quest_942","quest_1081","quest_1140","quest_3351","quest_2065","quest_2088","quest_2141","quest_2268","quest_2349","quest_13364","quest_13365","quest_3007","quest_3046"],"label":"quest"},"quest_290":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_290","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"290","score":null,"sort":[1196006979000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"carving-the-holiday-dinosaur-a-phylogeny-of-wishbones","title":"Carving the holiday dinosaur: a phylogeny of wishbones","publishDate":1196006979,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/11/blog_wishbone.jpg\">\u003cem>A wishbone from a theropod and a turkey.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>This week, many of us celebrated one of the most American of holidays: Thanksgiving. Following tradition, most of us probably had a bite or two of turkey -- if you were one of the fortunate to get your hands dirty, you may have used this \u003ca href=\"http://video.on.nytimes.com/?fr_story=c8e0efb6c6ee346c3c6bfc1c871d6f5c55e64f14\">New York Times video\u003c/a> as a guide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What you may not know is that we can find homologies of many birds parts -- thigh bones, arm hones, and even wishbones -- in our own skeleton, and it's not happenstance. The ultimate reason for this similarity is ancestry: birds, mammals and all other \u003cstrong>tetrapods\u003c/strong> (four-legged, air-breathing vertebrates) share a common ancestor, over 300 million years old. And, as the descendents, we all exhibit the same basic body plan, with additional anatomical refinements specific to each evolutionary history. Whether a tetrapod's arm is a fin, a wing or a limb throwing a baseball, \u003ca href=\"http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0611/feature4/text3.html\">a common structure is shared among them\u003c/a> because of their evolutionary past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to turkeys: in your holiday meal, you may have come across a very particular y-shaped bone: the \u003cstrong>wishbone\u003c/strong>. (The one from my turkey is drying on the counter above the kitchen sink). Humans actually have homologues of wishbones, but we don't call them that -- they're our collarbones, or clavicles. These bones are long and slender, and they form a key part of complex of bones and muscles that allow us to move our arms. Living birds are unique among tetrapods in having clavicles that are fused together into the y-shaped structure called a furcula, and it plays a key roles in allowing birds to fly. Furculae stiffen the thoracic skeleton, and, in conjunction with a keeled breastbone (or sternum), they provide key muscle anchors for \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/flight/aves.html\">the unique flight stroke of the bird arm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how did two bones get fused into one? Birds are descended from one particular line of dinosaurs called \u003cstrong>theropods\u003c/strong>, which includes dinosaurs like \u003cem>T. rex\u003c/em> or \u003cem>Velociraptor\u003c/em>. Over the last 20 years, paleontologists have assembled a detailed picture of the family tree, or phylogeny, of these animals, showing the exact anatomical changes that occurred along the lineage of theropods to living birds. The changes in the furcula plays a key role in this evolutionary sequence: it turns out that relatives of \u003cem>T. rex\u003c/em> and many other theropods had fused furculae, but clearly these animals did not use the fused furcula to fly. Some paleontologists have suggested that fused furculae in theropods increased the mobility of the forelimbs. Then, as birds evolved flight, a fused furcula turned out to be wonderfully useful as a brace for a flapping limb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evolution often works in this manner: recruiting old structures to use in a new context, and many examples of such improvisation have been shown in the fossil record. Together, phylogeny and the fossil record reveal more about evolution that might not have been apparent when you were first biting into that savory chunk of turkey meat. To check \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/museum/events/bigdinos2005/turkey.html\">find out more about your holiday dinosaur\u003c/a>, check out this link too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_nickp.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Nick Pyenson\u003c/strong> is a PhD candidate at the University of California, Berkeley, in the department of integrative biology and the museum of paleontology.