Gleaning scientific observations from ancient myths
Science v. Pseudoscience On Trial
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For these temperate penguin communities, it isn’t the extreme cold of the Antarctic but the extreme sun and El Niño events that most affect their ability to survive and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Boersma\">Biologist Dee Boersma \u003c/a>has spent much of her career working with temperate penguins. This video features Boersma’s work with Galapagos penguins, which inhabit the legendary islands of the same name that lie some 600 miles off the Ecuadorian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galapagos penguins represent only one of the four temperate penguin species that Boersma studies. Her research also takes her to Argentina where she studies Magellanic penguins, South Africa to study African penguins, and Peru to study Humboldts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57903\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57903\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Native to the west coast of South America, this species is named for the cold Humboldt Current that ensures the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/upwelling.html\">upwelling\u003c/a>of nutrients from the ocean floor along the Peruvian and Chilean coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A professor at the University of Washington, Boersma also brings her college students to \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1722\">Woodland Park Zoo\u003c/a>, in Seattle, where they can observe \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1855#.UebWxFO9zxs\">Humboldt penguins\u003c/a> in person. The Humboldts that reside at this zoo are able to stay cool and healthy with help from \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/document.doc?id=151\">an innovative “green” habitat featuring a geothermal heating and cooling system\u003c/a>. Water is continually recycled and cleaned through a “constructed wetland” modeled on a natural ecosystem. Plant roots and microbes absorb the nutrients in penguin wastewater and return it, purified, to the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/penguin-sentinels/wpz-flow-diagram-rvsd-apr-10-11-300/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-58003\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/WPZ-flow-diagram-rvsd-Apr-10-11-300.jpg\" alt=\"WPZ flow diagram-rvsd Apr 10-11-300\" width=\"542\" height=\"376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woodland Park Zoo's \"green\" penguin exhibit saves approximately 3,000,000 gallons of water and 22,000 kilowatt hours of energy per year. That's 24 million pints of drinking water and heat for five, new two-bedroom townhouses per year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The green habitat is meant to spark visitors’ curiosity about techniques for using natural processes to live more lightly on the earth -- techniques that can benefit animal and human communities alike. This simulated ecosystem also demonstrates how the health of any species is directly tied to the health of its habitat. Like the zoo’s captive penguin community, the world’s wild penguins can only thrive if the marine ecosystems they inhabit remain healthy and intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Boersma, “Penguins are ocean sentinels, telling us how climate variation, petroleum pollution, fishing, and habitat modifications are impacting penguins as well as humans. Penguins can be our ambassadors so that humans make better choices that improve the quality of life for penguins and people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-57902\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\" alt=\"Adult Galapagos Penguin\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/seafoodwatch.aspx\">Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood WATCH\u003c/a> suggestions for eco-certified, “penguin friendly” seafood choices\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this short video, we travel with conservation biologist Dee Boersma to the Galapagos Islands where she works to support a population of temperate penguins that are being impacted by climate change.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457563206,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":483},"headData":{"title":"Penguin Sentinels | KQED","description":"In this short video, we travel with conservation biologist Dee Boersma to the Galapagos Islands where she works to support a population of temperate penguins that are being impacted by climate change.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"50870 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=50870","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/07/23/penguin-sentinels/","disqusTitle":"Penguin Sentinels","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gkldqNX8mx4","path":"/quest/50870/penguin-sentinels","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Penguin Sentinels\" was produced by QUEST Northwest's Jo Ardinger.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say “penguin” and the images that come to mind are of frost-covered penguin couples struggling to raise their chicks in sub-zero temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, these aquatic flightless birds thrive in temperate -- even equatorial -- climates as well. For these temperate penguin communities, it isn’t the extreme cold of the Antarctic but the extreme sun and El Niño events that most affect their ability to survive and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Boersma\">Biologist Dee Boersma \u003c/a>has spent much of her career working with temperate penguins. This video features Boersma’s work with Galapagos penguins, which inhabit the legendary islands of the same name that lie some 600 miles off the Ecuadorian coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galapagos penguins represent only one of the four temperate penguin species that Boersma studies. Her research also takes her to Argentina where she studies Magellanic penguins, South Africa to study African penguins, and Peru to study Humboldts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57903\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57903\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_BabyPenguin-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dee holds a 3 day old Galapagos penguin chick.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Native to the west coast of South America, this species is named for the cold Humboldt Current that ensures the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/upwelling.html\">upwelling\u003c/a>of nutrients from the ocean floor along the Peruvian and Chilean coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A professor at the University of Washington, Boersma also brings her college students to \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1722\">Woodland Park Zoo\u003c/a>, in Seattle, where they can observe \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/page.aspx?pid=1855#.UebWxFO9zxs\">Humboldt penguins\u003c/a> in person. The Humboldts that reside at this zoo are able to stay cool and healthy with help from \u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/document.doc?id=151\">an innovative “green” habitat featuring a geothermal heating and cooling system\u003c/a>. Water is continually recycled and cleaned through a “constructed wetland” modeled on a natural ecosystem. Plant roots and microbes absorb the nutrients in penguin wastewater and return it, purified, to the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/penguin-sentinels/wpz-flow-diagram-rvsd-apr-10-11-300/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-58003\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/WPZ-flow-diagram-rvsd-Apr-10-11-300.jpg\" alt=\"WPZ flow diagram-rvsd Apr 10-11-300\" width=\"542\" height=\"376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woodland Park Zoo's \"green\" penguin exhibit saves approximately 3,000,000 gallons of water and 22,000 kilowatt hours of energy per year. That's 24 million pints of drinking water and heat for five, new two-bedroom townhouses per year.