The Juno Mission: Interview With NASA Scientist Dr. Bill Cooke
Yo GAMMA GAMMA: Photo plates enable astronomers to peer back to the future
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Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even though NASA is no longer in the business of deploying manned-missions to outer space, they continue to explore the cosmos in ways that have never before been possible. Their next target is Earth's bigger, gassier neighbor: Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 5, 2011 the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/\">National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)\u003c/a> in conjunction with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swri.org/\">Southwest Research Institute\u003c/a> launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/juno/\">Juno mission\u003c/a>, which NASA says will, \"improve our understanding of the solar system’s beginnings by revealing the origin and evolution of Jupiter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a pretty big deal in the world of astrophysics. NASA scientists theorize they will be able to determine the origin of The Giant Planet, \"and thereby the solar system\" by measuring the amount of water and ammonia in Jupiter's atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Bolton, Juno's principal investigator from the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio explains the significance of the mission:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Jupiter is the Rosetta Stone of our solar system. It is by far the oldest planet, contains more material than all the other planets, asteroids and comets combined, and carries deep inside it the story of not only the solar system but of us. Juno is going there as our emissary -- to interpret what Jupiter has to say.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists will have to wait a few years to test their theories. Even though Juno is traveling at a relative speed of over 13,000 miles an hour, it is not scheduled to reach its final destination until July 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the ride to Jupiter is not exactly a clear path. Juno will face many obstacles - including large mentors - that can potentially derail the $1.1 billion project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thankfully, scientists can rely on old \"maps,\" or astro-photographic images of the night sky to plan a flight path that will steer the spacecraft away from debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Bill Cooke, head of NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office, says the astro-photographic plates housed at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pari.edu/\">Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI)\u003c/a> contributed directly to the success of the Juno mission;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juno, for example, in order for it to be successful they have to design it. And one of the things they have to design it for is to protect it from meteoroids out in space. Well we never measured meteoroids around Jupiter, because we don't go there very often, right? So we have to take what we've learned here at Earth to help us design that spacecraft to go to Jupiter and those negatives [at the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive] helped formulate the model we used to design that spacecraft to go to Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cooke is referring to a collection of nearly 150,000 old astro-photographic plates and film known as APDA, or the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive. The APDA collection is stored at PARI's secure facility in Western North Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cooke became aware of the collection a few years ago and has quickly become on of its biggest advocates:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The photo archive which contains a lot of the photographs that form the basis of modern meteor science are housed … at ADPA. They collected them from around the country, but those old photographs, that data, formed the basis for everything we know now in regards to meteors. So it's kind of like visiting a treasure trove of ancient data. The great hieroglyphic inscriptions out there in APDA.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27416\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/apda-juno-plate640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/apda-juno-plate640-300x167.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"apda-juno-plate640\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27416\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brendan Fallon of the American Meteor Society examines film in the APDA collection.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The connection between APDA and the Juno mission came full orbit during this year's annual NASA Fireball Workshop, which took place at PARI's Rosman, North Carolina campus. Attendees were able to watch the Juno launch and then walk into the archives to hold the original pieces of film that helped Juno's engineers develop a safe flight path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By relying on old astronomical plates and film - some of which date over 100 years old - today's astronomers can safely stand on the shoulders of their predecessors and reach for the stars, without fear of being knocked down by meteors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more info check out NASA's website for the JUNO mission:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>twitter: \u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/#!/NASAJuno\">@NASAJuno\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://missionjuno.swri.edu/\">http://missionjuno.swri.edu/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What's old, is new again. Dr. Bill Cooke, head of NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office, discusses how the historical astro-photographic plates at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI) contribute to the new Juno mission to Jupiter.