15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives
Mistletoe: Friend or Foe?
Tiny Lichen Point to Bigger Pollution Problems in Yosemite
Home Sweet Serpentine
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She is the creator and producer of a year-long multimedia collaboration between National Public Radio affiliate, WHYY and WURD. The series, In the Gap: Voices from the Health Divide, explores the disparities that keep African Americans in Philadelphia from better health.\r\n\r\nTaunya is a fellow with the NPR-Kaiser Health News-Member Stations Reporting Partnership on Health Care in the States. In addition to radio reporting, Taunya produces health segments for WHHY's Delaware TV newsmagazine \"First.\" Before joining WHYY, Taunya led statehouse news coverage for Public Radio Capitol News in Harrisburg, Pa., and worked as a freelance health reporter for Baltimore’s WYPR. She began her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Northern California, then worked as a science writer in Washington, DC. She earned her graduate degree from Northwestern University’s Medill School of Journalism.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/78b3451c4759e5777f1e8902d628b86c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Taunya English | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/78b3451c4759e5777f1e8902d628b86c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/78b3451c4759e5777f1e8902d628b86c?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/taunyaenglish"},"melissaefellet":{"type":"authors","id":"10331","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10331","found":true},"name":"Melissae Fellet","firstName":"Melissae","lastName":"Fellet","slug":"melissaefellet","email":"melissae.fellet@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Melissae Fellet is a freelance science writer obsessed with electrons, atoms and molecules. Writing about chemistry, physics and technology, she hopes to reveal how the invisible building blocks of matter influence things like plastics, perfumed shampoos and the speedy computer chips we use everyday. She holds a BS in biochemistry and microbiology from the University of Florida and a PhD in chemistry from Washington University in St. Louis. She spends sunny days at her home in Santa Cruz either watching otters in the bay or tromping around the redwood forests.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Melissae Fellet | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/melissaefellet"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_22785":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_22785","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"22785","score":null,"sort":[1346774404000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"heat-is-on-for-california-wines","title":"The Heat is On For California Wines","publishDate":1346774404,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Heat and Harvest | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>You've probably heard of the wines that made Napa and Sonoma famous, like Cabernet Sauvignon or Chardonnay. But what about \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negroamaro\">Negroamaro\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero_d%27Avola\">Nero d'Avola\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're wine grapes that are well-adapted to hotter climates – the kind of conditions that California may be facing as the climate continues to warm. But for wineries that have staked their reputations on certain wines, adapting to climate change could be a tough sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talk to any wine lover in California and they'll tell you how lucky they are to live in such rich wine-producing region. Take the recent meeting of the San Francisco Wine Lovers Group at Toast wine bar in Oakland, where the favorites are California Pinot Noir, Russian River Zinfandel, and Napa Cabernet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the type of grape – or varietal - is how most of us think about wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's the big problem,\" says Andy Walker, a grape breeder in \u003ca href=\"http://wineserver.ucdavis.edu/\">Viticulture and Enology\u003c/a> at the University of California-Davis. \"We've spent the last 100 years emphasizing varieties and we've really marketed those names very effectively.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker is strolling through UC Davis's test vineyard, where hundreds of different wine grapes from around the world are grown. The vast majority are unknown to consumers, because most wineries focus on only a handful of grapes. \"Chardonnay, cabernet, merlot, pinot noir – those would make up probably a large percentage,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are all French varieties, mostly suited for cool climates. California is warm by comparison and thanks to climate change, it's expected to get a lot warmer. Extreme heat can be the enemy of good wine. \"It destroys acidity primarily and it changes color and aromatics,\" says Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/june/wines-global-warming-063011.html\">a recent study\u003c/a> from Stanford University, about two degrees of warming could reduce California's premium wine-growing land by 30 to 50 percent. That could happen as soon as 2040. Water supply is also expected to be an issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the interesting thing for me as a breeder is to take advantage of this and say, OK, here's a chance now to change thought and let's actually readapt varieties to California,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22840\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/P1010793.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22840\" title=\"UC Davis \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/P1010793-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Andy Walker walks through UC Davis's test vineyard.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But in many circles, grape breeding is a dirty term, according to Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Viticulture is the most backward form of horticulture that exists. We use these varieties that haven't been changed for decades, for millennia in some cases. And it really doesn't make any sense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem starts in today's vineyards. If you look at rows of Pinot Noir vines, you aren't just looking at the original varietal. You're looking at clones. That's because vines are grown from a branch that's taken off an existing plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pinot noir is being propagated year after year after year. This essentially means that grapes have not been having sex very much,\" says Sean Myles , a geneticist at the Nova Scotia Agricultural College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says breeding is key for other crops, since farmers need seeds to plant every year. Wine grapes miss this opportunity to develop adaptability and disease resistance, since vines don't grow from seeds\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That means that we're not allowing the genetic material to be shuffled anymore. That genetic material is now standing still in time. And while the pathogens are evolving, the pinot noir is not,\" says Myles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andy Walker says there's plenty of genetic diversity out there for breeding, if you wanted to make today's varieties more heat tolerant or drought resistant. But there's a very big problem. Once your breed your pinot noir with something else, you can't call it pinot noir anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The last decision that hardest. Can we market this variety? We know it produces exceptional wine. We know the quality is better. But the next step is can we actually market it,\" says Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a deal breaker for many vineyards, who think consumers won't buy varieties they don't recognize. Walker says looking ahead to climate change, there are already varieties out there today from Italy and Spain that would do well in a warmer California. \"We could produce Barbera instead, or Negroamaro or Nero d'Avola from southern Italy and we'd be far better ahead.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These lush reds are popular in Italy but not so well known to Californians. Walker says it'll come down to marketing. \"I don't think it's the consumer that's gonna make the shift. They have to be directed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's really a pull from consumers,\" says Nick Dokoozlian, a Vice President at \u003ca href=\"http://gallo.com/\">E & J Gallo Winery\u003c/a>, the largest family-owned winery in the US. \"In most cases, we're responding to consumer demand for a cultivar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dokoozlian says Gallo has been testing new wine varieties throughout its vineyards and has found some promising grapes. \"The problem is we can't necessarily sell those varieties. Consumers aren't aware of them. The marketing aspect of climate change and the adaptation to climate change, really, the hurdles on the marketing side are much, much more significant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since vineyards can last up to 30 years, he says switching varieties is a major financial gamble. \"The wine business is an extremely capital intensive business. The financial risk of planting the wrong variety in the wrong place is pretty significant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, given the temperature and water supply changes projected for California, Dokoozlian sees the market shifting eventually. \"I'm looking forward to having world-class California Nero d'Avola soon.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"You’ve probably heard of the wines that made Napa and Sonoma famous, like Cabernet Sauvignon or Chardonnay. But what about Negroamaro or Nero d’Avola? They’re wine grapes that are well-adapted to hotter temperatures -- the kind of conditions that California may be facing as the climate continues to warm. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450495858,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":934},"headData":{"title":"The Heat is On For California Wines | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Heat is On For California Wines","datePublished":"2012-09-04T16:00:04.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T03:30:58.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"22785 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/heat-is-on-for-california-wines/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/04/heat-is-on-for-california-wines/","disqusTitle":"The Heat is On For California Wines","source":"Climate","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/climate/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/09/2012-09-03-quest.mp3","path":"/quest/22785/heat-is-on-for-california-wines","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You've probably heard of the wines that made Napa and Sonoma famous, like Cabernet Sauvignon or Chardonnay. But what about \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negroamaro\">Negroamaro\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero_d%27Avola\">Nero d'Avola\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're wine grapes that are well-adapted to hotter climates – the kind of conditions that California may be facing as the climate continues to warm. But for wineries that have staked their reputations on certain wines, adapting to climate change could be a tough sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talk to any wine lover in California and they'll tell you how lucky they are to live in such rich wine-producing region. Take the recent meeting of the San Francisco Wine Lovers Group at Toast wine bar in Oakland, where the favorites are California Pinot Noir, Russian River Zinfandel, and Napa Cabernet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the type of grape – or varietal - is how most of us think about wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's the big problem,\" says Andy Walker, a grape breeder in \u003ca href=\"http://wineserver.ucdavis.edu/\">Viticulture and Enology\u003c/a> at the University of California-Davis. \"We've spent the last 100 years emphasizing varieties and we've really marketed those names very effectively.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker is strolling through UC Davis's test vineyard, where hundreds of different wine grapes from around the world are grown. The vast majority are unknown to consumers, because most wineries focus on only a handful of grapes. \"Chardonnay, cabernet, merlot, pinot noir – those would make up probably a large percentage,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are all French varieties, mostly suited for cool climates. California is warm by comparison and thanks to climate change, it's expected to get a lot warmer. Extreme heat can be the enemy of good wine. \"It destroys acidity primarily and it changes color and aromatics,\" says Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/june/wines-global-warming-063011.html\">a recent study\u003c/a> from Stanford University, about two degrees of warming could reduce California's premium wine-growing land by 30 to 50 percent. That could happen as soon as 2040. Water supply is also expected to be an issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the interesting thing for me as a breeder is to take advantage of this and say, OK, here's a chance now to change thought and let's actually readapt varieties to California,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22840\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/P1010793.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22840\" title=\"UC Davis \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/P1010793-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Andy Walker walks through UC Davis's test vineyard.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But in many circles, grape breeding is a dirty term, according to Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Viticulture is the most backward form of horticulture that exists. We use these varieties that haven't been changed for decades, for millennia in some cases. And it really doesn't make any sense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem starts in today's vineyards. If you look at rows of Pinot Noir vines, you aren't just looking at the original varietal. You're looking at clones. That's because vines are grown from a branch that's taken off an existing plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pinot noir is being propagated year after year after year. This essentially means that grapes have not been having sex very much,\" says Sean Myles , a geneticist at the Nova Scotia Agricultural College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says breeding is key for other crops, since farmers need seeds to plant every year. Wine grapes miss this opportunity to develop adaptability and disease resistance, since vines don't grow from seeds\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That means that we're not allowing the genetic material to be shuffled anymore. That genetic material is now standing still in time. And while the pathogens are evolving, the pinot noir is not,\" says Myles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andy Walker says there's plenty of genetic diversity out there for breeding, if you wanted to make today's varieties more heat tolerant or drought resistant. But there's a very big problem. Once your breed your pinot noir with something else, you can't call it pinot noir anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The last decision that hardest. Can we market this variety? We know it produces exceptional wine. We know the quality is better. But the next step is can we actually market it,\" says Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a deal breaker for many vineyards, who think consumers won't buy varieties they don't recognize. Walker says looking ahead to climate change, there are already varieties out there today from Italy and Spain that would do well in a warmer California. \"We could produce Barbera instead, or Negroamaro or Nero d'Avola from southern Italy and we'd be far better ahead.