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The green habitat is meant to spark visitors’ curiosity about techniques for using natural processes to live more lightly on the earth -- techniques that can benefit animal and human communities alike. This simulated ecosystem also demonstrates how the health of any species is directly tied to the health of its habitat. Like the zoo’s captive penguin community, the world’s wild penguins can only thrive if the marine ecosystems they inhabit remain healthy and intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Boersma, “Penguins are ocean sentinels, telling us how climate variation, petroleum pollution, fishing, and habitat modifications are impacting penguins as well as humans. Penguins can be our ambassadors so that humans make better choices that improve the quality of life for penguins and people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-57902\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg\" alt=\"Adult Galapagos Penguin\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/KCTS_Penguins_AdultPenguin-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Links:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/seafoodwatch.aspx\">Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood WATCH\u003c/a> suggestions for eco-certified, “penguin friendly” seafood choices\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50870/penguin-sentinels","authors":["10425"],"series":["quest_11768"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_68","quest_326","quest_621","quest_12159","quest_11832","quest_12269","quest_12160","quest_10013","quest_12518","quest_2149","quest_2349","quest_12146","quest_2543","quest_11834","quest_3071","quest_12161"],"featImg":"quest_57906","label":"quest_11768"},"quest_51454":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_51454","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"51454","score":null,"sort":[1368716406000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"thinking-like-a-pirate-or-a-scientist","title":"Thinking Like a Pirate - or a Scientist","publishDate":1368716406,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-54346 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GirlWithLeaf-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"IslandWood Thinking Like a Pirate\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>How Do Scientists Think?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Field Notes: \u003c/span> Clancy Wolf, IslandWood \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do you think of when you think of “science?” Do you get all nervous and think about chemistry class and trying to get the right answers on the labs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forget the word “science” for a minute, and go back in your memory. Can you remember a time when, say as a young child, you played in a field, beach or barn? Maybe you spent a whole day figuring out how to skip a rock across a lake. Or what exactly you had to do to stay balanced on your two-wheeled bicycle. Those memories are what “science” is all about – asking questions, and working out ways to answer them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">As far as “\u003cem>The\u003c/em> Scientific Method” goes, I’ll borrow a line from \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b6kgS_AwuH0\">Pirates of the Caribbean\u003c/a>: “They’re more like guidelines.” It turns out that when researchers take a look at what professionals in science really do, they do several things – \u003cem>but not in any specific sequence\u003c/em>. Scientists\u003c/p>\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 100px;margin-bottom: 20px\">\n\u003cli>Ask questions,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Develop and use models,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Plan and carry out investigations,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Analyze and interpret data,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use mathematics and computational thinking,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Construct explanations,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Engage in argument from evidence, and\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>But\u003c/em> - and this is where the inner pirate comes out - they jump around among these practices, and even ignore some at times.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Scientific Thinking and the New Standards\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As a result of this new understanding of how scientists work, a better understanding of how students learn, \u003cem>and\u003c/em> major advancements in our collective scientific knowledge — we are being forced to rethink how we do science education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54476\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Islandwood_111-e1368140157320-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Islandwood_11\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over a two year period, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nextgenscience.org/partners\">twenty six states worked together with a 41-member writing team and other partners\u003c/a> to develop a set of “\u003cem>standards\u003c/em>” - the science practices and content that all K-12 students should master in order to be fully prepared for college, careers and citizenship. These \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nextgenscience.org/\">Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/a> \u003c/em>were published just this April. (Note: The last major effort to define science education standards was in 1996 when the National Research Council developed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4962\">National Science Education Standards (NSES)\u003c/a> which have influenced science education in many states.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I find a notable part of these new standards to be the inclusion of elements of engineering. I find this exciting because it helps us think about the need to take action and work to solve problems. It’s the practical side of why we want to know stuff. It’s how we “practice” our scientific understanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Washington State’s Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction adopted \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.k12.wa.us/EnvironmentSustainability/Standards/default.aspx\">Environmental and Sustainability Learning Standards\u003c/a>\u003c/em> describing what all students in our public schools should know and be able to do to be environmentally and sustainability literate. These standards complement the Next Generation Science Standards in that they require understanding not only key ideas and concepts, but also the behaviors – “practices” – we all need to live responsibly within our society.