Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Griffith Quarry in Penryn
Stanford's Signature Sandstone
What Happens to Old Quarries?
Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Great Slickenside of Corona Heights
Calera Limestone, a Gift from the Ancient Pacific
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He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. 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Thus the opportunity arose for the difficult art of quarrying and finishing granite to supply the need for good building stone. The High Sierra is made of granite, but in the 1800s it was remote and challenging country. (Note: By \"granite\" I mean what geologists refer to as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/a/granitoids.htm\">granitoid\u003c/a>, a wide range of rock types that qualify as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/stonestuff/f/granitestone.htm\">commercial granite\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra granites represent the deep-seated bodies of magma that supplied the lava for a long chain of volcanic islands, rather like Japan or Indonesia today, during the Mesozoic Era some 80 to 160 million years ago. However, an accident of California geology placed an outlier of the High Sierra granite near Sacramento at the edge of the foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43600\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra granite is colored dark red in this old state geologic map.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Quarrying of this granite began early in the 1850s, but the industry really burgeoned when a Welsh immigrant experienced in stonework, named Griffith Griffith, picked a good outcrop and started a quarry near Rocklin in 1864. He named his company town Penrhyn after the \u003ca href=\"http://www.penmorfa.com/Slate/penrhyn.html\">old Welsh slate district\u003c/a>. (Today's it's Penryn.) Here's where it fits on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">state geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmapclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmapclose\" width=\"600\" height=\"475\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43595\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose-400x317.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Griffith Quarry soon landed contracts from governments and was off to the races. Parts of the Capitol building in Sacramento, the foundation of the San Francisco Mint and many old unsung railroad beds consist of Griffith stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the pit is preserved in \u003ca href=\"http://www.placer.ca.gov/Departments/Facility/Museums/LocalMuseums/quarry.aspx\">a Placer County park\u003c/a>. The old quarry office, made of the finest Penryn granite, is a museum that's open weekend afternoons. Don't miss it if you're there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43596\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmuseum/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43596\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmuseum\" width=\"500\" height=\"396\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43596\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum-400x317.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some old quarries become destinations while some become eyesores. This one is something between the extremes in a state of genteel decrepitude, with interpretive trails and safety railings plus some benches and picnic tables. It's just the kind of place that kids should explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithpit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43598\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithpit\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43598\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone itself is still widely exposed in waste piles as well as the pit walls. Don't bring a rock hammer—you won't need it and the stones are protected anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithpile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43597\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithpile\" width=\"600\" height=\"432\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43597\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close up, the stone is revealed as a relatively dark fine-grained granitoid with abundant biotite (black mica) plus black hornblende, white feldspar and a little gray quartz. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithstone/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43599\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithstone\" width=\"600\" height=\"424\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I might call it a quartz diorite or even a tonalite, but you don't have to. Just enjoy its rugged good looks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To visit the quarry park, take the Penryn Road exit off I-80 and head north, then turn right on Taylor Road. Total distance, just over a mile. For more geologic and historical detail, visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quarriesandbeyond.org/states/ca/quarry_photo/ca-placer_photos_1a.html\">Penryn page at Quarries and Beyond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sometimes you need a break when you're taking Interstate 80 to or from the Sierra. Try this historic quarry in the foothills.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1349810525,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":462},"headData":{"title":"Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Griffith Quarry in Penryn | KQED","description":"Sometimes you need a break when you're taking Interstate 80 to or from the Sierra. Try this historic quarry in the foothills.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Griffith Quarry in Penryn","datePublished":"2012-09-06T19:00:02.000Z","dateModified":"2012-10-09T19:22:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"43594 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=43594","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/","disqusTitle":"Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Griffith Quarry in Penryn","path":"/quest/43594/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the young state of California began to prosper, it came time to make substantial buildings. Thus the opportunity arose for the difficult art of quarrying and finishing granite to supply the need for good building stone. The High Sierra is made of granite, but in the 1800s it was remote and challenging country. (Note: By \"granite\" I mean what geologists refer to as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/a/granitoids.htm\">granitoid\u003c/a>, a wide range of rock types that qualify as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/stonestuff/f/granitestone.htm\">commercial granite\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra granites represent the deep-seated bodies of magma that supplied the lava for a long chain of volcanic islands, rather like Japan or Indonesia today, during the Mesozoic Era some 80 to 160 million years ago. However, an accident of California geology placed an outlier of the High Sierra granite near Sacramento at the edge of the foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43600\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra granite is colored dark red in this old state geologic map.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Quarrying of this granite began early in the 1850s, but the industry really burgeoned when a Welsh immigrant experienced in stonework, named Griffith Griffith, picked a good outcrop and started a quarry near Rocklin in 1864. He named his company town Penrhyn after the \u003ca href=\"http://www.penmorfa.com/Slate/penrhyn.html\">old Welsh slate district\u003c/a>. (Today's it's Penryn.) Here's where it fits on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">state geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmapclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmapclose\" width=\"600\" height=\"475\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43595\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose-400x317.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Griffith Quarry soon landed contracts from governments and was off to the races. Parts of the Capitol building in Sacramento, the foundation of the San Francisco Mint and many old unsung railroad beds consist of Griffith stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the pit is preserved in \u003ca href=\"http://www.placer.ca.gov/Departments/Facility/Museums/LocalMuseums/quarry.aspx\">a Placer County park\u003c/a>. The old quarry office, made of the finest Penryn granite, is a museum that's open weekend afternoons. Don't miss it if you're there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43596\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmuseum/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43596\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmuseum\" width=\"500\" height=\"396\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43596\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum-400x317.