Producer's Notes - Science on the SPOT: Lupe the Mammoth Comes to Life
Science on the SPOT: Lupe the Mammoth Comes to Life
New Fossils from the Caldecott Tunnel
Meet Our Newest Relative
Sponsored
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In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"jsojico":{"type":"authors","id":"10562","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10562","found":true},"name":"Jackie Sojico","firstName":"Jackie","lastName":"Sojico","slug":"jsojico","email":"jSojico@netad.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jackie Sojico is a reporter/producer for NET Radio in Lincoln, NE. She hails from Georgia and is a graduate of Oberlin College and the Salt Institute for Documentary Studies. She has contributed work to StoryCorps, NPR’s State of the Re:Union, and BackStory Radio. Besides producing radio, Jackie also teaches science youth radio and bakes pies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86e55b2c23e1cc67256baa8f5faf72c6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jackie Sojico | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86e55b2c23e1cc67256baa8f5faf72c6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86e55b2c23e1cc67256baa8f5faf72c6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jsojico"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_71324":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_71324","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"71324","score":null,"sort":[1410876026000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fossil-burrows-shed-light-on-great-plains-roots","title":"Fossil Burrows Shed Light on Great Plains' Roots","publishDate":1410876026,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/FossilBurrows.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71960 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth next to a modern pocket gopher skull.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth (left) next to a modern pocket gopher skull. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71983\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71983 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jesslyn Weiner leads a tour\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesslyn Weiner says the fossil burrows are now a regular part of her tours at Happy Jack Chalk Mine. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you drive through central Nebraska and go an hour north of Grand Island, you’ll find Happy Jack Chalk Mine just off Highway 11. It’s been an active chalk mine, an abandoned mine, a state-owned wayside park, and recently a privately owned tourist attraction. But the mine’s significance goes way back before its modern history -- five million years back. In fact, these mines contain a curious collection of clues that are helping scientists learn more about the last great period of climate change, a time of global cooling and drying that occurred right before the most recent Ice Age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesslyn Weiner has been a tour guide at the mine for five years. She enters the mine through a shack at the foot of the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do have lights in here, but this first one’s burned out and it’s not one we can fix. And these are the burrows,” Weiner points to a dark gray balloon-shaped rock embedded in the stark white rock of the mine’s wall. There's another one less than a foot away. Weiner points out another one, “And this is just one of the burrows, but it looks like a rabbit. Can you see its ears?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71958 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A cross-section of one of the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross-section of one of the fossil burrows showing a shaft rodents may have used as an entrance. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The burrows are all over the ceiling and walls in the 6,000-square-foot mine. It wasn’t until recently that they became a regular part of the tour. In 2002, the mine’s owners invited University of Nebraska-Lincoln geologist Matt Joeckel to visit and give tour guides some background on the mine’s geology. Joeckel expected to talk about the chalky rock that makes up the mine, called diatomite, but he got a surprise when he walked in: “The minute we walked into the mine we recognized the features on the wall as being fossil burrows. We picked them out right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71959\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71959 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-sections showing chambers in the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Digging in\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>According to Joeckel, rodents dug the long, nearly vertical tunnels and large chambers into the soft rock in the mine about five million years ago. Some time later sand washed in and filled in the burrows, helping to preserve them as fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2002, Joeckel and his colleague Shane Tucker, a paleontologist for the University of Nebraska Museum, have mapped out the locations of all the burrows in the mine, which wasn’t easy. Parts of the mine are cramped and narrow, and Joeckel is a little claustrophobic. Tucker remembers when they had to start photographing the ceiling. “So we brought one of the museum carts and Matt lay down on his back. He had the light and was looking up,” Tucker said. “And I would push him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel interrupted, “It sounds like that would be great fun, for me, lying on my back on this little four-wheeled cart. But it wasn’t. It was more like a medieval torture chamber.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel and Tucker have been meticulously mapping out the burrows because these burrows are one of the few ancient burrows that have been preserved in the world. Burrows are hard to preserve as fossils because they’re often made in soft soil that erodes easily. In this case, Joeckel and Tucker got lucky that the burrows were made in harder rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Looking for the burrowmakers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71970\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71970 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Fossil squirrel tooth and fossil gopher tooth\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker compares a pair of teeth found among the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71967 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A handful of fossils\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and Joeckel have only found a handful of body fossils from the burrows so far. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burrowing is a very common rodent behavior now, but it wasn’t always. The first thing Tucker and Joeckel wanted to do was try and figure out what kind of animal made these burrows. They sifted through 500 pounds of sediment from the mine looking for body fossils. What they found fits into the palm of one hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Out of the 20-some different body fossils we got from there, six teeth were well preserved. So…not great,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Tucker added, the burrows themselves are just as important as body fossils to identify what made them. Tucker and Joeckel made a silicone mold of one burrow to create a plaster replica they could study back at UNL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an exact carbon copy of what we saw at the diatomite mine. And in some portions of the wall you could see the striations, these paired grooves, much more easily,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those grooves are evidence of ancient rodents using their top teeth to anchor into the rock and gnawing with their lower teeth to dig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71964\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71964 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers that he and Matt Joeckel are using to study the burrows more closely. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those grooves and the burrow’s general shape suggest that a kind of ground squirrel, like modern prairie dogs, built the burrows. Joeckel says these rodents may have started spending more time underground in response to the disappearance of ancient forests and the formation of open grasslands like the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why would they do that? Well, open grasslands are a somewhat harsh environment. There could be prairie fires. There could be extremes in temperature. So we’re seeing a snapshot of the emergence of the modern grassland environment, which is no small thing,” Joeckel explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71971 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Striations in the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These striations are teeth marks that are helping Joeckel and Tucker identify the burrows' origins. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The beginning of the Great Plains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the late Oligocene, around the time when huge portions of the earth began to dry, forests gave way to open land. Grasses started growing on those open areas in the late Miocene. Scientists know rodents started burrowing around this time, but because burrows are hard to fossilize they haven’t had any direct evidence -- until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burrows at Happy Jack show that complex burrowing behavior that included tunnels and hibernation dens had already evolved in some rodents by the late Miocene. The burrows are also giving us details like what specific kinds of plants made up the first grasslands and how much seasons developed as the climate changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel says it’s hard to find rocks from that specific time period in Nebraska, so these burrows can help fill in those gaps. But there’s a lot more they’d like to know. Joeckel compares it to having a big picture versus a closeup. “We’re looking through a glass darkly at an emerging world. There are a lot of things we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71973\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71973 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Overlooking the Loup River\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Happy Jack Chalk Mine sits under a hill that overlooks the Loup River in Central Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For instance, Joeckel and Tucker want to know how seeds of specific plants responded to the cooling and drying period right before the Ice Age, and they want to know more about how these rodent burrows may have shaped the Great Plains ecosystem as we know it today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As is usually the case with these kinds of geological studies, it probably raises more questions than it answers. I personally find that comforting,” Joeckel said. “I don’t think I want to know everything. I think I want to be in the business of always trying to come up with interesting ways of approaching an understanding of the history of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Great Plains didn't evolve in a vacuum. Ancient rodents helped shape the ecosystem we know today. Fossil burrows are helping scientists figure out how.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442639127,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1376},"headData":{"title":"Fossil Burrows Shed Light on Great Plains' Roots | KQED","description":"The Great Plains didn't evolve in a vacuum. Ancient rodents helped shape the ecosystem we know today. Fossil burrows are helping scientists figure out how.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"71324 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=71324","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/09/16/fossil-burrows-shed-light-on-great-plains-roots/","disqusTitle":"Fossil Burrows Shed Light on Great Plains' Roots","path":"/quest/71324/fossil-burrows-shed-light-on-great-plains-roots","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/FossilBurrows.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/FossilBurrows.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71960 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth next to a modern pocket gopher skull.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth (left) next to a modern pocket gopher skull. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71983\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71983 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jesslyn Weiner leads a tour\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesslyn Weiner says the fossil burrows are now a regular part of her tours at Happy Jack Chalk Mine. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you drive through central Nebraska and go an hour north of Grand Island, you’ll find Happy Jack Chalk Mine just off Highway 11. It’s been an active chalk mine, an abandoned mine, a state-owned wayside park, and recently a privately owned tourist attraction. But the mine’s significance goes way back before its modern history -- five million years back. In fact, these mines contain a curious collection of clues that are helping scientists learn more about the last great period of climate change, a time of global cooling and drying that occurred right before the most recent Ice Age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesslyn Weiner has been a tour guide at the mine for five years. She enters the mine through a shack at the foot of the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do have lights in here, but this first one’s burned out and it’s not one we can fix. And these are the burrows,” Weiner points to a dark gray balloon-shaped rock embedded in the stark white rock of the mine’s wall. There's another one less than a foot away. Weiner points out another one, “And this is just one of the burrows, but it looks like a rabbit. Can you see its ears?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71958 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A cross-section of one of the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross-section of one of the fossil burrows showing a shaft rodents may have used as an entrance. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The burrows are all over the ceiling and walls in the 6,000-square-foot mine. It wasn’t until recently that they became a regular part of the tour. In 2002, the mine’s owners invited University of Nebraska-Lincoln geologist Matt Joeckel to visit and give tour guides some background on the mine’s geology. Joeckel expected to talk about the chalky rock that makes up the mine, called diatomite, but he got a surprise when he walked in: “The minute we walked into the mine we recognized the features on the wall as being fossil burrows. We picked them out right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71959\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71959 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-sections showing chambers in the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Digging in\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>According to Joeckel, rodents dug the long, nearly vertical tunnels and large chambers into the soft rock in the mine about five million years ago. Some time later sand washed in and filled in the burrows, helping to preserve them as fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2002, Joeckel and his colleague Shane Tucker, a paleontologist for the University of Nebraska Museum, have mapped out the locations of all the burrows in the mine, which wasn’t easy. Parts of the mine are cramped and narrow, and Joeckel is a little claustrophobic. Tucker remembers when they had to start photographing the ceiling. “So we brought one of the museum carts and Matt lay down on his back. He had the light and was looking up,” Tucker said. “And I would push him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel interrupted, “It sounds like that would be great fun, for me, lying on my back on this little four-wheeled cart. But it wasn’t. It was more like a medieval torture chamber.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel and Tucker have been meticulously mapping out the burrows because these burrows are one of the few ancient burrows that have been preserved in the world. Burrows are hard to preserve as fossils because they’re often made in soft soil that erodes easily. In this case, Joeckel and Tucker got lucky that the burrows were made in harder rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Looking for the burrowmakers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71970\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71970 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Fossil squirrel tooth and fossil gopher tooth\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker compares a pair of teeth found among the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71967 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A handful of fossils\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and Joeckel have only found a handful of body fossils from the burrows so far. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burrowing is a very common rodent behavior now, but it wasn’t always. The first thing Tucker and Joeckel wanted to do was try and figure out what kind of animal made these burrows. They sifted through 500 pounds of sediment from the mine looking for body fossils. What they found fits into the palm of one hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Out of the 20-some different body fossils we got from there, six teeth were well preserved. So…not great,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Tucker added, the burrows themselves are just as important as body fossils to identify what made them. Tucker and Joeckel made a silicone mold of one burrow to create a plaster replica they could study back at UNL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an exact carbon copy of what we saw at the diatomite mine. And in some portions of the wall you could see the striations, these paired grooves, much more easily,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those grooves are evidence of ancient rodents using their top teeth to anchor into the rock and gnawing with their lower teeth to dig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71964\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71964 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers that he and Matt Joeckel are using to study the burrows more closely. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those grooves and the burrow’s general shape suggest that a kind of ground squirrel, like modern prairie dogs, built the burrows. Joeckel says these rodents may have started spending more time underground in response to the disappearance of ancient forests and the formation of open grasslands like the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why would they do that? Well, open grasslands are a somewhat harsh environment. There could be prairie fires. There could be extremes in temperature. So we’re seeing a snapshot of the emergence of the modern grassland environment, which is no small thing,” Joeckel explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71971 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Striations in the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These striations are teeth marks that are helping Joeckel and Tucker identify the burrows' origins. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The beginning of the Great Plains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the late Oligocene, around the time when huge portions of the earth began to dry, forests gave way to open land. Grasses started growing on those open areas in the late Miocene. Scientists know rodents started burrowing around this time, but because burrows are hard to fossilize they haven’t had any direct evidence -- until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burrows at Happy Jack show that complex burrowing behavior that included tunnels and hibernation dens had already evolved in some rodents by the late Miocene. The burrows are also giving us details like what specific kinds of plants made up the first grasslands and how much seasons developed as the climate changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel says it’s hard to find rocks from that specific time period in Nebraska, so these burrows can help fill in those gaps. But there’s a lot more they’d like to know. Joeckel compares it to having a big picture versus a closeup. “We’re looking through a glass darkly at an emerging world. There are a lot of things we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71973\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71973 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Overlooking the Loup River\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Happy Jack Chalk Mine sits under a hill that overlooks the Loup River in Central Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For instance, Joeckel and Tucker want to know how seeds of specific plants responded to the cooling and drying period right before the Ice Age, and they want to know more about how these rodent burrows may have shaped the Great Plains ecosystem as we know it today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As is usually the case with these kinds of geological studies, it probably raises more questions than it answers. I personally find that comforting,” Joeckel said. “I don’t think I want to know everything. I think I want to be in the business of always trying to come up with interesting ways of approaching an understanding of the history of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/71324/fossil-burrows-shed-light-on-great-plains-roots","authors":["10562"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_304","quest_12971","quest_921","quest_1032","quest_3405","quest_12269","quest_13200","quest_10353","quest_12973","quest_12559","quest_2115","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_12354","quest_12972","quest_12974"],"featImg":"quest_71960","label":"quest"},"quest_14839":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_14839","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"14839","score":null,"sort":[1306951237000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lupe-the-mammoth-comes-to-life","title":"Producer's Notes - Science on the SPOT: Lupe the Mammoth Comes to Life","publishDate":1306951237,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Producer’s Notes – Science on the SPOT: Lupe the Mammoth Comes to Life | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/Mammoth3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A replica of “Lupe the Mammoth”. The bones of this juvenile Columbian mammoth were found along the Guadalupe River.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been my first experience working with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdm.org\">Children’s Discovery Museum\u003c/a>, or any other museum, in developing an exhibit,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/about/profile.php?lastname=Maguire&firstname=Kaitlin+Clare\">Kaitlin Maguire\u003c/a>, graduate student at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/\">UC Museum of Paleontology\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s been working with the Children’s Discovery Museum (CDM), for the past two years as a consultant for their upcoming exhibit, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdm.org/mammoth/teaser.asp\">\u003cem>Mammoth Discovery!\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, that opens on Saturday, June 11th. The exhibit features a replica of the full skeleton of a juvenile Columbian mammoth, Lupe, named after the Guadalupe River \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mammoth/\">where she was found\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was brought in to provide the content about mammoths and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ice-age-bay-area2\">history of San Jose during the Ice Age\u003c/a>. And so my role has been providing information to the staff here so that they could create the exhibits. That includes little things like what was the vegetation like during the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene\">Pleistocene\u003c/a> to how old Lupe was, how big [she] was. And also helping with brainstorming to fabrication.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaitlin also led the staff on three trips to give them an idea of how a paleontologist works in the field.Two of the excursions spanned the coast from San Francisco to Santa Cruz, where they examined invertebrate fossils, such as shells, and also vertebrate fossils, such as whales and seals and sea lions. They also traveled to Del Puerto Canyon for their third field trip, where they studied terrestrial deposits, or land deposits, that contained fish and plant material. “On each of these field trips, I showed the staff the tools that I use: hammers, picks, notebooks. I also taught them the geology of the area, so they understood the rocks that they were looking at. And I taught them about the animals that they were looking at. In addition, I showed them the proper way to collect a fossil, proper way to document it. Basically everything from start to finish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s learned quite a lot from her experiences of working with CDM. “It’s been an incredible experience to understand how an exhibit is built from the brainstorming phase all the way through to fabrication, and the amount of thought to detail, the amount of testing that’s required. I will never go to a museum again and not think twice about the amount of work that went behind building that exhibit. I also have a really, a great appreciation for this museum in keeping everything accurate and unique and true to the story that this mammoth provides us and really staying true to the evidence that is provided by the mammoth and creating a wonderful experience for the children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch “Science on the SPOT: Lupe the Mammoth Comes to Life” on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/lupe-the-mammoth-comes-to-life\">QUEST\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=7,0,19,0\" classid=\"D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-\n<br /><a href=\" http:>QUEST on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED\u003c/a> Public Media.