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Education for Sustainability\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>So how do we help our children (and ourselves) learn to think scientifically and practice sustainability? One part is to make sure school districts, schools, and teachers have the necessary resources to support integrated environmental and sustainability education learning opportunities for each student. That includes opportunities for teachers to learn about the issues as well as explore how others have created learning experiences for children around these issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54419\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DinnerLoop7-e1368131510920-278x169.jpg\" alt=\"IslandWood Water Quality Monitoring\" width=\"278\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood\u003c/a>, an outdoor residential learning center on Bainbridge Island where I work, we run the \u003ca href=\"http://sesi.islandwood.org/\">Sustainability Education Summer Institute (SESI)\u003c/a> every July. Our goal for the SESI Conference is that educators will gain the skills and knowledge they need to effectively provide students with experiences both in and out of school that lead to science and sustainability literacy. This year, teachers will be learning about and exploring issues around our State’s Learning Standards, gaining more insight on Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) education, and how we can work on STEM goals and Sustainability goals at the same time. (Know a teacher who might be interested attending the institute July 29-31, 2013? Send them to \u003ca href=\"http://sesi.islandwood.org/\">http://sesi.islandwood.org\u003c/a> )\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is hard, complex stuff, though. Those we charge with helping shape future citizens – our teachers – need to have strategies to help our learners develop ways of understanding the concepts and taking action on them. The admirable goal of living sustainably (and teaching others to live sustainably) requires plenty of thinking on an ongoing basis; whether it’s thinking like a pirate\u003cstrong>–\u003c/strong> or a scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nextgenscience.org/\">Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4962\">National Science Education Standards\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>One example of \u003ca href=\"http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/howscienceworks_02\">how scientists really work\u003c/a>, i.e., why there is no “Scientific Method.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sesi.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood’s SESI website\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"New understandings about how scientists think inspire changes in school science standards.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443823885,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":840},"headData":{"title":"Thinking Like a Pirate - or a Scientist | KQED","description":"New understandings about how scientists think inspire changes in school science standards.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"51454 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=51454","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/16/thinking-like-a-pirate-or-a-scientist/","disqusTitle":"Thinking Like a Pirate - or a Scientist","path":"/quest/51454/thinking-like-a-pirate-or-a-scientist","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-54346 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/GirlWithLeaf-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"IslandWood Thinking Like a Pirate\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>How Do Scientists Think?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Field Notes: \u003c/span> Clancy Wolf, IslandWood \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do you think of when you think of “science?” Do you get all nervous and think about chemistry class and trying to get the right answers on the labs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forget the word “science” for a minute, and go back in your memory. Can you remember a time when, say as a young child, you played in a field, beach or barn? Maybe you spent a whole day figuring out how to skip a rock across a lake. Or what exactly you had to do to stay balanced on your two-wheeled bicycle. Those memories are what “science” is all about – asking questions, and working out ways to answer them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">As far as “\u003cem>The\u003c/em> Scientific Method” goes, I’ll borrow a line from \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b6kgS_AwuH0\">Pirates of the Caribbean\u003c/a>: “They’re more like guidelines.” It turns out that when researchers take a look at what professionals in science really do, they do several things – \u003cem>but not in any specific sequence\u003c/em>. Scientists\u003c/p>\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 100px;margin-bottom: 20px\">\n\u003cli>Ask questions,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Develop and use models,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Plan and carry out investigations,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Analyze and interpret data,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use mathematics and computational thinking,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Construct explanations,\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Engage in argument from evidence, and\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>But\u003c/em> - and this is where the inner pirate comes out - they jump around among these practices, and even ignore some at times.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Scientific Thinking and the New Standards\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As a result of this new understanding of how scientists work, a better understanding of how students learn, \u003cem>and\u003c/em> major advancements in our collective scientific knowledge — we are being forced to rethink how we do science education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54476\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Islandwood_111-e1368140157320-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Islandwood_11\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over a two year period, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nextgenscience.org/partners\">twenty six states worked together with a 41-member writing team and other partners\u003c/a> to develop a set of “\u003cem>standards\u003c/em>” - the science practices and content that all K-12 students should master in order to be fully prepared for college, careers and citizenship. These \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nextgenscience.org/\">Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/a> \u003c/em>were published just this April. (Note: The last major effort to define science education standards was in 1996 when the National Research Council developed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4962\">National Science Education Standards (NSES)\u003c/a> which have influenced science education in many states.