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These lush reds are popular in Italy but not so well known to Californians. Walker says it'll come down to marketing. \"I don't think it's the consumer that's gonna make the shift. They have to be directed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's really a pull from consumers,\" says Nick Dokoozlian, a Vice President at \u003ca href=\"http://gallo.com/\">E & J Gallo Winery\u003c/a>, the largest family-owned winery in the US. \"In most cases, we're responding to consumer demand for a cultivar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dokoozlian says Gallo has been testing new wine varieties throughout its vineyards and has found some promising grapes. \"The problem is we can't necessarily sell those varieties. Consumers aren't aware of them. The marketing aspect of climate change and the adaptation to climate change, really, the hurdles on the marketing side are much, much more significant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since vineyards can last up to 30 years, he says switching varieties is a major financial gamble. \"The wine business is an extremely capital intensive business. The financial risk of planting the wrong variety in the wrong place is pretty significant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, given the temperature and water supply changes projected for California, Dokoozlian sees the market shifting eventually. \"I'm looking forward to having world-class California Nero d'Avola soon.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/22785/heat-is-on-for-california-wines","authors":["239"],"series":["quest_13295"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_9990","quest_13195","quest_621","quest_1197","quest_9989","quest_1914","quest_13203","quest_9991","quest_2220","quest_13","quest_2727","quest_3022","quest_3171"],"collections":["quest_3354"],"featImg":"quest_22837","label":"source_quest_22785"},"quest_42806":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_42806","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"42806","score":null,"sort":[1345240126000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"building-a-better-tastier-tomato","title":"Building a Better, Tastier Tomato","publishDate":1345240126,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Decades ago, researchers figured out how to create the picture-perfect tomato that travels well and is available year-round. The trouble is, as any supermarket shopper can tell you, tomatoes that look great sometimes taste terrible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not hard to see how much some tomatoes have changed. Just take the trucks on California highways during the summer, each pulling a double trailer stacked high with tomatoes. There’s a reason the tomatoes at the bottom of the pile aren’t squished into a tomato-y mess. That's thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://daviswiki.org/square_tomato\">square tomato\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The square tomato is kind of a misnomer,” says Roger Chetelat, director of the Tomato Genetics Resource Center at the University of California-Davis. We’re in a greenhouse on campus where he’s holding a few square tomatoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see they’re not square but they are blocky,” he says. The tomatoes are sort of flat on the side and are firm to the touch even though they’re ripe, sort of like a baseball. “I think I’d prefer to have a tomato like that thrown at me than a baseball, but yeah, they’re pretty tough,” Chetelat says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years ago, farmers were looking for tougher tomatoes that could withstand new mechanical picking machines. So, plant breeders at UC Davis created a tomato with thick skin and a firm, meaty inside. California’s tomato production boomed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unintended Genetic Consequences\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the era of modern plant breeding came with some unintended effects, as UC Davis researcher Ann Powell discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She demonstrates with a genetic taste test, of sorts. “We can try one of these,” she says, cutting up a standard grocery store tomato. “Tastes tomato-y.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/GreenShoulders.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42812\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/GreenShoulders.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"197\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young tomatoes with green shoulders on the left and no shoulders on the right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other one we’re sampling has what Powell calls “green shoulders.” That means, as it grew, the tomato was dark green on top around the stem – something that’s controlled by a specific gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re sweeter,” Powell says, tasting it. “Whether it’s all due to that particular gene, I can’t tell you. But, I don’t know, you can taste the difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If green shoulders don’t sound familiar, that’s because most commercial tomatoes don’t have them anymore. Seventy years ago, breeders selected for uniformly light green tomatoes with no shoulders, which stood out better against the plant’s dark leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re a lot easier to see so a farmer could judge his yield. They could see how productive the plants were a lot easier,” says Powell. Their uniform color was also more attractive to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out, those green shoulders have a key job. “We found that it influences the amount of sugar in the ripe fruit,” she says. The dark green parts have more chloroplasts, which turn sunlight into sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It made about a 20 percent difference in the amount of sugars. I think of it a little bit like how you eat berries. Most of us, including me, sprinkle a little bit of sugar on top to sort of enhance the flavor,” says Powell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42819\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Powell.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42819\" title=\"Powell\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Powell.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ann Powell looks at tomatoes in a UC Davis greenhouse.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most heirloom tomatoes still have green shoulders, but Powell says now that they know about this gene, plant breeders could put it back in commercial varieties. And since the tomato genome was sequenced earlier this year, there are still other flavor genes to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focusing on Taste and Nutrition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve modified and changed our food radically,” says Alyson Mitchell, professor in UC Davis’s Food Science and Technology Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve bred these seeds and plants to have all of these other characteristics: uniform shape, size, color, good disease resistance, high yield,” she says. That’s had major benefits: produce is widely available and more affordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, “we’ve absolutely not paid attention to flavor and nutrition. You know, we’re telling children, eat more fruits and vegetables at a time that fruits and vegetables have never tasted worse,” Mitchell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are just starting to understand the molecular compounds that control taste and nutrition. “What we do know is that not all tomatoes are the same. Different cultivars have different levels of nutrients in them,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing them organically can also change the levels of nutrients. In a ten-year controlled study of tomatoes, organic tomatoes showed higher levels of antioxidants and molecules that make up flavor and color. But researchers still aren’t sure which of these compounds are the most important for our health. Take flavonoids, which have gotten a lot of hype as antioxidants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are about sixteen hundred described flavonoids to date and we don’t even really at this point understand what that complement is, let alone what all of those different compounds do to benefit our health,” Mitchell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if there is one nutrient that stands out, it’s not always easy to enhance it. Take the case of “super broccoli.” “So they made this broccoli and the idea was to market it as a super broccoli because it had very high levels of this antioxidant, quercetin. Well quercetin is really bitter and they sat a bunch of people down to eat and nobody could eat it, it was so awful,” says Mitchell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell says it’s probably the combination of nutrients that gives produce its punch, which they’re working to understand better. Until then, she says, there is one way to make sure you’re getting those benefits: follow your mom’s advice and eat more fruits and vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many tomatoes have been bred to travel well and look appealing, but now researchers are focusing on making them more nutritious and better tasting.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450496230,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1010},"headData":{"title":"Building a Better, Tastier Tomato | KQED","description":"Many tomatoes have been bred to travel well and look appealing, but now researchers are focusing on making them more nutritious and better tasting.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Building a Better, Tastier Tomato","datePublished":"2012-08-17T21:48:46.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T03:37:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"42806 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=42806","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/17/building-a-better-tastier-tomato/","disqusTitle":"Building a Better, Tastier Tomato","source":"Food","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/food/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/08/2012-08-20-quest.mp3","path":"/quest/42806/building-a-better-tastier-tomato","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Decades ago, researchers figured out how to create the picture-perfect tomato that travels well and is available year-round. The trouble is, as any supermarket shopper can tell you, tomatoes that look great sometimes taste terrible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not hard to see how much some tomatoes have changed. Just take the trucks on California highways during the summer, each pulling a double trailer stacked high with tomatoes. There’s a reason the tomatoes at the bottom of the pile aren’t squished into a tomato-y mess. That's thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://daviswiki.org/square_tomato\">square tomato\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The square tomato is kind of a misnomer,” says Roger Chetelat, director of the Tomato Genetics Resource Center at the University of California-Davis. We’re in a greenhouse on campus where he’s holding a few square tomatoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see they’re not square but they are blocky,” he says. The tomatoes are sort of flat on the side and are firm to the touch even though they’re ripe, sort of like a baseball. “I think I’d prefer to have a tomato like that thrown at me than a baseball, but yeah, they’re pretty tough,” Chetelat says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years ago, farmers were looking for tougher tomatoes that could withstand new mechanical picking machines. So, plant breeders at UC Davis created a tomato with thick skin and a firm, meaty inside. California’s tomato production boomed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Unintended Genetic Consequences\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the era of modern plant breeding came with some unintended effects, as UC Davis researcher Ann Powell discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She demonstrates with a genetic taste test, of sorts. “We can try one of these,” she says, cutting up a standard grocery store tomato. “Tastes tomato-y.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/GreenShoulders.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42812\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/GreenShoulders.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"197\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young tomatoes with green shoulders on the left and no shoulders on the right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The other one we’re sampling has what Powell calls “green shoulders.” That means, as it grew, the tomato was dark green on top around the stem – something that’s controlled by a specific gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re sweeter,” Powell says, tasting it. “Whether it’s all due to that particular gene, I can’t tell you. But, I don’t know, you can taste the difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If green shoulders don’t sound familiar, that’s because most commercial tomatoes don’t have them anymore. Seventy years ago, breeders selected for uniformly light green tomatoes with no shoulders, which stood out better against the plant’s dark leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re a lot easier to see so a farmer could judge his yield. They could see how productive the plants were a lot easier,” says Powell. Their uniform color was also more attractive to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out, those green shoulders have a key job. “We found that it influences the amount of sugar in the ripe fruit,” she says. The dark green parts have more chloroplasts, which turn sunlight into sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It made about a 20 percent difference in the amount of sugars. I think of it a little bit like how you eat berries. Most of us, including me, sprinkle a little bit of sugar on top to sort of enhance the flavor,” says Powell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42819\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Powell.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42819\" title=\"Powell\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Powell.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ann Powell looks at tomatoes in a UC Davis greenhouse.