A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and Planets…and Moon…and Meteors….
Stalking the Elusive Orange Hypergiant
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Credit for base image: Nayu Kim","publishDate":1334613144,"status":"inherit","parent":35359,"modified":1334613144,"caption":"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim","credit":null,"description":"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011-400x225.jpg","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg","width":640,"height":360}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"ben-burress":{"type":"authors","id":"6180","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6180","found":true},"name":"Ben Burress","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Burress","slug":"ben-burress","email":"bburress@chabotspace.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_41313":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_41313","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"41313","score":null,"sort":[1343401254000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"do-constellations-change-over-time","title":"Do Constellations Change Over Time?","publishDate":1343401254,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41314\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/27/do-constellations-change-over-time/duckfoot-astrobob/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41314\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41314\" title=\""The Duck's Foot" - Credit: Astro Bob, created with Stellarium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/duckfoot-astrobob.jpg\" alt=\""The Duck's Foot" - Credit: Astro Bob, created with Stellarium\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/duckfoot-astrobob.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/duckfoot-astrobob-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"The Duck's Foot\" - Credit: Astro Bob, created with Stellarium\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I thought it was time to take a step back from talking about current events in space exploration and dig up one of those astronomical questions I asked in my childhood—back in a time when answers to any question that popped into one's head couldn't be instantly sought via the Internet; one had to find a book, magazine or an astronomy geek who knew more than you did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question: do the constellations—the patterns made by the stars in the night sky—change over time, and if so, how long have they resembled what we see today? The quick answer (which you already might have found on your Internet mobile device) is yes, they do change over time. Far from being the fixed points of light as believed by the ancients, the stars we see, along with the Sun, are in constant motion, each along its own orbital trajectory around the center of mass of our Milky Way Galaxy. They all pretty much circle in the same direction as they revolve in their wide, lengthy galactic orbits, but each star's path is its own, like the orbits of the planets around the Sun. Each star's orbit may be inclined (tilted) with respect to others, and their velocities depend in large part on their distance from the Milky Way center. It's not unlike the cars going in one direction on a freeway: they all speed along in the same direction, but with slight differences in speed and occasional lane changes that result in gradual changes in position (and sometimes not so gradual; I'm talking to you, driver of the red sports car!) relative to any given car. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those slow relative changes in position give each star in our sky a particular \"\u003ca title=\"Proper stellar motion diagram\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Proper_motion.JPG\" target=\"_blank\">proper motion\u003c/a>\"—a change in angular position. The proper motion of most stars is extremely small, measured in milli-arcseconds per year, where an arcsecond is 1/3600 of a degree, and of course milli means a thousandth of that. Hold up your pinky finger at arm's length: the width of your pinky, expressed as an angle, is about one degree, give or take. One degree is 3,600 arcseconds, or 3,600,000 milli-arcseconds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now for the big reveal: the star with the fastest proper motion in our skies (at this time): \u003ca title=\"Barnard's Star timelapse\" href=\"http://www.backyardastronomer.com/ccd/Barnard_Mortfield_Cancelli_labels.gif\" target=\"_blank\">Barnard's Star\u003c/a>, a small, low-mass red dwarf about 6 light years away in the constellation Ophiuchus, the Snake-holder, just above Scorpio (kind of a creepy section of the sky). It's sometimes called \"Barnard's Runaway Star\" because of its high velocity, a tiny stellar bullet whizzing through our neighborhood on its way to whatever destiny. To give a sense of its physical speed, its radial velocity is about 110 kilometers per second away from us. And the proper motion of Barnard's Star is (drumroll please): 10.3 arcseconds per year. That's 10,300 milli-arcseconds per year—darned fast considering all but the closest stars move at most by a few up to a few hundred milli-arcseconds per year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of the pinky-measure, it would take Barnards' Star about 350 years to move one pinky-width across the sky, relative to the astronomers' fixed coordinate system (there may be no stars with fixed positions, but we can certainly create an imaginary fixed system of coordinate lines!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the other part of the answer—how long does it take for stellar proper motion to change the patterns we see in the constellations—is: pretty long, especially considering that Barnard's Star is the poster-child of stellar zippity-do-da. (Add to this the fact that Barnard's Star is too faint for the human eye to perceive, anyway!) With even the brightest stars showing less proper motion than Barnard's Star, it's easy to imagine why those ancients saw pretty much the same constellations we see today. Imagine also that a thousand years from now, our distant descendants will regard the same patterns. Whether or not they'll call them the Scorpion, the Snake-holder, the Bull, and the Bear, only time will tell.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Do the constellations—the patterns made by the stars in the night sky—change over time, and if so, how long have they resembled what we see today?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442784347,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":716},"headData":{"title":"Do Constellations Change Over Time? | KQED","description":"Do the constellations—the patterns made by the stars in the night sky—change over time, and if so, how long have they resembled what we see today?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"41313 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=41313","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/27/do-constellations-change-over-time/","disqusTitle":"Do Constellations Change Over Time?","WpOldSlug":"star-traffic-and-rule-of-pinky","path":"/quest/41313/do-constellations-change-over-time","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41314\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/27/do-constellations-change-over-time/duckfoot-astrobob/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41314\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41314\" title=\""The Duck's Foot" - Credit: Astro Bob, created with Stellarium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/duckfoot-astrobob.jpg\" alt=\""The Duck's Foot" - Credit: Astro Bob, created with Stellarium\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/duckfoot-astrobob.