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I find a notable part of these new standards to be the inclusion of elements of engineering. I find this exciting because it helps us think about the need to take action and work to solve problems. It’s the practical side of why we want to know stuff. It’s how we “practice” our scientific understanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Washington State’s Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction adopted \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.k12.wa.us/EnvironmentSustainability/Standards/default.aspx\">Environmental and Sustainability Learning Standards\u003c/a>\u003c/em> describing what all students in our public schools should know and be able to do to be environmentally and sustainability literate. These standards complement the Next Generation Science Standards in that they require understanding not only key ideas and concepts, but also the behaviors – “practices” – we all need to live responsibly within our society.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Education for Sustainability\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>So how do we help our children (and ourselves) learn to think scientifically and practice sustainability? One part is to make sure school districts, schools, and teachers have the necessary resources to support integrated environmental and sustainability education learning opportunities for each student. That includes opportunities for teachers to learn about the issues as well as explore how others have created learning experiences for children around these issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54419\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54419\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/DinnerLoop7-e1368131510920-278x169.jpg\" alt=\"IslandWood Water Quality Monitoring\" width=\"278\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood\u003c/a>, an outdoor residential learning center on Bainbridge Island where I work, we run the \u003ca href=\"http://sesi.islandwood.org/\">Sustainability Education Summer Institute (SESI)\u003c/a> every July. Our goal for the SESI Conference is that educators will gain the skills and knowledge they need to effectively provide students with experiences both in and out of school that lead to science and sustainability literacy. This year, teachers will be learning about and exploring issues around our State’s Learning Standards, gaining more insight on Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) education, and how we can work on STEM goals and Sustainability goals at the same time. (Know a teacher who might be interested attending the institute July 29-31, 2013? Send them to \u003ca href=\"http://sesi.islandwood.org/\">http://sesi.islandwood.org\u003c/a> )\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is hard, complex stuff, though. Those we charge with helping shape future citizens – our teachers – need to have strategies to help our learners develop ways of understanding the concepts and taking action on them. The admirable goal of living sustainably (and teaching others to live sustainably) requires plenty of thinking on an ongoing basis; whether it’s thinking like a pirate\u003cstrong>–\u003c/strong> or a scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nextgenscience.org/\">Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4962\">National Science Education Standards\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>One example of \u003ca href=\"http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/howscienceworks_02\">how scientists really work\u003c/a>, i.e., why there is no “Scientific Method.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sesi.islandwood.org/\">IslandWood’s SESI website\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51454/thinking-like-a-pirate-or-a-scientist","authors":["10450"],"categories":["quest_6"],"tags":["quest_11982","quest_11977","quest_11981","quest_10013","quest_11978","quest_12146","quest_2543","quest_11980","quest_11979","quest_11976"],"featImg":"quest_54346","label":"quest"},"quest_12636":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_12636","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"12636","score":null,"sort":[1300125606000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"secretive-openness","title":"Secretive Openness","publishDate":1300125606,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 560px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/AlbinoBranch3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"402\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>It'll be a long time before scientists figure out why this branch is white.\u003cbr>And even longer before the public finds out.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there any place to check in for updates on this research?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timothy Jordan asked this question on Chris Bauer’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-admin/post.php?action=edit&post=12636\">blog\u003c/a> about figuring out the genetics of redwood albinism. Unfortunately, the answer is that there really isn’t any place to see how the research is going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because science is this weird combination of secrecy and openness. Research projects start out as proprietary but once finished, they become open source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that no results will be released until a good chunk of the research is done and it has been published in a peer-reviewed journal. This usually takes a year or more and albino redwoods will probably take even longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for this is simple caution on the part of scientists. No one wants to release results so early that that they have to retract them later. Like everyone else, scientists don’t like to be proven wrong in public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this only explains not communicating \u003cem>preliminary \u003c/em>results. Once a result is pretty solid, it should be OK to broadcast publicly. Except that it still isn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the fault of many of the scientists doing the research. I remember wanting to shout my latest results from the mountaintops as soon as I got them. Lots of scientists I have talked to feel the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem has more to do with how science is funded. It simply isn’t designed to allow incremental progress to become public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists rely on the federal government for most of their funding. The NIH, NSF, DOE, and a few other agencies supply the lion’s share of research dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Labs are awarded these grants based on the work they have done. There is absolutely no incentive for sharing their work early. In fact, sharing work too soon can cost you grant money and maybe even (eventually) your lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/Graveyard2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The graveyard of the scientific careers of those scientists who released their data too soon. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unrelated_Tombstone.jpg\">Corpse Reviver.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be credible, scientific results must be published in a peer-reviewed journal. This is the “coin of the realm” in the scientific world. To succeed as a scientist, you need lots of these in the top journals and of course, successful scientists are the ones who get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These journals frown on releasing data before that data can make a big splash for their journal. This forces scientists to not release information to the general public (although they can talk about it at some point at scientific meetings). To keep from perishing, scientists need to keep their results under wraps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only that, but scientists are not above stealing someone’s data and using it to get to the full story first. Smaller labs in particular are vulnerable to this sort of predation. Again, this forces scientists to keep their results to themselves rather than broadcasting it far and wide. Otherwise, they’ll have nothing to show for their work and they won’t get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to overcome these barriers and get results presented to the public in a more timely manner would be to change how science gets funded. Make it so there is lots of money to go around so that scientists will get money whether their lab makes the breakthrough or someone else uses your preliminary results to make the breakthrough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this won’t happen. For one thing, you wouldn’t be able to screen out the bad and/or lazy scientists nor reward the true go-getters. And besides, there are already way too many labs chasing way too few grants. Given that our government is sliding into insolvency, it is very unlikely that they will throw any more money at science so the public can get information any sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new way to fund science also wouldn’t change other aspects that keep our current system in place. For example, many scientists like to get a result first and beat the other guys. No funding tweaks are going to change this competitiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looks like we’ll have to stick with the current way that science is set up. It has done a great job of explaining our world and how it works. We just need to be patient and wait for the findings to eventually be released. As soon as they are, I’ll update you right here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It will take a long time for scientists to figure out why those redwoods in Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park are albino. And because of the way science is set up, it will take the public even longer to find out the answer.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1300125606,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":782},"headData":{"title":"Secretive Openness | KQED","description":"It will take a long time for scientists to figure out why those redwoods in Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park are albino. And because of the way science is set up, it will take the public even longer to find out the answer.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"12636 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/03/14/secretive-openness/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/14/secretive-openness/","disqusTitle":"Secretive Openness","path":"/quest/12636/secretive-openness","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 560px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/AlbinoBranch3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"402\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>It'll be a long time before scientists figure out why this branch is white.\u003cbr>And even longer before the public finds out.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there any place to check in for updates on this research?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timothy Jordan asked this question on Chris Bauer’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-admin/post.php?action=edit&post=12636\">blog\u003c/a> about figuring out the genetics of redwood albinism. Unfortunately, the answer is that there really isn’t any place to see how the research is going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because science is this weird combination of secrecy and openness. Research projects start out as proprietary but once finished, they become open source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that no results will be released until a good chunk of the research is done and it has been published in a peer-reviewed journal. This usually takes a year or more and albino redwoods will probably take even longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for this is simple caution on the part of scientists. No one wants to release results so early that that they have to retract them later. Like everyone else, scientists don’t like to be proven wrong in public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this only explains not communicating \u003cem>preliminary \u003c/em>results. Once a result is pretty solid, it should be OK to broadcast publicly. Except that it still isn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the fault of many of the scientists doing the research. I remember wanting to shout my latest results from the mountaintops as soon as I got them. Lots of scientists I have talked to feel the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem has more to do with how science is funded. It simply isn’t designed to allow incremental progress to become public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists rely on the federal government for most of their funding. The NIH, NSF, DOE, and a few other agencies supply the lion’s share of research dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Labs are awarded these grants based on the work they have done. There is absolutely no incentive for sharing their work early. In fact, sharing work too soon can cost you grant money and maybe even (eventually) your lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/Graveyard2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The graveyard of the scientific careers of those scientists who released their data too soon. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unrelated_Tombstone.jpg\">Corpse Reviver.