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most heirloom tomatoes still have green shoulders, but Powell says now that they know about this gene, plant breeders could put it back in commercial varieties. And since the tomato genome was sequenced earlier this year, there are still other flavor genes to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focusing on Taste and Nutrition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve modified and changed our food radically,” says Alyson Mitchell, professor in UC Davis’s Food Science and Technology Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve bred these seeds and plants to have all of these other characteristics: uniform shape, size, color, good disease resistance, high yield,” she says. That’s had major benefits: produce is widely available and more affordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, “we’ve absolutely not paid attention to flavor and nutrition. You know, we’re telling children, eat more fruits and vegetables at a time that fruits and vegetables have never tasted worse,” Mitchell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are just starting to understand the molecular compounds that control taste and nutrition. “What we do know is that not all tomatoes are the same. Different cultivars have different levels of nutrients in them,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing them organically can also change the levels of nutrients. In a ten-year controlled study of tomatoes, organic tomatoes showed higher levels of antioxidants and molecules that make up flavor and color. But researchers still aren’t sure which of these compounds are the most important for our health. Take flavonoids, which have gotten a lot of hype as antioxidants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are about sixteen hundred described flavonoids to date and we don’t even really at this point understand what that complement is, let alone what all of those different compounds do to benefit our health,” Mitchell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if there is one nutrient that stands out, it’s not always easy to enhance it. Take the case of “super broccoli.” “So they made this broccoli and the idea was to market it as a super broccoli because it had very high levels of this antioxidant, quercetin. Well quercetin is really bitter and they sat a bunch of people down to eat and nobody could eat it, it was so awful,” says Mitchell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell says it’s probably the combination of nutrients that gives produce its punch, which they’re working to understand better. Until then, she says, there is one way to make sure you’re getting those benefits: follow your mom’s advice and eat more fruits and vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/42806/building-a-better-tastier-tomato","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_733","quest_1122","quest_1197","quest_10106","quest_13203","quest_2088","quest_10926","quest_2220","quest_3716","quest_13","quest_13364","quest_11374","quest_3022"],"featImg":"quest_42808","label":"source_quest_42806"},"quest_30909":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_30909","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"30909","score":null,"sort":[1329929650000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"plant-proteins-power-solar-panel","title":"Plant Proteins Power Solar Panel","publishDate":1329929650,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3357,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30913\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/22/plant-proteins-power-solar-panel/plant-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30913\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30913\" title=\"plant resize\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/plant-resize-300x169.png\" alt=\"Backlit leaf\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This new solar panel really is green. Instead of using semiconducting silicon, proteins from plants transform light into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicist Andreas Mershin, at Massachusetts Institute for Technology, and his colleagues say they’ve simplified the production of plant-based solar cells so that any lab can make them. Mershin hopes these biological solar panels could provide power in places that currently have no electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have been growing their own food for millennia,” he says. “I think it’s time to start growing our own solar power.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants make sugars using energy from the sun in a process called \u003ca title=\"photosynthesis explainer\" href=\"http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html\">photosynthesis\u003c/a>. Protein complexes convert the light energy into electrons, which drive the plant’s sugar-producing factories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These plant proteins are tuned to maximize the sun’s energy. Practically all of the sunlight that hits them gets converted to electrons. Commercial solar panels \u003ca title=\"solar cell quantum efficiency\" href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/pv_cell_quantum_efficiency.html\">struggle to match this efficiency\u003c/a> because they can’t absorb all wavelengths of visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin wanted to hijack the efficient electron generators in plants to generate electricity for people. But to build a working solar panel using proteins, he had to stabilize the proteins on the surface so that they perform just like they do in cells. And he had to attach enough of them to generate a measurable current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin harvested one type of light-collecting protein complex from photosynthetic bacteria. Suspended in a stabilizing solution, the photosynthetic protein complex maintained its shape and function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He painted the protein solution on a glass slide covered with nano-sized rods of zinc oxide, a common ingredient in sunscreen. The rods hold more protein than the flat surfaces commonly used to make photosynthetic solar panels -- enough to give the panel a faint green tinge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bio-solar cell converted about 0.1% of sun’s energy into electrical energy -- 10,000 times more efficient than previous biosolar cells. Mershin says his plant-based solar cells will never match the \u003ca title=\"solar panel conversion efficiency explanation\" href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/pv_cell_conversion_efficiency.html\">conversion efficiencies\u003c/a> of commercial solar panels. But even increasing the efficiency to 1% could make these plant-powered panels useful for people in the developing world who have no electricity, he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin hopes other labs around the world will start experimenting with these green solar panels to improving their efficiency and lifetime. His method and results are freely available from a \u003ca title=\"research paper about biosolar cell\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120202/srep00234/full/srep00234.html\">paper \u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Scientific Reports\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of throwing plant trimmings or grass clippings onto a compost pile, perhaps one day we’ll set some aside to make solar panels too. It’ll be a whole new way to \u003ca title=\"DIY solar from Instructables\" href=\"http://www.instructables.com/id/DIY-Solar-Panel/\">DIY solar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Simplifying the production of bio-solar cells using many different plants could bring power to the developing world. It could be a whole new way to DIY solar.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366755797,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":441},"headData":{"title":"Plant Proteins Power Solar Panel | KQED","description":"Simplifying the production of bio-solar cells using many different plants could bring power to the developing world. It could be a whole new way to DIY solar.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Plant Proteins Power Solar Panel","datePublished":"2012-02-22T16:54:10.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T22:23:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"30909 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=30909","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/22/plant-proteins-power-solar-panel/","disqusTitle":"Plant Proteins Power Solar Panel","path":"/quest/30909/plant-proteins-power-solar-panel","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30913\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/22/plant-proteins-power-solar-panel/plant-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30913\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30913\" title=\"plant resize\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/plant-resize-300x169.png\" alt=\"Backlit leaf\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This new solar panel really is green. Instead of using semiconducting silicon, proteins from plants transform light into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicist Andreas Mershin, at Massachusetts Institute for Technology, and his colleagues say they’ve simplified the production of plant-based solar cells so that any lab can make them. Mershin hopes these biological solar panels could provide power in places that currently have no electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have been growing their own food for millennia,” he says. “I think it’s time to start growing our own solar power.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants make sugars using energy from the sun in a process called \u003ca title=\"photosynthesis explainer\" href=\"http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html\">photosynthesis\u003c/a>. Protein complexes convert the light energy into electrons, which drive the plant’s sugar-producing factories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These plant proteins are tuned to maximize the sun’s energy. Practically all of the sunlight that hits them gets converted to electrons. Commercial solar panels \u003ca title=\"solar cell quantum efficiency\" href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/pv_cell_quantum_efficiency.html\">struggle to match this efficiency\u003c/a> because they can’t absorb all wavelengths of visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin wanted to hijack the efficient electron generators in plants to generate electricity for people. But to build a working solar panel using proteins, he had to stabilize the proteins on the surface so that they perform just like they do in cells. And he had to attach enough of them to generate a measurable current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin harvested one type of light-collecting protein complex from photosynthetic bacteria. Suspended in a stabilizing solution, the photosynthetic protein complex maintained its shape and function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He painted the protein solution on a glass slide covered with nano-sized rods of zinc oxide, a common ingredient in sunscreen. The rods hold more protein than the flat surfaces commonly used to make photosynthetic solar panels -- enough to give the panel a faint green tinge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bio-solar cell converted about 0.1% of sun’s energy into electrical energy -- 10,000 times more efficient than previous biosolar cells. Mershin says his plant-based solar cells will never match the \u003ca title=\"solar panel conversion efficiency explanation\" href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/pv_cell_conversion_efficiency.html\">conversion efficiencies\u003c/a> of commercial solar panels. But even increasing the efficiency to 1% could make these plant-powered panels useful for people in the developing world who have no electricity, he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin hopes other labs around the world will start experimenting with these green solar panels to improving their efficiency and lifetime. His method and results are freely available from a \u003ca title=\"research paper about biosolar cell\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120202/srep00234/full/srep00234.html\">paper \u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Scientific Reports\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of throwing plant trimmings or grass clippings onto a compost pile, perhaps one day we’ll set some aside to make solar panels too. It’ll be a whole new way to \u003ca title=\"DIY solar from Instructables\" href=\"http://www.instructables.com/id/DIY-Solar-Panel/\">DIY solar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/30909/plant-proteins-power-solar-panel","authors":["10331"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_616","quest_3351","quest_2193","quest_2220","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_2708"],"collections":["quest_3357"],"featImg":"quest_30913","label":"quest_3357"},"quest_28310":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_28310","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"28310","score":null,"sort":[1323464171000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"flowers-to-pharmacy","title":"Flowers to Pharmacy","publishDate":1323464171,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28315\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/pennsylvania-hospital-082-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Archivist Stacey Peeples displays a hand-written text with a recipe for 'stomach pills.' (Photo: Todd Vachon/WHYY)\" title=\"pennsylvania-hospital-082\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28315\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Archivist Stacey Peeples displays a hand-written text with a recipe for 'stomach pills.' (Photo: Todd Vachon/WHYY)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The nation's first hospital culled its archives to create a collection of medical and botanical texts from the 18th and early 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit, “\u003ca href=\"http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/collections/exhibits/flower-to-pharmacy/\">Flower to Pharmacy\u003c/a>,” is housed at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/\">Pennsylvania Hospital Historic Collections\u003c/a> in Philadelphia. The illustrations are beautiful, the hand-written lecture notes from medical students are fun to decipher, but maybe most striking is the physicians' focus on body fluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phlegm was a big deal in Colonial times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They really believed that these systems were out of whack and you had to do something to bring it back into order,” said curator and archivist Stacey Peeples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors practiced “humoral medicine,” an ancient idea that health comes from a balance of the body's four humors--phlegm, blood, yellow bile and black bile. In addition to bloodletting, physicians relied on sweating and purging and needed the right mix of flowers, roots and herbs to make that happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28314\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/pennsylvania-hospital-026-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A view of the library inside the historic Pennsylvania Hospital (Photo: Todd Vachon/WHYY)\" title=\"pennsylvania-hospital-026\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28314\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the library inside the historic Pennsylvania Hospital (Photo: Todd Vachon/WHYY)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The exhibit is a compendium of plants used for medicine as well as prescriptions for pills and poultices. Long lists detail the healing properties of blue flag and yellow-button tansy as well as familiar kitchen herbs such as ginger, rosemary and thyme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In “The American Practice of Medicine,” Connecticut-born Wooster Beach writes that peppermint is “agreeable and penetrating, slightly bitter, followed by a sensation of cold in the mouth” and good for settling the stomach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also look up ways to fight flatulence, hysteria, dropsy (inflammation), piles (hemorrhoids) and cardialgia (heartburn).