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Plant a Tree, Invent the Future
Discuss the "California's Fire Future" Radio Report
Sponsored
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Follow him @williamfunk3","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/02c77df41f73577c98c937d3db8acb36?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"William H. Funk | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/02c77df41f73577c98c937d3db8acb36?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/02c77df41f73577c98c937d3db8acb36?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/williamfunk"},"lestill":{"type":"authors","id":"10563","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10563","found":true},"name":"Lyle Estill","firstName":"Lyle","lastName":"Estill","slug":"lestill","email":"lyle@biofuels.coop","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Lyle Estill is the founder of Piedmont Biofuels, a community scale biodiesel project in Pittsboro, North Carolina. He is the author of four books, ranging from biodiesel to local economy to activism, and many articles, newspaper columns, and essays on renewable energy.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e22daf9bf93fd4aae7357131dc1f9485?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lyle Estill | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e22daf9bf93fd4aae7357131dc1f9485?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e22daf9bf93fd4aae7357131dc1f9485?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lestill"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_67709":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_67709","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"67709","score":null,"sort":[1401372001000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"wood-pellet-exports-to-europe","title":"In Wood We Trust","publishDate":1401372001,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When it comes to extracting riches from the southern forest there’s a new game in town. Over the past few years a new cottage industry has emerged focused on milling wood pellets and shipping them to Europe to be fired with coal for electricity production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it turns out the forests in eastern North Carolina are ripe for the picking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/forestry/background.html\" target=\"_blank\">woods of North Carolina\u003c/a> have long been a rich provider of resources. Hardwood trees are harvested for pallets and furniture and softwoods for pulp and paper. North Carolina’s southern yellow pine is more commonly known to consumers as a “two-by-four” and is a ubiquitous part of the building industry nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not breaking news that forest resources are renewable. Those of us who live or spend time in the woods can’t help but be in awe of the rapid rejuvenation that occurs naturally after a field is cleared. In an era when renewability is seen as “green,” it’s logical that we turn to our forests. To some, it makes sense that we would harvest and burn biomass to reduce our coal consumption. But does it make sense to pelletize wood in the U.S. only to ship it overseas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70459\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_7153.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70459\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_7153-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"205\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">63% of U.S. wood pellet exports come from the South, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri-ltd.com/pdfs/GTWMU%20North%20America%20wood%20pellet%20exports%202013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Wood Resources International\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enterprising foresters in North Carolina are figuring out how to pelletize waste wood, which consists mostly of tree crowns and weed species that are the byproduct of the forest harvest. The pellets are then shipped to markets where they are valued as a renewable source of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The markets for these wood products are increasingly found across the Atlantic. The European Union has decreed that \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/index_en.htm\" target=\"_blank\">20 percent of energy in EU countries must come from renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>. Europe’s carbon market (unlike America’s) puts a high value on burning “green” energy sources, and wood pellets from North Carolina are fueling this mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One argument in favor of pelletizing leftover crowns is that it’s better than letting them rot on the forest floor. After all, rotting wood releases stored carbon and contributes to the very greenhouse gases we’re trying to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70468\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 345px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-Enviva__Ahoskie-NC__2012__credit-Dogwood-Alliance-Southwings-c.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70468\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-Enviva__Ahoskie-NC__2012__credit-Dogwood-Alliance-Southwings-c-349x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"345\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Enviva wood pellet plant in Ahoskie, NC operates 24/7. Most of their products are shipped to Europe where it is valued as a renewable energy source. Photo courtesy Dogwood Alliance & SouthWings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, many environmentalists oppose the idea of pelletizing or burning biomass of any kind. They see a denuding of the landscape, where we take everything we can get our hands on -- from wooded wetlands to trees from pristine swamps to stands of old growth forest. They are also concerned with the loss of biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//www.nrdc.org/energy/forestnotfuel/enviva-wood-pellets.asp\" target=\"_blank\">According to the Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a>, the source for much of these wood pellets -- the southeastern mixed forest and the middle Atlantic coastal forest ecoregions -- “have been designated by the World Wildlife Fund as Critical/Endangered, because of their high biodiversity and the combination of habitat fragmentation, conversion, and other threats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While our forests are able to yield plenty of lumber, furniture, and toilet paper, they have no hope of keeping up with our insatiable desire for energy. Conservationists are concerned that the unchecked use of woody biomass for energy could have a devastating impact on our forests. Organizations like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dogwoodalliance.org/2014/03/monster-enviva-wood-pellet-plants-invade-northeast-nc-communities/\" target=\"_blank\">Dogwood Alliance\u003c/a>, based in Asheville, North Carolina, advocate for keeping our forests out of the energy equation altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dogwood Alliance considers the shipping of this resource to Europe to be a travesty. For Europe to reduce its emissions and claim a “green-energy credit” by burning pellets from southern forests is seen by many as absurd. Among other things, fossil energy is required to ship the wood pellets to Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first time one culture has stripped another of its resources. Japan’s civilization was built on trees imported from Australia, and the Turkish Empire stripped the Middle East of trees almost entirely. It’s hard to imagine North Carolina as a desert, but human endeavor has done this before all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70467\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-clearcuts-credit-Southwings.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70467 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-clearcuts-credit-Southwings-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">According to wood pellet manufacturer Enviva, clear-cutting forests is often the most sustainable approach to forest management. Photo credit SouthWings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days it’s fashionable for scholars to argue about when one resource or another has “peaked.” Peak oil, peak coal, even peak uranium has made it into today’s energy debate, and the notion of “peak forest” is no exception. When a resource peaks, it doesn’t mean that it ceases to exist: it implies that it will get progressively more expensive as more and more of it consumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone who has tried to buy land in the woods of North Carolina knows that the southern forest has peaked. Property in areas populated with hardwoods is way more expensive than pine woodlands. Cleared land is even cheaper. Whether for wildlife habitat or shading homes, hardwood lots are prized -- this is something both conservationists and realtors can agree on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question that North Carolina and other wooded states need to consider is, how much of our natural capital are we interested in converting into financial capital by shipping our forest resources to Europe? Perhaps it’s time to put a value on the ecological services our woods provide in the U.S. so that our forests are not destroyed in the process of keeping Europe “green.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Does milling wood pellets in North Carolina and shipping them to Europe make sense?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442678011,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":937},"headData":{"title":"In Wood We Trust | KQED","description":"Does milling wood pellets in North Carolina and shipping them to Europe make sense?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"In Wood We Trust","datePublished":"2014-05-29T14:00:01.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T15:53:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"67709 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=67709","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/29/wood-pellet-exports-to-europe/","disqusTitle":"In Wood We Trust","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/67709/wood-pellet-exports-to-europe","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to extracting riches from the southern forest there’s a new game in town. Over the past few years a new cottage industry has emerged focused on milling wood pellets and shipping them to Europe to be fired with coal for electricity production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it turns out the forests in eastern North Carolina are ripe for the picking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/forestry/background.html\" target=\"_blank\">woods of North Carolina\u003c/a> have long been a rich provider of resources. Hardwood trees are harvested for pallets and furniture and softwoods for pulp and paper. North Carolina’s southern yellow pine is more commonly known to consumers as a “two-by-four” and is a ubiquitous part of the building industry nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not breaking news that forest resources are renewable. Those of us who live or spend time in the woods can’t help but be in awe of the rapid rejuvenation that occurs naturally after a field is cleared. In an era when renewability is seen as “green,” it’s logical that we turn to our forests. To some, it makes sense that we would harvest and burn biomass to reduce our coal consumption. But does it make sense to pelletize wood in the U.S. only to ship it overseas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70459\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_7153.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70459\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_7153-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"205\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">63% of U.S. wood pellet exports come from the South, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri-ltd.com/pdfs/GTWMU%20North%20America%20wood%20pellet%20exports%202013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Wood Resources International\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enterprising foresters in North Carolina are figuring out how to pelletize waste wood, which consists mostly of tree crowns and weed species that are the byproduct of the forest harvest. The pellets are then shipped to markets where they are valued as a renewable source of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The markets for these wood products are increasingly found across the Atlantic. The European Union has decreed that \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/index_en.htm\" target=\"_blank\">20 percent of energy in EU countries must come from renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>. Europe’s carbon market (unlike America’s) puts a high value on burning “green” energy sources, and wood pellets from North Carolina are fueling this mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One argument in favor of pelletizing leftover crowns is that it’s better than letting them rot on the forest floor. After all, rotting wood releases stored carbon and contributes to the very greenhouse gases we’re trying to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70468\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 345px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-Enviva__Ahoskie-NC__2012__credit-Dogwood-Alliance-Southwings-c.