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1321558908,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":761},"headData":{"title":"The Juno Mission: Interview With NASA Scientist Dr. Bill Cooke | KQED","description":"What's old, is new again. Dr. Bill Cooke, head of NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office, discusses how the historical astro-photographic plates at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI) contribute to the new Juno mission to Jupiter.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"27396 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=27396","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/the-juno-mission-interview-with-nasa-scientist-dr-bill-cooke/","disqusTitle":"The Juno Mission: Interview With NASA Scientist Dr. Bill Cooke","path":"/quest/27396/the-juno-mission-interview-with-nasa-scientist-dr-bill-cooke","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[jwvideo id=\"512c_nightsky_juno_extra\" poster_frame=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/apda-juno640.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/512c_nightsky_juno_extra_sat640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/512c_nightsky_juno_extra_sat640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"512c_nightsky_juno_extra_sat640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27423\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Juno spacecraft is shown in orbit above Jupiter's colorful clouds in this artist's rendering. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even though NASA is no longer in the business of deploying manned-missions to outer space, they continue to explore the cosmos in ways that have never before been possible. Their next target is Earth's bigger, gassier neighbor: Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 5, 2011 the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/\">National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)\u003c/a> in conjunction with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.swri.org/\">Southwest Research Institute\u003c/a> launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/juno/\">Juno mission\u003c/a>, which NASA says will, \"improve our understanding of the solar system’s beginnings by revealing the origin and evolution of Jupiter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a pretty big deal in the world of astrophysics. NASA scientists theorize they will be able to determine the origin of The Giant Planet, \"and thereby the solar system\" by measuring the amount of water and ammonia in Jupiter's atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Bolton, Juno's principal investigator from the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio explains the significance of the mission:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Jupiter is the Rosetta Stone of our solar system. It is by far the oldest planet, contains more material than all the other planets, asteroids and comets combined, and carries deep inside it the story of not only the solar system but of us. Juno is going there as our emissary -- to interpret what Jupiter has to say.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists will have to wait a few years to test their theories. Even though Juno is traveling at a relative speed of over 13,000 miles an hour, it is not scheduled to reach its final destination until July 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the ride to Jupiter is not exactly a clear path. Juno will face many obstacles - including large mentors - that can potentially derail the $1.1 billion project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thankfully, scientists can rely on old \"maps,\" or astro-photographic images of the night sky to plan a flight path that will steer the spacecraft away from debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Bill Cooke, head of NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office, says the astro-photographic plates housed at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pari.edu/\">Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI)\u003c/a> contributed directly to the success of the Juno mission;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juno, for example, in order for it to be successful they have to design it. And one of the things they have to design it for is to protect it from meteoroids out in space. Well we never measured meteoroids around Jupiter, because we don't go there very often, right? So we have to take what we've learned here at Earth to help us design that spacecraft to go to Jupiter and those negatives [at the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive] helped formulate the model we used to design that spacecraft to go to Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cooke is referring to a collection of nearly 150,000 old astro-photographic plates and film known as APDA, or the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive. The APDA collection is stored at PARI's secure facility in Western North Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cooke became aware of the collection a few years ago and has quickly become on of its biggest advocates:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The photo archive which contains a lot of the photographs that form the basis of modern meteor science are housed … at ADPA. They collected them from around the country, but those old photographs, that data, formed the basis for everything we know now in regards to meteors. So it's kind of like visiting a treasure trove of ancient data. The great hieroglyphic inscriptions out there in APDA.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27416\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/apda-juno-plate640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/apda-juno-plate640-300x167.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"apda-juno-plate640\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27416\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brendan Fallon of the American Meteor Society examines film in the APDA collection.