E-book: Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots
Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot
Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots
The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down
Antiques Roadshow of the Solar System
Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles
Asteroid 2012 DA14: In Line For a Rim Shot
Your Photos on QUEST: Rogelio Bernal Andreo
Space Telescope to Begin Search for Black Holes
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You can find her on Twitter at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lesommer\">@lesommer\u003c/a>.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/33aa3772bb86c6ad45b8aca6a238bbdf?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor","manage_content_types","manage_taxonomies"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lauren Sommer | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/33aa3772bb86c6ad45b8aca6a238bbdf?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/33aa3772bb86c6ad45b8aca6a238bbdf?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/laurensommer"},"ben-burress":{"type":"authors","id":"6180","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6180","found":true},"name":"Ben Burress","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Burress","slug":"ben-burress","email":"bburress@chabotspace.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"lfarrar":{"type":"authors","id":"6544","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6544","found":true},"name":"Lauren Farrar","firstName":"Lauren","lastName":"Farrar","slug":"lfarrar","email":"lfarrar@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Lauren has a background in biology, education, and filmmaking. She has had the privilege to work on a diverse array of educational endeavors and is currently a producer for KQED Learning's YouTube series \u003cem>Above the Noise\u003c/em>. Lauren's career has taken her to the deepest parts of the ocean to film deep sea hydrothermal vents for classroom webcasts, into the pool to film synchronized swimmers to teach about the pH scale, and on roller coasters to create a video about activation energy. And, she’s done it all for the sake of education. Lauren loves communicating science! Follow her on twitter @LFarrarAtWork","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/580c4ece9fa0756ef42202cdcf4146d1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"lowdown","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"education","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["administrator"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lauren Farrar | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/580c4ece9fa0756ef42202cdcf4146d1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/580c4ece9fa0756ef42202cdcf4146d1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lfarrar"},"cbobino":{"type":"authors","id":"10626","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10626","found":true},"name":"CaT Bobino","firstName":"CaT","lastName":"Bobino","slug":"cbobino","email":"cbobino@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"CaT Bobino has her B.S. in Biology and is currently an education intern at KQED. She enjoys sharing her love of science through media, public speaking, and outreach programs. CaT is finishing up her Masters in Biology at CSU East Bay and plans to do more media work and help change the image of a scientist. You can contact her on Twitter at @intheknowshow or go to her website catbobino.com","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1a2857f10994fcb4caaf27573114f91c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"education","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"CaT Bobino | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1a2857f10994fcb4caaf27573114f91c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1a2857f10994fcb4caaf27573114f91c?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/cbobino"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_88361":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_88361","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"88361","score":null,"sort":[1445547766000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"e-book-engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots","title":"E-book: Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots","publishDate":1445547766,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13394,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://space.woop.ie/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">View the e-book\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA have teamed up with researchers at University of California, Berkeley to design and engineer what might be the next generation of space-exploring robots. These robots are wildly different than traditional rovers, which are super expensive, really heavy and hard to land. The new robots are based on a type of structure known as a \"tensegrity\" structure. The rigid parts of the robot are held together with cables instead of being directly connected by bolts or screws. This allows these robots to be lighter, cheaper and more robust than traditional rovers. The eventual idea is to be able to equip these robots with instruments (like cameras and lasers), pack a bunch of them into a space shuttle, and then drop them from orbit so they can roam and explore a planet or moon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aligned with the Next Generation Science Standards, the new media-rich e-book from QUEST, \u003ca href=\"http://space.woop.ie/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/a> details the process for how researchers and engineers are designing these new space-exploring robots. The e-book contains a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\">video\u003c/a> that shows the engineering design process for the tensegrity robots as well as a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/19/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot/\">Science Spotlight video\u003c/a> that describes how students can make their own tensegrity models using just straws and rubber bands. A \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/09/28/career-spotlight-robotics-engineer/\">Career Spotlight video\u003c/a> about a robotics engineer at NASA Ames rounds out the media collection in this e-book. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://space.woop.ie/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/a> is the fifth e-book in our \"Engineering Is...\" series and is available to view on your computer, tablet and smartphone, for free. You can find links to all of KQED’s e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore the fifth e-book in our Engineering Is... series, all about future space-exploring robots.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475474,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":293},"headData":{"title":"E-book: Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots | KQED","description":"Explore the fifth e-book in our Engineering Is... series, all about future space-exploring robots.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"E-book: Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots","datePublished":"2015-10-22T21:02:46.000Z","dateModified":"2016-08-17T23:11:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"88361 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=88361","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/22/e-book-engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/","disqusTitle":"E-book: Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots","path":"/quest/88361/e-book-engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://space.woop.ie/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">View the e-book\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA have teamed up with researchers at University of California, Berkeley to design and engineer what might be the next generation of space-exploring robots. These robots are wildly different than traditional rovers, which are super expensive, really heavy and hard to land. The new robots are based on a type of structure known as a \"tensegrity\" structure. The rigid parts of the robot are held together with cables instead of being directly connected by bolts or screws. This allows these robots to be lighter, cheaper and more robust than traditional rovers. The eventual idea is to be able to equip these robots with instruments (like cameras and lasers), pack a bunch of them into a space shuttle, and then drop them from orbit so they can roam and explore a planet or moon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aligned with the Next Generation Science Standards, the new media-rich e-book from QUEST, \u003ca href=\"http://space.woop.ie/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/a> details the process for how researchers and engineers are designing these new space-exploring robots. The e-book contains a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\">video\u003c/a> that shows the engineering design process for the tensegrity robots as well as a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/19/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot/\">Science Spotlight video\u003c/a> that describes how students can make their own tensegrity models using just straws and rubber bands. A \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/09/28/career-spotlight-robotics-engineer/\">Career Spotlight video\u003c/a> about a robotics engineer at NASA Ames rounds out the media collection in this e-book. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://space.woop.ie/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/a> is the fifth e-book in our \"Engineering Is...\" series and is available to view on your computer, tablet and smartphone, for free. You can find links to all of KQED’s e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/88361/e-book-engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots","authors":["6544"],"categories":["quest_12981","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_12946","quest_13152","quest_3351","quest_2441","quest_2739","quest_11296"],"collections":["quest_13394"],"featImg":"quest_88756","label":"quest_13394"},"quest_87280":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_87280","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"87280","score":null,"sort":[1445299962000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","title":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot","publishDate":1445299962,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13394,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have you ever seen a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tensegrityfitness.com/fit/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/tensegity1.jpg\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">skeleton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> held together with wire in a classroom or at a museum? \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87303 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg\" alt=\"skeleton-457598_640\" width=\"252\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg 424w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640-400x604.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\">What would happen if you removed the wire? All of the bones would fall into a heap on the floor! In reality, there are no wires within our bodies. Instead, our bodies are held together with ligaments and soft tissue. Our bones don’t directly connect to one another, but rather the ligaments and soft tissues help hold our bones in place and allow us to move.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our body is an example of a \u003cb>tensegrity structure\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts aren’t directly connected to one another with nails or screws, but instead are connected by wires, cables, elastic bands or, in the case of our bodies, soft tissues. The concept of tensegrity is used to build structures in science, engineering, arts and architecture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tensegrity” was coined by Buckminster Fuller in the 1960s; it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87310 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\" alt=\"BuckminsterFuller1\" width=\"259\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg 422w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1-400x522.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\">\u003c/a>combination of the terms “tension” and “structural integrity.” In physics, “tension” refers to the state of being stretched tight and “structural integrity” has to do with how well a structure can support itself without breaking (think of how well a house or bridge is held together when there is an earthquake). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">NASA Ames\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a>, are turning tensegrity structures into functional robots, which could be used in the future to explore space and other planets. These \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\">tensegrity structure robots\u003c/a> could offer several advantages over traditional space rovers. Tensegrity robots can handle more impact than traditional rovers, can be compacted into a small container, and they are also lighter in weight and less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the above video, I show you how to make a simple tensegrity model using drinking straws and rubber bands. Here are the materials you will need to create the model:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stiff drinking straws cut to a length of five inches\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stretchy rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six smaller rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scissors\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Follow these simple steps to build your own tensegrity model:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Cut six straws into five-inch pieces\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie small rubber bands on both ends of two pairs of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place one pair of straws between the other\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie a small rubber band around one end of another pair of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place the new pair of straws between the first two pairs, then loosely place a rubber band on the other end\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place a longer rubber band into the slit of one straw. Take the rubber band and stretch it over the pair of straws perpendicular to the original straw and over to the other end of that straw\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take the two middle points of the long rubber band and place them into the slits of the perpendicular straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Once you have done this will all the straws, cut the smaller rubber bands that are holding the pairs together\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>You can create the model as shown, make a larger one or even turn it into a robot. Share what you have created with us in the comments below, or with @KQEDedspace on Twitter and Instagram using #tensegrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/22/e-book-engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind how researchers are developing tensegrity robots for space exploration. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media-making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn how to build a model of future space-exploring robots using the concept of \"tensegrity\"--the combination of \"tension\" and \"integrity.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475540,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":587},"headData":{"title":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot | KQED","description":"Learn how to build a model of future space-exploring robots using the concept of "tensegrity"--the combination of "tension" and "integrity."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot","datePublished":"2015-10-20T00:12:42.000Z","dateModified":"2016-08-17T23:12:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"87280 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=87280","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/19/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot/","disqusTitle":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awILwlCkd9Y","path":"/quest/87280/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have you ever seen a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tensegrityfitness.com/fit/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/tensegity1.jpg\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">skeleton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> held together with wire in a classroom or at a museum? \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87303 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg\" alt=\"skeleton-457598_640\" width=\"252\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg 424w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640-400x604.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\">What would happen if you removed the wire? All of the bones would fall into a heap on the floor! In reality, there are no wires within our bodies. Instead, our bodies are held together with ligaments and soft tissue. Our bones don’t directly connect to one another, but rather the ligaments and soft tissues help hold our bones in place and allow us to move.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our body is an example of a \u003cb>tensegrity structure\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts aren’t directly connected to one another with nails or screws, but instead are connected by wires, cables, elastic bands or, in the case of our bodies, soft tissues. The concept of tensegrity is used to build structures in science, engineering, arts and architecture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tensegrity” was coined by Buckminster Fuller in the 1960s; it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87310 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\" alt=\"BuckminsterFuller1\" width=\"259\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg 422w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1-400x522.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\">\u003c/a>combination of the terms “tension” and “structural integrity.” In physics, “tension” refers to the state of being stretched tight and “structural integrity” has to do with how well a structure can support itself without breaking (think of how well a house or bridge is held together when there is an earthquake). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">NASA Ames\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a>, are turning tensegrity structures into functional robots, which could be used in the future to explore space and other planets. These \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\">tensegrity structure robots\u003c/a> could offer several advantages over traditional space rovers. Tensegrity robots can handle more impact than traditional rovers, can be compacted into a small container, and they are also lighter in weight and less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the above video, I show you how to make a simple tensegrity model using drinking straws and rubber bands. Here are the materials you will need to create the model:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stiff drinking straws cut to a length of five inches\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stretchy rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six smaller rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scissors\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Follow these simple steps to build your own tensegrity model:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Cut six straws into five-inch pieces\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie small rubber bands on both ends of two pairs of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place one pair of straws between the other\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie a small rubber band around one end of another pair of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place the new pair of straws between the first two pairs, then loosely place a rubber band on the other end\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place a longer rubber band into the slit of one straw. Take the rubber band and stretch it over the pair of straws perpendicular to the original straw and over to the other end of that straw\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take the two middle points of the long rubber band and place them into the slits of the perpendicular straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Once you have done this will all the straws, cut the smaller rubber bands that are holding the pairs together\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>You can create the model as shown, make a larger one or even turn it into a robot. Share what you have created with us in the comments below, or with @KQEDedspace on Twitter and Instagram using #tensegrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/22/e-book-engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind how researchers are developing tensegrity robots for space exploration. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media-making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/87280/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","authors":["10626"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_308","quest_11295","quest_12787","quest_847","quest_13197","quest_1040","quest_13402","quest_11365","quest_13404","quest_13400","quest_1918","quest_1919","quest_1920","quest_2530","quest_13142","quest_2739","quest_11296","quest_13403","quest_13401","quest_3021","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_13394"],"featImg":"quest_87396","label":"quest_13394"},"quest_78432":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_78432","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"78432","score":null,"sort":[1443726352000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots","title":"Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots","publishDate":1443726352,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Alice Agogino is a mechanical engineering professor at the University of California at Berkeley, and she and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">her lab\u003c/a> are among a group of engineers that are designing what might be the next generation of space exploring robots. These don’t look like the Mars rovers with the big wheels that you may be thinking of-- oh no, they are totally different-- and that’s the point. These robots actually look like a ball of rods and cables, and they are modelled after a baby toy, of all things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78452\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78452\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Vytas with bay toy\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vytas SunSpiral with a tensegrity baby toy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It all began when \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">Vytas SunSpiral\u003c/a>, a robotics researcher and his colleague Adrian Agogino (Alice Agogino’s son and also a robotics researcher) were brainstorming how to improve space robotics. They happened to be playing with a baby toy called a Skwish. The skwish is a type of structure known as a tensegrity structure. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts like wooden rods or steel beams aren’t directly connected to one another by nails or screws, but rather are held together by wires, cables, chains or some kind of band. As a baby toy they are fun to play with because you can squash them and throw them and they won’t break. They can \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LddumjHEmg8\">easily distribute and absorb forces\u003c/a> that result from impact. So after throwing this toy on the ground and observing its ability to remain intact, SunSpiral’s team realized this type of structure might be a good landing structure for a space robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional space robots, like the Mars rovers are really difficult to land because you have a pretty delicate robot approaching a planet at really high speeds. As a result, engineers spend a lot of time and money making sure nothing breaks during landing. In fact, landing Curiosity, the current robot on Mars, has been nicknamed the\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki_Af_o9Q9s\"> 7 minutes of terror\u003c/a>. Traditional rovers are also somewhat limited in the places they can explore. For example, rock walls or cliff edges are too risky for them. If one were to fall down a steep slope then it could break rendering the rover useless. Sharp rocky surfaces can also tear or puncture the robot’s wheels making it difficult to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robots based on tensegrity structures might be easier to land and cheaper to make. They could possibly even explore some of the more challenging surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78455\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78455\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-400x390.jpg\" alt=\"early prototype of tensegrity robot\" width=\"400\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-400x390.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-800x780.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-960x937.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1.jpg 1106w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An early prototype of a tensegrity robot created by Alice Agogino's lab\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So tensegrity rovers offer a lot of advantages over the traditional wheeled-structured rovers. They’re lighter weight, they’re more robust, they can handle lot of damage because the load is distributed among the tensile elements,” explains Alice Agogino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SunSpiral and his colleagues have received a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z_ablQGh-8\">NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts\u003c/a> award to see if they can get these structures to move and perform the tasks that are needed for space exploration. He is now a principal investigator of the Dynamic Tensegrity Robotics Lab at NASA Ames Research Center, and several collaborators, like Agogino’s lab at Berkeley have joined the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How science really happens is that you get teams together, you build collaborations, you build networks of colleagues who are thinking about similar parts of the problem but may be taking slightly different approaches to it… and you work with each other and you share ideas,” adds SunSpiral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a lot involved in designing one of these robots. In general, computers control motors that cause the cables to stretch or compress. This causes the structure to shift its shape, altering the center of gravity and creating a rolling motion. The eventual idea is that these robots could carry instruments, like cameras and sensors. Several robots could be compactly packed into a space craft and dropped on a planet where they could roll around taking images and gathering data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78456\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78456\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Another p\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the tensegrity robot prototypes developed at Alice Agogino's lab. This one has a centralized computer and uses linear actuators to expand and compress the cables to get the robots to move.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Agogino’s lab at Berkeley has created several rapid prototypes of the tensegrity structures. For each prototype they change parameters like the materials they are making the robots out of and the types and locations of the motors. For example, one version uses motors that stretches and compresses the cables by pulling or pushing on a straight line, while another version actually wraps the cable around a spool to shorten it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78458\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78458\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"This is the most recent tensegrity robot prototype created by Alice Agogino's lab. The computers and motors that control movement are located in the pods.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the most recent tensegrity robot prototype created by Alice Agogino's lab. The computers and motors that control movement are located in the pods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the prototypes are built they test for things like how fast they go, how much energy they need to move, how much weight they can carry, how far they can be dropped, and how they respond to different environments. In additional to building physical prototypes, the teams are also exploring how to best program the robots to move using \u003ca href=\"http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/tech/asr/intelligent-robotics/tensegrity/ntrt/\">NASA’s Tensegrity Robotics Toolkit (NTRT)\u003c/a>. They also use computer simulations to build computer models of these robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An actual space mission with these robots is still a long way off. But the researchers are looking at other uses for tensegrity robotics as well. For example, they are examining how tensegrity robots could be used in home healthcare. Her lab is also developing educational toys and robots to help teach students about tensegrity and robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re exploring just the wide range of motions that we can get out of tensegrities. Can they eventually climb up stairs for home health care – that's one thing that we’re really interested in. So we’re really interested exploring the limit of what you can do with this kind of structure,” explains Alice Agogino. Tensegrity robots could offer exciting new possibilities in the world of robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1. What problems were the engineers trying to solve?