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the oldest texts is a 1633 edition of John Gerard's “Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes.” The English herbalist includes detailed line drawings and warnings against the most poisonous plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For them to say something will kill you immediately, probably means it was pretty harsh,” Peeples said. “Given the amount of enemas and purgatives these people were taking. It had to be really bad. We like to call it “heroic medicine,” that idea that the physician will go to any means to cure you, even if meant killing you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the books were part of the hospital's active lending library and are amazingly preserved, especially Mark Catesby's “Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands.” It's a picture book of plants and insects illustrated on deeply saturated color plates – and lovely for art’s sake alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wendy Grube is a nurse practitioner and registered herbalist who teaches a course on alternative therapies at the University of Pennsylvania. She collects her own historical volumes on plant medicine and has done research in the Pennsylvania Hospital archives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flower to Pharmacy” includes some of the first “materia medica” produced for an American audience, and Grube says the meticulous anthologies are fascinating for modern day herbalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early colonial doctors had a very different conception of disease and hadn’t discovered viruses or bacteria, but Grube says that didn’t keep them from hitting on the true medicinal value of plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sage, for instance, is antimicrobial and thyme has anti-viral properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicians made connections from careful observation over time, Grube says. Doctors likely didn’t understand that an herb was killing off microbes, but it was clear that certain plants helped for cold and cough, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flower to Pharmacy” collects the texts used by white, male physicians at Pennsylvania Hospital in the 1700s, but Grube says their records include knowledge learned from Native Americans and traced back to ancient Egypt and Greece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curator Stacey Peeples said some of the information in the library collection was surely common knowledge among Colonial women who kept their own recipe books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today if you have a headache, you don't run to the hospital,” Peeples said. “The first thing do, is you take an aspirin. It was similar at that time. The woman was entrusted with the care of the family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why did these traditions happen? They happened because they were effective. I don't think people really waste their time on things that aren't effective,” Grube said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The nation's first hospital in Philadelphia culled its archives to create a collection of medical and botanical texts from the 18th and early 19th century. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1323713073,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":737},"headData":{"title":"Flowers to Pharmacy | KQED","description":"The nation's first hospital in Philadelphia culled its archives to create a collection of medical and botanical texts from the 18th and early 19th century. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Flowers to Pharmacy","datePublished":"2011-12-09T20:56:11.000Z","dateModified":"2011-12-12T18:04:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"28310 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=28310","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/09/flowers-to-pharmacy/","disqusTitle":"Flowers to Pharmacy","path":"/quest/28310/flowers-to-pharmacy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28315\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/pennsylvania-hospital-082-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Archivist Stacey Peeples displays a hand-written text with a recipe for 'stomach pills.' (Photo: Todd Vachon/WHYY)\" title=\"pennsylvania-hospital-082\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28315\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Archivist Stacey Peeples displays a hand-written text with a recipe for 'stomach pills.' (Photo: Todd Vachon/WHYY)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The nation's first hospital culled its archives to create a collection of medical and botanical texts from the 18th and early 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit, “\u003ca href=\"http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/collections/exhibits/flower-to-pharmacy/\">Flower to Pharmacy\u003c/a>,” is housed at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/\">Pennsylvania Hospital Historic Collections\u003c/a> in Philadelphia. The illustrations are beautiful, the hand-written lecture notes from medical students are fun to decipher, but maybe most striking is the physicians' focus on body fluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phlegm was a big deal in Colonial times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They really believed that these systems were out of whack and you had to do something to bring it back into order,” said curator and archivist Stacey Peeples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors practiced “humoral medicine,” an ancient idea that health comes from a balance of the body's four humors--phlegm, blood, yellow bile and black bile. In addition to bloodletting, physicians relied on sweating and purging and needed the right mix of flowers, roots and herbs to make that happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28314\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/pennsylvania-hospital-026-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A view of the library inside the historic Pennsylvania Hospital (Photo: Todd Vachon/WHYY)\" title=\"pennsylvania-hospital-026\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28314\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the library inside the historic Pennsylvania Hospital (Photo: Todd Vachon/WHYY)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The exhibit is a compendium of plants used for medicine as well as prescriptions for pills and poultices. Long lists detail the healing properties of blue flag and yellow-button tansy as well as familiar kitchen herbs such as ginger, rosemary and thyme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In “The American Practice of Medicine,” Connecticut-born Wooster Beach writes that peppermint is “agreeable and penetrating, slightly bitter, followed by a sensation of cold in the mouth” and good for settling the stomach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also look up ways to fight flatulence, hysteria, dropsy (inflammation), piles (hemorrhoids) and cardialgia (heartburn).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the oldest texts is a 1633 edition of John Gerard's “Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes.” The English herbalist includes detailed line drawings and warnings against the most poisonous plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For them to say something will kill you immediately, probably means it was pretty harsh,” Peeples said. “Given the amount of enemas and purgatives these people were taking. It had to be really bad. We like to call it “heroic medicine,” that idea that the physician will go to any means to cure you, even if meant killing you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the books were part of the hospital's active lending library and are amazingly preserved, especially Mark Catesby's “Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands.” It's a picture book of plants and insects illustrated on deeply saturated color plates – and lovely for art’s sake alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wendy Grube is a nurse practitioner and registered herbalist who teaches a course on alternative therapies at the University of Pennsylvania. She collects her own historical volumes on plant medicine and has done research in the Pennsylvania Hospital archives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flower to Pharmacy” includes some of the first “materia medica” produced for an American audience, and Grube says the meticulous anthologies are fascinating for modern day herbalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early colonial doctors had a very different conception of disease and hadn’t discovered viruses or bacteria, but Grube says that didn’t keep them from hitting on the true medicinal value of plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sage, for instance, is antimicrobial and thyme has anti-viral properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicians made connections from careful observation over time, Grube says. Doctors likely didn’t understand that an herb was killing off microbes, but it was clear that certain plants helped for cold and cough, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flower to Pharmacy” collects the texts used by white, male physicians at Pennsylvania Hospital in the 1700s, but Grube says their records include knowledge learned from Native Americans and traced back to ancient Egypt and Greece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curator Stacey Peeples said some of the information in the library collection was surely common knowledge among Colonial women who kept their own recipe books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today if you have a headache, you don't run to the hospital,” Peeples said. “The first thing do, is you take an aspirin. It was similar at that time. The woman was entrusted with the care of the family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why did these traditions happen? They happened because they were effective. I don't think people really waste their time on things that aren't effective,” Grube said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/28310/flowers-to-pharmacy","authors":["10300"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_10547","quest_1116","quest_10545","quest_10546","quest_3351","quest_10544","quest_2141","quest_10543","quest_2220","quest_2349","quest_3291"],"featImg":"quest_28316","label":"quest"},"quest_20811":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_20811","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"20811","score":null,"sort":[1311181212000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"herbicides-help-or-harm","title":"Herbicides: Help or Harm?","publishDate":1311181212,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20815\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/herbicides.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20815\" title=\"herbicides\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/herbicides-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Applying herbicides to crops helps increase yield—but at a cost. Photo: tpmartins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent \u003ca href=\"http://ksjtracker.mit.edu/2011/07/15/lots-of-small-ink-then-nytimes-dupont-is-in-hot-water-with-landscapers-new-lawn-herbicide-mows-down-trees/\">headlines\u003c/a> have brought to light some of herbicides’ unintended effects. The herbicide Imprelis, primarily used on golf courses and the like, has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/15/science/earth/15herbicide.html?_r=1\">linked to the death of conifers\u003c/a> throughout the east and the midwest. The safety of the widely used herbicide Roundup has also been called into question. Herbicides can provide farmers and gardeners with advantages over unwanted weeds—but they also come with drawbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When DuPont first introduced the herbicide Imprelis in 2010, it was seen as a pretty environmentally friendly option. It is really effective at preventing the growth of weeds like dandelions and ivy. It affects plants’ hormone receptors, and it works at low concentrations. Unlike other herbicides, hot temperatures or rainfall just after application do not make Imprelis ineffective—a benefit for lawn care professionals, who otherwise have to time the application of herbicides according to the weather report. But Imprelis doesn’t bind to the soil and can leach into groundwater, two reasons why the state of New York has not approved it. (California has not approved it either.) Because of these characteristics, the herbicide being taken up by nearby trees through their root systems. As a result, conifers’ needles turn brown, and some trees die. The chemicals in Imprelis stick around in the grass clippings, creating \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherearthnews.com/grow-it/imprelis-killer-compost-zb0z11zrog.aspx\">killer compost\u003c/a> that should go to the landfill rather than the compost bin or mulch pile. We haven’t heard the end of the story of Imprelis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We will likely also hear more about Roundup, a big player manufactured by Monsanto. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/24/roundup-scientists-birth-defects_n_883578.html\">story\u003c/a> in the Huffington Post describes several studies that indicate that the herbicide causes birth defects. Roundup and other similar herbicides contain glyphosate, which causes reproductive problems in adult animals and birth defects in animals’ offspring. Organisms like rabbits can be exposed when herbicides are applied and when they eat the plants that have been treated. Lab studies have shown that exposure to glyphosate results in malformations in frog and chicken embryos. And, lab studies show that Roundup also poses problems for human embryonic and placental cells. Herbicides that contain glyphosate are hugely popular, because they’re so effective. In the last year for which data are available, 2006-2007, the US agricultural industry applied 180 to 185 million pounds of glyphosate. From 2005 to 2007, non-agricultural use added another 8 to 11 million pounds to the ecosystem. This chemical is increasingly ingrained in the US agricultural system: farmers purchase genetically modified seeds that are resistant to Roundup (such as Roundup Ready Soybeans), and then spray Roundup on the crops. These methods allow for much higher crop yields than organic agriculture, and are cost-effective for big farms. Without the advantages that herbicides provide, farms cannot compete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eradicating weeds is a challenge, and herbicides are a big part of fighting that battle. We have a complex relationship with weeds—check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/program/archives/201107156\">great conversation about weeds\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/\">Science Friday\u003c/a> last week. Herbicides give us some key advantages over unwanted weeds. These advantages come with drawbacks. The two herbicides under question are primarily used by industry—lawn care professionals and big ag farmers—rather than individuals. But the average citizen uses herbicides on his or her home lawn, too. Do you use herbicides? Why or why not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Recent headlines have brought to light some of herbicides’ unintended effects. Herbicides can provide farmers and gardeners with advantages over unwanted weeds—but they also come with drawbacks.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366756856,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":571},"headData":{"title":"Herbicides: Help or Harm? | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Herbicides: Help or Harm?","datePublished":"2011-07-20T17:00:12.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T22:40:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"20811 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=20811","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/20/herbicides-help-or-harm/","disqusTitle":"Herbicides: Help or Harm?","path":"/quest/20811/herbicides-help-or-harm","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20815\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/herbicides.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20815\" title=\"herbicides\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/herbicides-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Applying herbicides to crops helps increase yield—but at a cost. Photo: tpmartins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent \u003ca href=\"http://ksjtracker.mit.edu/2011/07/15/lots-of-small-ink-then-nytimes-dupont-is-in-hot-water-with-landscapers-new-lawn-herbicide-mows-down-trees/\">headlines\u003c/a> have brought to light some of herbicides’ unintended effects. The herbicide Imprelis, primarily used on golf courses and the like, has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/15/science/earth/15herbicide.html?