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be credible, scientific results must be published in a peer-reviewed journal. This is the “coin of the realm” in the scientific world. To succeed as a scientist, you need lots of these in the top journals and of course, successful scientists are the ones who get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These journals frown on releasing data before that data can make a big splash for their journal. This forces scientists to not release information to the general public (although they can talk about it at some point at scientific meetings). To keep from perishing, scientists need to keep their results under wraps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only that, but scientists are not above stealing someone’s data and using it to get to the full story first. Smaller labs in particular are vulnerable to this sort of predation. Again, this forces scientists to keep their results to themselves rather than broadcasting it far and wide. Otherwise, they’ll have nothing to show for their work and they won’t get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to overcome these barriers and get results presented to the public in a more timely manner would be to change how science gets funded. Make it so there is lots of money to go around so that scientists will get money whether their lab makes the breakthrough or someone else uses your preliminary results to make the breakthrough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this won’t happen. For one thing, you wouldn’t be able to screen out the bad and/or lazy scientists nor reward the true go-getters. And besides, there are already way too many labs chasing way too few grants. Given that our government is sliding into insolvency, it is very unlikely that they will throw any more money at science so the public can get information any sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new way to fund science also wouldn’t change other aspects that keep our current system in place. For example, many scientists like to get a result first and beat the other guys. No funding tweaks are going to change this competitiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looks like we’ll have to stick with the current way that science is set up. It has done a great job of explaining our world and how it works. We just need to be patient and wait for the findings to eventually be released. As soon as they are, I’ll update you right here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/12636/secretive-openness","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_3445","quest_848","quest_1900","quest_2073","quest_3722","quest_3723","quest_2395","quest_3752","quest_2543"],"featImg":"quest_10340","label":"quest"},"quest_424":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_424","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"424","score":null,"sort":[1203103326000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"gleaning-scientific-observations-from-ancient-myths","title":"Gleaning scientific observations from ancient myths","publishDate":1203103326,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_isabel.jpg\">\u003c/span>I had the privilege this week of interviewing Isabel Hawkins, an astronomer and director of the \u003ca href=\"http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/\">Center for Science Education at Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory\u003c/a>. We talked about how people use evidence in science, how it is that we know what we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkins isn't your ordinary astronomer. She began her career in an ordinary way: Ph. D. in Astronomy from UCLA, using mathematical models and computer simulations to give meaning to her observations. Along the way, she began to learn about how ancient people studied the sky. She's worked with us on our Ancient Observatories website, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/ancientobs/chichen/HTML/webcast.html)\">hosted an equinox webcast\u003c/a> from the top of the Mayan pyramid in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/ancientobs/chichen/index.html\">ancient astronomical site of Chichen Itza\u003c/a>. And she's devoted a considerable amount of time and energy to understanding and appreciating how the knowledge of ancient people complements what modern scientists study today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most scientists today don't learn much about ancient knowledge. Observations such as measurements of the sun's movement across glyph-crusted temples don't usually meet the rigorous criteria of the scientific process: observe, create hypothesis, test, reproduce results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some instances, ancient people followed similar practices that were very similar to those used by modern scientists, observing things systematically and trying to devise explanations that will result in correct predictions. And sometimes the knowledge they gathered was, in fact, so \"scientific\" that modern researchers use it in their work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the knowledge of the Aymara Indians in Peru. The well-being of these adept weather-watchers was dependent on knowing how to time the planting of their vital potato crop with the arrival of the season's first rains sometime between October and December. They did this by making observations like meteorologists might today. They watched the Pleiades, or Seven Sisters constellation rise each night, and noted how fuzzy or clear it looked in the sky. Fuzziness caused by cirrus clouds high in the sky, meant rains were a ways off, and potato planting should be postponed. A clearly visible set of Sisters meant rains would come soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, Ben Orlove an environmental scientist at UC Davis, published a paper about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v403/n6765/full/403068a0.html\">accuracy of the Aymara's observations of the Pleiades\u003c/a>. It turned out that these ancient observations could be used by modern scientists to discern El Nino patterns in the past. Fascinating, since these measurements were taken long before there was a formal science of meteorology. Ancient knowledge becomes data points in modern research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkins cited another example: Ruth Ludwin, a seismologist at the University of Washington, has \u003ca href=\"http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/thunder02.shtml\">used generations-old folk tales of the Coast Salish Indians\u003c/a> to help inform her computer modeling of earthquakes. The tales recount a serpent that knew where and when an earthquake would strike. By adapting location information from the stories into her computer models, Ludwin has found several small faults in the Seattle area that may have been active hundreds of years ago when the stories were created and may still pose a risk to local communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's interesting that what we call evidence can come in many forms,\" Hawkins says. \"It might be part of a song, or a glyph writing or an artistic piece or a story.