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/duckfoot-astrobob-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\"The Duck's Foot\" - Credit: Astro Bob, created with Stellarium\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I thought it was time to take a step back from talking about current events in space exploration and dig up one of those astronomical questions I asked in my childhood—back in a time when answers to any question that popped into one's head couldn't be instantly sought via the Internet; one had to find a book, magazine or an astronomy geek who knew more than you did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question: do the constellations—the patterns made by the stars in the night sky—change over time, and if so, how long have they resembled what we see today? The quick answer (which you already might have found on your Internet mobile device) is yes, they do change over time. Far from being the fixed points of light as believed by the ancients, the stars we see, along with the Sun, are in constant motion, each along its own orbital trajectory around the center of mass of our Milky Way Galaxy. They all pretty much circle in the same direction as they revolve in their wide, lengthy galactic orbits, but each star's path is its own, like the orbits of the planets around the Sun. Each star's orbit may be inclined (tilted) with respect to others, and their velocities depend in large part on their distance from the Milky Way center. It's not unlike the cars going in one direction on a freeway: they all speed along in the same direction, but with slight differences in speed and occasional lane changes that result in gradual changes in position (and sometimes not so gradual; I'm talking to you, driver of the red sports car!) relative to any given car. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those slow relative changes in position give each star in our sky a particular \"\u003ca title=\"Proper stellar motion diagram\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Proper_motion.JPG\" target=\"_blank\">proper motion\u003c/a>\"—a change in angular position. The proper motion of most stars is extremely small, measured in milli-arcseconds per year, where an arcsecond is 1/3600 of a degree, and of course milli means a thousandth of that. Hold up your pinky finger at arm's length: the width of your pinky, expressed as an angle, is about one degree, give or take. One degree is 3,600 arcseconds, or 3,600,000 milli-arcseconds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now for the big reveal: the star with the fastest proper motion in our skies (at this time): \u003ca title=\"Barnard's Star timelapse\" href=\"http://www.backyardastronomer.com/ccd/Barnard_Mortfield_Cancelli_labels.gif\" target=\"_blank\">Barnard's Star\u003c/a>, a small, low-mass red dwarf about 6 light years away in the constellation Ophiuchus, the Snake-holder, just above Scorpio (kind of a creepy section of the sky). It's sometimes called \"Barnard's Runaway Star\" because of its high velocity, a tiny stellar bullet whizzing through our neighborhood on its way to whatever destiny. To give a sense of its physical speed, its radial velocity is about 110 kilometers per second away from us. And the proper motion of Barnard's Star is (drumroll please): 10.3 arcseconds per year. That's 10,300 milli-arcseconds per year—darned fast considering all but the closest stars move at most by a few up to a few hundred milli-arcseconds per year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of the pinky-measure, it would take Barnards' Star about 350 years to move one pinky-width across the sky, relative to the astronomers' fixed coordinate system (there may be no stars with fixed positions, but we can certainly create an imaginary fixed system of coordinate lines!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the other part of the answer—how long does it take for stellar proper motion to change the patterns we see in the constellations—is: pretty long, especially considering that Barnard's Star is the poster-child of stellar zippity-do-da. (Add to this the fact that Barnard's Star is too faint for the human eye to perceive, anyway!) With even the brightest stars showing less proper motion than Barnard's Star, it's easy to imagine why those ancients saw pretty much the same constellations we see today. Imagine also that a thousand years from now, our distant descendants will regard the same patterns. Whether or not they'll call them the Scorpion, the Snake-holder, the Bull, and the Bear, only time will tell.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/41313/do-constellations-change-over-time","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_11320","quest_11319","quest_13","quest_2775"],"label":"quest"},"quest_35359":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_35359","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"35359","score":null,"sort":[1334934041000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky","title":"UFO? LGM? OMG! What is That Thing in the Sky?","publishDate":1334934041,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35367\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/20/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky/ufo101-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35367\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg\" alt=\"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\" title=\"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ever seen something in the sky that was unusual, and which you couldn't explain? I've received calls from some of you and have done my best to suggest explanations. Many of you have thanked me for my second-hand appraisals (second-hand, because I wasn't present to see what you saw). A few have rejected the \"mundane\" possibilities I offer, insisting what they saw wasn't what I proposed at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this post is a condensed version of, \"My Guide To Identifying Unexplained and Unidentified Apparitions in the Night Sky\"--just a peek at my process of armchair evaluation of unexplained sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disclaimer: While I do believe that life is probably common in the universe, and that if one planet (ours) could develop intelligent life that in turn developed a technological, space-faring civilization, so could others. But in my experience as an astronomical observer of the world around me and the sky above, I have never seen anything for which my only possible explanation is a flying saucer. My process is to look for the simplest, most natural or human-related explanations first \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/22/flashes-in-the-night/\" title=\"Flashes in the Night\" target=\"_blank\">when possible\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easiest ones are planets—in particular, Venus and Jupiter. Since planets move around in the sky, they regularly appear in different locations at different times in spots people didn't see them before. And, being so bright at times, these two often get questioned: is it a plane? Is it the International Space Station? Has a star gone supernova? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, we know where the planets are at all times, so when I get a call asking about the brilliant white light shining in the west just after sunset, for example, it's easy to finger the culprit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens with some bright stars on occasion, like Sirius. In fact, when I was a teenager, I had the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/13/first-star-i-see-in-my-life/\" title=\"First Star I See -- In My Life!\" target=\"_blank\">personal experience\u003c/a> of walking outside one night, looking up and seeing a brilliant, flickering prismatic apparition that I swore I'd never seen before. It took me some time to figure out that it was merely the brightest star in the night sky and it was supposed to look that way! I always think back to this experience when listening to your descriptions of the fantastic and strange things you've seen in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, stars twinkle, planets don't (much). That's another way to tell them apart, other than consulting an app on your smart phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about things that move--that is, with speed and direction different from normal \"diurnal\" motion (motion caused by Earth's rotation)? When you observe something moving, relative to the background stars or horizon, there are generally three (mundane) things it is likely to be: an aircraft, a spacecraft, or a meteor/meteorite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spacecraft (let's start with artificial satellites, the International Space Station, and in times of yore the Space Shuttle) can appear to move like a plane, but with the defining feature that they are always a single point of white light. Depending on how far from Earth they orbit they will move at different paces (just like aircraft at different altitudes), but since they are at least 150-200 miles above Earth's surface, they're too small to be seen as anything more than a point of light. And as the light they shine is actually reflected sunlight, they will be white. Some of them may flash, or pulse, as reflective surfaces like solar panels turn in the sunlight. Also, because they are in orbit in a ballistic trajectory, you won't be seeing them change direction. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An aircraft—or more correctly, at night, an aircraft's wing and fuselage lights—can appear as more than a single point of light, and these lights can bear color. Typical aircraft (commercial and private alike) have a lighting configuration in common: green for starboard, red for port, and blinking white at wingtips, tailtop, and tailtip. And if they're heading directly at you with their landing lights on, they may appear to flare up and barely move at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shape the wing and fuselage-lights form (what kind of triangle or diamond they make) depends on the style of aircraft (where the wingtips are relative to the tail, etc.), but I'd say green, red, and flashing white are a dead giveaway for an airplane (or a flying saucer trying to look like one.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Military aircraft can look unusual, depending on what they are and what kind of maneuvers they're on. They can even fly without lights on at all. In Flagstaff, Arizona, I once saw a simple triangle of steady, white lights fly over and have always assumed it was a stealth fighter on night maneuvers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteors and meteorites (bits of interplanetary metal and rock that burn up in our atmosphere, or that are large enough to hit the ground before burning up completely, respectively) also have their hallmark behaviors and appearances. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fainter ones will appear white, while brighter ones can show some color—blue, green, orange, depending on their composition and how hot they get. Most leave smooth, straight streaks, but some can exhibit \"flame-like\" raggedness, like long luminous gashes in the night. Some can even explode. But all of them move very fast, lasting only a couple seconds or typically less, yet crossing a good portion of sky in the process. You'll only see an airplane moving that fast if it passes thirty feet over your head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If none of this helps you sort out what you've seen aloft, \u003ca href=\"http://i41.tinypic.com/2m6l3td.jpg\" title=\"Guide to Identifying UFOs\" target=\"_blank\">try this chart\u003c/a>. And remember, if you're not sure what it is, it doesn't hurt to smile and make no aggressive moves…. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ever seen something in the sky that was unusual, and which you couldn't explain? Here is a peek at my process of armchair evaluation of unexplained sightings.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998995,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":971},"headData":{"title":"UFO? LGM? OMG! What is That Thing in the Sky? | KQED","description":"Ever seen something in the sky that was unusual, and which you couldn't explain? Here is a peek at my process of armchair evaluation of unexplained sightings.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"35359 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=35359","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/20/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky/","disqusTitle":"UFO? LGM? OMG! What is That Thing in the Sky?","path":"/quest/35359/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35367\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/20/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky/ufo101-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35367\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg\" alt=\"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\" title=\"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ever seen something in the sky that was unusual, and which you couldn't explain? I've received calls from some of you and have done my best to suggest explanations. Many of you have thanked me for my second-hand appraisals (second-hand, because I wasn't present to see what you saw). A few have rejected the \"mundane\" possibilities I offer, insisting what they saw wasn't what I proposed at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this post is a condensed version of, \"My Guide To Identifying Unexplained and Unidentified Apparitions in the Night Sky\"--just a peek at my process of armchair evaluation of unexplained sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disclaimer: While I do believe that life is probably common in the universe, and that if one planet (ours) could develop intelligent life that in turn developed a technological, space-faring civilization, so could others. But in my experience as an astronomical observer of the world around me and the sky above, I have never seen anything for which my only possible explanation is a flying saucer. My process is to look for the simplest, most natural or human-related explanations first \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/22/flashes-in-the-night/\" title=\"Flashes in the Night\" target=\"_blank\">when possible\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easiest ones are planets—in particular, Venus and Jupiter. Since planets move around in the sky, they regularly appear in different locations at different times in spots people didn't see them before. And, being so bright at times, these two often get questioned: is it a plane? Is it the International Space Station? Has a star gone supernova? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, we know where the planets are at all times, so when I get a call asking about the brilliant white light shining in the west just after sunset, for example, it's easy to finger the culprit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens with some bright stars on occasion, like Sirius. In fact, when I was a teenager, I had the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/13/first-star-i-see-in-my-life/\" title=\"First Star I See -- In My Life!\" target=\"_blank\">personal experience\u003c/a> of walking outside one night, looking up and seeing a brilliant, flickering prismatic apparition that I swore I'd never seen before. It took me some time to figure out that it was merely the brightest star in the night sky and it was supposed to look that way! I always think back to this experience when listening to your descriptions of the fantastic and strange things you've seen in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, stars twinkle, planets don't (much). That's another way to tell them apart, other than consulting an app on your smart phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about things that move--that is, with speed and direction different from normal \"diurnal\" motion (motion caused by Earth's rotation)? When you observe something moving, relative to the background stars or horizon, there are generally three (mundane) things it is likely to be: an aircraft, a spacecraft, or a meteor/meteorite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spacecraft (let's start with artificial satellites, the International Space Station, and in times of yore the Space Shuttle) can appear to move like a plane, but with the defining feature that they are always a single point of white light. Depending on how far from Earth they orbit they will move at different paces (just like aircraft at different altitudes), but since they are at least 150-200 miles above Earth's surface, they're too small to be seen as anything more than a point of light. And as the light they shine is actually reflected sunlight, they will be white. Some of them may flash, or pulse, as reflective surfaces like solar panels turn in the sunlight. Also, because they are in orbit in a ballistic trajectory, you won't be seeing them change direction. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An aircraft—or more correctly, at night, an aircraft's wing and fuselage lights—can appear as more than a single point of light, and these lights can bear color. Typical aircraft (commercial and private alike) have a lighting configuration in common: green for starboard, red for port, and blinking white at wingtips, tailtop, and tailtip. And if they're heading directly at you with their landing lights on, they may appear to flare up and barely move at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shape the wing and fuselage-lights form (what kind of triangle or diamond they make) depends on the style of aircraft (where the wingtips are relative to the tail, etc.), but I'd say green, red, and flashing white are a dead giveaway for an airplane (or a flying saucer trying to look like one.