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The connection between APDA and the Juno mission came full orbit during this year's annual NASA Fireball Workshop, which took place at PARI's Rosman, North Carolina campus. Attendees were able to watch the Juno launch and then walk into the archives to hold the original pieces of film that helped Juno's engineers develop a safe flight path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By relying on old astronomical plates and film - some of which date over 100 years old - today's astronomers can safely stand on the shoulders of their predecessors and reach for the stars, without fear of being knocked down by meteors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more info check out NASA's website for the JUNO mission:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>twitter: \u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/#!/NASAJuno\">@NASAJuno\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://missionjuno.swri.edu/\">http://missionjuno.swri.edu/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27396/the-juno-mission-interview-with-nasa-scientist-dr-bill-cooke","authors":["10296"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_10426","quest_13192","quest_10459","quest_3351","quest_1918","quest_10357","quest_2141","quest_10356","quest_2187","quest_2349","quest_3290","quest_10363"],"featImg":"quest_27403","label":"quest"},"quest_27142":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27142","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27142","score":null,"sort":[1320791562000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"yo-gamma-gamma-photo-plates-enable-astronomers-to-peer-back-to-the-future","title":"Yo GAMMA GAMMA: Photo plates enable astronomers to peer back to the future","publishDate":1320791562,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/gamma-blog640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gamma-blog640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27144\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Michael Catelaz at work on the GAMMA II imaging machine, at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI) in North Carolina.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. Michael Castelaz, the Science Director at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute, knows GAMMA II is a sleeping giant. He just needs a little help waking up the beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GAMMA II and its sister, GAMMA I, are legendary imaging machines that were used to create the 19-million strong Guide Star Catalogue for the \u003ca href=\"http://hubble.nasa.gov/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> (HST). Think of the Guide Star Catalogue as a souped-up GPS, enabling the Hubble to set its scope on stars thousands of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stsci.edu/hst/%20\">Space Telescope Science Institute at Johns Hopkins University\u003c/a> announced it was retiring the image-makers after nearly 20 years of service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news swept across the astronomy community and Castelaz and his colleagues at PARI jumped at the opportunity to bring the GAMMA machines to their Western North Carolina campus and reconfigure them for a new cataloging gig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s old, but it’s still state of the art. It’s incredible what was done in terms of designing these instruments and getting them going,” Michael Castelaz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why bring this beast to PARI? PARI houses a collection of old photographic plates known as the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive, or APDA. Those analog plates contain invaluable data of the night sky, but are not easy to share and use. Catelaz and ADPA director Thurburn Barker believe the re-commissioned GAMMA II can help convert those plates– some of which date back to the 1890s – into new digital maps for future astronomers. The maps will unlock data on thousands of unclassified stars known to exist in the APDA collection that can then be cataloged by their size, temperature and distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is the space capsule, Mercury. We want to turn it into the Starship Enterprise.”\u003cbr>\n-- Dr. Michael Castelaz, re: the GAMMA II imaging machine.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When PARI finally obtained the machines they were in pieces: three-tons of granite and lasers awaiting their next mission. The sheer mass of the machines was intended to absorb vibrations from the floor as well the Earth. In order to effectively serve the Hubble, GAMMA precisely mapped stars down to the exact micron. That’s a thousandth of a millimeter to you and me. Castelaz and his cohort eventually reassembled GAMMA II and got all the electronics up and running. However, do to the jerry-rigging and hand-written code used to reconfigure the original machine, they have not been able to recreate the imaging capacity … yet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As soon as PARI can get GAMMA humming, the APDA collection will no longer be a black hole. The meticulous work by generations of astronomers will be ushered into the 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> century, bringing analog data back to the future.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dr. Michael Castelaz, the Science Director at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute, knows GAMMA II is a sleeping giant. He just needs a little help waking up the beast.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1325108635,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":492},"headData":{"title":"Yo GAMMA GAMMA: Photo plates enable astronomers to peer back to the future | KQED","description":"Dr. Michael Castelaz, the Science Director at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute, knows GAMMA II is a sleeping giant. He just needs a little help waking up the beast.