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some old quarries become destinations while some become eyesores. This one is something between the extremes in a state of genteel decrepitude, with interpretive trails and safety railings plus some benches and picnic tables. It's just the kind of place that kids should explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithpit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43598\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithpit\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43598\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone itself is still widely exposed in waste piles as well as the pit walls. Don't bring a rock hammer—you won't need it and the stones are protected anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithpile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43597\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithpile\" width=\"600\" height=\"432\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43597\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close up, the stone is revealed as a relatively dark fine-grained granitoid with abundant biotite (black mica) plus black hornblende, white feldspar and a little gray quartz. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithstone/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43599\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithstone\" width=\"600\" height=\"424\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I might call it a quartz diorite or even a tonalite, but you don't have to. Just enjoy its rugged good looks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To visit the quarry park, take the Penryn Road exit off I-80 and head north, then turn right on Taylor Road. Total distance, just over a mile. For more geologic and historical detail, visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quarriesandbeyond.org/states/ca/quarry_photo/ca-placer_photos_1a.html\">Penryn page at Quarries and Beyond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43594/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_11371","quest_11418","quest_10406","quest_11417","quest_3724","quest_13202","quest_2471","quest_2630"],"featImg":"quest_43598","label":"quest"},"quest_42715":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_42715","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"42715","score":null,"sort":[1345137949000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"stanfords-signature-sandstone","title":"Stanford's Signature Sandstone","publishDate":1345137949,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>These days, crowds of matriculating freshmen are being led by docents around the iconic campus of Stanford University. Many prestigious schools feature stone buildings, but the warm sandstone of Stanford's historic core is special. The stone has a Bay Area source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/\">The Bay Area's quarries\u003c/a> are good for crushed stone, but not dimension stone. Generally, the rock around here has been shaken and folded so thoroughly that it's hard work to find decent blocks without fractures or alteration. We have some marble and limestone, but it's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">suitable only for making cement\u003c/a>. And we have some granite, but for usable stuff in commercial quantities builders look east to the Sierra Nevada or out of state. The exception is the golden \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/a/aboutsandstone.htm\">sandstone\u003c/a> formerly quarried in the Santa Teresa Hills, south of San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Teresa Hills are a little outlier of the Santa Cruz Mountains that almost plug the south end of the Santa Clara Valley. Route 85 passes north of them and the Almaden Expressway runs to their south. Here they are in Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanstonegoomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42724\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42724\" title=\"stanstonegoomap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their rocks are largely the typical Bay Area rocks that builders spurn—Franciscan melange and metavolcanic rocks of the Coast Range Ophiolite—but the spine of the western end of the hills is made of a much younger, well-sorted sandstone of Eocene age, about 35 million years old. It's labeled \"Tls\" in this excerpt from the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">San Jose Quadrangle geologic map\u003c/a>. The same rock underlies the peak of Loma Prieta and the crest of the Sierra Azul, across the intervening \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/\">New Almaden block\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanstonegeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42723\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42723\" title=\"stanstonegeomap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap-400x275.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Units Tls and Tcm (Tertiary rocks of Loma Chiquita Ridge and Mount Chuar) belong to the Sierra Azul block; the surrounding serpentinite (Jsp) and melange (fm) and basaltic lava (fpv) are much older and belong to the New Almaden block (lower left). Units marked \"Q\" are sediments.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can visit the source by taking Camden Avenue east from the Almaden Expressway. Then turn left on Graystone Lane, where starting in the 1880s the Greystone Quarry shipped stone direct to Stanford from Leland Stanford's private rail spur. Just across Alamitos Creek is this old stone shed dating from around 1875, with an E Clampus Vitus sign telling its history. On the geologic map it's just under the \"Tls\" label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42719\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-hut/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42719\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42719\" title=\"stanford-stone-hut\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut-400x312.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scars of the quarry itself, which closed in 1906, are long gone, but in many places along the hill you can spot the sandstone cropping out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-crop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42718\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42718\" title=\"stanford-stone-crop\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its native state, mottled with lichens and sculpted by wind and water, it does nice things with light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-light/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42720\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42720\" title=\"stanford-stone-light\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion also reveals some of the details of the stone. Parts of it are dotted with pebbles, and subtle bedding features cause the rock to flake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-close/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42717\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42717\" title=\"stanford-stone-close\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Good building stone had to be selected with care, but in the end there was plenty for the new campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42722\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42722\" title=\"stanford-stone-top\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This signature stone was also used for some other noteworthy buildings, including the Carson City Mint in Nevada (now the state museum), Lick Observatory, and the Post Office building that now houses the San Jose Museum of Art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1906 earthquake destroyed many of Stanford's original buildings, and the stones were stockpiled and dumped in many places around the campus. The 1989 earthquake added more of the sandstone blocks to the campus boneyard. When artist Andy Goldsworthy was commissioned to create something at Stanford, he was enchanted by this old material. In 2001 he and a crew of traditional English dry-stone wallers used it to construct \"Stone River\", just east of the Art Museum parking lot a stone's throw from the Oval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-river/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42721\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42721\" title=\"stanford-stone-river\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a long, sinuous form set in an excavation, like something uncovered by archaeologists. Its shape also hearkens after a streamcourse, like so many Bay Area creeks that have been covered over in our cities. But for me, it works as a seismogram trace. And the builders' tool marks evoke the cycles of human use and reuse that stones have always endured—just another form of erosion in a rock's long journey from sand to sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stone-river-stones/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42716\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42716\" title=\"stone-river-stones\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many prestigious schools feature stone buildings, but the golden sandstone of Stanford's historic core is one of a kind.