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Military aircraft can look unusual, depending on what they are and what kind of maneuvers they're on. They can even fly without lights on at all. In Flagstaff, Arizona, I once saw a simple triangle of steady, white lights fly over and have always assumed it was a stealth fighter on night maneuvers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteors and meteorites (bits of interplanetary metal and rock that burn up in our atmosphere, or that are large enough to hit the ground before burning up completely, respectively) also have their hallmark behaviors and appearances. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fainter ones will appear white, while brighter ones can show some color—blue, green, orange, depending on their composition and how hot they get. Most leave smooth, straight streaks, but some can exhibit \"flame-like\" raggedness, like long luminous gashes in the night. Some can even explode. But all of them move very fast, lasting only a couple seconds or typically less, yet crossing a good portion of sky in the process. You'll only see an airplane moving that fast if it passes thirty feet over your head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If none of this helps you sort out what you've seen aloft, \u003ca href=\"http://i41.tinypic.com/2m6l3td.jpg\" title=\"Guide to Identifying UFOs\" target=\"_blank\">try this chart\u003c/a>. And remember, if you're not sure what it is, it doesn't hurt to smile and make no aggressive moves…. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/35359/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_10986","quest_1799","quest_1800","quest_1994","quest_2216","quest_2511","quest_10987","quest_2775","quest_3027","quest_10985","quest_10984"],"featImg":"quest_35367","label":"quest"},"quest_23189":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_23189","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"23189","score":null,"sort":[1314378919000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa%e2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys","title":"NASA’s WISE Spots Ys","publishDate":1314378919,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23191\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/26/nasa%e2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys/ydwarf-artistconcept/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23191\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\" title=\"Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23191\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the ongoing hunt for things in space that are more and more difficult to find (because scientists love a good challenge), NASA’s WISE spacecraft has revealed something new lurking in the dark: Y Dwarfs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered, though long anticipated, “Y Dwarf” is an even smaller, cooler version of the sub-stellar object called a \u003ca href=\"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/cosmic_reference/brown_dwarfs.html\">brown dwarf\u003c/a>, with surface temperatures hovering around that of a human body, or even “room temperature.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Y Dwarf stars are so cool that even the infrared radiation they emit is faint, and it took the new, state of the art instruments on \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/23aug_coldeststars/\">NASA’s WISE \u003c/a>(Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer) spacecraft to detect them. With its highly sensitive IR cameras, WISE has discovered about 100 new brown dwarf stars, with six among them being Y Dwarfs ranging in distance from 9 to 40 light years away. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The imaginative side of me likes the idea: a cool, dark, quiescent “star,” like a large, lone Jupiter, floating in the dark interstices between the showier “\u003ca href=\"http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_mainsequence.html\">main sequence\u003c/a>” stars, warmly casting its low-energy heat rays into the stellar community. And perhaps it has planets, too, this dark star; worlds of icy darkness, day and night. By night, the clearest, darkest, starriest skies you can see anywhere; by day, the same, except with a softly glowing magenta “sun” embedded in the glittering blackness….\u003cbr>\n…but this is not what comes to mind when I think of a star! Stars are supposed to be blindingly bright, incredibly hot, and violently eruptive! Right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stars, like planets, belong to a wide, continuous spectrum of physical stature, from the giant “O” class stars with 60 solar masses, 50,000 degree C surface temperatures, and 800,000 times the brightness of our Sun down the scale though the B, A, F, G (our Sun), and K classes, to the small M class stars. M stars possess less than a tenth the mass of our Sun and as little as a thousandth the brightness, being only two to three thousand degrees at the surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But below the classical “Oh Be A Fine (Girl or Guy—pick one!), Kiss Me” scale, astronomers have added letters to the scale as they theorized, and eventually observed, even lesser balls of gas that were still too massive to be classified as big planets: L, T, and sometimes Y. Well, not sometimes—not now that WISE has seen six of them, pulling them out of theory into scientific fact. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beside temperature and mass, one of the attributes astronomers use to help classify these objects is by the abundances, or lack, of certain chemical compounds, like titanium oxide, methane, water vapor—which got me to thinking. It is too hot on our Sun for chemical compounds (molecules) to exist; they would quickly be broken into simple chemical elements (atoms) if they ever appeared there. But Y Dwarfs have surface temperatures not unlike that of the air surrounding you right now, and so more complex molecules can dwell there. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It occurs to me (following a short string of ifs) that, if Y Dwarfs have these Earth-like surface temperatures, and if the heat energy from inside the star is sufficient, and if sufficiently complex molecules could develop, over time, under those conditions—if, if, if—then might it be possible for life to exist on such an object? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life, on a star? That’s my own musing, nothing more, but how cool would that be?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA’s WISE spacecraft has revealed something new lurking in the dark: Y Dwarfs.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371060400,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":607},"headData":{"title":"NASA’s WISE Spots Ys | KQED","description":"NASA’s WISE spacecraft has revealed something new lurking in the dark: Y Dwarfs.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"23189 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=23189","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/26/nasa%e2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys/","disqusTitle":"NASA’s WISE Spots Ys","path":"/quest/23189/nasa%e2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23191\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/26/nasa%e2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys/ydwarf-artistconcept/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23191\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\" title=\"Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23191\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the ongoing hunt for things in space that are more and more difficult to find (because scientists love a good challenge), NASA’s WISE spacecraft has revealed something new lurking in the dark: Y Dwarfs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered, though long anticipated, “Y Dwarf” is an even smaller, cooler version of the sub-stellar object called a \u003ca href=\"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/cosmic_reference/brown_dwarfs.html\">brown dwarf\u003c/a>, with surface temperatures hovering around that of a human body, or even “room temperature.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Y Dwarf stars are so cool that even the infrared radiation they emit is faint, and it took the new, state of the art instruments on \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/23aug_coldeststars/\">NASA’s WISE \u003c/a>(Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer) spacecraft to detect them. With its highly sensitive IR cameras, WISE has discovered about 100 new brown dwarf stars, with six among them being Y Dwarfs ranging in distance from 9 to 40 light years away. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The imaginative side of me likes the idea: a cool, dark, quiescent “star,” like a large, lone Jupiter, floating in the dark interstices between the showier “\u003ca href=\"http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_mainsequence.html\">main sequence\u003c/a>” stars, warmly casting its low-energy heat rays into the stellar community. And perhaps it has planets, too, this dark star; worlds of icy darkness, day and night. By night, the clearest, darkest, starriest skies you can see anywhere; by day, the same, except with a softly glowing magenta “sun” embedded in the glittering blackness….\u003cbr>\n…but this is not what comes to mind when I think of a star! Stars are supposed to be blindingly bright, incredibly hot, and violently eruptive! Right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stars, like planets, belong to a wide, continuous spectrum of physical stature, from the giant “O” class stars with 60 solar masses, 50,000 degree C surface temperatures, and 800,000 times the brightness of our Sun down the scale though the B, A, F, G (our Sun), and K classes, to the small M class stars. M stars possess less than a tenth the mass of our Sun and as little as a thousandth the brightness, being only two to three thousand degrees at the surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But below the classical “Oh Be A Fine (Girl or Guy—pick one!), Kiss Me” scale, astronomers have added letters to the scale as they theorized, and eventually observed, even lesser balls of gas that were still too massive to be classified as big planets: L, T, and sometimes Y. Well, not sometimes—not now that WISE has seen six of them, pulling them out of theory into scientific fact. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beside temperature and mass, one of the attributes astronomers use to help classify these objects is by the abundances, or lack, of certain chemical compounds, like titanium oxide, methane, water vapor—which got me to thinking. It is too hot on our Sun for chemical compounds (molecules) to exist; they would quickly be broken into simple chemical elements (atoms) if they ever appeared there. But Y Dwarfs have surface temperatures not unlike that of the air surrounding you right now, and so more complex molecules can dwell there. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It occurs to me (following a short string of ifs) that, if Y Dwarfs have these Earth-like surface temperatures, and if the heat energy from inside the star is sufficient, and if sufficiently complex molecules could develop, over time, under those conditions—if, if, if—then might it be possible for life to exist on such an object? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life, on a star? That’s my own musing, nothing more, but how cool would that be?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/23189/nasa%e2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_10021","quest_544","quest_10023","quest_10022","quest_1918","quest_13202","quest_2775","quest_10019","quest_10020"],"label":"quest"},"quest_10147":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10147","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10147","score":null,"sort":[1288973164000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"every-little-bit-counts","title":"Every Little Bit Counts","publishDate":1288973164,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/lro-moon.jpg\">\u003cem>Counting craters on a Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter image \u003cbr>of the Moon's surface. NASA/LRO\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever been out on a clear, lazy night and tried to count the stars--or the kind that fall from the sky during a meteor shower? How about craters on the Moon, or distant galaxies in deep space?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you like this kind of work, there is a job for you! Several, in fact…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this day of the Internet and electronic databases, our ability to store, process, share, and, yes, be overwhelmed by information is greater than ever before. In fact, our ability to analyze data is only outmatched by our capacity to acquire it—which offers some pleasing challenges: buried in the riches of data of our Universe that we are piling up around us, there is plenty of opportunity for just about anyone to grab a shovel and dig in, sharing in the adventure of exploration of the Universe around us!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, that was the sales pitch, here are some details. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Count some stars! Subject: stars visible to the naked eye; what's being investigated: the impact of urban \u003ca href=\"http://www.darksky.org/mc/page.do?sitePageId=118976&orgId=idsa\">light pollution \u003c/a>on our access to the simple wonders of the night sky. Every year, Windows to the Universe conducts the Great Worldwide Star Count citizen science project, enabling anyone who can look up at the night sky and count some of the stars there to participate in real science. We're already into the Count, which runs this year from October 31st through November 12th. For details on how to participate, \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/citizen_science/starcount/index.html\">check out their website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results from the Great Worldwide Star Count are presented in a global map showing the \"limiting magnitude\" from thousands of locations where citizen scientists observed. The limiting magnitude is a measure of brightness of the faintest star that can be seen from a given location. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How about craters on the Moon? Looking at the Moon through a small telescope, you can count some of the largest craters—those that are typically at least a mile or so across. By virtue of the powerful LROC camera on \u003ca href=\"http://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter \u003c/a>(LRO), the surface of the Moon is rabidly being photographed to a level of detail that reveals craters as small as a foot and a half across! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craters are a fantastically rich source of information regarding the history of our solar system, each one a record of a single meteoroid impact which, when examined in context with all the rest, allows scientists to forensically piece together the puzzle of the formation of the Moon and our region of the solar system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there are estimated to be at least 300,000 lunar craters with diameters of about half a mile or greater on the side of the Moon facing the Earth, smaller craters are estimated into the millions, and microcraters are most likely uncountably common. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means science needs your help! And you can give it, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.moonzoo.org/\">Moon Zoo\u003c/a>. Log onto the Moon Zoo website, register yourself as an official lunar explorer, and have at it, friend. Examining LRO images of the Moon's surface, you will count and classify craters and boulders, and mark unusual and interesting lunar features, as you explore. There are so many images that have been acquired by LRO that in many cases you will be the first person ever to lay eyes on the particular patches of the Moon you examine—you might even run across something remarkable, like a derelict lunar robot from the 1960s (it's happened!). Best of all, your work will count, your data feeding into a growing database from Moon Zoo explorers all over the world. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sibling site to Moon Zoo—\u003ca href=\"http://www.galaxyzoo.org/\">Galaxy Zoo\u003c/a>—lets you examine and classify galaxies imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope. And since there are millions upon millions of unclassified galaxies that have been caught in Hubble's telescopic net, you'll be covering unexplored territories of space and contributing to our planet's understanding of the Universe….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a lot of work to do out there, and the glittering treasure trove of data just keeps getting larger and larger—so get to work!