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7819\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.286\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1196006979,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":545},"headData":{"title":"Carving the holiday dinosaur: a phylogeny of wishbones | KQED","description":"A wishbone from a theropod and a turkey.This week, many of us celebrated one of the most American of holidays: Thanksgiving. Following tradition, most of us probably had a bite or two of turkey -- if you were one of the fortunate to get your hands dirty, you may have used this New York Times","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Carving the holiday dinosaur: a phylogeny of wishbones","datePublished":"2007-11-25T16:09:39.000Z","dateModified":"2007-11-25T16:09:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"290 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2007/11/25/carving-the-holiday-dinosaur-a-phylogeny-of-wishbones/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/11/25/carving-the-holiday-dinosaur-a-phylogeny-of-wishbones/","disqusTitle":"Carving the holiday dinosaur: a phylogeny of wishbones","path":"/quest/290/carving-the-holiday-dinosaur-a-phylogeny-of-wishbones","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/11/blog_wishbone.jpg\">\u003cem>A wishbone from a theropod and a turkey.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>This week, many of us celebrated one of the most American of holidays: Thanksgiving. Following tradition, most of us probably had a bite or two of turkey -- if you were one of the fortunate to get your hands dirty, you may have used this \u003ca href=\"http://video.on.nytimes.com/?fr_story=c8e0efb6c6ee346c3c6bfc1c871d6f5c55e64f14\">New York Times video\u003c/a> as a guide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What you may not know is that we can find homologies of many birds parts -- thigh bones, arm hones, and even wishbones -- in our own skeleton, and it's not happenstance. The ultimate reason for this similarity is ancestry: birds, mammals and all other \u003cstrong>tetrapods\u003c/strong> (four-legged, air-breathing vertebrates) share a common ancestor, over 300 million years old. And, as the descendents, we all exhibit the same basic body plan, with additional anatomical refinements specific to each evolutionary history. Whether a tetrapod's arm is a fin, a wing or a limb throwing a baseball, \u003ca href=\"http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0611/feature4/text3.html\">a common structure is shared among them\u003c/a> because of their evolutionary past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to turkeys: in your holiday meal, you may have come across a very particular y-shaped bone: the \u003cstrong>wishbone\u003c/strong>. (The one from my turkey is drying on the counter above the kitchen sink). Humans actually have homologues of wishbones, but we don't call them that -- they're our collarbones, or clavicles. These bones are long and slender, and they form a key part of complex of bones and muscles that allow us to move our arms. Living birds are unique among tetrapods in having clavicles that are fused together into the y-shaped structure called a furcula, and it plays a key roles in allowing birds to fly. Furculae stiffen the thoracic skeleton, and, in conjunction with a keeled breastbone (or sternum), they provide key muscle anchors for \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/flight/aves.html\">the unique flight stroke of the bird arm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how did two bones get fused into one? Birds are descended from one particular line of dinosaurs called \u003cstrong>theropods\u003c/strong>, which includes dinosaurs like \u003cem>T. rex\u003c/em> or \u003cem>Velociraptor\u003c/em>. Over the last 20 years, paleontologists have assembled a detailed picture of the family tree, or phylogeny, of these animals, showing the exact anatomical changes that occurred along the lineage of theropods to living birds. The changes in the furcula plays a key role in this evolutionary sequence: it turns out that relatives of \u003cem>T. rex\u003c/em> and many other theropods had fused furculae, but clearly these animals did not use the fused furcula to fly. Some paleontologists have suggested that fused furculae in theropods increased the mobility of the forelimbs. Then, as birds evolved flight, a fused furcula turned out to be wonderfully useful as a brace for a flapping limb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evolution often works in this manner: recruiting old structures to use in a new context, and many examples of such improvisation have been shown in the fossil record. Together, phylogeny and the fossil record reveal more about evolution that might not have been apparent when you were first biting into that savory chunk of turkey meat. To check \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/museum/events/bigdinos2005/turkey.html\">find out more about your holiday dinosaur\u003c/a>, check out this link too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_nickp.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Nick Pyenson\u003c/strong> is a PhD candidate at the University of California, Berkeley, in the department of integrative biology and the museum of paleontology.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7819\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.286\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/290/carving-the-holiday-dinosaur-a-phylogeny-of-wishbones","authors":["10183"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_1133","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_2349","quest_2530","quest_2929","quest_3007","quest_3175"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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