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70468\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-Enviva__Ahoskie-NC__2012__credit-Dogwood-Alliance-Southwings-c-349x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"345\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Enviva wood pellet plant in Ahoskie, NC operates 24/7. Most of their products are shipped to Europe where it is valued as a renewable energy source. Photo courtesy Dogwood Alliance & SouthWings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, many environmentalists oppose the idea of pelletizing or burning biomass of any kind. They see a denuding of the landscape, where we take everything we can get our hands on -- from wooded wetlands to trees from pristine swamps to stands of old growth forest. They are also concerned with the loss of biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//www.nrdc.org/energy/forestnotfuel/enviva-wood-pellets.asp\" target=\"_blank\">According to the Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a>, the source for much of these wood pellets -- the southeastern mixed forest and the middle Atlantic coastal forest ecoregions -- “have been designated by the World Wildlife Fund as Critical/Endangered, because of their high biodiversity and the combination of habitat fragmentation, conversion, and other threats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While our forests are able to yield plenty of lumber, furniture, and toilet paper, they have no hope of keeping up with our insatiable desire for energy. Conservationists are concerned that the unchecked use of woody biomass for energy could have a devastating impact on our forests. Organizations like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dogwoodalliance.org/2014/03/monster-enviva-wood-pellet-plants-invade-northeast-nc-communities/\" target=\"_blank\">Dogwood Alliance\u003c/a>, based in Asheville, North Carolina, advocate for keeping our forests out of the energy equation altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dogwood Alliance considers the shipping of this resource to Europe to be a travesty. For Europe to reduce its emissions and claim a “green-energy credit” by burning pellets from southern forests is seen by many as absurd. Among other things, fossil energy is required to ship the wood pellets to Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first time one culture has stripped another of its resources. Japan’s civilization was built on trees imported from Australia, and the Turkish Empire stripped the Middle East of trees almost entirely. It’s hard to imagine North Carolina as a desert, but human endeavor has done this before all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70467\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-clearcuts-credit-Southwings.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70467 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-clearcuts-credit-Southwings-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">According to wood pellet manufacturer Enviva, clear-cutting forests is often the most sustainable approach to forest management. Photo credit SouthWings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days it’s fashionable for scholars to argue about when one resource or another has “peaked.” Peak oil, peak coal, even peak uranium has made it into today’s energy debate, and the notion of “peak forest” is no exception. When a resource peaks, it doesn’t mean that it ceases to exist: it implies that it will get progressively more expensive as more and more of it consumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone who has tried to buy land in the woods of North Carolina knows that the southern forest has peaked. Property in areas populated with hardwoods is way more expensive than pine woodlands. Cleared land is even cheaper. Whether for wildlife habitat or shading homes, hardwood lots are prized -- this is something both conservationists and realtors can agree on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question that North Carolina and other wooded states need to consider is, how much of our natural capital are we interested in converting into financial capital by shipping our forest resources to Europe? Perhaps it’s time to put a value on the ecological services our woods provide in the U.S. so that our forests are not destroyed in the process of keeping Europe “green.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/67709/wood-pellet-exports-to-europe","authors":["10563"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_482","quest_984","quest_12861","quest_1044","quest_12269","quest_12729","quest_12862","quest_12858","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_2992","quest_2993","quest_10363","quest_10303","quest_12046","quest_12859"],"featImg":"quest_70462","label":"source_quest_67709"},"quest_62735":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_62735","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"62735","score":null,"sort":[1388502007000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"hemlock-woolly-adelgid-invasive-insect-killing-hemlock-trees","title":"Look What’s Killing Our Oldest Trees","publishDate":1388502007,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/5571750007_eb7e5c6e58_o_EP-Mallory_marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65299\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/5571750007_eb7e5c6e58_o_EP-Mallory_marquee-640x199.jpg\" alt=\"The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA) secretes a waxy wool-like material from its pores. Photo credit: E.P. Mallory\" width=\"640\" height=\"199\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA) secretes a waxy wool-like material from its pores. Photo credit: E.P. Mallory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Something is happening in the Appalachian forest, something deadly. The mighty stands of hemlock, the old-growth guardians of these ancient mountains, are succumbing to death by a billion cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65302\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 223px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/hem-removal-plot6-abp-apr09a_Harvard.FAS_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65302 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/hem-removal-plot6-abp-apr09a_Harvard.FAS_-223x169.jpg\" alt=\"Eastern Hemlocks represents some of the oldest - and most threatened - trees in the country. Photo courtesy: Harvard Forest\" width=\"223\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eastern Hemlocks represents some of the oldest - and most threatened - trees in the country. Photo courtesy: Harvard Forest\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Go out into the Alleghenies, the Blue Ridge, or the Smokies and seek out the rushing waters of a mountain stream. Chances are you’ll see what I’ve seen: a skeletal scene with hundreds of giant hemlock trees standing dead on the riverbank, their leafless limbs reaching up to the sky like penitents begging for absolution. Both eastern (\u003cem>Tsuga canadensis\u003c/em>) and Carolina (\u003cem>T. caroliniana\u003c/em>) hemlocks are falling victim to an exotic insect called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/tennessee/explore/hemlock.xml\">hemlock woolly adelgid\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Adelges tsugae\u003c/em>), and the riverside areas of the mountainous eastern United States will likely never be the same again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65317\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/5449453-PPT_163_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65317 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/5449453-PPT_163_2-355x253.jpg\" alt=\"An adult hemlock woolly adelgid removed from its host plant and cleaned for imaging. Photo courtesy: Kelly Oten, Bugwood.org\" width=\"320\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult hemlock woolly adelgid removed from its host plant and cleaned for imaging. Photo courtesy: Kelly Oten, Bugwood.org\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Accidently introduced to Virginia in the 1950s through the importation of ornamental Japanese weeping hemlocks, the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) is a purplish insect less than a millimeter long. It’s detectable mainly by its egg casings -- ghostly pale fibrous masses clotting the underside of the hemlock’s shoots. Over several years the HWA larvae feed on the phloem sap that carries life-giving sucrose to the tree’s elegant flattened-needle leaves, eventually causing them to wither and fall from lack of nutrients. And as the leaves fall, the trees starve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hemlocks are a keystone species, critical to the mountain waters of the eastern U.S. They are also our primary old-growth trees, living for more than 800 years and anchoring a complex riverine ecological community. Their great shaggy forms, 175-feet tall and more, line our highland waterways and provide year-round shade and soil stabilization to keep streams running cool and clear. Removing hemlocks has increased siltation and exposed the rivers and forest floor to greatly increased sunlight. This results in warmer waters and enormous changes in the vegetative composition of the forest floor, with attendant degradation of wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HWA has \u003ca href=\"http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/maps/2012.pdf\">spread throughout much of the hemlocks’ range\u003c/a> and killed countless trees, a massive loss to biodiversity and the integrity of our mountain headwaters. \u003ca href=\"http://www.threatenedforests.com/\">The Alliance for Saving Threatened Forests\u003c/a>, a coalition composed of multiple universities and agencies based at North Carolina State, has arrived at two potential (and unfortunately long-term) methods of combatting HWA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65304\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 329px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/HWAEggs_WoolPulledApart_000_eggs_white_maine.gov_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65304 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/HWAEggs_WoolPulledApart_000_eggs_white_maine.gov_-329x253.jpg\" alt=\"Each small white mass found on a hemlock twig has the potential to represent up to 300 individual insects. Courtesy: Maine.gov/dacf\" width=\"329\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Each small white mass found on a hemlock twig has the potential to represent up to 300 individual insects. Courtesy: US Forest Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first involves the remarkable discovery that a tiny fraction of hemlocks appear, for unknown reasons, to be largely resistant to HWA infestation; that is, the bugs permeate them like any other, but these trees are somehow able to carry on regardless (foresters refer to a grove of veteran survivors in New Jersey as the “Bulletproof Stand”). Perhaps over time the secret of their hidden strength can be understood and shared with the few isolated hemlocks that have as yet managed to avoid infestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other gambit involves interbreeding natives with Asian hemlocks that coevolved with HWA and therefore have inborn means of defying it. Both of these methods will take a great deal of time, if they ever do succeed. Scott Salom, a professor of forest entomology at Virginia Tech and recognized expert on HWA, told me that the more direct method is to bring the battle to the bug via the introduction of predatory insects from Asia that have proven to be successful when released in sufficient numbers. The problem there, said Salom, is that “we’re unable to produce and release enough predators” to effectively counter the HWA onslaught. “There are maybe 1,000 predators applied to a hemlock stand infested with millions of HWA.” Valiant but vastly outnumbered, the predators simply would not be able to kill enough HWA to turn the tide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65306\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/ovisacs_jul06_002_hand_branch_Maine.gov_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65306 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/ovisacs_jul06_002_hand_branch_Maine.gov_-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The wool-like secretions of the hemlock woolly adelgid are visible throughout most of the year, and are generally between 1/16th and 1/8th inch across. Courtesy: Maine.gov/dacf\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The wool-like secretions of the hemlock woolly adelgid are visible throughout most of the year, and are generally between 1/16th and 1/8th inch across. Courtesy: Allison Kanoti, Maine Forest Service, MDACF\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salom said the key might be “integrated pest management,” whereby direct applications of chemical pesticides, which are highly effective in yards and small parks but impracticable in a sprawling forest environment, are coupled with predator releases and, perhaps in time, with the hybridization methods mentioned above. Of course, along with HWA our southern forests are also enjoying such nonnative killers as the emerald ash borer, whose larvae are boring into the inner bark of an ash tree near you; the apocalyptic-sounding thousand cankers disease caused by an exotic fungus that is overwhelming the black walnut (an important food source for native wildlife); and the redbay ambrosia beetle, which injects red bay trees, found along the southern coast, with a symbiotic fungus that the beetle then feeds upon while the fungus slowly kills the tree. There is even a “balsam” woolly adelgid that feeds on Frazer firs, an essential high-altitude tree of the southern Appalachians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these pests arrived on our shores via the globalized economy, which has historically accounted only for profits, and not the unintended losses that result from the movement of goods around the globe. Who could have imagined that a few decorative saplings brought over by some nursery half a century ago would lead, unwittingly, to the death throes of some of the oldest trees in the eastern United States?