_r=1\">linked to the death of conifers\u003c/a> throughout the east and the midwest. The safety of the widely used herbicide Roundup has also been called into question. Herbicides can provide farmers and gardeners with advantages over unwanted weeds—but they also come with drawbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When DuPont first introduced the herbicide Imprelis in 2010, it was seen as a pretty environmentally friendly option. It is really effective at preventing the growth of weeds like dandelions and ivy. It affects plants’ hormone receptors, and it works at low concentrations. Unlike other herbicides, hot temperatures or rainfall just after application do not make Imprelis ineffective—a benefit for lawn care professionals, who otherwise have to time the application of herbicides according to the weather report. But Imprelis doesn’t bind to the soil and can leach into groundwater, two reasons why the state of New York has not approved it. (California has not approved it either.) Because of these characteristics, the herbicide being taken up by nearby trees through their root systems. As a result, conifers’ needles turn brown, and some trees die. The chemicals in Imprelis stick around in the grass clippings, creating \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherearthnews.com/grow-it/imprelis-killer-compost-zb0z11zrog.aspx\">killer compost\u003c/a> that should go to the landfill rather than the compost bin or mulch pile. We haven’t heard the end of the story of Imprelis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We will likely also hear more about Roundup, a big player manufactured by Monsanto. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/24/roundup-scientists-birth-defects_n_883578.html\">story\u003c/a> in the Huffington Post describes several studies that indicate that the herbicide causes birth defects. Roundup and other similar herbicides contain glyphosate, which causes reproductive problems in adult animals and birth defects in animals’ offspring. Organisms like rabbits can be exposed when herbicides are applied and when they eat the plants that have been treated. Lab studies have shown that exposure to glyphosate results in malformations in frog and chicken embryos. And, lab studies show that Roundup also poses problems for human embryonic and placental cells. Herbicides that contain glyphosate are hugely popular, because they’re so effective. In the last year for which data are available, 2006-2007, the US agricultural industry applied 180 to 185 million pounds of glyphosate. From 2005 to 2007, non-agricultural use added another 8 to 11 million pounds to the ecosystem. This chemical is increasingly ingrained in the US agricultural system: farmers purchase genetically modified seeds that are resistant to Roundup (such as Roundup Ready Soybeans), and then spray Roundup on the crops. These methods allow for much higher crop yields than organic agriculture, and are cost-effective for big farms. Without the advantages that herbicides provide, farms cannot compete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eradicating weeds is a challenge, and herbicides are a big part of fighting that battle. We have a complex relationship with weeds—check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/program/archives/201107156\">great conversation about weeds\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/\">Science Friday\u003c/a> last week. Herbicides give us some key advantages over unwanted weeds. These advantages come with drawbacks. The two herbicides under question are primarily used by industry—lawn care professionals and big ag farmers—rather than individuals. But the average citizen uses herbicides on his or her home lawn, too. Do you use herbicides? Why or why not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/20811/herbicides-help-or-harm","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_9881","quest_9882","quest_2088","quest_9883","quest_2220","quest_13202","quest_13364","quest_9884","quest_9885"],"featImg":"quest_20815","label":"quest"},"quest_12737":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_12737","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"12737","score":null,"sort":[1295471646000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"15-months-later-rediscovered-san-francisco-plant-thrives","title":"15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives","publishDate":1295471646,"format":"standard","headTitle":"15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-restoring-san-franciscos-lost-manzanita\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/ws204_manzanita300-2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Young plants of the Arctostaphylos franciscana, or Franciscan manzanita, once thought to be extinct in the wild.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In October 2009, a botanist on his way home from work spotted a low-lying, 18-foot-long shrub at a construction site near the Golden Gate Bridge. The plant, a Franciscan manzanita, was a miracle of survival – a species thought to have been extinct in the wild for almost 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant became visible after construction crews removed taller vegetation from a rocky outcropping just south of the toll plaza near Doyle Drive. Botanist Daniel Gluesenkamp’s rediscovery of one of the rarest plants in the world made headlines across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one thought to look in the middle of a center divider of a freeway. But there it was,” said Don Mahoney, curator at the San Francisco Botanical Garden. “I doubt if there’s another one ever going to be found.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cameras and public attention have long since gone away. But 15 months later, biologists and gardeners have been quietly and painstakingly working from the single surviving wild specimen to reestablish a population of the species that a century ago was found cascading down rocky outcroppings in San Francisco’s hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’ve already started to see significant success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Doyle Drive Franciscan manzanita, as the plant uncovered in 2009 is referred to, was moved about a mile away from the construction site, to an undisclosed location in the Presidio, to protect it from thieves and curious onlookers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0589-Don-Mahoney-holds300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Don Mahoney holds one of the nearly 170 Franciscan manzanitas that the San Francisco Botanical Garden has grown from the one found in 2009.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>During the move, some branches were trimmed off so it would fit on a crane, said Mahoney. The cuttings were divided among six institutions: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/\">San Francisco Botanical Garden\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/\">University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley\u003c/a>; \u003ca href=\"http://www.nativeplants.org/\">the Regional Parks Botanic Garden in Berkeley’s Tilden Park\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.ucsc.edu/\">Arboretum at the University of California, Santa Cruz\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/our-work/native-plant-nurseries/sites/presidio-nursery.html\">Presidio’s own native plants nursery\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.calfloranursery.com/\">Cal Flora\u003c/a>, a commercial nursery in Sonoma County specializing in manzanitas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together they have grown 424 plants genetically identical to the one found in the Doyle Drive construction site, said Betty Young, director of nurseries for the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy, who is coordinating the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close to 170 of these young plants live in pots in a sunny area of the San Francisco Botanical Garden’s nursery, and now have roots and tiny flower buds that will bloom in the spring. From the one have come many, and with them, hope for restoring some of the Bay Area’s original wild character.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each one is ready to be a 14-foot across plant,” said Mahoney, “if we can just find enough spots in San Francisco to plant them all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate goal is to establish populations of the Franciscan manzanita in the wild. To do so, experts must first find places where the plant is likely to thrive. The challenge is to find open spaces with the type of rocks where Franciscan manzanita likes to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/Franciscana-manzanita-cascades300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A Franciscan manzanita cascades over a bluff at San Francisco’s Laurel Hill cemetery in 1938. Courtesy of Alice Q. Howard.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The plant grew on serpentinite and green stone rock, which occur commonly in earthquake zones. San Francisco is crisscrossed by these rocks, said Michael Chassé, a geography graduate student at San Francisco State University and a natural resources management specialist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a>, who is writing his thesis on the Franciscan manzanita. Places like the former \u003ca href=\"http://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/mint_facilities/?action=SF_facilities\">Mint building at the top of Market Street\u003c/a>, are believed to have had Franciscan manzanita growing on serpentinite, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most such rocky formations now have buildings on top of them – this loss of habitat is what led the Franciscan to extinction in the early 1940s. Chassé is looking for patches of open space at least one acre in size where the rocks are still present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has identified and started to visit about 10 possible San Francisco locations in the Presidio, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mtdavidson.org/\">Mt. Davidson\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_Park\">McLaren Park\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Peaks_%28San_Francisco,_California%29\">Twin Peaks\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://starrkingopenspace.org/\">Starr King Openspace\u003c/a>. The sites are, for the most part, protected either by San Francisco Recreation and Parks or the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But open space alone isn’t enough to create a healthy population of Franciscan manzanitas, said Chassé.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you think about reintroducing a plant, you want the widest genetic diversity,” he said. “You don’t want to just plant individuals from one plant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When plants are able to cross-pollinate with plants that are of their same species but have a different genetic makeup, they’re more likely to produce seeds that will allow the plants to reproduce spontaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All 424 Franciscan plants grown by the botanical gardens come from the one found near Doyle Drive by Gluesenkamp, director of habitat protection and restoration for Audubon Canyon Ranch, in Marin County. This means that the plants are like genetically identical siblings of each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, though, suitable mates are available. These are plants that botanists saved in the 1930s before the Franciscan manzanita disappeared in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0552-Manzanitas-bark300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Manzanitas are recognizable by their reddish bark.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The last known location where Franciscan grew was San Francisco’s old Laurel Hill cemetery, where the city’s Laurel Heights neighborhood now stands. The land where San Francisco’s cemeteries operated became so valuable that in the 1930s the city passed an ordinance to prevent burials, with the intention of closing them down, said Chassé. By 1940, Laurel Hill cemetery had been bulldozed and the last of the wild Franciscan was gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But botanists had collected samples and planted them in local botanical gardens like the Regional Parks Botanic Garden in Berkeley’s Tilden Park. Franciscan manzanitas were also planted at the San Francisco Botanical Garden, the University of California Botanical Garden in Berkeley and others, where they can be seen in their collections today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chassé said he doesn’t know how many Franciscan plants with different genetic makeups exist in these gardens. Genetic testing – which is complicated, expensive and time-consuming – hasn’t been conducted. So he is visiting botanical gardens, talking to curators like Mahoney and combing documents to try to figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are there 20, or two or three?” he said. “The records are unclear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0584-Manzanita-berries300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Manzanita berries are called bear berries because bears like them. People can eat them too. They’re sour.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Distinctive for their reddish bark and white and pink bell-shaped flowers, botanists consider manzanitas to be California’s iconic plant. Some 50 species are distributed throughout the state, each adapted to a particular ecosystem, from the coast to the High Sierra, said Mahoney. The Franciscan is one of two manzanita species that grew only in San Francisco, thriving in its foggy climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Spanish, manzanita means “little apple.” The plant’s tiny, apple-shaped fruit are edible, and Native-Americans used them as a staple in the winter and spring, said Mahoney. But as buildings spread across San Francisco’s landscape, the city’s two unique species of manzanitas were destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the difficulties of reestablishing a population of rare plants in the wild is illustrated by the story of the other manzanita found exclusively in San Francisco. The Raven’s manzanita, a low-lying shrub like the Franciscan, was also believed to have gone extinct in the wild until it was rediscovered in 1952, also in the Presidio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like the Franciscan, a single plant of Raven’s manzanita exists in the wild, in an undisclosed location in the Presidio. But unlike the Franciscan, no other specimens of Raven’s manzanita were salvaged. So it has been near impossible for botanists to get the plant to produce seed from which a plant will grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0085-The-Ravens-manzanita300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Raven’s manzanita faces a harder time than the Franciscan manzanita. Only one individual exists.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley has had some success, said curator Holly Forbes. It is the only botanical garden that has produced seeds from the Raven’s manzanita. But in order to get the seeds to actually germinate and grow into a plant, a volunteer at the garden had to try 32 different methods, said Forbes. (The two methods that worked involved either refrigerating them, or soaking the seeds in liquid smoke, an infusion produced from smoke passed through water.) The garden has since managed to get 15 Raven’s manzanitas to grow from seed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal was to get new genes that might give it an advantage for surviving in the wild,” said Forbes. Even though the seeds came from plants that are genetically identical to each other, some genetic recombination does happen during the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more genetic material to work with, botanists expect the Franciscan manzanita to have an easier time than its relative, and are excited at the prospect of trying to recreate part of San Francisco’s native landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I look at remaining natural habitats as the original skin of the Earth. And there’s very little of that left in San Francisco,” said Mahoney. “And to actually find one of the anchor and key plants that originally existed in San Francisco and to be able to save it meant a lot to anybody who works with plants and the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7659715 -122.4664658\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Fifteen months after a native plant thought to be extinct was rediscovered in San Francisco, local botanists have succeeded in growing it and are making plans to plant it out in the wild.