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sometimes the records we keep and the stories we tell have more meaning than we can imagine when we create them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8014 -122.448\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1203103326,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":592},"headData":{"title":"Gleaning scientific observations from ancient myths | KQED","description":"I had the privilege this week of interviewing Isabel Hawkins, an astronomer and director of the Center for Science Education at Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory. We talked about how people use evidence in science, how it is that we know what we know. Hawkins isn't your ordinary astronomer. She began her career in an ordinary","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"424 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/02/15/gleaning-scientific-observations-from-ancient-myths/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/15/gleaning-scientific-observations-from-ancient-myths/","disqusTitle":"Gleaning scientific observations from ancient myths","path":"/quest/424/gleaning-scientific-observations-from-ancient-myths","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_isabel.jpg\">\u003c/span>I had the privilege this week of interviewing Isabel Hawkins, an astronomer and director of the \u003ca href=\"http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/\">Center for Science Education at Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory\u003c/a>. We talked about how people use evidence in science, how it is that we know what we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkins isn't your ordinary astronomer. She began her career in an ordinary way: Ph. D. in Astronomy from UCLA, using mathematical models and computer simulations to give meaning to her observations. Along the way, she began to learn about how ancient people studied the sky. She's worked with us on our Ancient Observatories website, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/ancientobs/chichen/HTML/webcast.html)\">hosted an equinox webcast\u003c/a> from the top of the Mayan pyramid in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/ancientobs/chichen/index.html\">ancient astronomical site of Chichen Itza\u003c/a>. And she's devoted a considerable amount of time and energy to understanding and appreciating how the knowledge of ancient people complements what modern scientists study today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most scientists today don't learn much about ancient knowledge. Observations such as measurements of the sun's movement across glyph-crusted temples don't usually meet the rigorous criteria of the scientific process: observe, create hypothesis, test, reproduce results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some instances, ancient people followed similar practices that were very similar to those used by modern scientists, observing things systematically and trying to devise explanations that will result in correct predictions. And sometimes the knowledge they gathered was, in fact, so \"scientific\" that modern researchers use it in their work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the knowledge of the Aymara Indians in Peru. The well-being of these adept weather-watchers was dependent on knowing how to time the planting of their vital potato crop with the arrival of the season's first rains sometime between October and December. They did this by making observations like meteorologists might today. They watched the Pleiades, or Seven Sisters constellation rise each night, and noted how fuzzy or clear it looked in the sky. Fuzziness caused by cirrus clouds high in the sky, meant rains were a ways off, and potato planting should be postponed. A clearly visible set of Sisters meant rains would come soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, Ben Orlove an environmental scientist at UC Davis, published a paper about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v403/n6765/full/403068a0.html\">accuracy of the Aymara's observations of the Pleiades\u003c/a>. It turned out that these ancient observations could be used by modern scientists to discern El Nino patterns in the past. Fascinating, since these measurements were taken long before there was a formal science of meteorology. Ancient knowledge becomes data points in modern research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkins cited another example: Ruth Ludwin, a seismologist at the University of Washington, has \u003ca href=\"http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/thunder02.shtml\">used generations-old folk tales of the Coast Salish Indians\u003c/a> to help inform her computer modeling of earthquakes. The tales recount a serpent that knew where and when an earthquake would strike. By adapting location information from the stories into her computer models, Ludwin has found several small faults in the Seattle area that may have been active hundreds of years ago when the stories were created and may still pose a risk to local communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's interesting that what we call evidence can come in many forms,\" Hawkins says. \"It might be part of a song, or a glyph writing or an artistic piece or a story.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sometimes the records we keep and the stories we tell have more meaning than we can imagine when we create them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8014 -122.448\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/424/gleaning-scientific-observations-from-ancient-myths","authors":["10191"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_265","quest_907","quest_1041","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_2033","quest_2141","quest_2164","quest_2476","quest_2530","quest_2543","quest_3126"],"label":"quest"},"quest_277":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_277","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"277","score":null,"sort":[1195260516000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-v-pseudoscience-on-trial","title":"Science v. Pseudoscience On Trial","publishDate":1195260516,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NOVA commemorates the historical evolution trial of 2005.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/11/blog_dovertrial.jpg\">\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nCredit: \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/id/apse-04.html\" target=\"_blank\">NOVA\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>If you tune in or point your web browser to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/id/\" target=\"_blank\">PBS\u003c/a> this week, you'll see a whole bunch about evolution. It's not Charles Darwin's birthday, but it's a celebration that may one day carry much more significance: it's the two year anniversary of the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District\" target=\"_blank\">Kitzmiller vs. Dover\u003c/a>\u003c/em> trial. In 2005, parents of high school students in the Dover, Pennsylvania school district took the education board to court over attempts to teach intelligent design as a bona fide alternative to evolution in public high schools. The juryless trial assembled a first-rate list of witnesses for the plaintiffs (pro-science, pro-evolution), all of whom eloquently spoke about the foundations of science and evolution, and how we know what we do about the history and diversity of life. Intelligent design advocates, in their defense, had to present evidence supporting intelligent design as a genuine scientific argument. In the end, the judge (who was named one of Time's 100 most influential people last year) ruled that intelligent design is not science and that, furthermore, teaching intelligent design is unconstitutional. His verdict is well worth reading in its entirety (for legal fans out there), or you can check out summarized versions \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/news/2005/PA/316_praise_for_the_emkitzmiller_12_22_2005.asp\" target=\"_blank\">online\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOVA online has great \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/id/defining.html\" target=\"_blank\">clips\u003c/a> from the show, including additional interviews elaborating on the science behind evolution. Interestingly, there are many Bay Area connections in the show. NOVA prominently features Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.natcenscied.org/\" target=\"_blank\">National Center for Science Education\u003c/a> (including Eugenie Scott and current Cal graduate student Nick Matze), clearly reflecting the center's long-standing support for science standards in education, especially in biology. Kevin Padian, a Cal professor in integrative biology, provided articulate explanations of evolution as part of his expert testimony, and many of the clips on the website include examples that are now textbook cases of evolutionary processes, some of which are explained the on the \u003ca href=\"http://evolution.