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The tale of an exotic pest that threatens the survival of the east’s old-growth forests.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1388536136,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":966},"headData":{"title":"Look What’s Killing Our Oldest Trees | KQED","description":"The tale of an exotic pest that threatens the survival of the east’s old-growth forests.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Look What’s Killing Our Oldest Trees","datePublished":"2013-12-31T15:00:07.000Z","dateModified":"2014-01-01T00:28:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"62735 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=62735","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/31/hemlock-woolly-adelgid-invasive-insect-killing-hemlock-trees/","disqusTitle":"Look What’s Killing Our Oldest Trees","path":"/quest/62735/hemlock-woolly-adelgid-invasive-insect-killing-hemlock-trees","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/5571750007_eb7e5c6e58_o_EP-Mallory_marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65299\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/5571750007_eb7e5c6e58_o_EP-Mallory_marquee-640x199.jpg\" alt=\"The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA) secretes a waxy wool-like material from its pores. Photo credit: E.P. Mallory\" width=\"640\" height=\"199\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA) secretes a waxy wool-like material from its pores. Photo credit: E.P. Mallory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Something is happening in the Appalachian forest, something deadly. The mighty stands of hemlock, the old-growth guardians of these ancient mountains, are succumbing to death by a billion cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65302\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 223px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/hem-removal-plot6-abp-apr09a_Harvard.FAS_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65302 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/hem-removal-plot6-abp-apr09a_Harvard.FAS_-223x169.jpg\" alt=\"Eastern Hemlocks represents some of the oldest - and most threatened - trees in the country. Photo courtesy: Harvard Forest\" width=\"223\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eastern Hemlocks represents some of the oldest - and most threatened - trees in the country. Photo courtesy: Harvard Forest\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Go out into the Alleghenies, the Blue Ridge, or the Smokies and seek out the rushing waters of a mountain stream. Chances are you’ll see what I’ve seen: a skeletal scene with hundreds of giant hemlock trees standing dead on the riverbank, their leafless limbs reaching up to the sky like penitents begging for absolution. Both eastern (\u003cem>Tsuga canadensis\u003c/em>) and Carolina (\u003cem>T. caroliniana\u003c/em>) hemlocks are falling victim to an exotic insect called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/tennessee/explore/hemlock.xml\">hemlock woolly adelgid\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Adelges tsugae\u003c/em>), and the riverside areas of the mountainous eastern United States will likely never be the same again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65317\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/5449453-PPT_163_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65317 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/5449453-PPT_163_2-355x253.jpg\" alt=\"An adult hemlock woolly adelgid removed from its host plant and cleaned for imaging. Photo courtesy: Kelly Oten, Bugwood.org\" width=\"320\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult hemlock woolly adelgid removed from its host plant and cleaned for imaging. Photo courtesy: Kelly Oten, Bugwood.org\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Accidently introduced to Virginia in the 1950s through the importation of ornamental Japanese weeping hemlocks, the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) is a purplish insect less than a millimeter long. It’s detectable mainly by its egg casings -- ghostly pale fibrous masses clotting the underside of the hemlock’s shoots. Over several years the HWA larvae feed on the phloem sap that carries life-giving sucrose to the tree’s elegant flattened-needle leaves, eventually causing them to wither and fall from lack of nutrients. And as the leaves fall, the trees starve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hemlocks are a keystone species, critical to the mountain waters of the eastern U.S. They are also our primary old-growth trees, living for more than 800 years and anchoring a complex riverine ecological community. Their great shaggy forms, 175-feet tall and more, line our highland waterways and provide year-round shade and soil stabilization to keep streams running cool and clear. Removing hemlocks has increased siltation and exposed the rivers and forest floor to greatly increased sunlight. This results in warmer waters and enormous changes in the vegetative composition of the forest floor, with attendant degradation of wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HWA has \u003ca href=\"http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/maps/2012.pdf\">spread throughout much of the hemlocks’ range\u003c/a> and killed countless trees, a massive loss to biodiversity and the integrity of our mountain headwaters. \u003ca href=\"http://www.threatenedforests.com/\">The Alliance for Saving Threatened Forests\u003c/a>, a coalition composed of multiple universities and agencies based at North Carolina State, has arrived at two potential (and unfortunately long-term) methods of combatting HWA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65304\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 329px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/HWAEggs_WoolPulledApart_000_eggs_white_maine.gov_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65304 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/HWAEggs_WoolPulledApart_000_eggs_white_maine.gov_-329x253.jpg\" alt=\"Each small white mass found on a hemlock twig has the potential to represent up to 300 individual insects. Courtesy: Maine.gov/dacf\" width=\"329\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Each small white mass found on a hemlock twig has the potential to represent up to 300 individual insects. Courtesy: US Forest Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first involves the remarkable discovery that a tiny fraction of hemlocks appear, for unknown reasons, to be largely resistant to HWA infestation; that is, the bugs permeate them like any other, but these trees are somehow able to carry on regardless (foresters refer to a grove of veteran survivors in New Jersey as the “Bulletproof Stand”). Perhaps over time the secret of their hidden strength can be understood and shared with the few isolated hemlocks that have as yet managed to avoid infestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other gambit involves interbreeding natives with Asian hemlocks that coevolved with HWA and therefore have inborn means of defying it. Both of these methods will take a great deal of time, if they ever do succeed. Scott Salom, a professor of forest entomology at Virginia Tech and recognized expert on HWA, told me that the more direct method is to bring the battle to the bug via the introduction of predatory insects from Asia that have proven to be successful when released in sufficient numbers. The problem there, said Salom, is that “we’re unable to produce and release enough predators” to effectively counter the HWA onslaught. “There are maybe 1,000 predators applied to a hemlock stand infested with millions of HWA.” Valiant but vastly outnumbered, the predators simply would not be able to kill enough HWA to turn the tide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65306\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/ovisacs_jul06_002_hand_branch_Maine.gov_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65306 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/ovisacs_jul06_002_hand_branch_Maine.gov_-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The wool-like secretions of the hemlock woolly adelgid are visible throughout most of the year, and are generally between 1/16th and 1/8th inch across. Courtesy: Maine.gov/dacf\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The wool-like secretions of the hemlock woolly adelgid are visible throughout most of the year, and are generally between 1/16th and 1/8th inch across. Courtesy: Allison Kanoti, Maine Forest Service, MDACF\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salom said the key might be “integrated pest management,” whereby direct applications of chemical pesticides, which are highly effective in yards and small parks but impracticable in a sprawling forest environment, are coupled with predator releases and, perhaps in time, with the hybridization methods mentioned above. Of course, along with HWA our southern forests are also enjoying such nonnative killers as the emerald ash borer, whose larvae are boring into the inner bark of an ash tree near you; the apocalyptic-sounding thousand cankers disease caused by an exotic fungus that is overwhelming the black walnut (an important food source for native wildlife); and the redbay ambrosia beetle, which injects red bay trees, found along the southern coast, with a symbiotic fungus that the beetle then feeds upon while the fungus slowly kills the tree. There is even a “balsam” woolly adelgid that feeds on Frazer firs, an essential high-altitude tree of the southern Appalachians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these pests arrived on our shores via the globalized economy, which has historically accounted only for profits, and not the unintended losses that result from the movement of goods around the globe. Who could have imagined that a few decorative saplings brought over by some nursery half a century ago would lead, unwittingly, to the death throes of some of the oldest trees in the eastern United States?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/62735/hemlock-woolly-adelgid-invasive-insect-killing-hemlock-trees","authors":["10531"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_12269","quest_12530","quest_12531","quest_1472","quest_12529","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3290","quest_2993","quest_10303","quest_12532"],"featImg":"quest_65293","label":"quest"},"quest_55618":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_55618","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"55618","score":null,"sort":[1376575206000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire","title":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire ","publishDate":1376575206,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record-setting heat and dryness plagued many of the lower 48 states in 2012. While 2013 hasn’t been as extreme, half of the country continues to suffer from dry to exceptional drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\">U.S. drought monitor\u003c/a>. It’s a trend that’s likely to continue as the global climate changes, and it could have big impacts on trees across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58916\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Near his office in Lincoln\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> Nebraska, Mark Harrell examines a brown-looking Eastern White Pine. He’s the Forest Health Program Leader for the Nebraska Forest Service. He points to dried resin on the bark. “That’s kind of a typical symptom of fungus disease affecting the branches,” he says. “And those are very common on trees stressed from drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrell says that because of disease—likely brought on by drought—the tree may not survive the summer. And it isn’t the only one. Foresters across the state say they’re losing trees not only to drought-induced disease and dehydration but also to heat that exacerbates the situation and increases the severity of wildfires. Drier, warmer weather has also given insects like bark beetles more time to populate and spread into climate-stressed trees where they destroy nutrient-bearing tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fatal Thirst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees nourish themselves by pulling water up from the ground to the leaves. There it reacts with sunlight and carbon dioxide, converting that energy into food in the form of carbohydrates. But drought hampers that critical process, according to U.S. Geological Survey research ecologist Craig Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there starts to be limited water available in the soil, it gets more difficult. It takes more tension to pull water out of the soil and get it into the tree and get it all the way up to where the leaves are in the canopy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> But if the drought lasts for weeks, months, or even years, the trees can actually starve to death.