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684974638,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":1656},"headData":{"title":"15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives | KQED","description":"Fifteen months after a native plant thought to be extinct was rediscovered in San Francisco, local botanists have succeeded in growing it and are making plans to plant it out in the wild.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives","datePublished":"2011-01-19T21:14:06.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:30:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/12737/15-months-later-rediscovered-san-francisco-plant-thrives","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-restoring-san-franciscos-lost-manzanita\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/ws204_manzanita300-2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Young plants of the Arctostaphylos franciscana, or Franciscan manzanita, once thought to be extinct in the wild.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In October 2009, a botanist on his way home from work spotted a low-lying, 18-foot-long shrub at a construction site near the Golden Gate Bridge. The plant, a Franciscan manzanita, was a miracle of survival – a species thought to have been extinct in the wild for almost 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant became visible after construction crews removed taller vegetation from a rocky outcropping just south of the toll plaza near Doyle Drive. Botanist Daniel Gluesenkamp’s rediscovery of one of the rarest plants in the world made headlines across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one thought to look in the middle of a center divider of a freeway. But there it was,” said Don Mahoney, curator at the San Francisco Botanical Garden. “I doubt if there’s another one ever going to be found.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cameras and public attention have long since gone away. But 15 months later, biologists and gardeners have been quietly and painstakingly working from the single surviving wild specimen to reestablish a population of the species that a century ago was found cascading down rocky outcroppings in San Francisco’s hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’ve already started to see significant success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Doyle Drive Franciscan manzanita, as the plant uncovered in 2009 is referred to, was moved about a mile away from the construction site, to an undisclosed location in the Presidio, to protect it from thieves and curious onlookers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0589-Don-Mahoney-holds300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Don Mahoney holds one of the nearly 170 Franciscan manzanitas that the San Francisco Botanical Garden has grown from the one found in 2009.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>During the move, some branches were trimmed off so it would fit on a crane, said Mahoney. The cuttings were divided among six institutions: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/\">San Francisco Botanical Garden\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/\">University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley\u003c/a>; \u003ca href=\"http://www.nativeplants.org/\">the Regional Parks Botanic Garden in Berkeley’s Tilden Park\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.ucsc.edu/\">Arboretum at the University of California, Santa Cruz\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/our-work/native-plant-nurseries/sites/presidio-nursery.html\">Presidio’s own native plants nursery\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.calfloranursery.com/\">Cal Flora\u003c/a>, a commercial nursery in Sonoma County specializing in manzanitas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together they have grown 424 plants genetically identical to the one found in the Doyle Drive construction site, said Betty Young, director of nurseries for the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy, who is coordinating the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close to 170 of these young plants live in pots in a sunny area of the San Francisco Botanical Garden’s nursery, and now have roots and tiny flower buds that will bloom in the spring. From the one have come many, and with them, hope for restoring some of the Bay Area’s original wild character.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each one is ready to be a 14-foot across plant,” said Mahoney, “if we can just find enough spots in San Francisco to plant them all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate goal is to establish populations of the Franciscan manzanita in the wild. To do so, experts must first find places where the plant is likely to thrive. The challenge is to find open spaces with the type of rocks where Franciscan manzanita likes to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/Franciscana-manzanita-cascades300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A Franciscan manzanita cascades over a bluff at San Francisco’s Laurel Hill cemetery in 1938. Courtesy of Alice Q. Howard.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The plant grew on serpentinite and green stone rock, which occur commonly in earthquake zones. San Francisco is crisscrossed by these rocks, said Michael Chassé, a geography graduate student at San Francisco State University and a natural resources management specialist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a>, who is writing his thesis on the Franciscan manzanita. Places like the former \u003ca href=\"http://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/mint_facilities/?action=SF_facilities\">Mint building at the top of Market Street\u003c/a>, are believed to have had Franciscan manzanita growing on serpentinite, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most such rocky formations now have buildings on top of them – this loss of habitat is what led the Franciscan to extinction in the early 1940s. Chassé is looking for patches of open space at least one acre in size where the rocks are still present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has identified and started to visit about 10 possible San Francisco locations in the Presidio, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mtdavidson.org/\">Mt. Davidson\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_Park\">McLaren Park\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Peaks_%28San_Francisco,_California%29\">Twin Peaks\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://starrkingopenspace.org/\">Starr King Openspace\u003c/a>. The sites are, for the most part, protected either by San Francisco Recreation and Parks or the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But open space alone isn’t enough to create a healthy population of Franciscan manzanitas, said Chassé.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you think about reintroducing a plant, you want the widest genetic diversity,” he said. “You don’t want to just plant individuals from one plant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When plants are able to cross-pollinate with plants that are of their same species but have a different genetic makeup, they’re more likely to produce seeds that will allow the plants to reproduce spontaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All 424 Franciscan plants grown by the botanical gardens come from the one found near Doyle Drive by Gluesenkamp, director of habitat protection and restoration for Audubon Canyon Ranch, in Marin County. This means that the plants are like genetically identical siblings of each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, though, suitable mates are available. These are plants that botanists saved in the 1930s before the Franciscan manzanita disappeared in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0552-Manzanitas-bark300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Manzanitas are recognizable by their reddish bark.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The last known location where Franciscan grew was San Francisco’s old Laurel Hill cemetery, where the city’s Laurel Heights neighborhood now stands. The land where San Francisco’s cemeteries operated became so valuable that in the 1930s the city passed an ordinance to prevent burials, with the intention of closing them down, said Chassé. By 1940, Laurel Hill cemetery had been bulldozed and the last of the wild Franciscan was gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But botanists had collected samples and planted them in local botanical gardens like the Regional Parks Botanic Garden in Berkeley’s Tilden Park. Franciscan manzanitas were also planted at the San Francisco Botanical Garden, the University of California Botanical Garden in Berkeley and others, where they can be seen in their collections today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chassé said he doesn’t know how many Franciscan plants with different genetic makeups exist in these gardens. Genetic testing – which is complicated, expensive and time-consuming – hasn’t been conducted. So he is visiting botanical gardens, talking to curators like Mahoney and combing documents to try to figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are there 20, or two or three?” he said. “The records are unclear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0584-Manzanita-berries300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Manzanita berries are called bear berries because bears like them. People can eat them too. They’re sour.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Distinctive for their reddish bark and white and pink bell-shaped flowers, botanists consider manzanitas to be California’s iconic plant. Some 50 species are distributed throughout the state, each adapted to a particular ecosystem, from the coast to the High Sierra, said Mahoney. The Franciscan is one of two manzanita species that grew only in San Francisco, thriving in its foggy climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Spanish, manzanita means “little apple.” The plant’s tiny, apple-shaped fruit are edible, and Native-Americans used them as a staple in the winter and spring, said Mahoney. But as buildings spread across San Francisco’s landscape, the city’s two unique species of manzanitas were destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the difficulties of reestablishing a population of rare plants in the wild is illustrated by the story of the other manzanita found exclusively in San Francisco. The Raven’s manzanita, a low-lying shrub like the Franciscan, was also believed to have gone extinct in the wild until it was rediscovered in 1952, also in the Presidio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like the Franciscan, a single plant of Raven’s manzanita exists in the wild, in an undisclosed location in the Presidio. But unlike the Franciscan, no other specimens of Raven’s manzanita were salvaged. So it has been near impossible for botanists to get the plant to produce seed from which a plant will grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0085-The-Ravens-manzanita300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Raven’s manzanita faces a harder time than the Franciscan manzanita. Only one individual exists.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley has had some success, said curator Holly Forbes. It is the only botanical garden that has produced seeds from the Raven’s manzanita. But in order to get the seeds to actually germinate and grow into a plant, a volunteer at the garden had to try 32 different methods, said Forbes. (The two methods that worked involved either refrigerating them, or soaking the seeds in liquid smoke, an infusion produced from smoke passed through water.) The garden has since managed to get 15 Raven’s manzanitas to grow from seed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal was to get new genes that might give it an advantage for surviving in the wild,” said Forbes. Even though the seeds came from plants that are genetically identical to each other, some genetic recombination does happen during the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more genetic material to work with, botanists expect the Franciscan manzanita to have an easier time than its relative, and are excited at the prospect of trying to recreate part of San Francisco’s native landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I look at remaining natural habitats as the original skin of the Earth. And there’s very little of that left in San Francisco,” said Mahoney. “And to actually find one of the anchor and key plants that originally existed in San Francisco and to be able to save it meant a lot to anybody who works with plants and the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7659715 -122.4664658\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/12737/15-months-later-rediscovered-san-francisco-plant-thrives","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_203","quest_326","quest_1048","quest_1137","quest_1489","quest_3351","quest_1585","quest_1728","quest_1938","quest_2141","quest_2220","quest_2287","quest_2349","quest_2375","quest_2488","quest_2540"],"featImg":"quest_11646","label":"quest"},"quest_11285":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_11285","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"11285","score":null,"sort":[1292868989000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mistletoe-friend-or-foe","title":"Mistletoe: Friend or Foe?","publishDate":1292868989,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/mistletoe1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Mistletoe grows on the branch of an oak tree in Briones Regional Park. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/mistletoe1.jpg\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you been hanging out under the mistletoe at holiday parties, hoping for a kiss? Well, that mistletoe is more than a Christmas kissing custom. It’s a parasite that can harm trees—and a potential treatment for cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hastingsreserve.org/OakStory/Mistletoe2.html\">Mistletoe\u003c/a> lives on the branches of trees, and is a hemi-parasite; it produces some of its own food (it has green, photosynthetic leaves), but it gets nutrients and water from its host plant (its roots tap into the host plant, rather than the soil). If the mistletoe grows big enough, they can do some damage. Large mistletoe plants can weigh down tree branches and make them more likely to break off during a storm. If there are many mistletoe plants in a single tree, they can stunt the tree’s growth, make it more susceptible to disease, and even kill it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several species of mistletoe living in California. Pacific mistletoe, \u003cem>Phoradendron villosum\u003c/em>, lives in the western US, and is a parasite on oak trees. European mistletoe, \u003cem>Viscum album\u003c/em>, parasitizes a wide range of species, including apple trees and maples. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mistletoe is spread from tree to tree by birds. They eat the white berries and spread the sticky seeds with their beaks or in their excrement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite its parasitic tendencies, mistletoe has long been thought to have healing powers. In Greek legends and druid folklore, mistletoe was used to treat disease. And since the 1920s, scientists have been investigating mistletoe extract as potential cancer drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several laboratory studies have shown that mistletoe extract can kill cancer cells—though other studies have shown that the extract has no effect. It seems that mistletoe growing on different types of trees (like apple, pine, oak, or elm) may have different medicinal properties. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mistletoe extract seems to boost the immune system, by increasing the production and activity of white blood cells. (Don’t try this at home—mistletoe can be poisonous.) Several clinical trials, mostly in Europe, have tested mistletoe extract as a form of adjuvant therapy—a treatment that is given to cancer patients after their primary treatment, to decrease the risk that cancer will return. Patients were treated with mistletoe extract (injected under the skin), along with radiation and chemotherapy. Patience who received the mistletoe extract fared better than their counterparts who did not receive it. Additional studies are underway: check out the National Cancer Institute’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/mistletoe/patient/28.cdr#top\">Questions and Answers About Mistletoe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you’re standing awkwardly under the mistletoe at your next cocktail party, you can wait quietly for that special someone, or you can strike up a conversation about mistletoe’s medicinal properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Related posts:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/briones-regional-park-exploration\">Briones Regional Park Exploration\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Have you been hanging out under the mistletoe at holiday parties, hoping for a kiss? Well, that mistletoe is more than a Christmas kissing custom. It’s a parasite that can harm trees—and a potential treatment for cancer.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1292868989,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":471},"headData":{"title":"Mistletoe: Friend or Foe? | KQED","description":"Have you been hanging out under the mistletoe at holiday parties, hoping for a kiss? Well, that mistletoe is more than a Christmas kissing custom. It’s a parasite that can harm trees—and a potential treatment for cancer.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Mistletoe: Friend or Foe?","datePublished":"2010-12-20T18:16:29.000Z","dateModified":"2010-12-20T18:16:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"11285 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=11285","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/20/mistletoe-friend-or-foe/","disqusTitle":"Mistletoe: Friend or Foe?","path":"/quest/11285/mistletoe-friend-or-foe","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/mistletoe1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Mistletoe grows on the branch of an oak tree in Briones Regional Park. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/mistletoe1.jpg\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you been hanging out under the mistletoe at holiday parties, hoping for a kiss? Well, that mistletoe is more than a Christmas kissing custom. It’s a parasite that can harm trees—and a potential treatment for cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hastingsreserve.org/OakStory/Mistletoe2.html\">Mistletoe\u003c/a> lives on the branches of trees, and is a hemi-parasite; it produces some of its own food (it has green, photosynthetic leaves), but it gets nutrients and water from its host plant (its roots tap into the host plant, rather than the soil). If the mistletoe grows big enough, they can do some damage. Large mistletoe plants can weigh down tree branches and make them more likely to break off during a storm. If there are many mistletoe plants in a single tree, they can stunt the tree’s growth, make it more susceptible to disease, and even kill it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several species of mistletoe living in California. Pacific mistletoe, \u003cem>Phoradendron villosum\u003c/em>, lives in the western US, and is a parasite on oak trees. European mistletoe, \u003cem>Viscum album\u003c/em>, parasitizes a wide range of species, including apple trees and maples. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mistletoe is spread from tree to tree by birds. They eat the white berries and spread the sticky seeds with their beaks or in their excrement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite its parasitic tendencies, mistletoe has long been thought to have healing powers. In Greek legends and druid folklore, mistletoe was used to treat disease. And since the 1920s, scientists have been investigating mistletoe extract as potential cancer drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several laboratory studies have shown that mistletoe extract can kill cancer cells—though other studies have shown that the extract has no effect. It seems that mistletoe growing on different types of trees (like apple, pine, oak, or elm) may have different medicinal properties. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mistletoe extract seems to boost the immune system, by increasing the production and activity of white blood cells. (Don’t try this at home—mistletoe can be poisonous.) Several clinical trials, mostly in Europe, have tested mistletoe extract as a form of adjuvant therapy—a treatment that is given to cancer patients after their primary treatment, to decrease the risk that cancer will return. Patients were treated with mistletoe extract (injected under the skin), along with radiation and chemotherapy. Patience who received the mistletoe extract fared better than their counterparts who did not receive it. Additional studies are underway: check out the National Cancer Institute’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/mistletoe/patient/28.cdr#top\">Questions and Answers About Mistletoe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you’re standing awkwardly under the mistletoe at your next cocktail party, you can wait quietly for that special someone, or you can strike up a conversation about mistletoe’s medicinal properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Related posts:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/briones-regional-park-exploration\">Briones Regional Park Exploration\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/11285/mistletoe-friend-or-foe","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_475","quest_1840","quest_2122","quest_2123","quest_2220","quest_2574","quest_2990","quest_2992","quest_2993"],"featImg":"quest_11287","label":"quest"},"quest_9998":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_9998","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"9998","score":null,"sort":[1288397430000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lichen-post","title":"Tiny Lichen Point to Bigger Pollution Problems in Yosemite","publishDate":1288397430,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Tiny Lichen Point to Bigger Pollution Problems in Yosemite | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lichens\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/lichen300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A tree branch covered in nitrogen-loving lichen. (Credit: Martin Hutton)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Air pollution may seem like an urban problem, but it’s becoming an increasing concern in California’s national parks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollution from cars and trucks blows into the Sierra Nevada mountains, where it can have a dramatic impact on the ecosystem. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/\">Yosemite National Park\u003c/a>, researchers are trying to gauge that impact by using an unexpected tool: a fungus called lichen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yosemite Valley is known for its granite landmarks: Half Dome, El Capitan and the sheer walls that surround the valley. But according to botanist Martin Hutton, the granite isn’t really visible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically what we’re looking at is lichens. We barely even see this rock. It’s all lichens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2010/11/2010-11-01-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lichens\">Lichen Point to Pollution\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The southern walls of Yosemite Valley are covered in black crust. Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/naturescience/lichen.htm\">Hutton repelled hundreds of feet down the cliffs\u003c/a> to survey the species living here. “All sorts of different colors. All sorts of different shapes. They’re really special. There are no trees up there. There’s no shade.” Hutton says there are more than 500 species of lichen in Yosemite and many grow where few other plants can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lichens Connected to the Air\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite looking tough, lichens are some of the most sensitive organisms in the ecosystem. Hutton uses a fallen tree branch to point out the species living there. “I see really deep saturated orange and that is Caloplaca. And there’s just this beautiful just deep saturated yellow and that is the yellow of the Candelaira.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yellow lichen, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eol.org/Xanthoria%20candelaria\">Candelaira\u003c/a>, is warning sign for Hutton. “If you were to go to place with very little air pollution, then you would not be seeing this many of these Candelaria species,” said Hutton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most plants get nutrients from the ground, lichens get much of what they need from the air. “They are basically directly connected to the atmosphere. They’re connected to all of it. They see all of it. It’s one of the reasons they’re so sensitive,” said Hutton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lichen are \u003ca href=\"http://www.mpm.edu/collections/pubs/botany/moss/\">sensitive to changes in the air\u003c/a>, especially from air pollution. That makes them an indicator of bigger ecosystem changes. Hutton and his team are taking lichen samples at 300 sites around the park and analyzing them to see what story they tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Measuring Pollution in the Ecosystem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further into a nearby pine forest, Hutton and his team have set up funnels that collect air pollution samples. But it’s clear something else has gotten there first. Hutton’s equipment is strewn across the ground, the victim of a curious black bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, basically a bear grabbed this funnel and plucked it off the stake. They just want to make sure that there’s no food associated with this plastic funnel,” said Hutton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is one of 12 sites where researchers are measuring a key ingredient of air pollution: nitrogen. Nitrogen oxides are produced by car and truck exhaust. In Yosemite, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/naturescience/airquality.htm\">nitrogen pollution\u003c/a> isn’t only from nearby cars. It also arrives from elsewhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all have experienced the westerly winds that happen that blow stuff essentially from over the ocean, across the Central Valley and up into the mountains,” said Lee Tarnay, Air Resource Specialist at Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air pollution from urban areas is \u003ca href=\"http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/sien/AirPollution.cfm\">blown into the Sierra Nevada mountains\u003c/a> by those westerly winds. And the problem is: nitrogen pollution is sticky. “That gas likes to stick to pine needles and just about anything else. And these trees act as a giant collector for the gases that stream through the air,” said Tarnay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it rains, the nitrogen pollution is washed off the pine needles and deposited on the ground. As any backyard gardener knows: nitrogen is a fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All plants need nitrogen to grow. And some plants need a lot of nitrogen and some need only very little. And so in Yosemite, we already had enough nitrogen to begin with,” said Hutton. Sierra Nevada forests are adapted to low levels of nitrogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Impact of Nitrogen Pollution in the Ecosystem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re worried that additional fertilizer in Yosemite could have effects that we might not anticipate. We think that the Yosemite is system as is it should be now. So we want to make sure that if there’s something harming or changing that balance, then we want to know that,” said Hutton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hutton says that balance is already under threat by invasive plants and many respond to higher nitrogen levels. Nitrogen can also encourage more ground plants to grow, a major concern in fire country. “If you increase the amount of nitrogen, you have plants that basically fill up the space in between these natural patches. And so that means that fires can spread a lot better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing car traffic in Yosemite could help cut air pollution. It will also depend on regional air districts across California, several of which, like the San Joaquin Valley, exceed federal air pollution limits. Hutton says he’s hopeful that research in Yosemite will help them identify pollution hotspots and manage the changes in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.756313 -119.59716\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Air pollution may seem like an urban problem, but it’s becoming an increasing concern in California’s national parks.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684974691,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":944},"headData":{"title":"Tiny Lichen Point to Bigger Pollution Problems in Yosemite | KQED","description":"Air pollution may seem like an urban problem, but it’s becoming an increasing concern in California’s national parks.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Tiny Lichen Point to Bigger Pollution Problems in Yosemite","datePublished":"2010-10-30T00:10:30.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:31:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/9998/lichen-post","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2010/11/2010-11-01-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lichens\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/lichen300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A tree branch covered in nitrogen-loving lichen. (Credit: Martin Hutton)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Air pollution may seem like an urban problem, but it’s becoming an increasing concern in California’s national parks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollution from cars and trucks blows into the Sierra Nevada mountains, where it can have a dramatic impact on the ecosystem. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/\">Yosemite National Park\u003c/a>, researchers are trying to gauge that impact by using an unexpected tool: a fungus called lichen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yosemite Valley is known for its granite landmarks: Half Dome, El Capitan and the sheer walls that surround the valley. But according to botanist Martin Hutton, the granite isn’t really visible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically what we’re looking at is lichens. We barely even see this rock. It’s all lichens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2010/11/2010-11-01-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lichens\">Lichen Point to Pollution\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The southern walls of Yosemite Valley are covered in black crust. Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/naturescience/lichen.htm\">Hutton repelled hundreds of feet down the cliffs\u003c/a> to survey the species living here. “All sorts of different colors. All sorts of different shapes. They’re really special. There are no trees up there. There’s no shade.” Hutton says there are more than 500 species of lichen in Yosemite and many grow where few other plants can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lichens Connected to the Air\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite looking tough, lichens are some of the most sensitive organisms in the ecosystem. Hutton uses a fallen tree branch to point out the species living there. “I see really deep saturated orange and that is Caloplaca. And there’s just this beautiful just deep saturated yellow and that is the yellow of the Candelaira.