\u003cbr>\n2. What constraints do you think they might be working with?\u003cbr>\n3. What types of things are they testing when the engineers test their prototypes?\u003cbr>\n4. What types of changes might the engineers make to their prototypes and designs?\u003cbr>\n5. How do you think the researchers are using prototypes and computer models to design the robots?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Could the next generation of space-exploring robots be modeled after a baby toy?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475573,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":1070},"headData":{"title":"Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots | KQED","description":"Could the next generation of space-exploring robots be modeled after a baby toy?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots","datePublished":"2015-10-01T19:05:52.000Z","dateModified":"2016-08-17T23:12:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"78432 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=78432","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/","disqusTitle":"Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtHrcmZoXsc","source":"Engineering","path":"/quest/78432/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Alice Agogino is a mechanical engineering professor at the University of California at Berkeley, and she and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">her lab\u003c/a> are among a group of engineers that are designing what might be the next generation of space exploring robots. These don’t look like the Mars rovers with the big wheels that you may be thinking of-- oh no, they are totally different-- and that’s the point. These robots actually look like a ball of rods and cables, and they are modelled after a baby toy, of all things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78452\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78452\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Vytas with bay toy\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Vytas_with_toy-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vytas SunSpiral with a tensegrity baby toy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It all began when \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">Vytas SunSpiral\u003c/a>, a robotics researcher and his colleague Adrian Agogino (Alice Agogino’s son and also a robotics researcher) were brainstorming how to improve space robotics. They happened to be playing with a baby toy called a Skwish. The skwish is a type of structure known as a tensegrity structure. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts like wooden rods or steel beams aren’t directly connected to one another by nails or screws, but rather are held together by wires, cables, chains or some kind of band. As a baby toy they are fun to play with because you can squash them and throw them and they won’t break. They can \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LddumjHEmg8\">easily distribute and absorb forces\u003c/a> that result from impact. So after throwing this toy on the ground and observing its ability to remain intact, SunSpiral’s team realized this type of structure might be a good landing structure for a space robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional space robots, like the Mars rovers are really difficult to land because you have a pretty delicate robot approaching a planet at really high speeds. As a result, engineers spend a lot of time and money making sure nothing breaks during landing. In fact, landing Curiosity, the current robot on Mars, has been nicknamed the\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki_Af_o9Q9s\"> 7 minutes of terror\u003c/a>. Traditional rovers are also somewhat limited in the places they can explore. For example, rock walls or cliff edges are too risky for them. If one were to fall down a steep slope then it could break rendering the rover useless. Sharp rocky surfaces can also tear or puncture the robot’s wheels making it difficult to move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robots based on tensegrity structures might be easier to land and cheaper to make. They could possibly even explore some of the more challenging surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78455\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78455\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-400x390.jpg\" alt=\"early prototype of tensegrity robot\" width=\"400\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-400x390.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-800x780.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-960x937.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v1.jpg 1106w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An early prototype of a tensegrity robot created by Alice Agogino's lab\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So tensegrity rovers offer a lot of advantages over the traditional wheeled-structured rovers. They’re lighter weight, they’re more robust, they can handle lot of damage because the load is distributed among the tensile elements,” explains Alice Agogino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SunSpiral and his colleagues have received a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z_ablQGh-8\">NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts\u003c/a> award to see if they can get these structures to move and perform the tasks that are needed for space exploration. He is now a principal investigator of the Dynamic Tensegrity Robotics Lab at NASA Ames Research Center, and several collaborators, like Agogino’s lab at Berkeley have joined the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How science really happens is that you get teams together, you build collaborations, you build networks of colleagues who are thinking about similar parts of the problem but may be taking slightly different approaches to it… and you work with each other and you share ideas,” adds SunSpiral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a lot involved in designing one of these robots. In general, computers control motors that cause the cables to stretch or compress. This causes the structure to shift its shape, altering the center of gravity and creating a rolling motion. The eventual idea is that these robots could carry instruments, like cameras and sensors. Several robots could be compactly packed into a space craft and dropped on a planet where they could roll around taking images and gathering data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78456\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78456\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Another p\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/v2-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the tensegrity robot prototypes developed at Alice Agogino's lab. This one has a centralized computer and uses linear actuators to expand and compress the cables to get the robots to move.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Agogino’s lab at Berkeley has created several rapid prototypes of the tensegrity structures. For each prototype they change parameters like the materials they are making the robots out of and the types and locations of the motors. For example, one version uses motors that stretches and compresses the cables by pulling or pushing on a straight line, while another version actually wraps the cable around a spool to shorten it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_78458\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-78458\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"This is the most recent tensegrity robot prototype created by Alice Agogino's lab. The computers and motors that control movement are located in the pods.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/clean_robot-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the most recent tensegrity robot prototype created by Alice Agogino's lab. The computers and motors that control movement are located in the pods.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the prototypes are built they test for things like how fast they go, how much energy they need to move, how much weight they can carry, how far they can be dropped, and how they respond to different environments. In additional to building physical prototypes, the teams are also exploring how to best program the robots to move using \u003ca href=\"http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/tech/asr/intelligent-robotics/tensegrity/ntrt/\">NASA’s Tensegrity Robotics Toolkit (NTRT)\u003c/a>. They also use computer simulations to build computer models of these robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An actual space mission with these robots is still a long way off. But the researchers are looking at other uses for tensegrity robotics as well. For example, they are examining how tensegrity robots could be used in home healthcare. Her lab is also developing educational toys and robots to help teach students about tensegrity and robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re exploring just the wide range of motions that we can get out of tensegrities. Can they eventually climb up stairs for home health care – that's one thing that we’re really interested in. So we’re really interested exploring the limit of what you can do with this kind of structure,” explains Alice Agogino. Tensegrity robots could offer exciting new possibilities in the world of robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1. What problems were the engineers trying to solve?\u003cbr>\n2. What constraints do you think they might be working with?\u003cbr>\n3. What types of things are they testing when the engineers test their prototypes?\u003cbr>\n4. What types of changes might the engineers make to their prototypes and designs?\u003cbr>\n5. How do you think the researchers are using prototypes and computer models to design the robots?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/78432/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots","authors":["6544"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_13383","quest_13152","quest_1919","quest_2443","quest_2739","quest_12220","quest_11296","quest_12094","quest_3071","quest_13384"],"collections":["quest_13394"],"featImg":"quest_78451","label":"source_quest_78432"},"quest_53756":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53756","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53756","score":null,"sort":[1367593244000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down","title":"The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down","publishDate":1367593244,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53757\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down/cobe-wmap-planck-maps/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53757\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53757\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps.jpg\" alt=\"Smile, universe, for your baby picture! Maps of the early universe by the COBE, WMAP, and Planck missions. Image credit: NASA\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smile, universe, for your baby picture! Maps of the early universe by the COBE, WMAP, and Planck missions. Image credit: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On news that the universe may be 100 million years older than previously estimated, cosmological markets have seen a reduction in the benchmark of universal expansion, the \u003ca title=\"The Hubble Constant\" href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_expansion.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hubble Constant\u003c/a>, down to a new low of 67.15 kilometers per second per megaparsec. This has led to a drop in the dark energy market, down from initial estimates by 3.1% to 68.3% of the total universal mass/energy inventory. On the brighter side, stocks of the highly sought-after dark matter commodities are up to 26.8%, and good-old reliable normal matter fundamentals have inched upward to 4.9%, up from the previous 4.6%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"NASA Science News\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/21mar_cmb/\" target=\"_blank\">news \u003c/a>comes not from Wall Street but from cosmological observations by the European Space Agency's Planck mission, and analysis of those measurements by European, NASA and Canadian scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do the numbers mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the age of the universe is 100 million years greater than previously calculated is interesting, but it won't force the Barenaked Ladies to change the lyrics in the Big Bang Theory's opening theme song; \"…nearly 14 billion years ago…\" works whether the number is 13.7 or the more recent 13.8 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small refinements in the percentages of the universe composed of normal matter, \u003ca title=\"Dark Matter and Dark Energy\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\">dark matter and dark energy\u003c/a> are probably more interesting to scientists as far as the absolute numbers go. But the mere fact that a quarter of the universe is made of stuff we can't see (dark matter) and over two-thirds of the universe is made of stuff we can neither see nor at present understand (dark energy) is a stupefying fact. It means that what we can see in the universe (planets, stars, galaxies—normal matter) is only about 5% of what's actually there. Stupefying!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planck's mission is to measure minute differences in the brightness of the \u003ca title=\"Cosmic Microwave Background\" href=\"http://www.space.com/20330-cosmic-microwave-background-explained-infographic.