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"27142 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=27142","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/08/yo-gamma-gamma-photo-plates-enable-astronomers-to-peer-back-to-the-future/","disqusTitle":"Yo GAMMA GAMMA: Photo plates enable astronomers to peer back to the future","path":"/quest/27142/yo-gamma-gamma-photo-plates-enable-astronomers-to-peer-back-to-the-future","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/gamma-blog640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gamma-blog640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27144\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Michael Catelaz at work on the GAMMA II imaging machine, at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI) in North Carolina.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. Michael Castelaz, the Science Director at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute, knows GAMMA II is a sleeping giant. He just needs a little help waking up the beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GAMMA II and its sister, GAMMA I, are legendary imaging machines that were used to create the 19-million strong Guide Star Catalogue for the \u003ca href=\"http://hubble.nasa.gov/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a> (HST). Think of the Guide Star Catalogue as a souped-up GPS, enabling the Hubble to set its scope on stars thousands of miles away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stsci.edu/hst/%20\">Space Telescope Science Institute at Johns Hopkins University\u003c/a> announced it was retiring the image-makers after nearly 20 years of service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news swept across the astronomy community and Castelaz and his colleagues at PARI jumped at the opportunity to bring the GAMMA machines to their Western North Carolina campus and reconfigure them for a new cataloging gig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s old, but it’s still state of the art. It’s incredible what was done in terms of designing these instruments and getting them going,” Michael Castelaz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why bring this beast to PARI? PARI houses a collection of old photographic plates known as the Astronomical Photographic Data Archive, or APDA. Those analog plates contain invaluable data of the night sky, but are not easy to share and use. Catelaz and ADPA director Thurburn Barker believe the re-commissioned GAMMA II can help convert those plates– some of which date back to the 1890s – into new digital maps for future astronomers. The maps will unlock data on thousands of unclassified stars known to exist in the APDA collection that can then be cataloged by their size, temperature and distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is the space capsule, Mercury. We want to turn it into the Starship Enterprise.”\u003cbr>\n-- Dr. Michael Castelaz, re: the GAMMA II imaging machine.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When PARI finally obtained the machines they were in pieces: three-tons of granite and lasers awaiting their next mission. The sheer mass of the machines was intended to absorb vibrations from the floor as well the Earth. In order to effectively serve the Hubble, GAMMA precisely mapped stars down to the exact micron. That’s a thousandth of a millimeter to you and me. Castelaz and his cohort eventually reassembled GAMMA II and got all the electronics up and running. However, do to the jerry-rigging and hand-written code used to reconfigure the original machine, they have not been able to recreate the imaging capacity … yet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As soon as PARI can get GAMMA humming, the APDA collection will no longer be a black hole. The meticulous work by generations of astronomers will be ushered into the 21\u003csup>st\u003c/sup> century, bringing analog data back to the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27142/yo-gamma-gamma-photo-plates-enable-astronomers-to-peer-back-to-the-future","authors":["10296"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_10426","quest_13192","quest_10428","quest_1402","quest_1406","quest_3351","quest_10357","quest_2141","quest_10356","quest_10366","quest_2349","quest_3290","quest_10427","quest_10363"],"featImg":"quest_27144","label":"quest"},"quest_26308":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26308","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26308","score":null,"sort":[1320785975000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"looking-up-studying-comets-with-the-juno-mission","title":"\"Looking Up\" - studying comets with the JUNO mission","publishDate":1320785975,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/davidhuppert/\" title=\"David Huppert\" target=\"_blank\">David Huppert\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/north-carolina/\" title=\"QUEST Ohio\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST North Carolina\u003c/a> also contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbert Mehnert a Cline Scholar at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute spent his summer researching Comet Photometry and Morphology. Herbert was introduced to PARI by one of his college professors and jumped at the opportunity to work at the former NASA research institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People don't look up anymore,\" explains Herbert Mehnert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbert spent the summer of 2011 working at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute as a Cline Scholar student comet photometry and morphology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's partially because the exposure to space and astronomy is much less than it used to be, with government programs being cut and all. When you take someone out here to a dark sky sight and tell them you can see the milky way, they get excited.