Proposed tower and berm structure by Ronald Kasprisin. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division.

CAMP MURRAY, WASHINGTON- When natural disaster strikes, most of us instinctively run for the hills. But what if you live in the flats, and can't outrun or even out-drive a fast-approaching tsunami wave?

The low-lying coast on the west coast of Washington state is one such region. Residents face both the risk of a major earthquake from the Cascadia fault, and tsunami waves predicted to pummel the shore only 30-40 minutes after the quake. John Schelling, Earthquake Program Manager at the Washington State Emergency Management Division, claims that when a tsunami is approaching, residents need to be prepared to evacuate—vertically.

Schelling worked with a team of engineers to plan a series of towers, buildings and berms to provide a vertical escape option that is easily accessible and can withstand the massive force of a tsunami. The proposal, dubbed "Project Safe Haven," is well underway in Washington's coastal communities, including Ocean Shores and Westport where community members have come together to figure out what “heading for higher ground” will look like for them.

“The community members themselves have been the drivers for a lot of the effort that’s gone on in the Safe Haven Project,” says Schelling. “We’ve tried to make sure all of these are multipurpose so that people interact with them on a daily basis.”

But there will be much more physics and engineering going into these buildings than meets the eye.

Locations on Washington coast for proposed vertical evacuation structures. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division.

“The structures themselves have to be designed to withstand at least a magnitude 9 earthquake,” says Schelling. “You’re talking about a significant amount of geotechnical engineering and analysis to make sure the footings that are placed support the weight of the structure, as well as account for the forces that are coming.”

Designing a structure to withstand an earthquake of that size is a task in itself, but these buildings and towers will also then need to withstand the force of the approaching tsunami wave. The engineering answer to this challenge? “The ground floor would be sacrificial, the walls are designed to wash away, and allow water to flow in and out,” says Schelling. Meanwhile, the top floors, where the evacuees would be gathered, are left intact.

It’s a different design concept than berms which are essentially small, hollow hills that can be easily accessed, including by those people who may have trouble quickly climbing to safety in towers or buildings. These structures will be strategically placed throughout the communities most vulnerable to a tsunami. The goal is not only to get as many people to safety as possible; it’s to get as many people to safety as quickly as possible.

While the berms would have the largest foot print on the landscape, they will be able to hold anywhere from 100 to 10,000 people above the water. The outer mound will be constructed from soil to provide a natural slope that can easily be climbed. Schelling says the inside will be a “reinforced concrete core” to keep the berm from collapsing during an earthquake and steady as the tsunami waves hit the coast.

The other benefit to berms is that the mound of earth, similar to the one in Gasworks Park in Seattle, can provide safety without looking too man-made and disrupting the natural environment. “It’s designed to blend in and provide a nice aesthetic to the natural and built environment that people love about the coast,” says Schelling.

For these safe havens, the sky is the limit.

Additional Links

• Project Safe Haven: Tsunami Vertical Evacuation on the Washington Coast on Facebook
• Washington Military Department: Emergency Management Division's Tsunami Evacuation Tips

Colette Kent, intern at KCTS 9 and student at George Washington University, contributed to this blog.

Abengoa's solar power tower, PS10, near Seville, Spain. It is capable of supplying 11 megawatts, or approximately 5,500 households worth of power.Photo: afloresm

Comprised of one or two tall narrow towers surrounded by an enormous field of shimmering mirrors beaming sunlight back up from ground level, these power plants work by essentially the same principle you might have exploited as a child in using a magnifying glass and a hot sunny day to burn holes in the leaves of a backyard playground. A magnifying glass focuses sunlight from a round disk into a single bright dot. A solar power tower's field of mirrors focuses light onto a single water tank high in the air. The concentrated light boils the water, and the steam is used to generate electricity.

In other parts of the world the concept of the solar power tower has gained dazzling momentum as well. Last April, the Spanish company Abengoa commenced operation of a new power tower of its own, dubbed PS20. The power output is still a pittance compared to some of the largest fossil fuel or nuclear plants, but at 20 MW it is currently the largest power tower in existence.

The surge of excitement recently in solar power towers may be grounded on more than hype. Other solar technologies tend to be limited in their promise by cost. Caitlin Cieslik-Miskimena, an eSolar press contact, said that many of the components employed in the company are relatively cheap. She noted, for example, that the mirrors used to collect the Sierra Sun Tower's light are "just a step above a bathroom mirror" in quality. Because they are relatively small, they can also be manufactured to be flat, which is considerably less expensive than the parabolic mirrors used in some other designs.

Nevertheless, solar power towers are just one design in a rich assortment of ideas that people have had for harnessing solar energy. Photovoltaic cells are already used ubiquitously to energize calculators, solar-powered cars, and many satellites, and rapid advances continue to be made in this area. A less flashy form of solar thermal power known as SEGS (Solar Energy Generating Systems) uses curved mirrors to heat long troughs of water. The largest solar power plants in the world today are based on this method. Some companies are even proposing that we exploit solar energy by heating air beneath what amounts to a gigantic clear skirt. (Visit this link for a wild virtual tour of one such proposed plant.)

Time will ultimately tell which (if any) of these will turn out to be commercially viable options as the future marches toward us. Still, we are certain to have a wide array of ideas to explore.

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