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cosmic Microwave Background\u003c/a> (CMB) radiation, the faint glow of microwaves coming from every direction in the sky. Originally discovered by accident in 1964, CMB radiation comes from the greatest observable distances in the universe, and from the earliest time that light became able to travel freely through space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers became very interested in these cosmic microwave emissions, for in collecting and measuring those photons they were essentially taking a picture of the very early universe, not long after the Big Bang (the theory, not the TV show). The CMB is the \"afterglow of creation,\" and for astronomers to discover and study it was something akin to when anthropologists first found fossils of the earliest hominids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you look out at distant galaxies you are seeing the light that left them in the distant past—how far in the past depends on how far away the galaxy is. The most distant galaxy that we have seen is a portal back in time over 13 billion years, a time when the universe was barely past infancy. But look a bit farther into space, a bit further backward in time, and you are looking at a time before galaxies had formed from the expanding gaseous universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limit of our ability to peer backward is met at the time before which the hot gases of the Big Bang aftermath were too dense for light to travel freely, and instead bounced around within the hot dense soup (those lyrics also need no adjustment) of atomic nuclei and electrons--similar to how light bounces between water droplets in a cloud. We see this far, but no farther because we are looking into an opaque cloud that existed before the universe was 370,000 years young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As our picture-taking of the earliest face of the universe became more refined, a more detailed map of the CMB's variations in brightness was resolved, starting with the relatively blurry blotch-map brought by the \u003ca title=\"COBE mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/cobe/\" target=\"_blank\">COBE \u003c/a>mission, to a more detailed all-sky image by the \u003ca title=\"WMAP mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/wmap/\" target=\"_blank\">WMAP \u003c/a>mission, and now the clearest picture yet by \u003ca title=\"Planck mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/planck/\" target=\"_blank\">Planck\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The color variations in the map represent minute differences in the temperature and density of the gases of the early universe—subtle variations that eventually snowballed (so to speak) to become denser concentrations of matter, and the seeds of the earliest galaxies and galaxy clusters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in comparing the blotchy facial features of this infant shot to photos of the universe taken at later times we have assembled a more complete life picture of how the cosmos has grown and developed. And no one had to change the lyrics of their song either!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The European Space Agency's Planck mission has generated a map of the infant universe that refines our understanding of what it's all made of and has upped its age by 100 million years. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367972277,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":781},"headData":{"title":"The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down | KQED","description":"The European Space Agency's Planck mission has generated a map of the infant universe that refines our understanding of what it's all made of and has upped its age by 100 million years. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down","datePublished":"2013-05-03T15:00:44.000Z","dateModified":"2013-05-08T00:17:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"53756 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53756","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down/","disqusTitle":"The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down","path":"/quest/53756/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53757\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down/cobe-wmap-planck-maps/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53757\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53757\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps.jpg\" alt=\"Smile, universe, for your baby picture! Maps of the early universe by the COBE, WMAP, and Planck missions. Image credit: NASA\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smile, universe, for your baby picture! Maps of the early universe by the COBE, WMAP, and Planck missions. Image credit: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On news that the universe may be 100 million years older than previously estimated, cosmological markets have seen a reduction in the benchmark of universal expansion, the \u003ca title=\"The Hubble Constant\" href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_expansion.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hubble Constant\u003c/a>, down to a new low of 67.15 kilometers per second per megaparsec. This has led to a drop in the dark energy market, down from initial estimates by 3.1% to 68.3% of the total universal mass/energy inventory. On the brighter side, stocks of the highly sought-after dark matter commodities are up to 26.8%, and good-old reliable normal matter fundamentals have inched upward to 4.9%, up from the previous 4.6%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"NASA Science News\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/21mar_cmb/\" target=\"_blank\">news \u003c/a>comes not from Wall Street but from cosmological observations by the European Space Agency's Planck mission, and analysis of those measurements by European, NASA and Canadian scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do the numbers mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the age of the universe is 100 million years greater than previously calculated is interesting, but it won't force the Barenaked Ladies to change the lyrics in the Big Bang Theory's opening theme song; \"…nearly 14 billion years ago…\" works whether the number is 13.7 or the more recent 13.8 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small refinements in the percentages of the universe composed of normal matter, \u003ca title=\"Dark Matter and Dark Energy\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\">dark matter and dark energy\u003c/a> are probably more interesting to scientists as far as the absolute numbers go. But the mere fact that a quarter of the universe is made of stuff we can't see (dark matter) and over two-thirds of the universe is made of stuff we can neither see nor at present understand (dark energy) is a stupefying fact. It means that what we can see in the universe (planets, stars, galaxies—normal matter) is only about 5% of what's actually there. Stupefying!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planck's mission is to measure minute differences in the brightness of the \u003ca title=\"Cosmic Microwave Background\" href=\"http://www.space.com/20330-cosmic-microwave-background-explained-infographic.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cosmic Microwave Background\u003c/a> (CMB) radiation, the faint glow of microwaves coming from every direction in the sky. Originally discovered by accident in 1964, CMB radiation comes from the greatest observable distances in the universe, and from the earliest time that light became able to travel freely through space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers became very interested in these cosmic microwave emissions, for in collecting and measuring those photons they were essentially taking a picture of the very early universe, not long after the Big Bang (the theory, not the TV show). The CMB is the \"afterglow of creation,\" and for astronomers to discover and study it was something akin to when anthropologists first found fossils of the earliest hominids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you look out at distant galaxies you are seeing the light that left them in the distant past—how far in the past depends on how far away the galaxy is. The most distant galaxy that we have seen is a portal back in time over 13 billion years, a time when the universe was barely past infancy. But look a bit farther into space, a bit further backward in time, and you are looking at a time before galaxies had formed from the expanding gaseous universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limit of our ability to peer backward is met at the time before which the hot gases of the Big Bang aftermath were too dense for light to travel freely, and instead bounced around within the hot dense soup (those lyrics also need no adjustment) of atomic nuclei and electrons--similar to how light bounces between water droplets in a cloud. We see this far, but no farther because we are looking into an opaque cloud that existed before the universe was 370,000 years young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As our picture-taking of the earliest face of the universe became more refined, a more detailed map of the CMB's variations in brightness was resolved, starting with the relatively blurry blotch-map brought by the \u003ca title=\"COBE mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/cobe/\" target=\"_blank\">COBE \u003c/a>mission, to a more detailed all-sky image by the \u003ca title=\"WMAP mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/wmap/\" target=\"_blank\">WMAP \u003c/a>mission, and now the clearest picture yet by \u003ca title=\"Planck mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/planck/\" target=\"_blank\">Planck\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The color variations in the map represent minute differences in the temperature and density of the gases of the early universe—subtle variations that eventually snowballed (so to speak) to become denser concentrations of matter, and the seeds of the earliest galaxies and galaxy clusters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in comparing the blotchy facial features of this infant shot to photos of the universe taken at later times we have assembled a more complete life picture of how the cosmos has grown and developed. And no one had to change the lyrics of their song either!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53756/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_11956","quest_11518","quest_11955","quest_2739","quest_3034"],"featImg":"quest_53757","label":"quest"},"quest_52516":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52516","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52516","score":null,"sort":[1366385063000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system","title":"Antiques Roadshow of the Solar System","publishDate":1366385063,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52520\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/19/antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system/vikingandsagan/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52520\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan.jpg\" alt=\"Carl Sagan Poses with Model of Viking Lander\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52520\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carl Sagan Poses with Model of Viking Lander\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Earth, evidence of past human civilization and habitation can be gleaned from the rocks, soil and some still-standing monuments of architecture large and small, but the effects over time of weathering and over longer periods of the geologic cycle tend to erode, erase and eradicate those past efforts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as a space-faring culture, we have now left our marks across the solar system on planets, moons, asteroids and in the empty space between them. Some of these “marks” are yet-functioning robotic spacecraft. Some are litter, scattered about the place like so many discarded soda cans, plastic grocery bags, depleted batteries and defunct electronic devices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are we trashing our solar system? Well, on the big scale of things, not much -- and at present unavoidably. It’s a big solar system and the number of expended rockets, ejected parachutes, crumpled heat shields, empty fuel tanks and just plain expired or lost robots is quite small. And there’s no economically feasible means at present to clean them up. Besides, whose backyard are they littering?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As our surveillance of the reaches of our solar system grows more sophisticated, we are beginning to run across bits of “junk”. Don’t get me wrong, these are once important and highly useful equipment of exploration that we’ve left behind over the years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the discerning eye on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (the HiRISE camera) has spotted a couple bits of extra-Terran detritus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check this out: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-121&cid=release_2013-121\" title=\"Curiosity's Parachute Spotted by MRO\" target=\"_blank\">discarded parachute of the Curiosity lander\u003c/a>, flapping in the Martian breeze. I wondered where that ended up!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blog.moonzoo.org/2012/09/03/a-mystery-in-mare-crisium/\" title=\"Luna 24 found by LRO\" target=\"_blank\">Luna 24\u003c/a>, a robotic lunar lander from the 1970s, has been located through images by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. You can search for junk, too, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.moonzoo.org/how_to_take_part\" title=\"Moon Zoo\" target=\"_blank\">Moon Zoo\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And how about this Antiques Skyshow find: The possible last resting place of one of the first robots to land on Mars, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-132&cid=release_2013-132\" title=\"Soviet Mars 3 Lander?\" target=\"_blank\">the Soviet Mars 3 lander\u003c/a>? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some day in the future, when travel about the solar system is a routine vacationing activity, some of the sightseeing historical points of interest may be today’s space junk. I can imagine raised walkways and interpretive signs encircling the dust and wind scoured remains the long lost \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3344693.stm\" title=\"Beagle II\" target=\"_blank\">Beagle II lander\u003c/a> on Mars, or the descent module of the Apollo 11 spacecraft on the Moon, or the Huygens lander half sunken in the super-frigid methane muds of Titan or the thoroughly scorched hulk of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/18551-venera-13.html\" title=\"Venera 13 Lander\" target=\"_blank\">Soviet Venera lander\u003c/a> on Venus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And imagine the \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"The Voyager Mission\" target=\"_blank\">Voyager \u003c/a>and Pioneer spacecraft, coasting outward into interstellar space, one day serving as archaeological finds by alien species living in distant star systems, in the distant future, telling them that we are here—at least, were here, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As a space-faring culture, we have now left our marks across the solar system, on planets, moons, asteroids, and in the empty space between them. Some of these “marks” are yet-functioning robotic spacecraft. Some are litter, scattered about the place like so many discarded soda cans, plastic grocery bags, depleted batteries, and defunct electronic devices. Are we trashing our solar system?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367424392,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":472},"headData":{"title":"Antiques Roadshow of the Solar System | KQED","description":"As a space-faring culture, we have now left our marks across the solar system, on planets, moons, asteroids, and in the empty space between them. Some of these “marks” are yet-functioning robotic spacecraft. Some are litter, scattered about the place like so many discarded soda cans, plastic grocery bags, depleted batteries, and defunct electronic devices. Are we trashing our solar system?