Tobacco Industry Refused To Reduce Radioactivity In Cigarettes In Order To Maintain Addictive Potential
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burning.","imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360-400x225.jpg","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360.jpg","width":640,"height":360}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"jenniferhuber":{"type":"authors","id":"6360","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6360","found":true},"name":"Jennifer 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She received her Ph.D. in Physics from the University of California Santa Barbara. She is also a freelance science writer, editor and blogger, as well as a science-writing instructor for the University of California Berkeley Extension. Jennifer has lived in the San Francisco Bay Area most of her life and she frequently enjoys the eclectic cultural, culinary and outdoor activities available in the area.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/jenniferhuber/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ci>QUEST\u003c/i>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ca897c62a710c0bf8c5f429c89331765?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Huber | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ca897c62a710c0bf8c5f429c89331765?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ca897c62a710c0bf8c5f429c89331765?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jenniferhuber"},"darya-pino":{"type":"authors","id":"10218","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10218","found":true},"name":"Darya Pino","firstName":"Darya","lastName":"Pino","slug":"darya-pino","email":"darya@summertomato.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Darya Pino is a Ph.D trained scientist, San Francisco foodie, food and health writer and advocate of local, seasonal foods. She shares her unique scientific perspective on health and enthusiasm for delicious foods at her website Summer Tomato. Follow her on Twitter @summertomato.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b5303fe7938a19bb9d4baa7837fb8390?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Darya Pino | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b5303fe7938a19bb9d4baa7837fb8390?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b5303fe7938a19bb9d4baa7837fb8390?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/darya-pino"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_40436":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_40436","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"40436","score":null,"sort":[1342422020000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"hope-for-an-anti-nicotine-vaccine","title":"Hope for an Anti-Nicotine Vaccine","publishDate":1342422020,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40441\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40441\" title=\"Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"photograph of abandoned cigarette burning.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph courtesy of Ianier67 via Creative Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A friend once told me that it was 100 times harder for him to quit smoking cigarettes than to quit drinking alcohol. Clearly nicotine is highly addictive. About 45 million people in the U.S. smoke cigarettes, even though cigarette smoking leads to \u003ca title=\"CDC Smoking Facts Sheet\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/index.htm\">1 of every 5\u003c/a> deaths each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca title=\"CDC Analysis of National Health Interview Survey\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/mmwrs/byyear/2011/mm6044a2/intro.htm\">National Health Interview Survey\u003c/a>, over half of the smokers reported trying to quit in the past year without success. In the future, these smokers may get a vaccine to help protect them from nicotine addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Weill Cornell Medical College and Scripps Research Institute have developed a new vaccine that may treat nicotine addiction by blocking the pleasurable sensations that nicotine creates in the brain. At the early stage of animal testing, Dr. Ronald Crystal and his colleagues have demonstrated that they can prevent nicotine from reaching the brain in mice using a single injection of vaccine, as described in the \u003ca title=\"Science Translational Medicine\" href=\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/\">latest issue\u003c/a> of \u003cem>Science Translational Medicine\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common active vaccines, like flu shots, work by introducing a small amount of virus so your immune system responds against the intruder. However, Crystal’s team created a different type – a genetic vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their vaccine genetically modifies the liver to continuously produce high levels of an anti-nicotine antibody, in addition to normal liver production. These antibodies bind to nicotine in the blood, preventing it from reaching the brain. The trick is that you need anti-nicotine antibodies to be continuously present in the blood at sufficient levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crystal’s team tested the effectiveness of their vaccine by injecting inoculated and control mice with nicotine at a level equal to smoking two cigarettes. When they measured the resulting nicotine levels, inoculated mice had seven times more nicotine in their blood than control mice and antibodies had captured nearly all (83%) of the nicotine. Inoculated mice also had 85% less nicotine in their brain than control mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This indicates that the vaccine produced sufficient levels of anti-nicotine antibodies, which bound to the nicotine in the blood and prevented it from entering the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, inoculated mice didn’t appear to experience any of the physical effects of nicotine. When given nicotine that reached the brain, control mice were less active and their blood pressure and heart rate reduced. In contrast, inoculated mice had no apparent reaction to the nicotine injection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Smoking affects a huge number of people worldwide, and there are many people who would like to quit, but need effective help,” Dr. Crystals said in a \u003ca title=\"Cornell Press Release\" href=\"http://weill.cornell.edu/news/releases/wcmc/wcmc_2012/06_27_12b.shtml\">press release\u003c/a>, “This novel vaccine may offer a much-needed solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a vaccine for humans is at best years away. In the current study, the mice weren’t previously exposed to nicotine. Researchers now plan to study nicotine-addicted rats with free access to the drug, testing whether a reduction in the amount of nicotine in the brain alters nicotine-seeking behaviors. Ultimately they hope to test the vaccine in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the vaccine works perfectly with rodents, it may not translate into an effective vaccine for humans. The vaccine also doesn’t address the behavioral habits and psychological addiction to smoking. Finally, people may hesitate to genetically modify their bodies, even if it would help them quit smoking.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Recent research shows that a new vaccine led to consistently high anti-nicotine antibody levels that prevented nicotine from reaching the brain. If these findings are confirmed in people, this vaccine could be an effective therapy to help prevent nicotine addiction.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1342422401,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":558},"headData":{"title":"Hope for an Anti-Nicotine Vaccine | KQED","description":"Recent research shows that a new vaccine led to consistently high anti-nicotine antibody levels that prevented nicotine from reaching the brain. If these findings are confirmed in people, this vaccine could be an effective therapy to help prevent nicotine addiction.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"40436 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=40436","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/16/hope-for-an-anti-nicotine-vaccine/","disqusTitle":"Hope for an Anti-Nicotine Vaccine","path":"/quest/40436/hope-for-an-anti-nicotine-vaccine","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40441\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40441\" title=\"Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"photograph of abandoned cigarette burning.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Cigarette_Ianier67_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph courtesy of Ianier67 via Creative Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A friend once told me that it was 100 times harder for him to quit smoking cigarettes than to quit drinking alcohol. Clearly nicotine is highly addictive. About 45 million people in the U.S. smoke cigarettes, even though cigarette smoking leads to \u003ca title=\"CDC Smoking Facts Sheet\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/index.htm\">1 of every 5\u003c/a> deaths each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca title=\"CDC Analysis of National Health Interview Survey\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/mmwrs/byyear/2011/mm6044a2/intro.htm\">National Health Interview Survey\u003c/a>, over half of the smokers reported trying to quit in the past year without success. In the future, these smokers may get a vaccine to help protect them from nicotine addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Weill Cornell Medical College and Scripps Research Institute have developed a new vaccine that may treat nicotine addiction by blocking the pleasurable sensations that nicotine creates in the brain. At the early stage of animal testing, Dr. Ronald Crystal and his colleagues have demonstrated that they can prevent nicotine from reaching the brain in mice using a single injection of vaccine, as described in the \u003ca title=\"Science Translational Medicine\" href=\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/\">latest issue\u003c/a> of \u003cem>Science Translational Medicine\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common active vaccines, like flu shots, work by introducing a small amount of virus so your immune system responds against the intruder. However, Crystal’s team created a different type – a genetic vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their vaccine genetically modifies the liver to continuously produce high levels of an anti-nicotine antibody, in addition to normal liver production. These antibodies bind to nicotine in the blood, preventing it from reaching the brain. The trick is that you need anti-nicotine antibodies to be continuously present in the blood at sufficient levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crystal’s team tested the effectiveness of their vaccine by injecting inoculated and control mice with nicotine at a level equal to smoking two cigarettes. When they measured the resulting nicotine levels, inoculated mice had seven times more nicotine in their blood than control mice and antibodies had captured nearly all (83%) of the nicotine. Inoculated mice also had 85% less nicotine in their brain than control mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This indicates that the vaccine produced sufficient levels of anti-nicotine antibodies, which bound to the nicotine in the blood and prevented it from entering the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, inoculated mice didn’t appear to experience any of the physical effects of nicotine. When given nicotine that reached the brain, control mice were less active and their blood pressure and heart rate reduced. In contrast, inoculated mice had no apparent reaction to the nicotine injection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Smoking affects a huge number of people worldwide, and there are many people who would like to quit, but need effective help,” Dr. Crystals said in a \u003ca title=\"Cornell Press Release\" href=\"http://weill.cornell.edu/news/releases/wcmc/wcmc_2012/06_27_12b.shtml\">press release\u003c/a>, “This novel vaccine may offer a much-needed solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a vaccine for humans is at best years away. In the current study, the mice weren’t previously exposed to nicotine. Researchers now plan to study nicotine-addicted rats with free access to the drug, testing whether a reduction in the amount of nicotine in the brain alters nicotine-seeking behaviors. Ultimately they hope to test the vaccine in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the vaccine works perfectly with rodents, it may not translate into an effective vaccine for humans. The vaccine also doesn’t address the behavioral habits and psychological addiction to smoking. Finally, people may hesitate to genetically modify their bodies, even if it would help them quit smoking.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40436/hope-for-an-anti-nicotine-vaccine","authors":["6360"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_11259","quest_11258","quest_13202","quest_10242","quest_3055"],"featImg":"quest_40441","label":"quest"},"quest_25524":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25524","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25524","score":null,"sort":[1317398402000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tobacco-industry-refused-to-reduce-radioactivity-in-cigarettes-in-order-to-maintain-addictive-potential","title":"Tobacco Industry Refused To Reduce Radioactivity In Cigarettes In Order To Maintain Addictive Potential ","publishDate":1317398402,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/smoking.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/smoking-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"smoking\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25528\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most of us probably never considered the tobacco industry to be particularly good people, the latest report based on 13 million documents released since a court-ordered legal settlement in 1998 should disturb even the most optimistic of industry supporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at UCLA have examined millions of previously secret internal records from the tobacco industry looking for clues as to how they handled potential health concerns regarding cigarette smoke. From these documents, two previous reports revealed that the presence of the radioactive isotope polonium 210 in tobacco and its associated increase in lung cancer risk from smoking was common knowledge among top industry executives as early as 1964. These reports showed that tobacco companies not only failed to inform consumers of the risk of smoking, but also refused to take action to reduce the radioactive potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/26385\">latest study\u003c/a>, published this week in the journal \u003cem>Nicotine and Tobacco Research\u003c/em>, uncovered that the tobacco industry had detailed knowledge of the presence of radioactive substances as early as 1959.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the report, the authors were “surprised to discover the industry's scientists had actually made, as early as the 1960s, quantitative and realistic radiobiological calculations of the long-term radiation absorption dose of ionizing alpha particles and reached the conclusion that the alpha particles in cigarette smoke in promoting ‘cancerous growth’ in the lungs of smokers was ‘not an unlikely event’.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amazingly, the tobacco industry was also aware of an acid washing process by which the radioactive potential of cigarette smoke could be dramatically reduced. Autopsies from smokers indicate that the majority of tumors occur where the alpha particles accumulate in the lungs. This acid wash technique is effective at removing the radioisotope from tobacco plants, and has the potential to significantly reduce cancer risk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the industry frequently cited cost and environmental concerns for why they did not adopt the technique, the UCLA team found evidence that the industry was primarily worried that the technique would reduce the addictive potential of nicotine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The industry was concerned that the acid media would ionize the nicotine, making it more difficult to be absorbed into the brains of smokers and depriving them of that instant nicotine rush that fuels their addiction,” said Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, the first author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So not only was the industry aware that tobacco causes cancer, they intentionally hid this information from consumers and refused to take steps to reduce the danger because they wanted their customers to remain addicted to their product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this raises many frightening questions for consumers of any ingestible product (food industry, I’m looking in your direction), what bothers me most is the uncertainty over who will be held accountable for this crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the report, polonium 210 is still present in all commercially available domestic and foreign cigarette brands.