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, that tension can get so strong that the tissues in the tree—think of them as little straws—get air bubbles, or embolisms, which prevent water from moving up the trunk. Trees have many ways of dealing with periods of drought and other stress, which is one reason they can live so long, says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By avoiding dehydrating to death, they can end up starving, essentially,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, who is based near Santa Fe, New Mexico, says the Southwest has been in a prolonged drought since about 2000. And warmer temperatures in the last 20 years have exacerbated the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2-404x253.jpg\" alt=\"In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"404\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world is getting warmer, has been getting warmer in recent decades. And it appears there’s a signal that this is amplifying the drought stress on trees in many parts of the world. We’re starting to see more tree mortality in these areas,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures—partly the result of more carbon dioxide in the air—means the atmosphere needs more water. Think of the warmer atmosphere as a sponge, increasing evaporation and pulling \u003cstrong>more\u003c/strong> water from leaves and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Allen, adding hotter temperatures to ongoing drought is often a fatal combination for trees. Many species around the world already toe the line of high temperatures they can withstand to maximize their ability to survive. And in many places, trees have already used up deeper reserves of subsoil moisture stored from previous wet periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda, a climatologist with the National Drought Mitigation Center, says those places now need serious moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get into the second or third year of drought, the cumulative impacts begin to ramp up, like we’re seeing particularly in Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas. New Mexico has been very, very hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You need well above sustained rains, not just a good month or a good week,” says Svoboda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intense Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drier winters have also led to longer, more intense wildfires sweeping through western forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cumulatively, we’re seeing this much longer fire season in just a few decades, and the severity of fire seems to be related to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58967\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58967\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>temperature as well, so we’re seeing more high-severity fire,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These intensely hot fires can sometimes kill huge swaths of mature trees, rather than the spotty burn patterns of more normal wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Allen and other forest researchers now worry about losing that native seed stock, and the trees’ ability to repopulate the landscape by distributing their seeds as they have after previous die-offs. The sudden absence of these trees would likely impact the ecosystem, including plant and animal biodiversity, as shrubs and grasses take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with efforts like thinning forests to reduce competition for water, researchers are searching for new species that can withstand the changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Search for Tougher Trees\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Evertson, Green Infrastructure Coordinator for the Nebraska Forest Service, says they think they need to look south for trees that can withstand warmer temperatures and drier conditions, though he admits it’s hard to know just how things will change in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58968\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58968\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the greenhouse at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the greenhouses at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evertson works with Bob Henrickson at the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Statewide Arboretum\u003c/a> in Lincoln. Along with nearly 100 affiliate sites around the state, Henrickson routinely gathers seeds from a wide range of trees—particularly native varieties—and cultivates and distributes them to determine what trees do best in the region’s variable and changing climate. With more drought and heat projected for the future, moving away from cooler-weather species might be an option for maintaining a healthy tree population in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the arboretum’s test garden, Evertson walks over to a dwarf chinkapin oak grown from acorns collected nearly a decade ago. He says this oak occurs on tough, gravelly soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a tree that has proven itself to be tough and adaptable across the region,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evertson says orders for chinkapin oak and other hardy trees routinely come in from\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>numerous nearby states. The Nebraska Forest Service and Kansas Forest Service are starting a cooperative effort to collect and evaluate other tough trees that can handle changing climate conditions. Bob Henrickson says that’s exactly what he envisions for the arboretum’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of native trees and shrubs in Nebraska are native to other states but meet their natural range limit in our state,” he says. “So we feel we’re set up with some of the best seed sources in the country to distribute these plants throughout (the region) that can take these tough conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distributing seeds to other states might be necessary if we lose a lot of the current forests in the Southwest as a result of the combined threat of drought, heat, and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s hard to imagine they’re going to survive beyond the middle of this century in the parts of the landscape where they are today,” says research ecologist Allen. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After reviewing thousands of years of historic tree-ring data in the Southwest, Allen and other researchers found there have been two other periods of extended, “mega-drought” that caused trees to die out on a large scale and likely forced native people to leave the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current drought we’re seeing is approaching the severity of those two most severe mega-droughts in the last 1,000 years, and it’s because it’s warmer,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda agrees but says it’s still too early to know if we’re at the beginning of another mega-drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just no way to tell until you look back on it. But it’s certainly been shown that it’s very, very possible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Allen says we should expect change. “We’re in a period where the new normal is just a transition period -- we can’t see to what yet. But it looks like, for this century at least, there will be this climate changing and so the systems are changing as they must.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean cold-weather trees slowly repopulating in higher elevations, while lower areas shift to more scrub- and grass-based ecosystems. Only time—and the climate—will tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58793\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414687120.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414677138-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the western U.S., trees are facing a triple threat of heat, drought and wildfire. Despite efforts to find more resilient tree species, some forests may not survive past mid-century.\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1398456875,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":39,"wordCount":1573},"headData":{"title":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire | KQED","description":"In the western U.S., trees are facing a triple threat of heat, drought and wildfire. Despite efforts to find more resilient tree species, some forests may not survive past mid-century.\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire ","datePublished":"2013-08-15T14:00:06.000Z","dateModified":"2014-04-25T20:14:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"55618 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=55618","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/08/15/triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire/","disqusTitle":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire ","path":"/quest/55618/triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record-setting heat and dryness plagued many of the lower 48 states in 2012. While 2013 hasn’t been as extreme, half of the country continues to suffer from dry to exceptional drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\">U.S. drought monitor\u003c/a>. It’s a trend that’s likely to continue as the global climate changes, and it could have big impacts on trees across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58916\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Near his office in Lincoln\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> Nebraska, Mark Harrell examines a brown-looking Eastern White Pine. He’s the Forest Health Program Leader for the Nebraska Forest Service. He points to dried resin on the bark. “That’s kind of a typical symptom of fungus disease affecting the branches,” he says. “And those are very common on trees stressed from drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrell says that because of disease—likely brought on by drought—the tree may not survive the summer. And it isn’t the only one. Foresters across the state say they’re losing trees not only to drought-induced disease and dehydration but also to heat that exacerbates the situation and increases the severity of wildfires. Drier, warmer weather has also given insects like bark beetles more time to populate and spread into climate-stressed trees where they destroy nutrient-bearing tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fatal Thirst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees nourish themselves by pulling water up from the ground to the leaves. There it reacts with sunlight and carbon dioxide, converting that energy into food in the form of carbohydrates. But drought hampers that critical process, according to U.S. Geological Survey research ecologist Craig Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there starts to be limited water available in the soil, it gets more difficult. It takes more tension to pull water out of the soil and get it into the tree and get it all the way up to where the leaves are in the canopy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> But if the drought lasts for weeks, months, or even years, the trees can actually starve to death.