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ever tried to count the stars in the sky on some clear, lazy night, or the kind that fall from the sky during a meteor shower? How about craters on the Moon, or distant galaxies in deep space? If you like this kind of work, there is a job for you! Several, in fact….","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371075721,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":709},"headData":{"title":"Every Little Bit Counts | KQED","description":"Ever tried to count the stars in the sky on some clear, lazy night, or the kind that fall from the sky during a meteor shower? How about craters on the Moon, or distant galaxies in deep space? If you like this kind of work, there is a job for you! Several, in fact….","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"10147 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=10147","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/05/every-little-bit-counts/","disqusTitle":"Every Little Bit Counts","path":"/quest/10147/every-little-bit-counts","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/lro-moon.jpg\">\u003cem>Counting craters on a Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter image \u003cbr>of the Moon's surface. NASA/LRO\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever been out on a clear, lazy night and tried to count the stars--or the kind that fall from the sky during a meteor shower? How about craters on the Moon, or distant galaxies in deep space?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you like this kind of work, there is a job for you! Several, in fact…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this day of the Internet and electronic databases, our ability to store, process, share, and, yes, be overwhelmed by information is greater than ever before. In fact, our ability to analyze data is only outmatched by our capacity to acquire it—which offers some pleasing challenges: buried in the riches of data of our Universe that we are piling up around us, there is plenty of opportunity for just about anyone to grab a shovel and dig in, sharing in the adventure of exploration of the Universe around us!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, that was the sales pitch, here are some details. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Count some stars! Subject: stars visible to the naked eye; what's being investigated: the impact of urban \u003ca href=\"http://www.darksky.org/mc/page.do?sitePageId=118976&orgId=idsa\">light pollution \u003c/a>on our access to the simple wonders of the night sky. Every year, Windows to the Universe conducts the Great Worldwide Star Count citizen science project, enabling anyone who can look up at the night sky and count some of the stars there to participate in real science. We're already into the Count, which runs this year from October 31st through November 12th. For details on how to participate, \u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/citizen_science/starcount/index.html\">check out their website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results from the Great Worldwide Star Count are presented in a global map showing the \"limiting magnitude\" from thousands of locations where citizen scientists observed. The limiting magnitude is a measure of brightness of the faintest star that can be seen from a given location. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How about craters on the Moon? Looking at the Moon through a small telescope, you can count some of the largest craters—those that are typically at least a mile or so across. By virtue of the powerful LROC camera on \u003ca href=\"http://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter \u003c/a>(LRO), the surface of the Moon is rabidly being photographed to a level of detail that reveals craters as small as a foot and a half across! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craters are a fantastically rich source of information regarding the history of our solar system, each one a record of a single meteoroid impact which, when examined in context with all the rest, allows scientists to forensically piece together the puzzle of the formation of the Moon and our region of the solar system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there are estimated to be at least 300,000 lunar craters with diameters of about half a mile or greater on the side of the Moon facing the Earth, smaller craters are estimated into the millions, and microcraters are most likely uncountably common. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means science needs your help! And you can give it, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.moonzoo.org/\">Moon Zoo\u003c/a>. Log onto the Moon Zoo website, register yourself as an official lunar explorer, and have at it, friend. Examining LRO images of the Moon's surface, you will count and classify craters and boulders, and mark unusual and interesting lunar features, as you explore. There are so many images that have been acquired by LRO that in many cases you will be the first person ever to lay eyes on the particular patches of the Moon you examine—you might even run across something remarkable, like a derelict lunar robot from the 1960s (it's happened!). Best of all, your work will count, your data feeding into a growing database from Moon Zoo explorers all over the world. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sibling site to Moon Zoo—\u003ca href=\"http://www.galaxyzoo.org/\">Galaxy Zoo\u003c/a>—lets you examine and classify galaxies imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope. And since there are millions upon millions of unclassified galaxies that have been caught in Hubble's telescopic net, you'll be covering unexplored territories of space and contributing to our planet's understanding of the Universe….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a lot of work to do out there, and the glittering treasure trove of data just keeps getting larger and larger—so get to work!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10147/every-little-bit-counts","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_1"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_712","quest_722","quest_1163","quest_1405","quest_1661","quest_1694","quest_1695","quest_1870","quest_1918","quest_2739","quest_2775","quest_2891","quest_3220"],"label":"quest"},"quest_6175":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6175","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6175","score":null,"sort":[1276883386000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-night-to-be-out-under-the-stars%e2%80%a6and-planets%e2%80%a6and-moon%e2%80%a6and-meteors%e2%80%a6","title":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and Planets…and Moon…and Meteors….","publishDate":1276883386,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/06/Copy-of-aug12conjunction.jpg\">\u003cem>August 12 2010 conjunction of Venus, Mars, Saturn, with Moon and Mercury\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't usually blog about things going on in the sky, unless those goings on are things we witness through telescopes or robotic space probes—things that can't be seen with the unaided eye. I thought I'd make an exception in this case. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark your calendars for August 12th—and cross your fingers that the weather is clear that evening. Then, plan to be in a spot where you can have an unobstructed view of the western horizon. Check your calendar frequently to remind yourself, and when the date draws near, set your alarm clock….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, what I'm going on about here is an upcoming \"conjunction\" of objects that will be at its stunning best on this evening. The players: \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/venus.asp\">Venus\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/mars.asp\">Mars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/saturn-BDrelling.asp\">Saturn\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/transit_of_mercury.asp\">Mercury\u003c/a>, and our own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/moon-ph082804.asp\">Moon\u003c/a>, performing together as an ensemble for a limited engagement, on the stage of the western horizon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now (as of mid June), Saturn (high in the south in Virgo), Mars (in the southwest in Leo, near the bright star Regulus), and Venus (that really stupendously bright thing that will give you second-hand sunburn if you're not careful--low on the western horizon, next to the twin stars of Castor and Pollux, in Gemini) are all strung out in a long, well-spaced line, as if queuing up for some great performance. But, as time goes forward, these three will gradually move closer and closer to each other, gathering toward the western twilight. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around early to mid August, these three will be in a quite compact little group, at one point forming a nice little triangle. But on August 12, not only will they be in about their tightest grouping of this conjunction, they will be joined by the thin crescent of the Moon, just past the New phase, and that Mercurial planet—what else? Mercury—in one amazing gathering of luminaries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not the end of the world, or a time of great change—at least, not a time of great change CAUSED by the conjunction--but it is a rare and beautiful alignment of celestial bodies that we don't get to see more than once every few years. Hence, I'm blogging about it so you don't miss it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this celestial stage act were not reward enough for those who find beauty in nature's rare and wondrous events, August 12th is also the peak of the Perseid Meteor Shower, the most reliable of the annual meteor showers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, no excuses: make a plan, put together a nocturnal picnic, search a spot from where you can view the western horizon, and, if you can one, that's away from city lights as much as possible (to make it easier to see those meteors). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and planets…and Moon…and meteors….","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371076898,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":487},"headData":{"title":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and Planets…and Moon…and Meteors…. | KQED","description":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and planets…and Moon…and meteors….","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"6175 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=6175","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/06/18/a-night-to-be-out-under-the-stars%e2%80%a6and-planets%e2%80%a6and-moon%e2%80%a6and-meteors%e2%80%a6/","disqusTitle":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and Planets…and Moon…and Meteors….","path":"/quest/6175/a-night-to-be-out-under-the-stars%e2%80%a6and-planets%e2%80%a6and-moon%e2%80%a6and-meteors%e2%80%a6","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/06/Copy-of-aug12conjunction.jpg\">\u003cem>August 12 2010 conjunction of Venus, Mars, Saturn, with Moon and Mercury\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't usually blog about things going on in the sky, unless those goings on are things we witness through telescopes or robotic space probes—things that can't be seen with the unaided eye. I thought I'd make an exception in this case. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark your calendars for August 12th—and cross your fingers that the weather is clear that evening. Then, plan to be in a spot where you can have an unobstructed view of the western horizon. Check your calendar frequently to remind yourself, and when the date draws near, set your alarm clock….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, what I'm going on about here is an upcoming \"conjunction\" of objects that will be at its stunning best on this evening. The players: \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/venus.asp\">Venus\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/mars.asp\">Mars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/saturn-BDrelling.asp\">Saturn\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/transit_of_mercury.asp\">Mercury\u003c/a>, and our own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/moon-ph082804.asp\">Moon\u003c/a>, performing together as an ensemble for a limited engagement, on the stage of the western horizon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now (as of mid June), Saturn (high in the south in Virgo), Mars (in the southwest in Leo, near the bright star Regulus), and Venus (that really stupendously bright thing that will give you second-hand sunburn if you're not careful--low on the western horizon, next to the twin stars of Castor and Pollux, in Gemini) are all strung out in a long, well-spaced line, as if queuing up for some great performance. But, as time goes forward, these three will gradually move closer and closer to each other, gathering toward the western twilight. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around early to mid August, these three will be in a quite compact little group, at one point forming a nice little triangle. But on August 12, not only will they be in about their tightest grouping of this conjunction, they will be joined by the thin crescent of the Moon, just past the New phase, and that Mercurial planet—what else? Mercury—in one amazing gathering of luminaries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not the end of the world, or a time of great change—at least, not a time of great change CAUSED by the conjunction--but it is a rare and beautiful alignment of celestial bodies that we don't get to see more than once every few years. Hence, I'm blogging about it so you don't miss it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this celestial stage act were not reward enough for those who find beauty in nature's rare and wondrous events, August 12th is also the peak of the Perseid Meteor Shower, the most reliable of the annual meteor showers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, no excuses: make a plan, put together a nocturnal picnic, search a spot from where you can view the western horizon, and, if you can one, that's away from city lights as much as possible (to make it easier to see those meteors). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6175/a-night-to-be-out-under-the-stars%e2%80%a6and-planets%e2%80%a6and-moon%e2%80%a6and-meteors%e2%80%a6","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_545","quest_1799","quest_1870","quest_2216","quest_2775"],"label":"quest"},"quest_5065":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5065","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5065","score":null,"sort":[1265990451000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"stalking-the-elusive-orange-hypergiant","title":"Stalking the Elusive Orange Hypergiant","publishDate":1265990451,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/02/vy_canis_majoris_size.jpg\">\u003cem>Diagram comparing the diameter of VY Canis Majoris and\u003cbr> the orbit of Saturn\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Are there Orange Hypergiants? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simple enough question—though, not having the answer on the top of my head, it took me about 30 minutes to get a reply to the inquisitor. The question came via email from a 5th grade student in India (love the Internet!), Raghavendra. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-hypergiant-star.htm\">Hypergiants \u003c/a>are the most massive stars that exist—right at the top of the spectrum of star sizes. They really can't get any bigger without violently blowing off huge amounts of material. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be in the exclusive hypergiant club, a star has to have between 100 and 150 times the mass of our Sun, which places their diameters between 100 and 2100 Sun-widths. \u003ca href=\"http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/VY_Canis_Majoris.html\">VY Canis Majoris\u003c/a>, the largest known star, is a red hypergiant with a size between 1800 and 2100 solar diameters—equivalent to the size of Saturn's orbit. If you swapped VY Canis Majoris in place of our Sun, Saturn would be scraping along the outer surface of the star, and all the other planets from Jupiter inward would be inside…and pretty much toaster strudel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's big--and bright, too; a few hundred thousands times brighter than our Sun....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hypergiants are quite rare—owing not so much to the enormous amounts of material they comprise, but to their short lifespan. The bigger the star, the greater their core pressure and the faster they consume their fuel through nuclear fusion. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While our Sun, five billion years into its life with at least another five or so billion to go, \u003ca href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/nucleo.html\">fuses its hydrogen into helium\u003c/a> at a modest rate (about 600 million tons per second—compare this to the combined weight of all humans on Earth: 6 billion people at roughly 100 pounds a piece gives…huh, about 600 million tons…), a hypergiant blasts through its fuel in a short few million years, synthesizing through fusion a great deal of heavier elements (helium, silicon, oxygen, calcium, carbon and more) as it goes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, most of the hypergiants that ever existed have long since run out of fuel, collapsed, and gone \"\u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/features/news/20may99.html\">hypernova\u003c/a>\"—the hypergiant's ten-upmanship on the puny stellar death-puff known as a supernova…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But back to Raghavendra's question: are there Orange Hypergiants? Unfortunately, I couldn't just send him a quick yes or no. First of all, rare as they are, there aren't many of these objects known to exist in our galaxy—so finding any specific example of a hypergiant was a bit like trying to find a Super Lotto jackpot winner named Daisy. Sure, one MIGHT exist, but does one, really? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star colors in general depend on the temperature of the star; the hotter the bluer, the cooler the redder. The astronomers' famous labeling scheme for color, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/stars/startypes.shtml\">spectral class\u003c/a>, is OBAFGKM (\"Oh, be a fine [girl or guy; pick one], kiss me\"). Orange stars fall into the K slot; not quite as cool and red as an M, but right next door. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the question boiled down to, are there any K-class hypergiants? Are there? Daisy? Daisy? I didn't find any in the lists I looked over…and, furthermore, I learned that hypergiants, as some classify them today, fall into lump categories of blue, yellow, and red. One definition lumped K-types into the yellow category, so even if you found a K-type hypergiant, you might be forced to call it yellow…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all how we classify these things, of course. At one time, before we knew of the existence of numerous objects like Pluto, Pluto was classified as a planet—although the smallest. Once we found other objects of Pluto's stature out there, we created the category Dwarf Planet and threw Pluto in with the lot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So maybe, if we find more and more examples of hypergiants, including that elusive K-class beast, we will open up the category of Orange Hypergiant, so yes, Raghavendra, there might be some yet….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Are there Orange Hypergiants?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371077484,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":689},"headData":{"title":"Stalking the Elusive Orange Hypergiant | KQED","description":"Are there Orange Hypergiants?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"5065 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=5065","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/02/12/stalking-the-elusive-orange-hypergiant/","disqusTitle":"Stalking the Elusive Orange Hypergiant","path":"/quest/5065/stalking-the-elusive-orange-hypergiant","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/02/vy_canis_majoris_size.jpg\">\u003cem>Diagram comparing the diameter of VY Canis Majoris and\u003cbr> the orbit of Saturn\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Are there Orange Hypergiants? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simple enough question—though, not having the answer on the top of my head, it took me about 30 minutes to get a reply to the inquisitor. The question came via email from a 5th grade student in India (love the Internet!), Raghavendra. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-hypergiant-star.htm\">Hypergiants \u003c/a>are the most massive stars that exist—right at the top of the spectrum of star sizes. They really can't get any bigger without violently blowing off huge amounts of material. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be in the exclusive hypergiant club, a star has to have between 100 and 150 times the mass of our Sun, which places their diameters between 100 and 2100 Sun-widths. \u003ca href=\"http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/VY_Canis_Majoris.html\">VY Canis Majoris\u003c/a>, the largest known star, is a red hypergiant with a size between 1800 and 2100 solar diameters—equivalent to the size of Saturn's orbit. If you swapped VY Canis Majoris in place of our Sun, Saturn would be scraping along the outer surface of the star, and all the other planets from Jupiter inward would be inside…and pretty much toaster strudel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's big--and bright, too; a few hundred thousands times brighter than our Sun....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hypergiants are quite rare—owing not so much to the enormous amounts of material they comprise, but to their short lifespan. The bigger the star, the greater their core pressure and the faster they consume their fuel through nuclear fusion. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While our Sun, five billion years into its life with at least another five or so billion to go, \u003ca href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/nucleo.html\">fuses its hydrogen into helium\u003c/a> at a modest rate (about 600 million tons per second—compare this to the combined weight of all humans on Earth: 6 billion people at roughly 100 pounds a piece gives…huh, about 600 million tons…), a hypergiant blasts through its fuel in a short few million years, synthesizing through fusion a great deal of heavier elements (helium, silicon, oxygen, calcium, carbon and more) as it goes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, most of the hypergiants that ever existed have long since run out of fuel, collapsed, and gone \"\u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/features/news/20may99.html\">hypernova\u003c/a>\"—the hypergiant's ten-upmanship on the puny stellar death-puff known as a supernova…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But back to Raghavendra's question: are there Orange Hypergiants? Unfortunately, I couldn't just send him a quick yes or no. First of all, rare as they are, there aren't many of these objects known to exist in our galaxy—so finding any specific example of a hypergiant was a bit like trying to find a Super Lotto jackpot winner named Daisy. Sure, one MIGHT exist, but does one, really? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star colors in general depend on the temperature of the star; the hotter the bluer, the cooler the redder. The astronomers' famous labeling scheme for color, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/stars/startypes.shtml\">spectral class\u003c/a>, is OBAFGKM (\"Oh, be a fine [girl or guy; pick one], kiss me\"). Orange stars fall into the K slot; not quite as cool and red as an M, but right next door. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the question boiled down to, are there any K-class hypergiants? Are there? Daisy? Daisy? I didn't find any in the lists I looked over…and, furthermore, I learned that hypergiants, as some classify them today, fall into lump categories of blue, yellow, and red. One definition lumped K-types into the yellow category, so even if you found a K-type hypergiant, you might be forced to call it yellow…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all how we classify these things, of course. At one time, before we knew of the existence of numerous objects like Pluto, Pluto was classified as a planet—although the smallest. Once we found other objects of Pluto's stature out there, we created the category Dwarf Planet and threw Pluto in with the lot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So maybe, if we find more and more examples of hypergiants, including that elusive K-class beast, we will open up the category of Orange Hypergiant, so yes, Raghavendra, there might be some yet….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5065/stalking-the-elusive-orange-hypergiant","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_1431","quest_1432","quest_2750","quest_2775"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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