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1346782079,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":689},"headData":{"title":"Stanford's Signature Sandstone | KQED","description":"Many prestigious schools feature stone buildings, but the golden sandstone of Stanford's historic core is one of a kind.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Stanford's Signature Sandstone","datePublished":"2012-08-16T17:25:49.000Z","dateModified":"2012-09-04T18:07:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"42715 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=42715","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/","disqusTitle":"Stanford's Signature Sandstone","path":"/quest/42715/stanfords-signature-sandstone","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>These days, crowds of matriculating freshmen are being led by docents around the iconic campus of Stanford University. Many prestigious schools feature stone buildings, but the warm sandstone of Stanford's historic core is special. The stone has a Bay Area source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/\">The Bay Area's quarries\u003c/a> are good for crushed stone, but not dimension stone. Generally, the rock around here has been shaken and folded so thoroughly that it's hard work to find decent blocks without fractures or alteration. We have some marble and limestone, but it's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">suitable only for making cement\u003c/a>. And we have some granite, but for usable stuff in commercial quantities builders look east to the Sierra Nevada or out of state. The exception is the golden \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/a/aboutsandstone.htm\">sandstone\u003c/a> formerly quarried in the Santa Teresa Hills, south of San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Teresa Hills are a little outlier of the Santa Cruz Mountains that almost plug the south end of the Santa Clara Valley. Route 85 passes north of them and the Almaden Expressway runs to their south. Here they are in Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanstonegoomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42724\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42724\" title=\"stanstonegoomap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegoomap-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their rocks are largely the typical Bay Area rocks that builders spurn—Franciscan melange and metavolcanic rocks of the Coast Range Ophiolite—but the spine of the western end of the hills is made of a much younger, well-sorted sandstone of Eocene age, about 35 million years old. It's labeled \"Tls\" in this excerpt from the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">San Jose Quadrangle geologic map\u003c/a>. The same rock underlies the peak of Loma Prieta and the crest of the Sierra Azul, across the intervening \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/\">New Almaden block\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42723\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanstonegeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42723\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42723\" title=\"stanstonegeomap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanstonegeomap-400x275.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Units Tls and Tcm (Tertiary rocks of Loma Chiquita Ridge and Mount Chuar) belong to the Sierra Azul block; the surrounding serpentinite (Jsp) and melange (fm) and basaltic lava (fpv) are much older and belong to the New Almaden block (lower left). Units marked \"Q\" are sediments.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can visit the source by taking Camden Avenue east from the Almaden Expressway. Then turn left on Graystone Lane, where starting in the 1880s the Greystone Quarry shipped stone direct to Stanford from Leland Stanford's private rail spur. Just across Alamitos Creek is this old stone shed dating from around 1875, with an E Clampus Vitus sign telling its history. On the geologic map it's just under the \"Tls\" label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42719\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-hut/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42719\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42719\" title=\"stanford-stone-hut\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-hut-400x312.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The scars of the quarry itself, which closed in 1906, are long gone, but in many places along the hill you can spot the sandstone cropping out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-crop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42718\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42718\" title=\"stanford-stone-crop\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-crop-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its native state, mottled with lichens and sculpted by wind and water, it does nice things with light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-light/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42720\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42720\" title=\"stanford-stone-light\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-light-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion also reveals some of the details of the stone. Parts of it are dotted with pebbles, and subtle bedding features cause the rock to flake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-close/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42717\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42717\" title=\"stanford-stone-close\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-close-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Good building stone had to be selected with care, but in the end there was plenty for the new campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42722\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42722\" title=\"stanford-stone-top\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This signature stone was also used for some other noteworthy buildings, including the Carson City Mint in Nevada (now the state museum), Lick Observatory, and the Post Office building that now houses the San Jose Museum of Art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1906 earthquake destroyed many of Stanford's original buildings, and the stones were stockpiled and dumped in many places around the campus. The 1989 earthquake added more of the sandstone blocks to the campus boneyard. When artist Andy Goldsworthy was commissioned to create something at Stanford, he was enchanted by this old material. In 2001 he and a crew of traditional English dry-stone wallers used it to construct \"Stone River\", just east of the Art Museum parking lot a stone's throw from the Oval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stanford-stone-river/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42721\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42721\" title=\"stanford-stone-river\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stanford-stone-river-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a long, sinuous form set in an excavation, like something uncovered by archaeologists. Its shape also hearkens after a streamcourse, like so many Bay Area creeks that have been covered over in our cities. But for me, it works as a seismogram trace. And the builders' tool marks evoke the cycles of human use and reuse that stones have always endured—just another form of erosion in a rock's long journey from sand to sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/16/stanfords-signature-sandstone/stone-river-stones/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42716\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-42716\" title=\"stone-river-stones\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/stone-river-stones-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/42715/stanfords-signature-sandstone","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_11371","quest_11372","quest_3724","quest_13202","quest_2388","quest_3747","quest_11370","quest_2774"],"featImg":"quest_42722","label":"quest"},"quest_22726":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_22726","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"22726","score":null,"sort":[1313090015000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-happens-to-old-quarries","title":"What