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, that tension can get so strong that the tissues in the tree—think of them as little straws—get air bubbles, or embolisms, which prevent water from moving up the trunk. Trees have many ways of dealing with periods of drought and other stress, which is one reason they can live so long, says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By avoiding dehydrating to death, they can end up starving, essentially,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, who is based near Santa Fe, New Mexico, says the Southwest has been in a prolonged drought since about 2000. And warmer temperatures in the last 20 years have exacerbated the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2-404x253.jpg\" alt=\"In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"404\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world is getting warmer, has been getting warmer in recent decades. And it appears there’s a signal that this is amplifying the drought stress on trees in many parts of the world. We’re starting to see more tree mortality in these areas,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures—partly the result of more carbon dioxide in the air—means the atmosphere needs more water. Think of the warmer atmosphere as a sponge, increasing evaporation and pulling \u003cstrong>more\u003c/strong> water from leaves and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Allen, adding hotter temperatures to ongoing drought is often a fatal combination for trees. Many species around the world already toe the line of high temperatures they can withstand to maximize their ability to survive. And in many places, trees have already used up deeper reserves of subsoil moisture stored from previous wet periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda, a climatologist with the National Drought Mitigation Center, says those places now need serious moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get into the second or third year of drought, the cumulative impacts begin to ramp up, like we’re seeing particularly in Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas. New Mexico has been very, very hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You need well above sustained rains, not just a good month or a good week,” says Svoboda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intense Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drier winters have also led to longer, more intense wildfires sweeping through western forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cumulatively, we’re seeing this much longer fire season in just a few decades, and the severity of fire seems to be related to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58967\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58967\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>temperature as well, so we’re seeing more high-severity fire,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These intensely hot fires can sometimes kill huge swaths of mature trees, rather than the spotty burn patterns of more normal wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Allen and other forest researchers now worry about losing that native seed stock, and the trees’ ability to repopulate the landscape by distributing their seeds as they have after previous die-offs. The sudden absence of these trees would likely impact the ecosystem, including plant and animal biodiversity, as shrubs and grasses take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with efforts like thinning forests to reduce competition for water, researchers are searching for new species that can withstand the changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Search for Tougher Trees\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Evertson, Green Infrastructure Coordinator for the Nebraska Forest Service, says they think they need to look south for trees that can withstand warmer temperatures and drier conditions, though he admits it’s hard to know just how things will change in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58968\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58968\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the greenhouse at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the greenhouses at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evertson works with Bob Henrickson at the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Statewide Arboretum\u003c/a> in Lincoln. Along with nearly 100 affiliate sites around the state, Henrickson routinely gathers seeds from a wide range of trees—particularly native varieties—and cultivates and distributes them to determine what trees do best in the region’s variable and changing climate. With more drought and heat projected for the future, moving away from cooler-weather species might be an option for maintaining a healthy tree population in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the arboretum’s test garden, Evertson walks over to a dwarf chinkapin oak grown from acorns collected nearly a decade ago. He says this oak occurs on tough, gravelly soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a tree that has proven itself to be tough and adaptable across the region,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evertson says orders for chinkapin oak and other hardy trees routinely come in from\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>numerous nearby states. The Nebraska Forest Service and Kansas Forest Service are starting a cooperative effort to collect and evaluate other tough trees that can handle changing climate conditions. Bob Henrickson says that’s exactly what he envisions for the arboretum’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of native trees and shrubs in Nebraska are native to other states but meet their natural range limit in our state,” he says. “So we feel we’re set up with some of the best seed sources in the country to distribute these plants throughout (the region) that can take these tough conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distributing seeds to other states might be necessary if we lose a lot of the current forests in the Southwest as a result of the combined threat of drought, heat, and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s hard to imagine they’re going to survive beyond the middle of this century in the parts of the landscape where they are today,” says research ecologist Allen. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After reviewing thousands of years of historic tree-ring data in the Southwest, Allen and other researchers found there have been two other periods of extended, “mega-drought” that caused trees to die out on a large scale and likely forced native people to leave the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current drought we’re seeing is approaching the severity of those two most severe mega-droughts in the last 1,000 years, and it’s because it’s warmer,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda agrees but says it’s still too early to know if we’re at the beginning of another mega-drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just no way to tell until you look back on it. But it’s certainly been shown that it’s very, very possible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Allen says we should expect change. “We’re in a period where the new normal is just a transition period -- we can’t see to what yet. But it looks like, for this century at least, there will be this climate changing and so the systems are changing as they must.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean cold-weather trees slowly repopulating in higher elevations, while lower areas shift to more scrub- and grass-based ecosystems. Only time—and the climate—will tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58793\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414687120.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414677138-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/55618/triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_13195","quest_886","quest_1095","quest_1334","quest_12209","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3289","quest_2993"],"featImg":"quest_58793","label":"quest"},"quest_12823":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_12823","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"12823","score":null,"sort":[1301082601000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-green-is-biomass-energy-2","title":"How Green is Biomass Energy?","publishDate":1301082601,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/biomass3002.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Almond shells at the West Biofuels biomass test plant in Woodland, California.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think of where energy comes from, you might picture a power plant or maybe wind mills. You probably wouldn't think of a pile of 12 tons of almond shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is hungry for renewable energy. Solar and wind power have taken off thanks to the state's ambitious clean energy goals. But there's another way to generate electricity -- by using organic material like agricultural and tree waste. It's known as biomass power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Summers is an engineer with West Biofuels at their test power plant near Sacramento. California, by the way, is the world leader in growing almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So we've got more almond shells than anybody else. And you know, we know some companies that handle almond shells and they're always looking for somewhere to take them,\" says Summers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/03/2011-03-28-quest.mp3\" ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-green-is-biomass-energy\">How Green Is Biomass Energy?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But where some see a waste product, Summers sees an energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So this is the heart of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westbiofuels.com/\" target=\"_blank\">West Biofuels\u003c/a> process,\" he says, pointing to a tower of industrial equipment that turns almond shells into electricity. First, the waste, or biomass, is fed into a reactor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We call it reforming, so we're re-forming what's biomass, what's almond shells into smaller particles that are gases,\" says Summers, describing their gasification technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gas that's produced is a lot like natural gas, so it goes to an advanced generator where it's burned to produce electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is where biomass is different from other renewables. The generator produces air pollution, unlike, say, a solar farm. So Summers and his team use pollution control technology to meet California's air quality standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, despite the emissions from biomass plants, many say there are big benefits to using waste as an energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Waste is pretty green,\" says Jim Boyd, a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>. \"There's enough material out there to make thousands of megawatts of electricity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/biomasspile2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Matt Summers of West Biofuels stands next to their fuel source.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a lot of unused energy sources out there, Boyd says, like construction debris and orchard cuttings. Biomass energy also has one big advantage over other renewables - reliability. Wind and solar power are variable since the sun and wind aren't available all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And instead of just thinking about building more natural gas plants to fill the void, we could utilize biomass plants because they are seven by 24 once you get them up and running,\" says Boyd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while other renewables are booming, biomass is on the decline in California. After dozens of plants were built in the 1980s, today, only a handful of new plants are being proposed. In 2009, biomass provided about two percent of the state's electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a great infatuation with wind and solar and very rare references to biomass and some of us are trying to turn that around a little bit,\" Boyd says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One problem is simply cost. Biomass facilities need tons and tons of material and trucking it in from around the state isn't very economical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other issue gets back to the concern of whether biomass energy is really as green as supporters say. There's the problem of greenhouse gas emissions from biomass plants. Another controversy is over one particular fuel source: trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All those years of Smokey Bear and fire suppression in California have created very dense forests – which are at high risk for fires. Both private and public land managers have been trying to reduce that fuel load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a lot of cases you'd do thinning operation where you take out some of the trees, usually the smaller trees, the less valuable trees,\" says Bill Stewart, a forestry specialist at the University of California - Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart says most of the material removed from forests is either burned or left to decay. So there's a lot of interest in using forestry waste in biomass plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Debbie Hammel of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> says, \"I think if you're talking about waste, it's important to define what you mean.