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Antiques Roadshow of the Solar System","datePublished":"2013-04-19T15:24:23.000Z","dateModified":"2013-05-01T16:06:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"52516 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52516","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/19/antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system/","disqusTitle":"Antiques Roadshow of the Solar System","path":"/quest/52516/antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52520\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/19/antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system/vikingandsagan/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52520\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan.jpg\" alt=\"Carl Sagan Poses with Model of Viking Lander\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52520\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carl Sagan Poses with Model of Viking Lander\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Earth, evidence of past human civilization and habitation can be gleaned from the rocks, soil and some still-standing monuments of architecture large and small, but the effects over time of weathering and over longer periods of the geologic cycle tend to erode, erase and eradicate those past efforts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as a space-faring culture, we have now left our marks across the solar system on planets, moons, asteroids and in the empty space between them. Some of these “marks” are yet-functioning robotic spacecraft. Some are litter, scattered about the place like so many discarded soda cans, plastic grocery bags, depleted batteries and defunct electronic devices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are we trashing our solar system? Well, on the big scale of things, not much -- and at present unavoidably. It’s a big solar system and the number of expended rockets, ejected parachutes, crumpled heat shields, empty fuel tanks and just plain expired or lost robots is quite small. And there’s no economically feasible means at present to clean them up. Besides, whose backyard are they littering?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As our surveillance of the reaches of our solar system grows more sophisticated, we are beginning to run across bits of “junk”. Don’t get me wrong, these are once important and highly useful equipment of exploration that we’ve left behind over the years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the discerning eye on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (the HiRISE camera) has spotted a couple bits of extra-Terran detritus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check this out: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-121&cid=release_2013-121\" title=\"Curiosity's Parachute Spotted by MRO\" target=\"_blank\">discarded parachute of the Curiosity lander\u003c/a>, flapping in the Martian breeze. I wondered where that ended up!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blog.moonzoo.org/2012/09/03/a-mystery-in-mare-crisium/\" title=\"Luna 24 found by LRO\" target=\"_blank\">Luna 24\u003c/a>, a robotic lunar lander from the 1970s, has been located through images by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. You can search for junk, too, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.moonzoo.org/how_to_take_part\" title=\"Moon Zoo\" target=\"_blank\">Moon Zoo\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And how about this Antiques Skyshow find: The possible last resting place of one of the first robots to land on Mars, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-132&cid=release_2013-132\" title=\"Soviet Mars 3 Lander?\" target=\"_blank\">the Soviet Mars 3 lander\u003c/a>? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some day in the future, when travel about the solar system is a routine vacationing activity, some of the sightseeing historical points of interest may be today’s space junk. I can imagine raised walkways and interpretive signs encircling the dust and wind scoured remains the long lost \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3344693.stm\" title=\"Beagle II\" target=\"_blank\">Beagle II lander\u003c/a> on Mars, or the descent module of the Apollo 11 spacecraft on the Moon, or the Huygens lander half sunken in the super-frigid methane muds of Titan or the thoroughly scorched hulk of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/18551-venera-13.html\" title=\"Venera 13 Lander\" target=\"_blank\">Soviet Venera lander\u003c/a> on Venus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And imagine the \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"The Voyager Mission\" target=\"_blank\">Voyager \u003c/a>and Pioneer spacecraft, coasting outward into interstellar space, one day serving as archaeological finds by alien species living in distant star systems, in the distant future, telling them that we are here—at least, were here, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52516/antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_11919","quest_11518","quest_2739","quest_2986"],"featImg":"quest_52520","label":"quest"},"quest_50771":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_50771","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"50771","score":null,"sort":[1362788420000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles","title":"Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles","publishDate":1362788420,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130311science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re out there... Traveling at close to the speed of light high above the Earth and damaging any satellite in their path. They’re called “killer electrons” and this year, Bay Area researchers are working with a new NASA mission to unlock their mysterious behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer electrons aren’t a threat to life on the ground, but they are a concern for the more than 1,000 satellites orbiting the planet. Satellites we depend on for everything from storm warnings to GPS navigation to TV programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every major sports event -- certainly every Olympic Games, the Super Bowl as well as the Academy Awards,” says Jean-Luc Froeliger, describing events carried by his company, Intelsat, a global satellite operator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scrambling Satellite Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Froeliger knows: space is not a dull place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In April of 2010, we had an event on our Galaxy 15 satellite,” says Froeliger. “We were sending commands to the satellite but the satellite was not accepting any command.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy 15 had become a $100 million zombie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The satellite started to slowly drift,” says Froeliger, potentially interfering with satellites around it. Intelsat worked for months to reboot Galaxy 15, just about all that can be done with a satellite 22,000 miles away. Eventually, it came back online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Froeliger says it’s all part of operating in the harsh environment outside our planet. “Satellites are constantly bombarded by high energy particles that flow from the sun,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our sun sends out a stream of charged particles called the solar wind. This year marks a solar maximum, the peak of the sun’s activity, which can have big effects on our planet. “When those particles come close to the Earth, they get trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Picture the Earth as a donut hole, and the magnetic field as a giant, invisible donut around it. The charged particles trapped inside the field create radiation belts. Galaxy 15, like other geosynchronous satellites, flew right through the belt and was bombard with charged particles, which created a short circuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50774\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\" alt=\"The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\" width=\"300\" height=\"436\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even just one particle – a single electron – can cause problems. “Some of them can penetrate metal and they can damage the electronics inside the satellite,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least once a month, a killer electron goes through a satellite’s exterior and hits a computer chip inside. “The data that is stored in the computer gets corrupted,” says Froeliger, causing temporary or permanent damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying Electrons in New Detail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why they call them killer electrons is because they can penetrate several millimeters of aluminum or steel and get to you,” says David Smith, a physicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith is standing on the roof of a four-story building on campus, where a small shed is used as their mission operations center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re studying is electrons that come slamming down onto the atmosphere from Earth’s radiation belts,” he says. The electrons are stopped there, but Smith says you can still see their fingerprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith and his colleagues with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dartmouth.edu/~barrel/\">BARREL project\u003c/a> have launched large research balloons to look for electrons falling out of the magnetic field. The balloons are released from Antarctica and travel 20 miles up, sending data back to UCSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says understanding the risk from killer electrons is tricky because their numbers are constantly in flux. “On a given day, you may have a thousand times more of these very high-energy electrons in the belt than you did a few days previously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also mysterious because killer electrons don’t start out as killers. Electrons arriving from the sun are low-energy for the most part. “It’s after the Earth captures them that something ramps them up to these really high energies,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out what that something is, Smith and his team are collaborating with a new NASA mission. In August, NASA launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/main/index.html\">Van Allen Probes\u003c/a>, two satellites designed to take detailed measurements inside the radiation belts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, the probes made \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/news/emfisis-chorus.html\">a recording\u003c/a> of a mysterious phenomenon in the radiation belts: electromagnetic waves. “We’ve known about these waves for quite a long time but we’ve never had the kind of measurements that we needed to really understand them,” says Craig Kletzing of the Van Allen Probes mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists theorize that the waves could be responsible for accelerating killer electrons. “The waves give energy to particles much like a surfer,” Kletzing says. Think of the waves as the ocean and the electrons as little surfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results and others from the mission are expected to give scientists a better understanding of the Earth’s radiation belts. That could lead to better forecasts about when they’re particularly dangerous – something that’s key for NASA and for the satellites we depend on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gp6Z-2Y-HGg]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"They're out there... lurking in Earth's magnetic fields and damaging any satellite in their path.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1363978286,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":916},"headData":{"title":"Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles | KQED","description":"They're out there... lurking in Earth's magnetic fields and damaging any satellite in their path.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles","datePublished":"2013-03-09T00:20:20.000Z","dateModified":"2013-03-22T18:51:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"50771 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=50771","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/08/attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles/","disqusTitle":"Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/50771/attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130311science.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130311science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>They’re out there... Traveling at close to the speed of light high above the Earth and damaging any satellite in their path. They’re called “killer electrons” and this year, Bay Area researchers are working with a new NASA mission to unlock their mysterious behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer electrons aren’t a threat to life on the ground, but they are a concern for the more than 1,000 satellites orbiting the planet. Satellites we depend on for everything from storm warnings to GPS navigation to TV programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every major sports event -- certainly every Olympic Games, the Super Bowl as well as the Academy Awards,” says Jean-Luc Froeliger, describing events carried by his company, Intelsat, a global satellite operator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scrambling Satellite Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Froeliger knows: space is not a dull place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In April of 2010, we had an event on our Galaxy 15 satellite,” says Froeliger. “We were sending commands to the satellite but the satellite was not accepting any command.