Happens to Old Quarries?","publishDate":1313090015,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Stony Point Rock Quarry is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sprqinc.com/prod_cotati.html\">a working business in Cotati\u003c/a>, busy making money and serving its community's needs from the humblest of materials. Today, you can't open a quarry without a plan for shutting it down—covering the scars and fixing any pollution. However, the Bay Area is dotted with older quarries, some in your own neighborhood, that closed without full remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I won't be addressing the problems of mines (like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/\">mercury mines\u003c/a>), whether underground or open-pit types. Those foster chemical activity that threatens the environment and they require special care. Today I'll show you some simpler quarries with fairly benign footprints. They can be turned into assets, and they offer some geological interest as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To my knowledge, we don't have any dimension-stone quarries around here, the stereotypical kind (think Carrara, or Vermont) where blocks of solid stone are cut from pits. Our old quarries produced limestone, crushed stone, and sand and gravel. Let's look at an example of each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Limestone:\u003c/strong> The former Cowell limestone quarry sits south of Concord in the Lime Ridge Regional Preserve. It's accessible \u003ca href=\"http://www.walnut-creek.org/about/visiting_us/lime_ridge_open_space_.asp\">from Walnut Creek\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.concord.ca.us/pdf/recreation/parks/lime-ridge-map.pdf\">from Concord\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowell1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22728\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowell1\" width=\"640\" height=\"349\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22728\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1-400x218.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the California Division of Mines, the Cowell quarry was opened in 1908 and closed in 1946, \"at which time depletion of local limestone reserves and loss of rail facilities forced a permanent shutdown.\" We may also surmise that the end of wartime conditions affected the market. Not much has been done to the pits, and you can enjoy two great features of the space at your leisure. The first is the view, or views, including this prospect of the Briones Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowell2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22729\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowell2\" width=\"640\" height=\"299\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22729\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2-400x187.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second is the stone itself. Apparently the regional rock, sandstone of the Domengine Formation, featured a thick layer of travertine (hot-spring) limestone. In the rubble you'll see sheets of calcite crystals and intricate layering from that setting. It's safe to assume that no collecting is allowed. Limestone from this site was roasted into lime and used to make cement (as was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">the Calera Limestone\u003c/a>). Other Bay Area limestone quarries served sugar refiners, foundries and many other industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowellcryst/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22730\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowellcryst\" width=\"640\" height=\"366\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22730\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crushed stone\u003c/strong> is a necessity of engineering: road beds, runways, and foundations of all kinds use it at many different tightly specified grades. The main prerequisite is sound rock of benign minerals that can be reliably crushed and stay that way without crumbling further into sand. Near the little planned town of El Granada, on the San Mateo coast north of Half Moon Bay, a quarry produced construction stone from a large body of granitic rock, the Montara Quartz Diorite. This stone is closely related to the granite of the High Sierra, and plate tectonics brought it here. It's full of flaky biotite (black mica) and lath-shaped crystals of hornblende in a setting of white quartz and feldspar. Iron from the black minerals has stained the stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22735\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranite\" width=\"640\" height=\"405\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22735\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite-400x253.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone was used locally in highways and the Half Moon Bay Airport, especially during World War II. It then sat quietly until the landowner sold it in 1995. Now called \u003ca href=\"http://www.mpl.sanmateo.org/qpinfo.html\">Quarry Park\u003c/a>, it serves several low-key uses: a playground in front, woodsy trails in back, and an amphitheater-like space in the former pit that looks suited for frisbeeing or picnics. A viewing platform has been built on its top edge for occasions when the sun comes out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranitefloor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22736\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranitefloor\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22736\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor-400x278.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still work to be done, of course: eucalyptus and other invasives are rampant, for instance. Also the stone itself is suspect. Natural fracturing from our long history of faulting (the site is only a kilometer from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">San Gregorio fault zone\u003c/a>) has made the rock easy to mine, but prone to crumble. This is not a place to linger during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranitepile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22737\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranitepile\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22737\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sand and gravel\u003c/strong> are also mainstays of civilization. In the Livermore valley, enormous beds of river gravel were exploited, starting in 1923 with Henry J. Kaiser, and they continue to produce today. Kaiser Industries donated one of its oldest pits, along the Arroyo del Valle, to the East Bay Regional Parks District. This became the mixed-use \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/shadow_cliffs\">Shadow Cliffs Regional Recreation Area\u003c/a>. You can swim and fish in the lake, birdwatch in the riverine habitat, geologize in the gravel and enjoy the views, which include \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> and the neighboring pits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22733\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowview\" width=\"640\" height=\"310\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22733\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview-400x194.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything in the former pit became something useful, from fine sand to \"river rock\" to the head-sized boulders that constitute rip-rap. A close look at the raw material reveals a wide range of rock types, eroded from the Diablo Range and East Bay hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowgrav/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22731\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowgrav\" width=\"640\" height=\"421\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the east end of the pit the sediments can be seen with their original layering. They represent the heritage of a lengthy time of vigorous rivers and plenty of rainfall. Perhaps the park will grow as more gravel quarries mine out their claims here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowstrata/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22732\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowstrata\" width=\"639\" height=\"369\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22732\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parks aren't the only thing that old quarries are good for. The \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/03/10/rockridge-shopping-center-quarry/\">former Bilger quarry\u003c/a> in Oakland, at the intersection of Broadway and 51st Street, produced construction stone and aggregate for the growing city starting a century ago. Now it houses a shopping center, with the California College of the Arts perched above it and a deep water-filled pit at its east end. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarryoakland/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22727\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarryoakland\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22727\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Catholic cemetery, from which I took this photo, is not likely to be torn down to fill the pond, so the pit appears to be here to stay. Fortunately the stone here is strong. Other former quarries encompass homes at Larkspur Landing in Marin County and around Telegraph Hill in San Francisco. \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2011/04/23/six-oakland-quarries/\">There are even churches sitting in them\u003c/a>, truly looking at the stars from the gutter.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Some of our older quarries left fairly benign footprints. These can be turned into assets that offer some geological interest as well.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442783702,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":949},"headData":{"title":"What Happens to Old Quarries? | KQED","description":"Some of our older quarries left fairly benign footprints. These can be turned into assets that offer some geological interest as well.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What Happens to Old Quarries?","datePublished":"2011-08-11T19:13:35.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-20T21:15:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"22726 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=22726","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/","disqusTitle":"What Happens to Old Quarries?","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/22726/what-happens-to-old-quarries","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Stony Point Rock Quarry is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sprqinc.com/prod_cotati.html\">a working business in Cotati\u003c/a>, busy making money and serving its community's needs from the humblest of materials. Today, you can't open a quarry without a plan for shutting it down—covering the scars and fixing any pollution. However, the Bay Area is dotted with older quarries, some in your own neighborhood, that closed without full remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I won't be addressing the problems of mines (like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/\">mercury mines\u003c/a>), whether underground or open-pit types. Those foster chemical activity that threatens the environment and they require special care. Today I'll show you some simpler quarries with fairly benign footprints. They can be turned into assets, and they offer some geological interest as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To my knowledge, we don't have any dimension-stone quarries around here, the stereotypical kind (think Carrara, or Vermont) where blocks of solid stone are cut from pits. Our old quarries produced limestone, crushed stone, and sand and gravel. Let's look at an example of each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Limestone:\u003c/strong> The former Cowell limestone quarry sits south of Concord in the Lime Ridge Regional Preserve. It's accessible \u003ca href=\"http://www.walnut-creek.org/about/visiting_us/lime_ridge_open_space_.asp\">from Walnut Creek\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.concord.ca.us/pdf/recreation/parks/lime-ridge-map.pdf\">from Concord\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowell1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22728\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowell1\" width=\"640\" height=\"349\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22728\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1-400x218.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the California Division of Mines, the Cowell quarry was opened in 1908 and closed in 1946, \"at which time depletion of local limestone reserves and loss of rail facilities forced a permanent shutdown.\" We may also surmise that the end of wartime conditions affected the market. Not much has been done to the pits, and you can enjoy two great features of the space at your leisure. The first is the view, or views, including this prospect of the Briones Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowell2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22729\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowell2\" width=\"640\" height=\"299\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22729\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2-400x187.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second is the stone itself. Apparently the regional rock, sandstone of the Domengine Formation, featured a thick layer of travertine (hot-spring) limestone. In the rubble you'll see sheets of calcite crystals and intricate layering from that setting. It's safe to assume that no collecting is allowed. Limestone from this site was roasted into lime and used to make cement (as was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">the Calera Limestone\u003c/a>). Other Bay Area limestone quarries served sugar refiners, foundries and many other industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowellcryst/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22730\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowellcryst\" width=\"640\" height=\"366\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22730\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crushed stone\u003c/strong> is a necessity of engineering: road beds, runways, and foundations of all kinds use it at many different tightly specified grades. The main prerequisite is sound rock of benign minerals that can be reliably crushed and stay that way without crumbling further into sand. Near the little planned town of El Granada, on the San Mateo coast north of Half Moon Bay, a quarry produced construction stone from a large body of granitic rock, the Montara Quartz Diorite. This stone is closely related to the granite of the High Sierra, and plate tectonics brought it here. It's full of flaky biotite (black mica) and lath-shaped crystals of hornblende in a setting of white quartz and feldspar. Iron from the black minerals has stained the stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22735\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranite\" width=\"640\" height=\"405\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22735\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite-400x253.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone was used locally in highways and the Half Moon Bay Airport, especially during World War II. It then sat quietly until the landowner sold it in 1995. Now called \u003ca href=\"http://www.mpl.sanmateo.org/qpinfo.html\">Quarry Park\u003c/a>, it serves several low-key uses: a playground in front, woodsy trails in back, and an amphitheater-like space in the former pit that looks suited for frisbeeing or picnics. A viewing platform has been built on its top edge for occasions when the sun comes out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranitefloor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22736\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranitefloor\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22736\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor-400x278.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still work to be done, of course: eucalyptus and other invasives are rampant, for instance. Also the stone itself is suspect. Natural fracturing from our long history of faulting (the site is only a kilometer from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">San Gregorio fault zone\u003c/a>) has made the rock easy to mine, but prone to crumble. This is not a place to linger during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranitepile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22737\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranitepile\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22737\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sand and gravel\u003c/strong> are also mainstays of civilization. In the Livermore valley, enormous beds of river gravel were exploited, starting in 1923 with Henry J. Kaiser, and they continue to produce today. Kaiser Industries donated one of its oldest pits, along the Arroyo del Valle, to the East Bay Regional Parks District. This became the mixed-use \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/shadow_cliffs\">Shadow Cliffs Regional Recreation Area\u003c/a>. You can swim and fish in the lake, birdwatch in the riverine habitat, geologize in the gravel and enjoy the views, which include \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> and the neighboring pits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22733\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowview\" width=\"640\" height=\"310\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22733\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview-400x194.