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you take too much of that residue out of the forest, you're going to have an impact on the forest floor, the fertility of the soil, erosion and potentially wildlife habitat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hammel says there's a major debate over how much thinning is good for a forest. So, she worries that a larger biomass industry would create incentives to over-harvest forests. That's why Hammel says not all biomass is equal - and why waste like almond shells should be used before forest cuttings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a role for biomass done right, but it's a smaller role I think than some people imagine,\" says Hammel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking ahead, Hammel says the next thorny issue is calculating the greenhouse gas emissions from biomass plants, which can be tricky since the fuels come from a number of sources. That's something the federal Environmental Protection Agency is reviewing now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.714854 -121.75320\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When you think of where energy comes from, you might picture a power plant or maybe wind mills. You probably wouldn't think of a pile of 12 tons of almond shells.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371061255,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":892},"headData":{"title":"How Green is Biomass Energy? | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Green is Biomass Energy?","datePublished":"2011-03-25T19:50:01.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T18:20:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"12823 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/03/25/how-green-is-biomass-energy/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/25/how-green-is-biomass-energy-2/","disqusTitle":"How Green is Biomass Energy?","path":"/quest/12823/how-green-is-biomass-energy-2","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/03/2011-03-28-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/biomass3002.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Almond shells at the West Biofuels biomass test plant in Woodland, California.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think of where energy comes from, you might picture a power plant or maybe wind mills. You probably wouldn't think of a pile of 12 tons of almond shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is hungry for renewable energy. Solar and wind power have taken off thanks to the state's ambitious clean energy goals. But there's another way to generate electricity -- by using organic material like agricultural and tree waste. It's known as biomass power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt Summers is an engineer with West Biofuels at their test power plant near Sacramento. California, by the way, is the world leader in growing almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So we've got more almond shells than anybody else. And you know, we know some companies that handle almond shells and they're always looking for somewhere to take them,\" says Summers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/03/2011-03-28-quest.mp3\" ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-green-is-biomass-energy\">How Green Is Biomass Energy?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>But where some see a waste product, Summers sees an energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So this is the heart of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westbiofuels.com/\" target=\"_blank\">West Biofuels\u003c/a> process,\" he says, pointing to a tower of industrial equipment that turns almond shells into electricity. First, the waste, or biomass, is fed into a reactor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We call it reforming, so we're re-forming what's biomass, what's almond shells into smaller particles that are gases,\" says Summers, describing their gasification technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gas that's produced is a lot like natural gas, so it goes to an advanced generator where it's burned to produce electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is where biomass is different from other renewables. The generator produces air pollution, unlike, say, a solar farm. So Summers and his team use pollution control technology to meet California's air quality standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, despite the emissions from biomass plants, many say there are big benefits to using waste as an energy source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Waste is pretty green,\" says Jim Boyd, a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a>. \"There's enough material out there to make thousands of megawatts of electricity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/biomasspile2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Matt Summers of West Biofuels stands next to their fuel source.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a lot of unused energy sources out there, Boyd says, like construction debris and orchard cuttings. Biomass energy also has one big advantage over other renewables - reliability. Wind and solar power are variable since the sun and wind aren't available all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And instead of just thinking about building more natural gas plants to fill the void, we could utilize biomass plants because they are seven by 24 once you get them up and running,\" says Boyd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while other renewables are booming, biomass is on the decline in California. After dozens of plants were built in the 1980s, today, only a handful of new plants are being proposed. In 2009, biomass provided about two percent of the state's electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a great infatuation with wind and solar and very rare references to biomass and some of us are trying to turn that around a little bit,\" Boyd says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One problem is simply cost. Biomass facilities need tons and tons of material and trucking it in from around the state isn't very economical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other issue gets back to the concern of whether biomass energy is really as green as supporters say. There's the problem of greenhouse gas emissions from biomass plants. Another controversy is over one particular fuel source: trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All those years of Smokey Bear and fire suppression in California have created very dense forests – which are at high risk for fires. Both private and public land managers have been trying to reduce that fuel load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a lot of cases you'd do thinning operation where you take out some of the trees, usually the smaller trees, the less valuable trees,\" says Bill Stewart, a forestry specialist at the University of California - Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart says most of the material removed from forests is either burned or left to decay. So there's a lot of interest in using forestry waste in biomass plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Debbie Hammel of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> says, \"I think if you're talking about waste, it's important to define what you mean.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you take too much of that residue out of the forest, you're going to have an impact on the forest floor, the fertility of the soil, erosion and potentially wildlife habitat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hammel says there's a major debate over how much thinning is good for a forest. So, she worries that a larger biomass industry would create incentives to over-harvest forests. That's why Hammel says not all biomass is equal - and why waste like almond shells should be used before forest cuttings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a role for biomass done right, but it's a smaller role I think than some people imagine,\" says Hammel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking ahead, Hammel says the next thorny issue is calculating the greenhouse gas emissions from biomass plants, which can be tricky since the fuels come from a number of sources. That's something the federal Environmental Protection Agency is reviewing now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.714854 -121.75320\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/12823/how-green-is-biomass-energy-2","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_94","quest_3483","quest_954","quest_984","quest_1132","quest_13203","quest_2409","quest_2460","quest_2993"],"featImg":"quest_12829","label":"quest"},"quest_11285":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_11285","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"11285","score":null,"sort":[1292868989000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mistletoe-friend-or-foe","title":"Mistletoe: Friend or Foe?","publishDate":1292868989,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/mistletoe1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Mistletoe grows on the branch of an oak tree in Briones Regional Park. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/mistletoe1.jpg\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you been hanging out under the mistletoe at holiday parties, hoping for a kiss? Well, that mistletoe is more than a Christmas kissing custom. It’s a parasite that can harm trees—and a potential treatment for cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hastingsreserve.org/OakStory/Mistletoe2.html\">Mistletoe\u003c/a> lives on the branches of trees, and is a hemi-parasite; it produces some of its own food (it has green, photosynthetic leaves), but it gets nutrients and water from its host plant (its roots tap into the host plant, rather than the soil). If the mistletoe grows big enough, they can do some damage. Large mistletoe plants can weigh down tree branches and make them more likely to break off during a storm. If there are many mistletoe plants in a single tree, they can stunt the tree’s growth, make it more susceptible to disease, and even kill it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several species of mistletoe living in California. Pacific mistletoe, \u003cem>Phoradendron villosum\u003c/em>, lives in the western US, and is a parasite on oak trees. European mistletoe, \u003cem>Viscum album\u003c/em>, parasitizes a wide range of species, including apple trees and maples. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mistletoe is spread from tree to tree by birds. They eat the white berries and spread the sticky seeds with their beaks or in their excrement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite its parasitic tendencies, mistletoe has long been thought to have healing powers. In Greek legends and druid folklore, mistletoe was used to treat disease. And since the 1920s, scientists have been investigating mistletoe extract as potential cancer drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several laboratory studies have shown that mistletoe extract can kill cancer cells—though other studies have shown that the extract has no effect. It seems that mistletoe growing on different types of trees (like apple, pine, oak, or elm) may have different medicinal properties. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mistletoe extract seems to boost the immune system, by increasing the production and activity of white blood cells. (Don’t try this at home—mistletoe can be poisonous.) Several clinical trials, mostly in Europe, have tested mistletoe extract as a form of adjuvant therapy—a treatment that is given to cancer patients after their primary treatment, to decrease the risk that cancer will return. Patients were treated with mistletoe extract (injected under the skin), along with radiation and chemotherapy. Patience who received the mistletoe extract fared better than their counterparts who did not receive it. Additional studies are underway: check out the National Cancer Institute’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/mistletoe/patient/28.cdr#top\">Questions and Answers About Mistletoe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you’re standing awkwardly under the mistletoe at your next cocktail party, you can wait quietly for that special someone, or you can strike up a conversation about mistletoe’s medicinal properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Related posts:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/briones-regional-park-exploration\">Briones Regional Park Exploration\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Have you been hanging out under the mistletoe at holiday parties, hoping for a kiss? Well, that mistletoe is more than a Christmas kissing custom. It’s a parasite that can harm trees—and a potential treatment for cancer.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1292868989,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":471},"headData":{"title":"Mistletoe: Friend or Foe? | KQED","description":"Have you been hanging out under the mistletoe at holiday parties, hoping for a kiss? Well, that mistletoe is more than a Christmas kissing custom. It’s a parasite that can harm trees—and a potential treatment for cancer.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Mistletoe: Friend or Foe?","datePublished":"2010-12-20T18:16:29.000Z","dateModified":"2010-12-20T18:16:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"11285 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=11285","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/20/mistletoe-friend-or-foe/","disqusTitle":"Mistletoe: Friend or Foe?","path":"/quest/11285/mistletoe-friend-or-foe","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/mistletoe1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Mistletoe grows on the branch of an oak tree in Briones Regional Park. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/mistletoe1.jpg\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you been hanging out under the mistletoe at holiday parties, hoping for a kiss? Well, that mistletoe is more than a Christmas kissing custom. It’s a parasite that can harm trees—and a potential treatment for cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hastingsreserve.org/OakStory/Mistletoe2.html\">Mistletoe\u003c/a> lives on the branches of trees, and is a hemi-parasite; it produces some of its own food (it has green, photosynthetic leaves), but it gets nutrients and water from its host plant (its roots tap into the host plant, rather than the soil). If the mistletoe grows big enough, they can do some damage. Large mistletoe plants can weigh down tree branches and make them more likely to break off during a storm. If there are many mistletoe plants in a single tree, they can stunt the tree’s growth, make it more susceptible to disease, and even kill it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several species of mistletoe living in California. Pacific mistletoe, \u003cem>Phoradendron villosum\u003c/em>, lives in the western US, and is a parasite on oak trees. European mistletoe, \u003cem>Viscum album\u003c/em>, parasitizes a wide range of species, including apple trees and maples. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mistletoe is spread from tree to tree by birds. They eat the white berries and spread the sticky seeds with their beaks or in their excrement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite its parasitic tendencies, mistletoe has long been thought to have healing powers. In Greek legends and druid folklore, mistletoe was used to treat disease. And since the 1920s, scientists have been investigating mistletoe extract as potential cancer drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several laboratory studies have shown that mistletoe extract can kill cancer cells—though other studies have shown that the extract has no effect. It seems that mistletoe growing on different types of trees (like apple, pine, oak, or elm) may have different medicinal properties. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mistletoe extract seems to boost the immune system, by increasing the production and activity of white blood cells. (Don’t try this at home—mistletoe can be poisonous.) Several clinical trials, mostly in Europe, have tested mistletoe extract as a form of adjuvant therapy—a treatment that is given to cancer patients after their primary treatment, to decrease the risk that cancer will return. Patients were treated with mistletoe extract (injected under the skin), along with radiation and chemotherapy. Patience who received the mistletoe extract fared better than their counterparts who did not receive it. Additional studies are underway: check out the National Cancer Institute’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/mistletoe/patient/28.cdr#top\">Questions and Answers About Mistletoe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you’re standing awkwardly under the mistletoe at your next cocktail party, you can wait quietly for that special someone, or you can strike up a conversation about mistletoe’s medicinal properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Related posts:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/briones-regional-park-exploration\">Briones Regional Park Exploration\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/11285/mistletoe-friend-or-foe","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_475","quest_1840","quest_2122","quest_2123","quest_2220","quest_2574","quest_2990","quest_2992","quest_2993"],"featImg":"quest_11287","label":"quest"},"quest_16991":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_16991","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"16991","score":null,"sort":[1242055800000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sudden-oak-death","title":"Sudden Oak Death","publishDate":1242055800,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2009/05/2009-05-11-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California continues to respond to an outbreak of swine flu -- plant biologists are dealing with a deadly epidemic of a different kind. Sudden Oak Death is devastating oak forests along the coast, killing trees that are key to the ecology of the coastal hills. Researchers have found a way to inoculate individual trees from the disease, but are struggling in their search to find a more sweeping answer to the threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sudden Oak Death is devastating oak forests along the coast, killing trees that are key to the ecology of the coastal hills. Researchers have found a way to inoculate individual trees from the disease, but are struggling in their search to find a more sweeping answer to the threat.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1337713089,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":89},"headData":{"title":"Sudden Oak Death | KQED","description":"Sudden Oak Death is devastating oak forests along the coast, killing trees that are key to the ecology of the coastal hills. Researchers have found a way to inoculate individual trees from the disease, but are struggling in their search to find a more sweeping answer to the threat.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Sudden Oak Death","datePublished":"2009-05-11T15:30:00.000Z","dateModified":"2012-05-22T18:58:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"16991 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/sudden-oak-death/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/11/sudden-oak-death/","disqusTitle":"Sudden Oak Death","path":"/quest/16991/sudden-oak-death","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2009/05/2009-05-11-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2009/05/2009-05-11-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California continues to respond to an outbreak of swine flu -- plant biologists are dealing with a deadly epidemic of a different kind. Sudden Oak Death is devastating oak forests along the coast, killing trees that are key to the ecology of the coastal hills. Researchers have found a way to inoculate individual trees from the disease, but are struggling in their search to find a more sweeping answer to the threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/16991/sudden-oak-death","authors":["8656"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_781","quest_838","quest_1155","quest_3351","quest_11129","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_2993"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2343":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2343","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2343","score":null,"sort":[1241834673000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-sudden-oak-death","title":"Reporter's Notes: Sudden Oak Death","publishDate":1241834673,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/sudden-oak-death\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/radio3-31_suddenoak300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no proven cure for Sudden Oak Death. But that doesn't mean you can't find people selling cures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the Internet is full of theories – and their related products – that explain how to treat Sudden Oak Death. The problem with them, says UC Berkeley researcher Matteo Garbelotto, is that they don't work. And in fact, he adds, they could actually harm people's backyard oak trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most popular treatments says that part of the problem with oaks is that they're weakened by acidic soils (presumably from acid rain), and the theory is that heavy doses of calcium in the soil could restore natural balance and strengthen trees against the Sudden Oak Death pathogen. In hopes that the theory might bear fruit, the Garbelotto lab recently tested it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that it did nothing to stop the Sudden Oak Death pathogen. In fact, Garbelotto said, it's like giving a glass of orange juice to someone with a terminal disease. And in some cases, he added, it could have a detrimental effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A different Garbelotto study showed that a phosphonate fungicide, brand-named Agri-Fos, can prevent the onset of Sudden Oak Death, for a period of about two years. This is the only product on the market that is effective, he said – not as a cure, but as a two-year preventative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people who love their oak trees decide to try both treatments, Garbelotto said. And since the phosphonate that does work is acidic, and the calcium treatment that doesn't work is basic, then you could end up inhibiting the treatment that actually works. That is, if you use both treatments, he said, the calcium could actually negate the positive effect of the phosphonate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 10 a.m. to noon on Sunday, May 16, Garbelotto will lead a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/english/sodblitz.php\">\"Sudden Oak Death Blitz\"\u003c/a> at the East Bay Parks Botanic Garden in Berkeley's Tilden Park. The event, sponsored by the California Oak Mortality Task Force, trains participants to spot vegetation infected with\u003cem> P. ramorum\u003c/em> and collect samples for testing. The training is useful for homeowners who want to monitor their own trees for Sudden Oak Death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/sudden-oak-death\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/sudden-oak-death\">Listen to the Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.56725 -122.68867\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There is no proven cure for Sudden Oak Death. But that doesn't mean you can't find people selling cures. In fact, the Internet is full of theories – and their related products – that explain how to treat Sudden Oak Death. The problem with them, says UC Berkeley researcher Matteo Garbelotto, is that they don't work. And in fact, he adds, they could actually harm people's backyard oak trees.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1241834673,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":385},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Sudden Oak Death | KQED","description":"There is no proven cure for Sudden Oak Death. But that doesn't mean you can't find people selling cures. In fact, the Internet is full of theories – and their related products – that explain how to treat Sudden Oak Death. The problem with them, says UC Berkeley researcher Matteo Garbelotto, is that they don't work. And in fact, he adds, they could actually harm people's backyard oak trees.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Sudden Oak Death","datePublished":"2009-05-09T02:04:33.000Z","dateModified":"2009-05-09T02:04:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"2343 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2343","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/08/reporters-notes-sudden-oak-death/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Sudden Oak Death","path":"/quest/2343/reporters-notes-sudden-oak-death","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/sudden-oak-death\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/radio3-31_suddenoak300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no proven cure for Sudden Oak Death. But that doesn't mean you can't find people selling cures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the Internet is full of theories – and their related products – that explain how to treat Sudden Oak Death. The problem with them, says UC Berkeley researcher Matteo Garbelotto, is that they don't work. And in fact, he adds, they could actually harm people's backyard oak trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most popular treatments says that part of the problem with oaks is that they're weakened by acidic soils (presumably from acid rain), and the theory is that heavy doses of calcium in the soil could restore natural balance and strengthen trees against the Sudden Oak Death pathogen. In hopes that the theory might bear fruit, the Garbelotto lab recently tested it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that it did nothing to stop the Sudden Oak Death pathogen. In fact, Garbelotto said, it's like giving a glass of orange juice to someone with a terminal disease. And in some cases, he added, it could have a detrimental effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A different Garbelotto study showed that a phosphonate fungicide, brand-named Agri-Fos, can prevent the onset of Sudden Oak Death, for a period of about two years. This is the only product on the market that is effective, he said – not as a cure, but as a two-year preventative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people who love their oak trees decide to try both treatments, Garbelotto said. And since the phosphonate that does work is acidic, and the calcium treatment that doesn't work is basic, then you could end up inhibiting the treatment that actually works. That is, if you use both treatments, he said, the calcium could actually negate the positive effect of the phosphonate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 10 a.m. to noon on Sunday, May 16, Garbelotto will lead a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/english/sodblitz.php\">\"Sudden Oak Death Blitz\"\u003c/a> at the East Bay Parks Botanic Garden in Berkeley's Tilden Park. The event, sponsored by the California Oak Mortality Task Force, trains participants to spot vegetation infected with\u003cem> P. ramorum\u003c/em> and collect samples for testing. The training is useful for homeowners who want to monitor their own trees for Sudden Oak Death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/sudden-oak-death\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/sudden-oak-death\">Listen to the Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.56725 -122.68867\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2343/reporters-notes-sudden-oak-death","authors":["8656"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_13193","quest_13198","quest_3351","quest_2029","quest_2134","quest_2821","quest_2993"],"label":"quest"},"quest_944":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_944","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"944","score":null,"sort":[1226685765000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"plant-a-tree-invent-the-future","title":"Plant a Tree, Invent the Future","publishDate":1226685765,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/plant-a-tree.