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy 15 had become a $100 million zombie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The satellite started to slowly drift,” says Froeliger, potentially interfering with satellites around it. Intelsat worked for months to reboot Galaxy 15, just about all that can be done with a satellite 22,000 miles away. Eventually, it came back online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Froeliger says it’s all part of operating in the harsh environment outside our planet. “Satellites are constantly bombarded by high energy particles that flow from the sun,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our sun sends out a stream of charged particles called the solar wind. This year marks a solar maximum, the peak of the sun’s activity, which can have big effects on our planet. “When those particles come close to the Earth, they get trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Picture the Earth as a donut hole, and the magnetic field as a giant, invisible donut around it. The charged particles trapped inside the field create radiation belts. Galaxy 15, like other geosynchronous satellites, flew right through the belt and was bombard with charged particles, which created a short circuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50774\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\" alt=\"The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\" width=\"300\" height=\"436\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even just one particle – a single electron – can cause problems. “Some of them can penetrate metal and they can damage the electronics inside the satellite,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least once a month, a killer electron goes through a satellite’s exterior and hits a computer chip inside. “The data that is stored in the computer gets corrupted,” says Froeliger, causing temporary or permanent damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying Electrons in New Detail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why they call them killer electrons is because they can penetrate several millimeters of aluminum or steel and get to you,” says David Smith, a physicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith is standing on the roof of a four-story building on campus, where a small shed is used as their mission operations center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re studying is electrons that come slamming down onto the atmosphere from Earth’s radiation belts,” he says. The electrons are stopped there, but Smith says you can still see their fingerprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith and his colleagues with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dartmouth.edu/~barrel/\">BARREL project\u003c/a> have launched large research balloons to look for electrons falling out of the magnetic field. The balloons are released from Antarctica and travel 20 miles up, sending data back to UCSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says understanding the risk from killer electrons is tricky because their numbers are constantly in flux. “On a given day, you may have a thousand times more of these very high-energy electrons in the belt than you did a few days previously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also mysterious because killer electrons don’t start out as killers. Electrons arriving from the sun are low-energy for the most part. “It’s after the Earth captures them that something ramps them up to these really high energies,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out what that something is, Smith and his team are collaborating with a new NASA mission. In August, NASA launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/main/index.html\">Van Allen Probes\u003c/a>, two satellites designed to take detailed measurements inside the radiation belts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, the probes made \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/news/emfisis-chorus.html\">a recording\u003c/a> of a mysterious phenomenon in the radiation belts: electromagnetic waves. “We’ve known about these waves for quite a long time but we’ve never had the kind of measurements that we needed to really understand them,” says Craig Kletzing of the Van Allen Probes mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists theorize that the waves could be responsible for accelerating killer electrons. “The waves give energy to particles much like a surfer,” Kletzing says. Think of the waves as the ocean and the electrons as little surfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results and others from the mission are expected to give scientists a better understanding of the Earth’s radiation belts. That could lead to better forecasts about when they’re particularly dangerous – something that’s key for NASA and for the satellites we depend on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Gp6Z-2Y-HGg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Gp6Z-2Y-HGg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50771/attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_11835","quest_3351","quest_11518","quest_11836","quest_3658","quest_1918","quest_13203","quest_2141","quest_13205","quest_2361","quest_2739"],"featImg":"quest_50773","label":"quest"},"quest_49428":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_49428","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"49428","score":null,"sort":[1360964449000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"asteroid-2012-da14-in-line-for-a-rim-shot","title":"Asteroid 2012 DA14: In Line For a Rim Shot","publishDate":1360964449,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49430\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/08/asteroid-2012-da14-in-line-for-a-rim-shot/2012da14/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49430\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby February 15 2013\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49430\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby February 15 2013\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: A 150-foot asteroid hurtled through Earth's backyard Friday, coming within an incredible 17,150 miles and making the closest known flyby for a rock of its size. Get more info at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/15/watch-asteroid-flyby-live/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED News\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duck! Here comes asteroid 2012 DA14, grazing close to where you live on February 15th! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this is not End of the World Part 2. No, it's not a delayed reaction to the end of the Mayan Long Count calendar. In fact this asteroid is guaranteed to NOT hit us right now. Guaranteed!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this is, in fact, is a reasonably sizeable rock passing reasonably close to the Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How big? Someone with a sense of proportions as well as a sense of humor has likened the asteroid's size to that of a Safeway (between 118 and 265 feet across) and about 130,000 metric tons (that's roughly the mass of about 60,000 SUVs—so if you imagine 60,000 SUVs in a parking lot next to a Safeway, you have an idea of the size and mass of this asteroid!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this is a far cry from the larger asteroids we know of, mostly in the Main Asteroid Belt, that average a mile across and can be as big as a few hundred miles, it is significantly larger than some of the Earth-grazers we've seen whiz by in the last few years, which have typically been only a few meters wide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroid 2012 DA14 is in the same size class as the rock responsible for blasting that mile-wide hole in the Arizona desert, known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.meteorcrater.com/\" title=\"Meteor Crater\" target=\"_blank\">Meteor Crater\u003c/a> (a misnomer, as anyone who knows the difference between a meteor and a meteorite knows that meteors are pebbles that burn up in the atmosphere). If 2012 DA14 were to hit Earth, it would deliver a respectable wallop and leave a big hole or splash, but would not kill us all…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How close is it passing? That's the more interesting part of the story. With a closest approach to Earth's center of 21,200 miles (about 17,200 miles from Earth's surface), this is the closest approach by an asteroid of this size since we really started giving these objects much attention. This is slightly within the distance of geosynchronous satellites that circle the Earth—effectively making this passage a successful rim-shot (and thankfully not a slam-dunk). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So 2012 DA14 won't hit Earth, but will it hit any of the \u003ca href=\"http://celestrak.com/columns/v04n07/\" title=\"Geostationary satellites\" target=\"_blank\">geostationary satellites\u003c/a> that transmit Dish and TV satellite programming? We place those satellites in a ring at the geosynchronous distance—about 22,236 miles—so that their period of revolution around the Earth matches the Earth's rotation and they always remain at the same point in our sky, enabling constant line-of-sight transmission. So, will the asteroid cause a signal blackout while you're watching a football game? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thankfully, physics to the rescue again. This will be a rim-shot where the ball comes close to hitting the rim, but will swish right through without contact. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, since this is the largest-closest rock to pass through these parts since we started looking for them, will we be able to see this asteroid? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/projects/neo-grants/2012-da14-faq.html\" title=\"Asteroid 2012 DA14\" target=\"_blank\">2012 DA14\u003c/a> won't be visible to the unaided eye even at closest approach, but should be visible at least through a small telescope. Also, we are planning to offer the public a look through one or more of our telescopes at Chabot Space & Science Center that Friday evening (weather permitting). If conditions are right, we should be observing the passage from early evening (telescopes open at 7:30 PM) onward until closing at 10:30. So come on up for a Near-miss Celebration!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Duck! Here comes asteroid 2012 DA14, grazing close to where you live on February 15th! ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998075,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":642},"headData":{"title":"Asteroid 2012 DA14: In Line For a Rim Shot | KQED","description":"Duck! Here comes asteroid 2012 DA14, grazing close to where you live on February 15th! ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Asteroid 2012 DA14: In Line For a Rim Shot","datePublished":"2013-02-15T21:40:49.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:47:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"49428 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=49428","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/15/asteroid-2012-da14-in-line-for-a-rim-shot/","disqusTitle":"Asteroid 2012 DA14: In Line For a Rim Shot","path":"/quest/49428/asteroid-2012-da14-in-line-for-a-rim-shot","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49430\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/08/asteroid-2012-da14-in-line-for-a-rim-shot/2012da14/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49430\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby February 15 2013\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49430\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby February 15 2013\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: A 150-foot asteroid hurtled through Earth's backyard Friday, coming within an incredible 17,150 miles and making the closest known flyby for a rock of its size. Get more info at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/15/watch-asteroid-flyby-live/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED News\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duck! Here comes asteroid 2012 DA14, grazing close to where you live on February 15th! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this is not End of the World Part 2. No, it's not a delayed reaction to the end of the Mayan Long Count calendar. In fact this asteroid is guaranteed to NOT hit us right now. Guaranteed!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this is, in fact, is a reasonably sizeable rock passing reasonably close to the Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How big? Someone with a sense of proportions as well as a sense of humor has likened the asteroid's size to that of a Safeway (between 118 and 265 feet across) and about 130,000 metric tons (that's roughly the mass of about 60,000 SUVs—so if you imagine 60,000 SUVs in a parking lot next to a Safeway, you have an idea of the size and mass of this asteroid!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this is a far cry from the larger asteroids we know of, mostly in the Main Asteroid Belt, that average a mile across and can be as big as a few hundred miles, it is significantly larger than some of the Earth-grazers we've seen whiz by in the last few years, which have typically been only a few meters wide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroid 2012 DA14 is in the same size class as the rock responsible for blasting that mile-wide hole in the Arizona desert, known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.meteorcrater.com/\" title=\"Meteor Crater\" target=\"_blank\">Meteor Crater\u003c/a> (a misnomer, as anyone who knows the difference between a meteor and a meteorite knows that meteors are pebbles that burn up in the atmosphere). If 2012 DA14 were to hit Earth, it would deliver a respectable wallop and leave a big hole or splash, but would not kill us all…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How close is it passing? That's the more interesting part of the story. With a closest approach to Earth's center of 21,200 miles (about 17,200 miles from Earth's surface), this is the closest approach by an asteroid of this size since we really started giving these objects much attention. This is slightly within the distance of geosynchronous satellites that circle the Earth—effectively making this passage a successful rim-shot (and thankfully not a slam-dunk). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So 2012 DA14 won't hit Earth, but will it hit any of the \u003ca href=\"http://celestrak.com/columns/v04n07/\" title=\"Geostationary satellites\" target=\"_blank\">geostationary satellites\u003c/a> that transmit Dish and TV satellite programming? We place those satellites in a ring at the geosynchronous distance—about 22,236 miles—so that their period of revolution around the Earth matches the Earth's rotation and they always remain at the same point in our sky, enabling constant line-of-sight transmission. So, will the asteroid cause a signal blackout while you're watching a football game? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thankfully, physics to the rescue again. This will be a rim-shot where the ball comes close to hitting the rim, but will swish right through without contact. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, since this is the largest-closest rock to pass through these parts since we started looking for them, will we be able to see this asteroid? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/projects/neo-grants/2012-da14-faq.html\" title=\"Asteroid 2012 DA14\" target=\"_blank\">2012 DA14\u003c/a> won't be visible to the unaided eye even at closest approach, but should be visible at least through a small telescope. Also, we are planning to offer the public a look through one or more of our telescopes at Chabot Space & Science Center that Friday evening (weather permitting). If conditions are right, we should be observing the passage from early evening (telescopes open at 7:30 PM) onward until closing at 10:30. So come on up for a Near-miss Celebration!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49428/asteroid-2012-da14-in-line-for-a-rim-shot","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_11415","quest_233","quest_544","quest_1968","quest_13202","quest_2739"],"featImg":"quest_49430","label":"quest"},"quest_43614":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_43614","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"43614","score":null,"sort":[1347388165000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"your-photos-on-quest-rogelio-bernal-andreo","title":"Your Photos on QUEST: Rogelio Bernal Andreo","publishDate":1347388165,"format":"video","headTitle":"Your Photos on QUEST | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3297,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>When most people look up at the night sky, they might notice the moon or the way a constellation appears on a particular evening. When astrophotographer \u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/\">Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/a> turns his gaze to the heavens, he holds up a virtual frame, imagining how the different objects present in the sky would combine to form a composition- planets, stars, galaxies and nebulae in relation to one another, rather than as the focal point of a photographic image, displayed front and center in all its wonder and glory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43622\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"RBA_IC4592v_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43622\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reflection nebula IC 4592 in the Scorpius constellation. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography\">Astrophotographers\u003c/a> are a special breed of artist, possessing a unique type of dedication and technical skill. Unlike traditional photography, capturing a great image of the night sky likely entails hundreds of miles of driving and hiking, thousands of dollars of complicated equipment, many hours of sitting (or sleeping) next to a camera in the middle of the night and even more time manipulating the image on a computer once they’re back at home just to create a single, usable image. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the astrophotographer species are a whole array of subspecies. There are some who photograph \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/your-photos-on-quest-steven-christenson/\">star circles\u003c/a> and the movement of our planet in relation to the objects in space. There are others who only photograph the planets in our solar system and still others who are obsessed with comets streaking across the sky or colorful nebulae or galaxies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogelio Bernal Andreo, based in Sunnyvale, CA, does ‘wide field photography’ of objects in deep space. He describes what he does as taking a picture of the whole forest rather than of a single tree. When he composes an image, he’s often interested in how the different star clusters, planets or nebulae would compliment one another within the frame of a photograph, taking into consideration the interplay of their different sizes, shapes, positions, luminosities and colors. His results are often profoundly successful, eliciting astonished gasps of excitement from viewers as the details in Andreo’s photographs reveal to them the incredible diversity of deep space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43627\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"2012-04-M81_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"430\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43627\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled-400x269.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Messier 81, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most common questions the photographer gets from viewers of his images is if the color in his photographs is real. “Absolutely. Absolutely,” he responds emphatically. “There’s that much color out there. We can’t see it because the light is so faint when it reaches us, that we can’t see it. This light has traveled from so far away that when it comes to us, you can’t see the color. But a camera can capture the color. Most of the images that I do are what’s called visible spectrum photography. RGB, red, green and blue photography. I enhance the colors but I don’t change the colors. So in my pictures you can definitely say that those are the colors of these objects.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing captures the range and depth of color in the visible universe quite as much as nebulae. This may be why there’s such a disproportionate number of nebula images on Andreo’s website, aptly called, “\u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/\">Deep Sky Colors\u003c/a>”. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My interest for nebulas it’s mainly aesthetic, just because well, they’re, they’re beautiful and they’re really colorful,” he explains. “There are two types of nebulas, mainly, the emission nebula and reflection nebula. Emission nebulas are formed of gas and reflection nebulas are formed from the dust and they reflect the light from nearby stars. And this combination of colors and shapes and the fact that you can really capture them in a wide field image is what attracts me the most.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43632\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43632\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled-400x215.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simeis 147, a supernova remnant in the constellations of Taurus and Auriga. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After looking at dozens of Rogelio Bernal Andreo’s images, many of them \u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/archive/2010/09/20/milestones-and-Accolades.html\">award-winners in reputable astrophotography contests\u003c/a>, I was shocked to learn that he’s only been doing this for five years. To do this kind of photography, one must be persistent and willing to fail. A lot. Most importantly, an astrophotographer must be patient and curious about the universe. Andreo takes his passion a step further because he’s driven also by the desire to share his discoveries in order to inspire others, especially kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By getting into astrophotography, of course, I get also into astronomy, into learning a little bit more of the universe,” he says. “And I like to entertain. My pictures are for people to enjoy and look at them. I think it also helps the younger audience to be interested in astronomy. And if a 13-year old kid in his room surfing the web sees one of my pictures and that kind sparks their interest, who knows? I mean, maybe he ends up being an astronomer because of those pictures that he saw one day. And if only that happens once or twice, that makes it really worthwhile.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Astrophotographer Rogelio Bernal Andreo's colorful wide field images of deep sky objects like galaxies, nebulae, star clusters has garnered him dozens of photography awards including the Royal Observatory of Greenwich's 2010 Best Astrophotographer of the Year. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457566375,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":863},"headData":{"title":"Your Photos on QUEST: Rogelio Bernal Andreo | KQED","description":"Astrophotographer Rogelio Bernal Andreo's colorful wide field images of deep sky objects like galaxies, nebulae, star clusters has garnered him dozens of photography awards including the Royal Observatory of Greenwich's 2010 Best Astrophotographer of the Year. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Your Photos on QUEST: Rogelio Bernal Andreo","datePublished":"2012-09-11T18:29:25.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:32:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"43614 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=43614","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/your-photos-on-quest-rogelio-bernal-andreo/","disqusTitle":"Your Photos on QUEST: Rogelio Bernal Andreo","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nsyj67Vcck","path":"/quest/43614/your-photos-on-quest-rogelio-bernal-andreo","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When most people look up at the night sky, they might notice the moon or the way a constellation appears on a particular evening. When astrophotographer \u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/\">Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/a> turns his gaze to the heavens, he holds up a virtual frame, imagining how the different objects present in the sky would combine to form a composition- planets, stars, galaxies and nebulae in relation to one another, rather than as the focal point of a photographic image, displayed front and center in all its wonder and glory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43622\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"RBA_IC4592v_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43622\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/RBA_IC4592v_scaled-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reflection nebula IC 4592 in the Scorpius constellation. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography\">Astrophotographers\u003c/a> are a special breed of artist, possessing a unique type of dedication and technical skill. Unlike traditional photography, capturing a great image of the night sky likely entails hundreds of miles of driving and hiking, thousands of dollars of complicated equipment, many hours of sitting (or sleeping) next to a camera in the middle of the night and even more time manipulating the image on a computer once they’re back at home just to create a single, usable image. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the astrophotographer species are a whole array of subspecies. There are some who photograph \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/your-photos-on-quest-steven-christenson/\">star circles\u003c/a> and the movement of our planet in relation to the objects in space. There are others who only photograph the planets in our solar system and still others who are obsessed with comets streaking across the sky or colorful nebulae or galaxies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogelio Bernal Andreo, based in Sunnyvale, CA, does ‘wide field photography’ of objects in deep space. He describes what he does as taking a picture of the whole forest rather than of a single tree. When he composes an image, he’s often interested in how the different star clusters, planets or nebulae would compliment one another within the frame of a photograph, taking into consideration the interplay of their different sizes, shapes, positions, luminosities and colors. His results are often profoundly successful, eliciting astonished gasps of excitement from viewers as the details in Andreo’s photographs reveal to them the incredible diversity of deep space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43627\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"2012-04-M81_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"430\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43627\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/2012-04-M81_scaled-400x269.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Messier 81, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most common questions the photographer gets from viewers of his images is if the color in his photographs is real. “Absolutely. Absolutely,” he responds emphatically. “There’s that much color out there. We can’t see it because the light is so faint when it reaches us, that we can’t see it. This light has traveled from so far away that when it comes to us, you can’t see the color. But a camera can capture the color. Most of the images that I do are what’s called visible spectrum photography. RGB, red, green and blue photography. I enhance the colors but I don’t change the colors. So in my pictures you can definitely say that those are the colors of these objects.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing captures the range and depth of color in the visible universe quite as much as nebulae. This may be why there’s such a disproportionate number of nebula images on Andreo’s website, aptly called, “\u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/\">Deep Sky Colors\u003c/a>”. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My interest for nebulas it’s mainly aesthetic, just because well, they’re, they’re beautiful and they’re really colorful,” he explains. “There are two types of nebulas, mainly, the emission nebula and reflection nebula. Emission nebulas are formed of gas and reflection nebulas are formed from the dust and they reflect the light from nearby stars. And this combination of colors and shapes and the fact that you can really capture them in a wide field image is what attracts me the most.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43632\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43632\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/mb_2011-11_Simeis147_scaled-400x215.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simeis 147, a supernova remnant in the constellations of Taurus and Auriga. Photo by Rogelio Bernal Andreo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After looking at dozens of Rogelio Bernal Andreo’s images, many of them \u003ca href=\"http://blog.deepskycolors.com/archive/2010/09/20/milestones-and-Accolades.html\">award-winners in reputable astrophotography contests\u003c/a>, I was shocked to learn that he’s only been doing this for five years. To do this kind of photography, one must be persistent and willing to fail. A lot. Most importantly, an astrophotographer must be patient and curious about the universe. Andreo takes his passion a step further because he’s driven also by the desire to share his discoveries in order to inspire others, especially kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By getting into astrophotography, of course, I get also into astronomy, into learning a little bit more of the universe,” he says. “And I like to entertain. My pictures are for people to enjoy and look at them. I think it also helps the younger audience to be interested in astronomy. And if a 13-year old kid in his room surfing the web sees one of my pictures and that kind sparks their interest, who knows? I mean, maybe he ends up being an astronomer because of those pictures that he saw one day. And if only that happens once or twice, that makes it really worthwhile.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43614/your-photos-on-quest-rogelio-bernal-andreo","authors":["209"],"series":["quest_3297"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_11431","quest_13192","quest_11427","quest_467","quest_11430","quest_1162","quest_11428","quest_3684","quest_13","quest_2739","quest_11429","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_43650","label":"quest_3297"},"quest_40314":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_40314","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"40314","score":null,"sort":[1341006334000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"space-telescope-to-begin-search-for-black-holes","title":"Space Telescope to Begin Search for Black Holes","publishDate":1341006334,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/07/2012-07-02-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40317\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/NuStar.