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything in the former pit became something useful, from fine sand to \"river rock\" to the head-sized boulders that constitute rip-rap. A close look at the raw material reveals a wide range of rock types, eroded from the Diablo Range and East Bay hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowgrav/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22731\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowgrav\" width=\"640\" height=\"421\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the east end of the pit the sediments can be seen with their original layering. They represent the heritage of a lengthy time of vigorous rivers and plenty of rainfall. Perhaps the park will grow as more gravel quarries mine out their claims here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowstrata/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22732\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowstrata\" width=\"639\" height=\"369\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22732\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parks aren't the only thing that old quarries are good for. The \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/03/10/rockridge-shopping-center-quarry/\">former Bilger quarry\u003c/a> in Oakland, at the intersection of Broadway and 51st Street, produced construction stone and aggregate for the growing city starting a century ago. Now it houses a shopping center, with the California College of the Arts perched above it and a deep water-filled pit at its east end. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarryoakland/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22727\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarryoakland\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22727\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Catholic cemetery, from which I took this photo, is not likely to be torn down to fill the pond, so the pit appears to be here to stay. Fortunately the stone here is strong. Other former quarries encompass homes at Larkspur Landing in Marin County and around Telegraph Hill in San Francisco. \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2011/04/23/six-oakland-quarries/\">There are even churches sitting in them\u003c/a>, truly looking at the stars from the gutter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/22726/what-happens-to-old-quarries","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3639","quest_2126","quest_3724","quest_13","quest_9972"],"featImg":"quest_22734","label":"source_quest_22726"},"quest_15607":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15607","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15607","score":null,"sort":[1310066425000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Great Slickenside of Corona Heights","publishDate":1310066425,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronatop.jpg\" alt=\"corona heights\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Sutro Tower and the gnarled chert of the Marin Headlandsterrane are parts of a splendid spectacle at San Francisco's Corona Heights. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is \"America's Favorite City\" for many great reasons. Geologists have their own list of reasons to love it, many of which are Franciscan—by which we mean the peculiar association of rocks found up and down the Coast Ranges. Corona Heights is a small hill west of the Castro district that features some of these rocks, but one of its main attractions is a world-class slickenside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You get to Corona Heights by walking about a mile west from the 16th/Mission BART station, or by taking the F line up Market Street to the Noe or Sanchez stops. Here's the hill as seen from 16th Street. You can't miss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona1.jpg\" alt=\"corona heights\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corona Heights is a hardworking hill that formerly yielded clay and chert. Years of quarrying have accentuated its rugged appearance and left splendid exposures of the bedrock. Along the way, if you keep an eye on appearances of old concrete (doesn't everybody?), you may spot the old chert aggregate around the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona2.jpg\" alt=\"chert aggregate\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corona Heights, like Bernal Heights to the southeast, is an island of resistant chert that is part of the dismembered \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Marin Headlands terrane\u003c/a>. It houses a fine playground and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.randallmuseum.org/\">Randall Museum\u003c/a>. It has a \u003ca href=\"http://sfnaturalareas.org/pages/1\">dedicated group doing habitat restoration\u003c/a>. But we're here to see the slickenside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A slickenside is the polished surface that is created along a fault as the rocks rub against each other. They are common in faulted rocks, but only in patches the size of your hand. (I showed you some in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">the Calera Limestone\u003c/a>.) Larger ones are rarer. Quarrying at Corona Heights uncovered one the size of a big front yard, one of the world's largest exposures. To see it, start at Castro and 15th, go uphill on 15th and turn left on Beaver Street. Again, you can't miss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona3.jpg\" alt=\"slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site is also a playground, named for Sidney Peixotto. If you continue up 15th Street instead, you'll see the exposure this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona4.jpg\" alt=\"playground and slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real joy of the thing comes at close hand, where you can feel the mirror-smooth surface that only a hard stone like chert can provide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona5.jpg\" alt=\"fault polish\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surfaces like this are of scientific interest, although the data base is still scant. UC Santa Cruz researcher James Kirkpatrick has surveyed this site by lidar. He and others hope that close analysis can tell us more about how faults behave in detail. That's an advanced topic; the rest of us can \u003ca href=\"http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?guid=52f407dc-3635-46b9-89e5-1564c28b4578\">collect the geocache at this spot\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afterward is a good time to climb to the top of the hill and take in one of the city's best views. On a clear day you can see \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> (click for a 1000-pixel version).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronapan.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronapan.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"panorama\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7654 -122.4373\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Everyone loves San Francisco, but geologists love it for reasons others don't, such as its gigantic slickenside.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443830584,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":489},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Great Slickenside of Corona Heights | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Great Slickenside of Corona Heights","datePublished":"2011-07-07T19:20:25.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:03:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"15607 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=15607","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Great Slickenside of Corona Heights","path":"/quest/15607/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronatop.jpg\" alt=\"corona heights\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Sutro Tower and the gnarled chert of the Marin Headlandsterrane are parts of a splendid spectacle at San Francisco's Corona Heights. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is \"America's Favorite City\" for many great reasons. Geologists have their own list of reasons to love it, many of which are Franciscan—by which we mean the peculiar association of rocks found up and down the Coast Ranges. Corona Heights is a small hill west of the Castro district that features some of these rocks, but one of its main attractions is a world-class slickenside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You get to Corona Heights by walking about a mile west from the 16th/Mission BART station, or by taking the F line up Market Street to the Noe or Sanchez stops. Here's the hill as seen from 16th Street. You can't miss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona1.jpg\" alt=\"corona heights\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corona Heights is a hardworking hill that formerly yielded clay and chert. Years of quarrying have accentuated its rugged appearance and left splendid exposures of the bedrock. Along the way, if you keep an eye on appearances of old concrete (doesn't everybody?), you may spot the old chert aggregate around the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona2.jpg\" alt=\"chert aggregate\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corona Heights, like Bernal Heights to the southeast, is an island of resistant chert that is part of the dismembered \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Marin Headlands terrane\u003c/a>. It houses a fine playground and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.randallmuseum.org/\">Randall Museum\u003c/a>. It has a \u003ca href=\"http://sfnaturalareas.org/pages/1\">dedicated group doing habitat restoration\u003c/a>. But we're here to see the slickenside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A slickenside is the polished surface that is created along a fault as the rocks rub against each other. They are common in faulted rocks, but only in patches the size of your hand. (I showed you some in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">the Calera Limestone\u003c/a>.) Larger ones are rarer. Quarrying at Corona Heights uncovered one the size of a big front yard, one of the world's largest exposures. To see it, start at Castro and 15th, go uphill on 15th and turn left on Beaver Street. Again, you can't miss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona3.jpg\" alt=\"slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site is also a playground, named for Sidney Peixotto. If you continue up 15th Street instead, you'll see the exposure this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona4.jpg\" alt=\"playground and slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real joy of the thing comes at close hand, where you can feel the mirror-smooth surface that only a hard stone like chert can provide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona5.jpg\" alt=\"fault polish\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surfaces like this are of scientific interest, although the data base is still scant. UC Santa Cruz researcher James Kirkpatrick has surveyed this site by lidar. He and others hope that close analysis can tell us more about how faults behave in detail. That's an advanced topic; the rest of us can \u003ca href=\"http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?guid=52f407dc-3635-46b9-89e5-1564c28b4578\">collect the geocache at this spot\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afterward is a good time to climb to the top of the hill and take in one of the city's best views. On a clear day you can see \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> (click for a 1000-pixel version).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronapan.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronapan.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"panorama\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7654 -122.4373\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15607/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3507","quest_1080","quest_3580","quest_3592","quest_3724","quest_2486","quest_3764"],"featImg":"quest_15608","label":"quest"},"quest_19212":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_19212","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"19212","score":null,"sort":[1302809442000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific","title":"Calera Limestone, a Gift from the Ancient Pacific","publishDate":1302809442,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerathumb.jpg\" alt=\"calera limestone\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>A disjointed body of rock called the Calera Limestone shows its typical colors, white to gray to black, at Rockaway Beach south of Pacifica. It has an interesting history and prehistory. Photos by Andrew Alden except where otherwise noted.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limestone has always been a useful rock, but we have relatively little of it around here. The first settlers sought it out to burn, because roasted limestone becomes lime, the crucial ingredient in mortar. Small operators would stake a claim on an outcrop of limestone, build a lime kiln, and supply local customers as long as the rock or the fuel (local firewood) held out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today many country roads around here still bear the name \"Limekiln.\" And one of the Bay Area's more interesting rocks is a limestone named for the Spanish word for limekiln, \u003ci>calera\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone was named in 1914. Its so-called type locality, the place where its formal description was taken, was a quarry on a hill just north of Rockaway Beach south of Pacifica. The name comes from Calera Valley, from which we can presume that a limekiln operated there before the gold rush. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former quarry is in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area today, and that's where my photos come from. Limestone stands out from other rocks in its color palette, usually white and gray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraquarry.jpg\" alt=\"rockaway quarry\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quarry exposure shows that the limestone beds are tilted almost upright. Studies of microfossils date the Calera at 88 to 105 million years old, in the middle of the long Cretaceous Period. Parts of the limestone are quite dark, thanks to a few percent of organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerabeds.jpg\" alt=\"limestone bedding\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone is not a big, thick bed of stone; rather, it's one ingredient in the disjointed Franciscan Complex that I described at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Shell Beach\u003c/a>. It's found in pods, lenses and stringers along the San Andreas fault between Pacifica and Gilroy in a group of Franciscan rocks called the Permanente terrane. Indeed, more of this terrane occurs at Parkfield, some 350 kilometers south of here. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fault motion over the last 25 million years or so has carried this limestone north to the ocean's edge today, one earthquake at a time. You can see signs of the disruption in the rocks of Rockaway Quarry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerabrec.jpg\" alt=\"brecciation\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The natural process that shattered and recemented this rock is called brecciation. If you see a rock like this, with jagged pieces in a finer groundmass, you may call it breccia (BRET-cha).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraslick.jpg\" alt=\"slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another sign of disruption is this slickenside, the polished surface made by faulting. It's not often found in limestone, but the Rockaway Quarry has good examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another body of Calera Limestone crops out west of Cupertino, where Henry Kaiser began his entry into the concrete business in 1939 with a quarry. Whereas the Rockaway Quarry produced mainly crushed rock, the Permanente Quarry (now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lehighpermanente.com/#/henry-kaiser/4537948194\">Lehigh Permanente Quarry\u003c/a>) processes high-quality limestone into portland cement. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/04/cement-a-dirty-business/\">QUEST featured this quarry in 2008\u003c/a>, including this picture of the excavation. It supplies about half of the Bay Area's cement today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerapermanente.jpg\" alt=\"permanente quarry\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/kqedquest/\">KQED QUEST\u003c/a> under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have studied the Calera Limestone for many years, taking advantage of the excellent exposures in the quarry. They have learned that the limestone formed in tropical seas, far from land, as the calcium carbonate shells of microorganisms rained onto the seafloor from highly productive surface waters. The waters were shallow for an ocean basin, which means that the limestone formed on a sunken volcanic plateau or ridge rather than the flat deep seafloor. The typical limestone of the Midwest is very different, having formed in huge sheets in very shallow waters when the sea was much higher than today. In geo-speak, they are epicontinental whereas the Calera is pelagic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone plateau was carried by plate-tectonic motion from the tropical Pacific and plastered onto North America, where it remained without being pulled downward by subduction. The Calera is in pieces today not because it was torn apart during subduction, but because it formed in separate basins on a volcanic plateau and was torn apart much later by the San Andreas fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upshot is that this limestone carries a precious record of conditions in the shallow Cretaceous tropical Pacific, a place and time for which we have little other evidence because subduction has removed the deep seafloor rocks. Those dark streaks in the limestone, rich in organic matter, record periods when the world ocean went stagnant and dead. They match well with similar rocks from other ocean basins, enabling us to place a signpost in time from a world now lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraclass.jpg\" alt=\"calera limestone\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003cem>Students and professional groups visit the Permanente Quarry for open-air lessons. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/paleololigo/\">Penny Higgins\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license.\u003c/em>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.614 -122.494\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This humble stone is both economically and scientifically valuable, not just a mainstay of the concrete supply but a signpost in time from a world now lost.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1311134731,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":801},"headData":{"title":"Calera Limestone, a Gift from the Ancient Pacific | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Calera Limestone, a Gift from the Ancient Pacific","datePublished":"2011-04-14T19:30:42.000Z","dateModified":"2011-07-20T04:05:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"19212 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=13777","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/","disqusTitle":"Calera Limestone, a Gift from the Ancient Pacific","path":"/quest/19212/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerathumb.jpg\" alt=\"calera limestone\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>A disjointed body of rock called the Calera Limestone shows its typical colors, white to gray to black, at Rockaway Beach south of Pacifica. It has an interesting history and prehistory. Photos by Andrew Alden except where otherwise noted.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limestone has always been a useful rock, but we have relatively little of it around here. The first settlers sought it out to burn, because roasted limestone becomes lime, the crucial ingredient in mortar. Small operators would stake a claim on an outcrop of limestone, build a lime kiln, and supply local customers as long as the rock or the fuel (local firewood) held out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today many country roads around here still bear the name \"Limekiln.\" And one of the Bay Area's more interesting rocks is a limestone named for the Spanish word for limekiln, \u003ci>calera\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone was named in 1914. Its so-called type locality, the place where its formal description was taken, was a quarry on a hill just north of Rockaway Beach south of Pacifica. The name comes from Calera Valley, from which we can presume that a limekiln operated there before the gold rush. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former quarry is in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area today, and that's where my photos come from. Limestone stands out from other rocks in its color palette, usually white and gray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraquarry.jpg\" alt=\"rockaway quarry\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quarry exposure shows that the limestone beds are tilted almost upright. Studies of microfossils date the Calera at 88 to 105 million years old, in the middle of the long Cretaceous Period. Parts of the limestone are quite dark, thanks to a few percent of organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerabeds.jpg\" alt=\"limestone bedding\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone is not a big, thick bed of stone; rather, it's one ingredient in the disjointed Franciscan Complex that I described at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Shell Beach\u003c/a>. It's found in pods, lenses and stringers along the San Andreas fault between Pacifica and Gilroy in a group of Franciscan rocks called the Permanente terrane. Indeed, more of this terrane occurs at Parkfield, some 350 kilometers south of here. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fault motion over the last 25 million years or so has carried this limestone north to the ocean's edge today, one earthquake at a time. You can see signs of the disruption in the rocks of Rockaway Quarry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerabrec.jpg\" alt=\"brecciation\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The natural process that shattered and recemented this rock is called brecciation. If you see a rock like this, with jagged pieces in a finer groundmass, you may call it breccia (BRET-cha).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraslick.jpg\" alt=\"slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another sign of disruption is this slickenside, the polished surface made by faulting. It's not often found in limestone, but the Rockaway Quarry has good examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another body of Calera Limestone crops out west of Cupertino, where Henry Kaiser began his entry into the concrete business in 1939 with a quarry. Whereas the Rockaway Quarry produced mainly crushed rock, the Permanente Quarry (now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lehighpermanente.com/#/henry-kaiser/4537948194\">Lehigh Permanente Quarry\u003c/a>) processes high-quality limestone into portland cement. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/04/cement-a-dirty-business/\">QUEST featured this quarry in 2008\u003c/a>, including this picture of the excavation. It supplies about half of the Bay Area's cement today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerapermanente.jpg\" alt=\"permanente quarry\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/kqedquest/\">KQED QUEST\u003c/a> under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have studied the Calera Limestone for many years, taking advantage of the excellent exposures in the quarry. They have learned that the limestone formed in tropical seas, far from land, as the calcium carbonate shells of microorganisms rained onto the seafloor from highly productive surface waters. The waters were shallow for an ocean basin, which means that the limestone formed on a sunken volcanic plateau or ridge rather than the flat deep seafloor. The typical limestone of the Midwest is very different, having formed in huge sheets in very shallow waters when the sea was much higher than today. In geo-speak, they are epicontinental whereas the Calera is pelagic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone plateau was carried by plate-tectonic motion from the tropical Pacific and plastered onto North America, where it remained without being pulled downward by subduction. The Calera is in pieces today not because it was torn apart during subduction, but because it formed in separate basins on a volcanic plateau and was torn apart much later by the San Andreas fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upshot is that this limestone carries a precious record of conditions in the shallow Cretaceous tropical Pacific, a place and time for which we have little other evidence because subduction has removed the deep seafloor rocks. Those dark streaks in the limestone, rich in organic matter, record periods when the world ocean went stagnant and dead. They match well with similar rocks from other ocean basins, enabling us to place a signpost in time from a world now lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraclass.jpg\" alt=\"calera limestone\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003cem>Students and professional groups visit the Permanente Quarry for open-air lessons. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/paleololigo/\">Penny Higgins\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license.\u003c/em>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.614 -122.494\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/19212/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3494","quest_531","quest_3535","quest_3580","quest_1311","quest_1556","quest_3637","quest_3638","quest_3639","quest_3657","quest_3724","quest_2484","quest_3764"],"featImg":"quest_13784","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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