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Reducing radioactivity in tobacco would have also lowered the strength of nicotine, so the tobacco industry ignored it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1317331687,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":482},"headData":{"title":"Tobacco Industry Refused To Reduce Radioactivity In Cigarettes In Order To Maintain Addictive Potential | KQED","description":"Reducing radioactivity in tobacco would have also lowered the strength of nicotine, so the tobacco industry ignored it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"25524 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=25524","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/30/tobacco-industry-refused-to-reduce-radioactivity-in-cigarettes-in-order-to-maintain-addictive-potential/","disqusTitle":"Tobacco Industry Refused To Reduce Radioactivity In Cigarettes In Order To Maintain Addictive Potential ","path":"/quest/25524/tobacco-industry-refused-to-reduce-radioactivity-in-cigarettes-in-order-to-maintain-addictive-potential","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/smoking.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/smoking-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"smoking\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25528\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most of us probably never considered the tobacco industry to be particularly good people, the latest report based on 13 million documents released since a court-ordered legal settlement in 1998 should disturb even the most optimistic of industry supporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at UCLA have examined millions of previously secret internal records from the tobacco industry looking for clues as to how they handled potential health concerns regarding cigarette smoke. From these documents, two previous reports revealed that the presence of the radioactive isotope polonium 210 in tobacco and its associated increase in lung cancer risk from smoking was common knowledge among top industry executives as early as 1964. These reports showed that tobacco companies not only failed to inform consumers of the risk of smoking, but also refused to take action to reduce the radioactive potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/26385\">latest study\u003c/a>, published this week in the journal \u003cem>Nicotine and Tobacco Research\u003c/em>, uncovered that the tobacco industry had detailed knowledge of the presence of radioactive substances as early as 1959.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the report, the authors were “surprised to discover the industry's scientists had actually made, as early as the 1960s, quantitative and realistic radiobiological calculations of the long-term radiation absorption dose of ionizing alpha particles and reached the conclusion that the alpha particles in cigarette smoke in promoting ‘cancerous growth’ in the lungs of smokers was ‘not an unlikely event’.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amazingly, the tobacco industry was also aware of an acid washing process by which the radioactive potential of cigarette smoke could be dramatically reduced. Autopsies from smokers indicate that the majority of tumors occur where the alpha particles accumulate in the lungs. This acid wash technique is effective at removing the radioisotope from tobacco plants, and has the potential to significantly reduce cancer risk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the industry frequently cited cost and environmental concerns for why they did not adopt the technique, the UCLA team found evidence that the industry was primarily worried that the technique would reduce the addictive potential of nicotine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The industry was concerned that the acid media would ionize the nicotine, making it more difficult to be absorbed into the brains of smokers and depriving them of that instant nicotine rush that fuels their addiction,” said Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, the first author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So not only was the industry aware that tobacco causes cancer, they intentionally hid this information from consumers and refused to take steps to reduce the danger because they wanted their customers to remain addicted to their product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this raises many frightening questions for consumers of any ingestible product (food industry, I’m looking in your direction), what bothers me most is the uncertainty over who will be held accountable for this crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the report, polonium 210 is still present in all commercially available domestic and foreign cigarette brands.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25524/tobacco-industry-refused-to-reduce-radioactivity-in-cigarettes-in-order-to-maintain-addictive-potential","authors":["10218"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_10246","quest_475","quest_10241","quest_10243","quest_10245","quest_13202","quest_10244","quest_10242","quest_10239","quest_10240"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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