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40317\" title=\"NuStar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/NuStar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist's rendering of the NuStar telescope in space. (Image: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About two weeks ago, NASA launched the NuStar telescope into space. Scientists on the ground at UC Berkeley are communicating with it, getting it ready for its mission to search the universe for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission control is a small room on the UC Berkeley campus, where about a dozen people with headsets are glued to their laptops. Every 90 minutes or so, they communicate with NuStar from a ground station as it passes over, flying about 350 miles above the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So on the monitor over there shows the track of NuStar in its orbit,” says Fiona Harrison, principal scientist for the mission. If there’s one word that describes her last few weeks, it’s: “nail-biting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beginning of a space telescope’s life is particularly stressful. The team has to turn on the school-bus-size telescope remotely, step by step, checking the electronics as they go. If all goes well, in a little over a week, the $170 million dollar telescope will begin its hunt for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, we’re not actually seeing the black hole. That’s a common misconception. What you’re actually seeing is the stuff that’s attracted to it,” says Harrison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is a Black Hole?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Theoretically, black holes are really quite simple,” says Alex Filippenko, an astronomy professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain them, he uses a not-so-scientific source: the 1979 Disney movie “The Black Hole.” “It’s a sci-fi movie that has these crewmembers go into a black hole while they’re in a spaceship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one clip, the crew’s spaceship gets closer to the center of the black hole and they’re inescapably pulled in. Filippenko says that part is true. They’re being drawn in by gravity. “Gravity is enormously important. You can say it’s the sculptor of the universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WjAWDVaYcA]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throw a tennis ball here on Earth and it falls back to the ground. But shoot a rocket into space and it escapes the planet’s gravity, no problem. That’s because, in the grand scheme of things, the Earth isn’t very big or dense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes, on the other hand, form from much bigger objects. When a massive star explodes, the core collapses down into a tiny point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matter has been compressed so much, that the gravity around it has become really, really strong,” says Filippenko. “Not even light can escape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here on out, though, the movie gets a few things wrong. The crew flies through the black hole, emerging unscathed into another universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I don’t think so. There are all kinds of ways in which you would die a horrible death,” says Filippenko. For one, gravity would rip you apart. “We say that you would be ‘spaghetti-fied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another problem. Black holes pull in tons of gas and dust, just like water going down a drain. It swirls faster and faster and gets hotter and hotter. “You would be zapped. You would be vaporized by all the radiation coming from this hot disc of material swirling in,” says Filippenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will be looking for this swirling material. It emits x-ray light, like the kind you find in a doctor’s office. The x-ray images from NuStar will be 10 times crisper than captured ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Mysteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are hoping this will give them more clues about the mysteries surrounding black holes – like how they grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They eat dramatically but rarely,” says Eliot Quataert, astronomy professor at UC Berkeley. He says black holes grow just like we do – by eating. There are millions of black holes around our galaxy, but at the very center, there’s a supermassive black hole that’s eaten quite a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The misconception that’s out there a little is that black holes are a vacuum cleaner that will inevitably suck in everything around them,” says Quataert. For the most part, black holes are on a forced diet. They’ve already eaten everything close by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But then every once in a while, there will be a lot of gas that gets funneled to the center of a galaxy and the black hole will grow in a big spurt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quataert says seeing this black hole mealtime with the NuStar telescope could reveal more about the extreme physics behind it. That, in turn, can answer questions about how galaxies and solar systems form -- essentially, why our little planet is here at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are conditions that you can’t reproduce anywhere on Earth, so they provide a window into physics that you can’t study in any other way,” says Quataert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Belches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will also be looking for a strange phenomenon – something made famous by Homer Simpson: burps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can think about this black hole burping as if you’re on a feeding frenzy and you can’t fit that many hot dogs in your mouth,” says Joshua Bloom, an associate professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early last year, astronomers noticed a star that had wandered too close to a black hole. “You would see the star getting pulled apart almost like taffy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it devoured the star, the black hole spit out a huge jet of material – a burp. That might sound weird. Nothing can escape a black hole, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re right. These are sort of the Las Vegas of the universe – what happens in a black hole stays inside of a black hole. But on the outskirts of them, that is where there’s tremendous action,” says Bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, astronomers haven’t observed many of these burps and they aren’t exactly sure why they happen. Bloom has his fingers crossed that the NuStar telescope will see more of them. “We are really on the receiving end of this grand experiment in the universe. The real hope is that we find something that hasn't been envisioned yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar mission is expected to last at least two years.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's newest space telescope, NuStar, will soon begin its hunt for black holes. Scientists are hoping to learn more about how they grow and why they're such messy eaters.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1341603456,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1121},"headData":{"title":"Space Telescope to Begin Search for Black Holes | KQED","description":"NASA's newest space telescope, NuStar, will soon begin its hunt for black holes. Scientists are hoping to learn more about how they grow and why they're such messy eaters.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Space Telescope to Begin Search for Black Holes","datePublished":"2012-06-29T21:45:34.000Z","dateModified":"2012-07-06T19:37:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"40314 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=40314","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/29/space-telescope-to-begin-search-for-black-holes/","disqusTitle":"Space Telescope to Begin Search for Black Holes","path":"/quest/40314/space-telescope-to-begin-search-for-black-holes","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/07/2012-07-02-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/07/2012-07-02-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40317\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/NuStar.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40317\" title=\"NuStar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/NuStar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist's rendering of the NuStar telescope in space. (Image: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About two weeks ago, NASA launched the NuStar telescope into space. Scientists on the ground at UC Berkeley are communicating with it, getting it ready for its mission to search the universe for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission control is a small room on the UC Berkeley campus, where about a dozen people with headsets are glued to their laptops. Every 90 minutes or so, they communicate with NuStar from a ground station as it passes over, flying about 350 miles above the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So on the monitor over there shows the track of NuStar in its orbit,” says Fiona Harrison, principal scientist for the mission. If there’s one word that describes her last few weeks, it’s: “nail-biting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beginning of a space telescope’s life is particularly stressful. The team has to turn on the school-bus-size telescope remotely, step by step, checking the electronics as they go. If all goes well, in a little over a week, the $170 million dollar telescope will begin its hunt for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, we’re not actually seeing the black hole. That’s a common misconception. What you’re actually seeing is the stuff that’s attracted to it,” says Harrison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is a Black Hole?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Theoretically, black holes are really quite simple,” says Alex Filippenko, an astronomy professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain them, he uses a not-so-scientific source: the 1979 Disney movie “The Black Hole.” “It’s a sci-fi movie that has these crewmembers go into a black hole while they’re in a spaceship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one clip, the crew’s spaceship gets closer to the center of the black hole and they’re inescapably pulled in. Filippenko says that part is true. They’re being drawn in by gravity. “Gravity is enormously important. You can say it’s the sculptor of the universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/0WjAWDVaYcA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/0WjAWDVaYcA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throw a tennis ball here on Earth and it falls back to the ground. But shoot a rocket into space and it escapes the planet’s gravity, no problem. That’s because, in the grand scheme of things, the Earth isn’t very big or dense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes, on the other hand, form from much bigger objects. When a massive star explodes, the core collapses down into a tiny point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matter has been compressed so much, that the gravity around it has become really, really strong,” says Filippenko. “Not even light can escape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here on out, though, the movie gets a few things wrong. The crew flies through the black hole, emerging unscathed into another universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I don’t think so. There are all kinds of ways in which you would die a horrible death,” says Filippenko. For one, gravity would rip you apart. “We say that you would be ‘spaghetti-fied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another problem. Black holes pull in tons of gas and dust, just like water going down a drain. It swirls faster and faster and gets hotter and hotter. “You would be zapped. You would be vaporized by all the radiation coming from this hot disc of material swirling in,” says Filippenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will be looking for this swirling material. It emits x-ray light, like the kind you find in a doctor’s office. The x-ray images from NuStar will be 10 times crisper than captured ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Mysteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are hoping this will give them more clues about the mysteries surrounding black holes – like how they grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They eat dramatically but rarely,” says Eliot Quataert, astronomy professor at UC Berkeley. He says black holes grow just like we do – by eating. There are millions of black holes around our galaxy, but at the very center, there’s a supermassive black hole that’s eaten quite a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The misconception that’s out there a little is that black holes are a vacuum cleaner that will inevitably suck in everything around them,” says Quataert. For the most part, black holes are on a forced diet. They’ve already eaten everything close by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But then every once in a while, there will be a lot of gas that gets funneled to the center of a galaxy and the black hole will grow in a big spurt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quataert says seeing this black hole mealtime with the NuStar telescope could reveal more about the extreme physics behind it. That, in turn, can answer questions about how galaxies and solar systems form -- essentially, why our little planet is here at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are conditions that you can’t reproduce anywhere on Earth, so they provide a window into physics that you can’t study in any other way,” says Quataert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Belches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will also be looking for a strange phenomenon – something made famous by Homer Simpson: burps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can think about this black hole burping as if you’re on a feeding frenzy and you can’t fit that many hot dogs in your mouth,” says Joshua Bloom, an associate professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early last year, astronomers noticed a star that had wandered too close to a black hole. “You would see the star getting pulled apart almost like taffy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it devoured the star, the black hole spit out a huge jet of material – a burp. That might sound weird. Nothing can escape a black hole, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re right. These are sort of the Las Vegas of the universe – what happens in a black hole stays inside of a black hole. But on the outskirts of them, that is where there’s tremendous action,” says Bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, astronomers haven’t observed many of these burps and they aren’t exactly sure why they happen. Bloom has his fingers crossed that the NuStar telescope will see more of them. “We are really on the receiving end of this grand experiment in the universe. The real hope is that we find something that hasn't been envisioned yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar mission is expected to last at least two years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40314/space-telescope-to-begin-search-for-black-holes","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_252","quest_11252","quest_10280","quest_1918","quest_13203","quest_13205","quest_13202","quest_10282","quest_2739","quest_2891","quest_3021"],"featImg":"quest_40317","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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