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Herbert was introduced to PARI by his college professor, Don Smith, who took them on a field trip to the remote research institute in Rosman, NC, Herbert was excited to know there was a community and research institute full of people interested in the same topics as him, particularly optical astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbert studies Comet Photometry and Morphology. Comet Photometry uses telescopes and cameras to measure the brightness of a comet, which provides scientists with information about its surface, craters, pits, valleys and mountains. The brightness of comets are more difficult to map than stars because the data involves using the nuclear condensation, surrounding cloud or coma and one or more tails extending outward from the comet. Comet Morphology studies the projected velocity and direction of a comet, based on its orbit, trail and size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's the difference between a comet and a meteorite? A comet is a structure composed of ice, dust, and elements such as ammonia, carbon dioxide and methane, that orbits around the sun. As it comes close to the sun, the nucleus begins to melt and turn into gas, forming a coma, or cloud. The radiation from the sun pushes this cloud away from the center of the comet, forming a dust tail. The most famous comet, comet Halley, travels around the sun every 76 years, and will reappear in the year 2062. Meteorites on the other hand are solid rock formations found in space. When meteorites enter the earth's atmosphere they heat up and turn into a fire, and appear as a shooting star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pari.edu/telescopes/OpticalTelescopes/our-sky-1/\">PARI Sky center\u003c/a> for more information and up-to-date celestial news. Also recommended are \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Comets\">NASA's page on comets\u003c/a> or the \u003ca href=\"http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/cometphot.html\">Comet Photometry\u003c/a> website. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Herbert Mehnert a Cline Scholar at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute spent his summer researching Comet Photometry and Morphology. Herbert was introduced to PARI by one of his college professors and jumped at the opportunity to work at the former NASA research institute. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443825602,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":425},"headData":{"title":"\"Looking Up\" - studying comets with the JUNO mission | KQED","description":"Herbert Mehnert a Cline Scholar at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute spent his summer researching Comet Photometry and Morphology. Herbert was introduced to PARI by one of his college professors and jumped at the opportunity to work at the former NASA research institute. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"26308 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=slideshows&p=26308","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/08/looking-up-studying-comets-with-the-juno-mission/","disqusTitle":"\"Looking Up\" - studying comets with the JUNO mission","path":"/quest/26308/looking-up-studying-comets-with-the-juno-mission","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/davidhuppert/\" title=\"David Huppert\" target=\"_blank\">David Huppert\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/north-carolina/\" title=\"QUEST Ohio\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST North Carolina\u003c/a> also contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbert Mehnert a Cline Scholar at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute spent his summer researching Comet Photometry and Morphology. Herbert was introduced to PARI by one of his college professors and jumped at the opportunity to work at the former NASA research institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People don't look up anymore,\" explains Herbert Mehnert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbert spent the summer of 2011 working at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute as a Cline Scholar student comet photometry and morphology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's partially because the exposure to space and astronomy is much less than it used to be, with government programs being cut and all. When you take someone out here to a dark sky sight and tell them you can see the milky way, they get excited.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Herbert was introduced to PARI by his college professor, Don Smith, who took them on a field trip to the remote research institute in Rosman, NC, Herbert was excited to know there was a community and research institute full of people interested in the same topics as him, particularly optical astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbert studies Comet Photometry and Morphology. Comet Photometry uses telescopes and cameras to measure the brightness of a comet, which provides scientists with information about its surface, craters, pits, valleys and mountains. The brightness of comets are more difficult to map than stars because the data involves using the nuclear condensation, surrounding cloud or coma and one or more tails extending outward from the comet. Comet Morphology studies the projected velocity and direction of a comet, based on its orbit, trail and size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's the difference between a comet and a meteorite? A comet is a structure composed of ice, dust, and elements such as ammonia, carbon dioxide and methane, that orbits around the sun. As it comes close to the sun, the nucleus begins to melt and turn into gas, forming a coma, or cloud. The radiation from the sun pushes this cloud away from the center of the comet, forming a dust tail. The most famous comet, comet Halley, travels around the sun every 76 years, and will reappear in the year 2062. Meteorites on the other hand are solid rock formations found in space. When meteorites enter the earth's atmosphere they heat up and turn into a fire, and appear as a shooting star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pari.edu/telescopes/OpticalTelescopes/our-sky-1/\">PARI Sky center\u003c/a> for more information and up-to-date celestial news. Also recommended are \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Comets\">NASA's page on comets\u003c/a> or the \u003ca href=\"http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/cometphot.html\">Comet Photometry\u003c/a> website. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26308/looking-up-studying-comets-with-the-juno-mission","authors":["10289","10296"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_5"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_658","quest_3351","quest_10365","quest_10357","quest_2141","quest_10364","quest_10366","quest_2349","quest_3290","quest_10427","quest_2658","quest_2891","quest_10363"],"featImg":"quest_26520","label":"quest"},"quest_26479":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26479","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26479","score":null,"sort":[1320778853000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-night-sky-past-and-present","title":"The Night Sky: Past and Present","publishDate":1320778853,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>[jwvideo id=\"512b_nightsky\" poster_frame=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/nightskymarquee.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nNowadays, all you need is a smartphone, an astronomy app and a clear night to identify the stars and planets that populate the night sky. The days of trying to impress your friends with names of random constellations are behind us. Today’s backyard \u003ca title=\"astronomer\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/amateur-astronomers/\" target=\"_blank\">amateur astronomer\u003c/a> relies more on signal strength than stellar smarts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs the question, how did they do that before cell phones? As the saying goes, behind every good digital astronomy app is an analog photographic plate. Beginning in the mid-19th century, astronomers began utilizing the \u003ca title=\"emulsion\" href=\"http://www.astrophotographer.com/photographer_progress.htm\" target=\"_blank\">art of photographic emulsion\u003c/a> to capture images of celestial objects. For the first time, astronomers were able to etch their discoveries onto thick glass plates ushering in a new era of data analysis that would help unlock the mysteries of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t take my word for it. If it’s \u003ca title=\"einstein\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/21/seeing-relativity-no-bungees-attached/\" target=\"_blank\">good enough for Einstein\u003c/a>, it’s good enough for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photographic plates helped scientists determine the size, distance and composition of celestial objects such as stars, comets, meteors and planets. \u003ca title=\"galileo\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/5115916/How-Galileo-brought-the-stars-down-to-Earth.html\" target=\"_blank\">Galileo Galilei \u003c/a>would be proud. By the early 1990s, the once highly esteemed “analog” plates had fallen out of favor for images captured by new, charged-coupled devices such as digital cameras. Many of the old plates were put on the shelf and stored in basements and barns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PARI to the rescue: \u003ca title=\"pari\" href=\"http://www.pari.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute\u003c/a> (PARI) is a non-profit astronomy, research and education facility located in western North Carolina. PARI scientists recognized the archival value in saving the old astro-photographic plates and created the \u003ca title=\"adpa\" href=\"http://www.pari.edu/library/apda\" target=\"_blank\">Astronomical Photographic Data Archive\u003c/a>, or ADPA, to be housed at PARI’s vast campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recently had the opportunity to visit PARI, poke around their archives and find out why it’s worth saving the old data. What I discovered was that these plates - which a lay-person like me can easily mistake for a dirty windshield {include pic here} – contain a lot data that’s not only historic, but vital to today’s research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During our visit we spoke with scientists from NASA (link to web extra) as well as the \u003ca title=\"esa\" href=\"http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=26\" target=\"_blank\">European Space Agency\u003c/a> who attribute the success of current and future space missions to data gleamed from APDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there is no expiration date on these invaluable snapshots of the night sky. The plate’s spectral images act as a time-stamp for what the night sky looked like before it was polluted with what one NASA scientists described as “space junk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists at PARI compared their collection to the \u003ca title=\"library\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria\" target=\"_blank\">Library of Alexandria\u003c/a>. Science Director Michael Castelaz told me, “If that library hadn’t been destroyed, the knowledge that could have been passed on from the philosophers and the Greeks from three millennia ago would just have benefited us greatly. So I think we’re in the same situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castelaz believes the hidden potential inscribed in the plates have yet to be fully realized. He and his PARI colleagues are stewards of history, preserving the pates for future generations and ensuring that the next Einstein has the resources to turn the world on its axis once again. After all, the proof is in the plates.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For more than 150 years, scientists have captured images of celestial objects scattered across the night sky. The Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute in North Carolina is attempting to save those historical records before they vanish into a black hole. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1326485867,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":570},"headData":{"title":"The Night Sky: Past and Present | KQED","description":"For more than 150 years, scientists have captured images of celestial objects scattered across the night sky. The Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute in North Carolina is attempting to save those historical records before they vanish into a black hole. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"26479 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=26479","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/08/the-night-sky-past-and-present/","disqusTitle":"The Night Sky: Past and Present","path":"/quest/26479/the-night-sky-past-and-present","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[jwvideo id=\"512b_nightsky\" poster_frame=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/nightskymarquee.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nNowadays, all you need is a smartphone, an astronomy app and a clear night to identify the stars and planets that populate the night sky. The days of trying to impress your friends with names of random constellations are behind us. Today’s backyard \u003ca title=\"astronomer\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/amateur-astronomers/\" target=\"_blank\">amateur astronomer\u003c/a> relies more on signal strength than stellar smarts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs the question, how did they do that before cell phones? As the saying goes, behind every good digital astronomy app is an analog photographic plate. Beginning in the mid-19th century, astronomers began utilizing the \u003ca title=\"emulsion\" href=\"http://www.astrophotographer.com/photographer_progress.htm\" target=\"_blank\">art of photographic emulsion\u003c/a> to capture images of celestial objects. For the first time, astronomers were able to etch their discoveries onto thick glass plates ushering in a new era of data analysis that would help unlock the mysteries of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t take my word for it. If it’s \u003ca title=\"einstein\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/21/seeing-relativity-no-bungees-attached/\" target=\"_blank\">good enough for Einstein\u003c/a>, it’s good enough for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photographic plates helped scientists determine the size, distance and composition of celestial objects such as stars, comets, meteors and planets. \u003ca title=\"galileo\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/5115916/How-Galileo-brought-the-stars-down-to-Earth.html\" target=\"_blank\">Galileo Galilei \u003c/a>would be proud. By the early 1990s, the once highly esteemed “analog” plates had fallen out of favor for images captured by new, charged-coupled devices such as digital cameras. Many of the old plates were put on the shelf and stored in basements and barns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PARI to the rescue: \u003ca title=\"pari\" href=\"http://www.pari.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute\u003c/a> (PARI) is a non-profit astronomy, research and education facility located in western North Carolina. PARI scientists recognized the archival value in saving the old astro-photographic plates and created the \u003ca title=\"adpa\" href=\"http://www.pari.edu/library/apda\" target=\"_blank\">Astronomical Photographic Data Archive\u003c/a>, or ADPA, to be housed at PARI’s vast campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recently had the opportunity to visit PARI, poke around their archives and find out why it’s worth saving the old data. What I discovered was that these plates - which a lay-person like me can easily mistake for a dirty windshield {include pic here} – contain a lot data that’s not only historic, but vital to today’s research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During our visit we spoke with scientists from NASA (link to web extra) as well as the \u003ca title=\"esa\" href=\"http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=26\" target=\"_blank\">European Space Agency\u003c/a> who attribute the success of current and future space missions to data gleamed from APDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there is no expiration date on these invaluable snapshots of the night sky. The plate’s spectral images act as a time-stamp for what the night sky looked like before it was polluted with what one NASA scientists described as “space junk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists at PARI compared their collection to the \u003ca title=\"library\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria\" target=\"_blank\">Library of Alexandria\u003c/a>. Science Director Michael Castelaz told me, “If that library hadn’t been destroyed, the knowledge that could have been passed on from the philosophers and the Greeks from three millennia ago would just have benefited us greatly. So I think we’re in the same situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castelaz believes the hidden potential inscribed in the plates have yet to be fully realized. He and his PARI colleagues are stewards of history, preserving the pates for future generations and ensuring that the next Einstein has the resources to turn the world on its axis once again. After all, the proof is in the plates.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26479/the-night-sky-past-and-present","authors":["10296"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_10358","quest_10359","quest_243","quest_13192","quest_1374","quest_3351","quest_10298","quest_10357","quest_2141","quest_10356","quest_2349","quest_3290","quest_2532","quest_10360","quest_10363"],"featImg":"quest_26590","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ATC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0018_AmericanSuburb_iTunesTile_01.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/07/commonwealthclub.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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