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Multi-trunk Magnolia sucks carbon.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Jim Gunshinan\u003c/em>\u003c/span>We planted several young trees at our home in October, including a Mission Fig, a Japanese Crabapple, a multi-trunk Magnolia, and a Copper Beech. Planting in the fall gives the trees a chance to put down some roots before the winter so that, in the spring, they don't bloom spectacularly and then die from lack of a good grounding in the soil. We took out most of our lawn so that this spring we will use much less water. There is another fall activity that I keep putting off--changing our furnace filter. I think I am averse to climbing around in the attic where our air-handler resides, due to a fear of falling through the ceiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I feel good that those new trees are sucking carbon out of the air as we speak. But a recent talk at Berkeley Labs, where Home Energy's offices are located, made me think much bigger. Vinod Khosla is the founder of Khosla Ventures and earned his chops as the founding Chief Executive Officer of Sun Microsystems. Khosla Ventures exists to “assist great entrepreneurs determined to build companies with lasting significance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khosla, a tall, thin, 60-ish, short-grey-haired man who looks like he runs marathons, threw out some questions on a big screen to get us all interested. “What if more coal plants meant cleaner air? What if more driving meant less carbon? What if a million year crude oil production cycle were reduced to hours? What if engines were twice as efficient, cutting world oil consumption in half?\" There are companies supported by Khosla Ventures that are making progress on those “what-ifs.\" For example, a company called Pax Streamline is working on turbine designs inspired by natural forms that will significantly increase the efficiency of wind turbines, power plants, and HVAC systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living Homes is creating cheap, prefabricated, highly resource efficient and really swell looking homes. Khosla talked about making flue gases from coal-fired power plants into cement or fertilizer (that's how coal plants will someday clean the air).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The title of Khosla's talk was “Extrapolating the past or Inventing the Future.\" He thinks we need quantum leap changes in the way we design car engines, the fuel we use; how we manufacture cement, steel, and glass; and the way we build buildings. He spiced his talked with phrases such as “80% more efficient,\" “3- or 4-fold increase in storage capacity,\" and “100 miles per gallon diesel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This radical way of thinking and imagining is more possible given 1) the Obama administration coming to Washington, 2) the cost in treasure and lives for our fossil fuel dependency, and 3) the crash in the financial sector and the stock market. The same old way of doings things (think incremental steps and short-term gain) isn't working anymore. Except for tree planting. That's always good, even if having a small effect on planetary atmosphere. And I like figs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Go \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJsGOfGlZnY\">here\u003c/a> for a video of Khosla's talk. Then go plant a tree and invent the future.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"We planted several young trees at our home in October. I feel good that those new trees are sucking carbon out of the air as we speak. But a recent talk at Berkeley Labs, where Home Energy's offices are located, made me think much bigger.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366755978,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":534},"headData":{"title":"Plant a Tree, Invent the Future | KQED","description":"We planted several young trees at our home in October. I feel good that those new trees are sucking carbon out of the air as we speak. But a recent talk at Berkeley Labs, where Home Energy's offices are located, made me think much bigger.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Plant a Tree, Invent the Future","datePublished":"2008-11-14T18:02:45.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T22:26:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"944 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=944","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/14/plant-a-tree-invent-the-future/","disqusTitle":"Plant a Tree, Invent the Future","path":"/quest/944/plant-a-tree-invent-the-future","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/plant-a-tree.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Multi-trunk Magnolia sucks carbon.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Jim Gunshinan\u003c/em>\u003c/span>We planted several young trees at our home in October, including a Mission Fig, a Japanese Crabapple, a multi-trunk Magnolia, and a Copper Beech. Planting in the fall gives the trees a chance to put down some roots before the winter so that, in the spring, they don't bloom spectacularly and then die from lack of a good grounding in the soil. We took out most of our lawn so that this spring we will use much less water. There is another fall activity that I keep putting off--changing our furnace filter. I think I am averse to climbing around in the attic where our air-handler resides, due to a fear of falling through the ceiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I feel good that those new trees are sucking carbon out of the air as we speak. But a recent talk at Berkeley Labs, where Home Energy's offices are located, made me think much bigger. Vinod Khosla is the founder of Khosla Ventures and earned his chops as the founding Chief Executive Officer of Sun Microsystems. Khosla Ventures exists to “assist great entrepreneurs determined to build companies with lasting significance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khosla, a tall, thin, 60-ish, short-grey-haired man who looks like he runs marathons, threw out some questions on a big screen to get us all interested. “What if more coal plants meant cleaner air? What if more driving meant less carbon? What if a million year crude oil production cycle were reduced to hours? What if engines were twice as efficient, cutting world oil consumption in half?\" There are companies supported by Khosla Ventures that are making progress on those “what-ifs.\" For example, a company called Pax Streamline is working on turbine designs inspired by natural forms that will significantly increase the efficiency of wind turbines, power plants, and HVAC systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living Homes is creating cheap, prefabricated, highly resource efficient and really swell looking homes. Khosla talked about making flue gases from coal-fired power plants into cement or fertilizer (that's how coal plants will someday clean the air).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The title of Khosla's talk was “Extrapolating the past or Inventing the Future.\" He thinks we need quantum leap changes in the way we design car engines, the fuel we use; how we manufacture cement, steel, and glass; and the way we build buildings. He spiced his talked with phrases such as “80% more efficient,\" “3- or 4-fold increase in storage capacity,\" and “100 miles per gallon diesel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This radical way of thinking and imagining is more possible given 1) the Obama administration coming to Washington, 2) the cost in treasure and lives for our fossil fuel dependency, and 3) the crash in the financial sector and the stock market. The same old way of doings things (think incremental steps and short-term gain) isn't working anymore. Except for tree planting. That's always good, even if having a small effect on planetary atmosphere. And I like figs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Go \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJsGOfGlZnY\">here\u003c/a> for a video of Khosla's talk. Then go plant a tree and invent the future.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/944/plant-a-tree-invent-the-future","authors":["10175"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_482","quest_638","quest_984","quest_987","quest_1263","quest_1381","quest_3351","quest_2530","quest_2993"],"label":"quest"},"quest_614":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_614","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"614","score":null,"sort":[1211590791000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"discuss-the-californias-fire-future-radio-report","title":"Discuss the "California's Fire Future" Radio Report","publishDate":1211590791,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/953\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/radio2-33_sc_fire300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Scientists predict we’ll be seeing hotter conditions and drier forests in the near future. The Summit Fire that's been burning in the Santa Cruz Mountains is likely a part of that trend. QUEST talks to Malcolm North with the U.S. Forest Service. He says any area that's burned before is vulnerable to burning again, including the Coast Range and Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/953\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>You may \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/953\">listen to the \"California's Fire Future\" Radio report\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.06076 -121.802802\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080000,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":92},"headData":{"title":"Discuss the "California's Fire Future" Radio Report | KQED","description":"Scientists predict we’ll be seeing hotter conditions and drier forests in the near future. The Summit Fire that's been burning in the Santa Cruz Mountains is likely a part of that trend. QUEST talks to Malcolm North with the U.S. Forest Service. He says any area that's burned before is vulnerable to burning again, including","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Discuss the "California's Fire Future" Radio Report","datePublished":"2008-05-24T00:59:51.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:33:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"614 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/05/23/discuss-the-californias-fire-future-radio-report/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/23/discuss-the-californias-fire-future-radio-report/","disqusTitle":"Discuss the "California's Fire Future" Radio Report","path":"/quest/614/discuss-the-californias-fire-future-radio-report","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/953\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/radio2-33_sc_fire300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Scientists predict we’ll be seeing hotter conditions and drier forests in the near future. The Summit Fire that's been burning in the Santa Cruz Mountains is likely a part of that trend. QUEST talks to Malcolm North with the U.S. Forest Service. He says any area that's burned before is vulnerable to burning again, including the Coast Range and Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/953\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>You may \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/953\">listen to the \"California's Fire Future\" Radio report\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.06076 -121.802802\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/614/discuss-the-californias-fire-future-radio-report","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_639","quest_1095","quest_1130","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13206","quest_2507","quest_2826","quest_2993","quest_19"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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