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yellow lichen, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eol.org/Xanthoria%20candelaria\">Candelaira\u003c/a>, is warning sign for Hutton. “If you were to go to place with very little air pollution, then you would not be seeing this many of these Candelaria species,” said Hutton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most plants get nutrients from the ground, lichens get much of what they need from the air. “They are basically directly connected to the atmosphere. They’re connected to all of it. They see all of it. It’s one of the reasons they’re so sensitive,” said Hutton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lichen are \u003ca href=\"http://www.mpm.edu/collections/pubs/botany/moss/\">sensitive to changes in the air\u003c/a>, especially from air pollution. That makes them an indicator of bigger ecosystem changes. Hutton and his team are taking lichen samples at 300 sites around the park and analyzing them to see what story they tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Measuring Pollution in the Ecosystem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further into a nearby pine forest, Hutton and his team have set up funnels that collect air pollution samples. But it’s clear something else has gotten there first. Hutton’s equipment is strewn across the ground, the victim of a curious black bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, basically a bear grabbed this funnel and plucked it off the stake. They just want to make sure that there’s no food associated with this plastic funnel,” said Hutton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is one of 12 sites where researchers are measuring a key ingredient of air pollution: nitrogen. Nitrogen oxides are produced by car and truck exhaust. In Yosemite, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/yose/naturescience/airquality.htm\">nitrogen pollution\u003c/a> isn’t only from nearby cars. It also arrives from elsewhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all have experienced the westerly winds that happen that blow stuff essentially from over the ocean, across the Central Valley and up into the mountains,” said Lee Tarnay, Air Resource Specialist at Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air pollution from urban areas is \u003ca href=\"http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/sien/AirPollution.cfm\">blown into the Sierra Nevada mountains\u003c/a> by those westerly winds. And the problem is: nitrogen pollution is sticky. “That gas likes to stick to pine needles and just about anything else. And these trees act as a giant collector for the gases that stream through the air,” said Tarnay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it rains, the nitrogen pollution is washed off the pine needles and deposited on the ground. As any backyard gardener knows: nitrogen is a fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All plants need nitrogen to grow. And some plants need a lot of nitrogen and some need only very little. And so in Yosemite, we already had enough nitrogen to begin with,” said Hutton. Sierra Nevada forests are adapted to low levels of nitrogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Impact of Nitrogen Pollution in the Ecosystem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re worried that additional fertilizer in Yosemite could have effects that we might not anticipate. We think that the Yosemite is system as is it should be now. So we want to make sure that if there’s something harming or changing that balance, then we want to know that,” said Hutton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hutton says that balance is already under threat by invasive plants and many respond to higher nitrogen levels. Nitrogen can also encourage more ground plants to grow, a major concern in fire country. “If you increase the amount of nitrogen, you have plants that basically fill up the space in between these natural patches. And so that means that fires can spread a lot better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reducing car traffic in Yosemite could help cut air pollution. It will also depend on regional air districts across California, several of which, like the San Joaquin Valley, exceed federal air pollution limits. Hutton says he’s hopeful that research in Yosemite will help them identify pollution hotspots and manage the changes in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.756313 -119.59716\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/9998/lichen-post","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_94","quest_13193","quest_369","quest_1155","quest_1654","quest_1931","quest_13203","quest_2220","quest_2669","quest_3201"],"featImg":"quest_10001","label":"quest"},"quest_7234":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_7234","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"7234","score":null,"sort":[1281978021000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"home-sweet-serpentine","title":"Home Sweet Serpentine","publishDate":1281978021,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/flower.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Tamalpais Manzanita, Mount Tamalpais State Park. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/randomtruth/4484842885/in/set-72157623633650549/\">randomtruth\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine, California’s state rock, is feeling some pressure—and not just because it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock\">metamorphic\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>rock! The California Legislature is considering a bill that would strip serpentine of its state rock status; geology blogger Brian Romans explained the details in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">this recent QUEST blog\u003c/a>. Basically, proponents of the bill say that because asbestos is made from serpentine rock, and asbestos causes cancer, serpentine should not be the state rock. Never mind that serpentine does not cause cancer. In fact, many organisms thrive on serpentine soils. And that is what today’s post is about—the unique plants and animals that call serpentine soil home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soil is a tough environment: the soil is coarse, so water runs right through it, making it very dry. It is often dark in color, so it heats up in the sun. And its chemical makeup is challenging to plant life, to say the least. The soil has high concentrations of heavy metals, like nickel, iron, and chromium, and low concentrations of nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. It is also really high in magnesium, which makes it hard for plants’ roots to take up those already-scarce nutrients. And it is low in calcium, which causes ion balance problems for plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With nutrients scarce, serpentine inhabitants tend to be small in stature—it’s hard to grow big without much food. And, with low water availability, serpentine plants are drought-tolerant. They often have tough little leaves, which don’t lose much water. Some examples are the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=563\">Tamalpais manzanita\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Arctostaphylos montana\u003c/em>), and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6992\">Leather Oak\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Quercus durata\u003c/em>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants on serpentine soils also have to deal with those heavy metals, which can interfere with metabolic processes. Some plants, like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7858\">Milkwort Jewelflower\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Strepthanus polygaloides\u003c/em>), have a really high tolerance for heavy metals. Milkwort Jelweflower is a nickel hyperaccumulator—it can take up lots of nickel from the soil, with no ill effects. In fact, some serpentine plants are used in bioremediation; people plant them in contaminated soil, where they pull the heavy metals out of the ground and sequester them in their tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soils are home to many endemic species—species that live in a particular habitat type, and nowhere else. Sometimes plants or animals are limited to one habitat because they can’t survive the physical conditions of other habitat types. But in the case of serpentine endemics, many can live in other habitats’ nutrient-rich soils, but are total weaklings when it comes to competition with other plants. They can’t live in other habitats simply because they are out-competed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soils are home to more than just plants—there are butterflies, too, like the beautiful \u003ca href=\"http://butterfly.ucdavis.edu/butterfly/Pontia/sisymbrii\">California White\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Pontia sisymbrii\u003c/em>). Some, like a rare variant of the Edith’s checkerspot butterfly, \u003ca href=\"http://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/euphydryas_editha_luestherae.htm\">\u003cem>Euphydryas editha luestherae\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, are serpentine endemics, because they lay their eggs exclusively on plants living on serpentine soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://geoblogs.stratigraphy.net/\">Geoblogosphere\u003c/a> is buzzing with commentary about California’s serpentine bill. If you feel passionate about keeping serpentine as the state rock, by all means write your state representative—but also visit some serpentine habitat! There are lots of places in the Bay Area where you can check out serpentine soils and their inhabitants. There are serpentine outcroppings on Mount Tamalpais, Mount Diablo (be sure to check out QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration\">Mount Diablo State Park Exploration\u003c/a>!), and in the Berkeley and \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/08/20/the-crestmont-serpentine-patch/\">Oakland hills\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Serpentine soil is a tough environment, but some unique plants and animals call it home.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443832292,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":594},"headData":{"title":"Home Sweet Serpentine | KQED","description":"Serpentine soil is a tough environment, but some unique plants and animals call it home.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Home Sweet Serpentine","datePublished":"2010-08-16T17:00:21.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:31:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"7234 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=7234","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/16/home-sweet-serpentine/","disqusTitle":"Home Sweet Serpentine","path":"/quest/7234/home-sweet-serpentine","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/flower.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Tamalpais Manzanita, Mount Tamalpais State Park. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/randomtruth/4484842885/in/set-72157623633650549/\">randomtruth\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine, California’s state rock, is feeling some pressure—and not just because it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock\">metamorphic\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>rock! The California Legislature is considering a bill that would strip serpentine of its state rock status; geology blogger Brian Romans explained the details in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">this recent QUEST blog\u003c/a>. Basically, proponents of the bill say that because asbestos is made from serpentine rock, and asbestos causes cancer, serpentine should not be the state rock. Never mind that serpentine does not cause cancer. In fact, many organisms thrive on serpentine soils. And that is what today’s post is about—the unique plants and animals that call serpentine soil home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soil is a tough environment: the soil is coarse, so water runs right through it, making it very dry. It is often dark in color, so it heats up in the sun. And its chemical makeup is challenging to plant life, to say the least. The soil has high concentrations of heavy metals, like nickel, iron, and chromium, and low concentrations of nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. It is also really high in magnesium, which makes it hard for plants’ roots to take up those already-scarce nutrients. And it is low in calcium, which causes ion balance problems for plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With nutrients scarce, serpentine inhabitants tend to be small in stature—it’s hard to grow big without much food. And, with low water availability, serpentine plants are drought-tolerant. They often have tough little leaves, which don’t lose much water. Some examples are the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=563\">Tamalpais manzanita\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Arctostaphylos montana\u003c/em>), and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6992\">Leather Oak\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Quercus durata\u003c/em>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants on serpentine soils also have to deal with those heavy metals, which can interfere with metabolic processes. Some plants, like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7858\">Milkwort Jewelflower\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Strepthanus polygaloides\u003c/em>), have a really high tolerance for heavy metals. Milkwort Jelweflower is a nickel hyperaccumulator—it can take up lots of nickel from the soil, with no ill effects. In fact, some serpentine plants are used in bioremediation; people plant them in contaminated soil, where they pull the heavy metals out of the ground and sequester them in their tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soils are home to many endemic species—species that live in a particular habitat type, and nowhere else. Sometimes plants or animals are limited to one habitat because they can’t survive the physical conditions of other habitat types. But in the case of serpentine endemics, many can live in other habitats’ nutrient-rich soils, but are total weaklings when it comes to competition with other plants. They can’t live in other habitats simply because they are out-competed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soils are home to more than just plants—there are butterflies, too, like the beautiful \u003ca href=\"http://butterfly.ucdavis.edu/butterfly/Pontia/sisymbrii\">California White\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Pontia sisymbrii\u003c/em>). Some, like a rare variant of the Edith’s checkerspot butterfly, \u003ca href=\"http://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/euphydryas_editha_luestherae.htm\">\u003cem>Euphydryas editha luestherae\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, are serpentine endemics, because they lay their eggs exclusively on plants living on serpentine soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://geoblogs.stratigraphy.net/\">Geoblogosphere\u003c/a> is buzzing with commentary about California’s serpentine bill. If you feel passionate about keeping serpentine as the state rock, by all means write your state representative—but also visit some serpentine habitat! There are lots of places in the Bay Area where you can check out serpentine soils and their inhabitants. There are serpentine outcroppings on Mount Tamalpais, Mount Diablo (be sure to check out QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration\">Mount Diablo State Park Exploration\u003c/a>!), and in the Berkeley and \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/08/20/the-crestmont-serpentine-patch/\">Oakland hills\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/7234/home-sweet-serpentine","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_13193","quest_337","quest_417","quest_921","quest_982","quest_13198","quest_2220","quest_2447","quest_2589","quest_2590","quest_2692","quest_2782"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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