\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note: In the video, Kaitlin says Lupe is between 2-3 years old. To clarify, “She’s older than 2 or 3 years old but probably not older than 10. Paleontologists are not sure of her exact age but do know that she was a juvenile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.3272226 -121.8931137\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"UC Museum of Paleontology graduate student Kaitlin Maguire describes her behind-the-scenes experiences working to bring a mammoth exhibit to life at the Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684974147,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":538},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes - Science on the SPOT: Lupe the Mammoth Comes to Life | KQED","description":"UC Museum of Paleontology graduate student Kaitlin Maguire describes her behind-the-scenes experiences working to bring a mammoth exhibit to life at the Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/14839/lupe-the-mammoth-comes-to-life","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/Mammoth3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A replica of “Lupe the Mammoth”. The bones of this juvenile Columbian mammoth were found along the Guadalupe River.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has been my first experience working with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdm.org\">Children’s Discovery Museum\u003c/a>, or any other museum, in developing an exhibit,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/about/profile.php?lastname=Maguire&firstname=Kaitlin+Clare\">Kaitlin Maguire\u003c/a>, graduate student at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/\">UC Museum of Paleontology\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s been working with the Children’s Discovery Museum (CDM), for the past two years as a consultant for their upcoming exhibit, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdm.org/mammoth/teaser.asp\">\u003cem>Mammoth Discovery!\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, that opens on Saturday, June 11th. The exhibit features a replica of the full skeleton of a juvenile Columbian mammoth, Lupe, named after the Guadalupe River \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mammoth/\">where she was found\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was brought in to provide the content about mammoths and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ice-age-bay-area2\">history of San Jose during the Ice Age\u003c/a>. And so my role has been providing information to the staff here so that they could create the exhibits. That includes little things like what was the vegetation like during the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene\">Pleistocene\u003c/a> to how old Lupe was, how big [she] was. And also helping with brainstorming to fabrication.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaitlin also led the staff on three trips to give them an idea of how a paleontologist works in the field.Two of the excursions spanned the coast from San Francisco to Santa Cruz, where they examined invertebrate fossils, such as shells, and also vertebrate fossils, such as whales and seals and sea lions. They also traveled to Del Puerto Canyon for their third field trip, where they studied terrestrial deposits, or land deposits, that contained fish and plant material. “On each of these field trips, I showed the staff the tools that I use: hammers, picks, notebooks. I also taught them the geology of the area, so they understood the rocks that they were looking at. And I taught them about the animals that they were looking at. In addition, I showed them the proper way to collect a fossil, proper way to document it. Basically everything from start to finish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s learned quite a lot from her experiences of working with CDM. “It’s been an incredible experience to understand how an exhibit is built from the brainstorming phase all the way through to fabrication, and the amount of thought to detail, the amount of testing that’s required. I will never go to a museum again and not think twice about the amount of work that went behind building that exhibit. I also have a really, a great appreciation for this museum in keeping everything accurate and unique and true to the story that this mammoth provides us and really staying true to the evidence that is provided by the mammoth and creating a wonderful experience for the children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch “Science on the SPOT: Lupe the Mammoth Comes to Life” on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/lupe-the-mammoth-comes-to-life\">QUEST\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=7,0,19,0\" classid=\"D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-\n<br /><a href=\" http:>QUEST on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED\u003c/a> Public Media.\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note: In the video, Kaitlin says Lupe is between 2-3 years old. To clarify, “She’s older than 2 or 3 years old but probably not older than 10. Paleontologists are not sure of her exact age but do know that she was a juvenile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.3272226 -121.8931137\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/14839/lupe-the-mammoth-comes-to-life","authors":["2100"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_3509","quest_655","quest_3567","quest_1133","quest_3644","quest_1727","quest_2115","quest_2493","quest_3807","quest_3809"],"featImg":"quest_14845","label":"quest"},"quest_17569":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17569","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17569","score":null,"sort":[1306951200000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-on-the-spot-lupe-the-mammoth-comes-to-life","title":"Science on the SPOT: Lupe the Mammoth Comes to Life","publishDate":1306951200,"format":"video","headTitle":"Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3296,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In 2005, a partial skeleton of a juvenile mammoth was discovered along the Guadalupe River near downtown San Jose. A full-scale replica is now featured in a new exhibit at the Children's Discovery Museum in San Jose. Learn more with Kaitlin Maguire from the UC Museum of Paleontology about these majestic creatures that roamed the Bay Area during the Ice Age .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In 2005, a partial skeleton of a juvenile mammoth was discovered along the Guadalupe River near downtown San Jose. A full-scale replica is now featured in a new exhibit at the Children's Discovery Museum in San Jose. Learn more with Kaitlin Maguire from the UC Museum of Paleontology about these majestic creatures that roamed the Bay Area during the Ice Age.