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Understanding Evolution\u003c/a> website, hosted by the UC Museum of Paleontology and the Berkeley Natural History Museums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the case is now seen as a landmark event in the on-going battle of teaching evolution and championing science literacy in the public. Intelligent design, which is really \u003ca href=\"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/creationism/\" target=\"_blank\">creationism\u003c/a> in a different guise, fails in clear and dramatic ways to explain the natural world in the way that evolution, by natural selection, has successfully done for over 150 years. For more, be sure to check out the NOVA online features or the Understanding Evolution websites. After all, who doesn't want to live in a scientifically literate society?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_nickp.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Nick Pyenson\u003c/strong> is a PhD candidate at the University of California, Berkeley, in the department of integrative biology and the museum of paleontology.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7819\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.286\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1195260516,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":459},"headData":{"title":"Science v. Pseudoscience On Trial | KQED","description":"NOVA commemorates the historical evolution trial of 2005. Credit: NOVAIf you tune in or point your web browser to PBS this week, you'll see a whole bunch about evolution. It's not Charles Darwin's birthday, but it's a celebration that may one day carry much more significance: it's the two year anniversary of the Kitzmiller vs.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"277 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2007/11/16/science-v-pseudoscience-on-trial/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/11/16/science-v-pseudoscience-on-trial/","disqusTitle":"Science v. Pseudoscience On Trial","path":"/quest/277/science-v-pseudoscience-on-trial","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NOVA commemorates the historical evolution trial of 2005.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/11/blog_dovertrial.jpg\">\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nCredit: \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/id/apse-04.html\" target=\"_blank\">NOVA\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>If you tune in or point your web browser to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/id/\" target=\"_blank\">PBS\u003c/a> this week, you'll see a whole bunch about evolution. It's not Charles Darwin's birthday, but it's a celebration that may one day carry much more significance: it's the two year anniversary of the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District\" target=\"_blank\">Kitzmiller vs. Dover\u003c/a>\u003c/em> trial. In 2005, parents of high school students in the Dover, Pennsylvania school district took the education board to court over attempts to teach intelligent design as a bona fide alternative to evolution in public high schools. The juryless trial assembled a first-rate list of witnesses for the plaintiffs (pro-science, pro-evolution), all of whom eloquently spoke about the foundations of science and evolution, and how we know what we do about the history and diversity of life. Intelligent design advocates, in their defense, had to present evidence supporting intelligent design as a genuine scientific argument. In the end, the judge (who was named one of Time's 100 most influential people last year) ruled that intelligent design is not science and that, furthermore, teaching intelligent design is unconstitutional. His verdict is well worth reading in its entirety (for legal fans out there), or you can check out summarized versions \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/news/2005/PA/316_praise_for_the_emkitzmiller_12_22_2005.asp\" target=\"_blank\">online\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOVA online has great \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/id/defining.html\" target=\"_blank\">clips\u003c/a> from the show, including additional interviews elaborating on the science behind evolution. Interestingly, there are many Bay Area connections in the show. NOVA prominently features Oakland-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.natcenscied.org/\" target=\"_blank\">National Center for Science Education\u003c/a> (including Eugenie Scott and current Cal graduate student Nick Matze), clearly reflecting the center's long-standing support for science standards in education, especially in biology. Kevin Padian, a Cal professor in integrative biology, provided articulate explanations of evolution as part of his expert testimony, and many of the clips on the website include examples that are now textbook cases of evolutionary processes, some of which are explained the on the \u003ca href=\"http://evolution.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Understanding Evolution\u003c/a> website, hosted by the UC Museum of Paleontology and the Berkeley Natural History Museums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the case is now seen as a landmark event in the on-going battle of teaching evolution and championing science literacy in the public. Intelligent design, which is really \u003ca href=\"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/creationism/\" target=\"_blank\">creationism\u003c/a> in a different guise, fails in clear and dramatic ways to explain the natural world in the way that evolution, by natural selection, has successfully done for over 150 years. For more, be sure to check out the NOVA online features or the Understanding Evolution websites. After all, who doesn't want to live in a scientifically literate society?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_nickp.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Nick Pyenson\u003c/strong> is a PhD candidate at the University of California, Berkeley, in the department of integrative biology and the museum of paleontology.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7819\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.286\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/277/science-v-pseudoscience-on-trial","authors":["10183"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_723","quest_1032","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_2325","quest_2349","quest_2530","quest_2543"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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