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1485562519,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":65},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: Lupe the Mammoth Comes to Life | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17569 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-lupe-the-mammoth-comes-to-life/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/01/science-on-the-spot-lupe-the-mammoth-comes-to-life/","disqusTitle":"Science on the SPOT: Lupe the Mammoth Comes to Life","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mB5uvlc4rNk","path":"/quest/17569/science-on-the-spot-lupe-the-mammoth-comes-to-life","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2005, a partial skeleton of a juvenile mammoth was discovered along the Guadalupe River near downtown San Jose. A full-scale replica is now featured in a new exhibit at the Children's Discovery Museum in San Jose. Learn more with Kaitlin Maguire from the UC Museum of Paleontology about these majestic creatures that roamed the Bay Area during the Ice Age .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17569/science-on-the-spot-lupe-the-mammoth-comes-to-life","authors":["2100"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3509","quest_9172","quest_1727","quest_2115","quest_13","quest_3021","quest_3320","quest_3807"],"featImg":"quest_236785","label":"quest_3296"},"quest_14820":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_14820","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"14820","score":null,"sort":[1306438622000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-fossils-from-the-caldecott-tunnel","title":"New Fossils from the Caldecott Tunnel","publishDate":1306438622,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecotthorsemolar3002.jpg\" alt=\"caldecot tunnel fossils\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>\"Paleo mitigation\" work during the dig of the new Caldecott Tunnel bore has yielded fresh insight into a familiar set of rocks thanks to fossils like this Miocene horse molar. All photos courtesy CalTrans and PaleoResource Consultants.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fourth bore for the Caldecott Tunnel, which connects Oakland and points west with Orinda and points east, is being dug day and night with the first drive-throughs slated for 2013. Part of the job is what Caltrans contracts call \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/paleo/index.htm\">paleontological mitigation\u003c/a>\": allowing fossil scientists to salvage resources—\"fossils and the deposits they are found in\"—that would otherwise be destroyed. A paleo mitigation agreement governs the Caldecott fourth bore project, and scientists shared some of the early results earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil hunting is tedious, exacting work, but there are those who love it. Kristin McCallister, a paleontologist for contractor \u003ca href=\"http://www.paleoresource.com/\">PaleoResource\u003c/a>, is shown here during early work at the job site, examining spoils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottKristinMcCallister2.jpg\" alt=\"paleontologist\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of fossils are microscopic and consist of plankton or pollen grains. But the big bones are sexy. Let's look at the pictures PaleoResource's Lanny Fisk showed at the \u003ca href=\"http://paleoresource.com/calpaleo.html\">CalPaleo 2011 meeting\u003c/a> in Rocklin, starting with the leg bone of a rhinoceros.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottrhinolegorinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott rhino\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are two vertebrae of a Miocene camel species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottcamelvertorinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott camel\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is the metatarsal bone of an ancient horse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecotthoresemetatarsorinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott horse\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally here's the upper jaw of an \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreodont\">oreodont\u003c/a>, an extinct browsing mammal the size of a sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottoreodontjaworinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott oreodont\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these (plus bird, pronghorn and wolverine bones) were salvaged from rocks of the Orinda Formation that are about 11 million years old, a time late in the Miocene Epoch. The researchers also found hundreds of plant fossils for the first time in these rocks, including this laurel leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottlaurelorinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott laurel\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Orinda Formation makes up the eastern end of the bore. In the middle is the \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/04/06/claremont-chert-close-up/\">Claremont Formation\u003c/a>, a cherty unit that holds up the highest part of the Berkeley Hills. This 1-inch clam is from the Claremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottclamclaremont2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott clam\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously this shows a change from a land to a sea environment as we go back in time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the west end of the bore is the still older Sobrante Formation. Fisk told the CalPaleo audience that this unit has yielded a large fish fossil fauna as well as some leaves and marine invertebrates (clams, crabs and plankton). He was particularly excited about the fish, which somewhat resemble cool-water fish of this age from northwestern Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One handicap that Fisk mentioned was difficulty getting into the tunnel, where paleontologists can watch the rock face and stop operations long enough to examine and salvage the best fossils. Working the spoils pile isn't good for getting exact locations and geological context for fossils. But the bore will be carried out in two passes, and maybe we can get another look at this unique dig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.858 -122.214\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Paleontologists have shown new fossils from beneath the Berkeley Hills, where the Caldecott Tunnel is being expanded with a fourth bore.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1311134952,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":476},"headData":{"title":"New Fossils from the Caldecott Tunnel | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"14820 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=14820","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/26/new-fossils-from-the-caldecott-tunnel/","disqusTitle":"New Fossils from the Caldecott Tunnel","path":"/quest/14820/new-fossils-from-the-caldecott-tunnel","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecotthorsemolar3002.jpg\" alt=\"caldecot tunnel fossils\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>\"Paleo mitigation\" work during the dig of the new Caldecott Tunnel bore has yielded fresh insight into a familiar set of rocks thanks to fossils like this Miocene horse molar. All photos courtesy CalTrans and PaleoResource Consultants.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fourth bore for the Caldecott Tunnel, which connects Oakland and points west with Orinda and points east, is being dug day and night with the first drive-throughs slated for 2013. Part of the job is what Caltrans contracts call \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/paleo/index.htm\">paleontological mitigation\u003c/a>\": allowing fossil scientists to salvage resources—\"fossils and the deposits they are found in\"—that would otherwise be destroyed. A paleo mitigation agreement governs the Caldecott fourth bore project, and scientists shared some of the early results earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil hunting is tedious, exacting work, but there are those who love it. Kristin McCallister, a paleontologist for contractor \u003ca href=\"http://www.paleoresource.com/\">PaleoResource\u003c/a>, is shown here during early work at the job site, examining spoils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottKristinMcCallister2.jpg\" alt=\"paleontologist\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of fossils are microscopic and consist of plankton or pollen grains. But the big bones are sexy. Let's look at the pictures PaleoResource's Lanny Fisk showed at the \u003ca href=\"http://paleoresource.com/calpaleo.html\">CalPaleo 2011 meeting\u003c/a> in Rocklin, starting with the leg bone of a rhinoceros.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottrhinolegorinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott rhino\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are two vertebrae of a Miocene camel species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottcamelvertorinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott camel\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is the metatarsal bone of an ancient horse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecotthoresemetatarsorinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott horse\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally here's the upper jaw of an \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreodont\">oreodont\u003c/a>, an extinct browsing mammal the size of a sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottoreodontjaworinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott oreodont\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these (plus bird, pronghorn and wolverine bones) were salvaged from rocks of the Orinda Formation that are about 11 million years old, a time late in the Miocene Epoch. The researchers also found hundreds of plant fossils for the first time in these rocks, including this laurel leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottlaurelorinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott laurel\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Orinda Formation makes up the eastern end of the bore. In the middle is the \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/04/06/claremont-chert-close-up/\">Claremont Formation\u003c/a>, a cherty unit that holds up the highest part of the Berkeley Hills. This 1-inch clam is from the Claremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottclamclaremont2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott clam\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously this shows a change from a land to a sea environment as we go back in time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the west end of the bore is the still older Sobrante Formation. Fisk told the CalPaleo audience that this unit has yielded a large fish fossil fauna as well as some leaves and marine invertebrates (clams, crabs and plankton). He was particularly excited about the fish, which somewhat resemble cool-water fish of this age from northwestern Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One handicap that Fisk mentioned was difficulty getting into the tunnel, where paleontologists can watch the rock face and stop operations long enough to examine and salvage the best fossils. Working the spoils pile isn't good for getting exact locations and geological context for fossils. But the bore will be carried out in two passes, and maybe we can get another look at this unique dig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.858 -122.214\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/14820/new-fossils-from-the-caldecott-tunnel","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3493","quest_466","quest_3405","quest_3661","quest_2115","quest_2447","quest_3006"],"featImg":"quest_14824","label":"quest"},"quest_11513":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_11513","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"11513","score":null,"sort":[1295280579000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"meet-our-newest-relative","title":"Meet Our Newest Relative","publishDate":1295280579,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DenisovaCave1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Our newest relatives hailed from around this cave in Siberia.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, scientists found a fossil of a humanoid finger in the Denisova Cave in Siberia. The finger was probably from someone (or something) that had been running around Siberia forty thousand years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, the scientists would have been stuck until they found additional fossils to build up a more complete skeleton. Once they had the skeleton, they could then compare it to other fossils and figure out how it related to modern humans. Of course this might never happen—it would be totally dependent on finding more fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than waiting around, these scientists decided to bring in a geneticist. Nowadays geneticists can sometimes read every base of a fossilized beast’s DNA. In other words, they can read its whole genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When geneticists did this, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=136\">they found\u003c/a> that the finger did not come from a modern human or a Neanderthal. This Denisovan (as scientists named it) probably came from a previously unknown relative that was more closely related to Neanderthals than humans. And surprisingly, their legacy lives on in some modern humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparing the DNA of the Denisovan and various modern ethnic groups, scientists could see Denisovan DNA in modern Melanesians. Apparently the ancestors of Melanesians and Denisovans had babies before the Denisovans went extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data suggest that Denisovans might have contributed up to 4-5% of their DNA to modern Melanesians. Add the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=128\">1-2% Neanderthal DNA\u003c/a> found in non-Africans and you get up to 7% of Melanesian DNA coming from nonhuman sources. And that is just based on the two extinct species whose DNA we’ve been able to read so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knows how much DNA of other ethnic groups comes from relatives whose DNA we haven’t looked at yet. I bet someone is taking a good hard look at various groups’ DNA to see if they can answer this question without having to figure out more fossil DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all points to an exciting new twist to paleontology…the ability to look at DNA from fossils and to compare that DNA to modern humans and any other close relatives whose DNA has been sequenced. This new avenue of research should provide extra information that scientists didn’t have before and allow them to figure some things out with just a single finger bone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/co62imB4Xvk?fs=1&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/co62imB4Xvk?fs=1&hl=en_US\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>BBC story on the find.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists identified a new human relative just using DNA from a fossilized finger. Using this DNA they showed more non \u003ci>Homo sapien\u003c/i> DNA in modern humans. First Neanderthals, now Denisovans. Who knows what DNA we'll find next.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1295280579,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":413},"headData":{"title":"Meet Our Newest Relative | KQED","description":"Scientists identified a new human relative just using DNA from a fossilized finger. Using this DNA they showed more non Homo sapien DNA in modern humans. First Neanderthals, now Denisovans. Who knows what DNA we'll find next.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11513 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/01/17/meet-our-newest-relative/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/17/meet-our-newest-relative/","disqusTitle":"Meet Our Newest Relative","path":"/quest/11513/meet-our-newest-relative","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DenisovaCave1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Our newest relatives hailed from around this cave in Siberia.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, scientists found a fossil of a humanoid finger in the Denisova Cave in Siberia. The finger was probably from someone (or something) that had been running around Siberia forty thousand years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, the scientists would have been stuck until they found additional fossils to build up a more complete skeleton. Once they had the skeleton, they could then compare it to other fossils and figure out how it related to modern humans. Of course this might never happen—it would be totally dependent on finding more fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than waiting around, these scientists decided to bring in a geneticist. Nowadays geneticists can sometimes read every base of a fossilized beast’s DNA. In other words, they can read its whole genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When geneticists did this, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=136\">they found\u003c/a> that the finger did not come from a modern human or a Neanderthal. This Denisovan (as scientists named it) probably came from a previously unknown relative that was more closely related to Neanderthals than humans. And surprisingly, their legacy lives on in some modern humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparing the DNA of the Denisovan and various modern ethnic groups, scientists could see Denisovan DNA in modern Melanesians. Apparently the ancestors of Melanesians and Denisovans had babies before the Denisovans went extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data suggest that Denisovans might have contributed up to 4-5% of their DNA to modern Melanesians. Add the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=128\">1-2% Neanderthal DNA\u003c/a> found in non-Africans and you get up to 7% of Melanesian DNA coming from nonhuman sources. And that is just based on the two extinct species whose DNA we’ve been able to read so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knows how much DNA of other ethnic groups comes from relatives whose DNA we haven’t looked at yet. I bet someone is taking a good hard look at various groups’ DNA to see if they can answer this question without having to figure out more fossil DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all points to an exciting new twist to paleontology…the ability to look at DNA from fossils and to compare that DNA to modern humans and any other close relatives whose DNA has been sequenced. This new avenue of research should provide extra information that scientists didn’t have before and allow them to figure some things out with just a single finger bone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/co62imB4Xvk?fs=1&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/co62imB4Xvk?fs=1&hl=en_US\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>BBC story on the find.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/11513/meet-our-newest-relative","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_803","quest_844","quest_848","quest_1198","quest_1384","quest_1389","quest_1844","quest_1953","quest_2092","quest_2115","quest_2402","quest_2403","quest_2627"],"featImg":"quest_11514","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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