Oriental Ink Painting with a Computer Instead of a Brush
Stanford Marine Biologists Share Their Artistic Side
Geneticists Solve Van Gogh's Mutant Sunflowers After 125 Years
Producer's Notes: Color By Nano - The Art of Kate Nichols
Science Event Review— Ask a Scientist: How Computers Look at Art
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She holds a PhD in Squid Babies from Stanford and a BA in Biology from the College of Creative Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She helped found the outreach program \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/outreach.html\">Squids4Kids\u003c/a>, illustrated \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegamecrafter.com/games/the-game-of-science\">The Game of Science\u003c/a>, and blogs at \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/squid_day\">Science 2.0\u003c/a>. 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He is most passionate about making science discussion fun and accessible for adults, the kind of discussion that leads to positive change in the world. Professionally, he is a water treatment consultant in San Francisco. Originally from Buffalo, NY, Kishore came to the Bay Area to get a chemistry degree from UC Berkeley. 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You don't usually notice the individual strokes unless you stand very close. But in traditional oriental ink painting, called \u003cem>sumi-e\u003c/em>, the brush strokes \u003cem>are\u003c/em> the painting. Each stroke is made to capture maximum information about the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40649\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 233px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/10/oriental-ink-painting-with-a-computer-instead-of-a-brush/strokes/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40649\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/strokes-233x169.png\" alt=\"examples of individual brush strokes\" title=\"strokes\" width=\"233\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40649\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example brush strokes in typical shapes, from Xie et al.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In its simplicity, sumi-e poses a challenge to computer-generated artistry. The computer can't simply add and layer a large number of standard strokes, because the shape of each brush stroke is entirely dependent on the subject. And subjects can be infinite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now three computer science researchers from the Tokyo Institute of Technology have \u003ca href=\"http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.4634\" title=\"arXiv paper\">cracked the sumi-e puzzle\u003c/a> by training a digital ink brush with a technique called reinforcement learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40650\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/10/oriental-ink-painting-with-a-computer-instead-of-a-brush/learning/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40650\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/learning-278x253.png\" alt=\"digital brush learning how to paint\" title=\"learning\" width=\"278\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-40650\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Iterations in the learning process of the digital brush, from Xie et al.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They trained their model brush not on entire images (like a bird) but only on individual brush strokes (like the curve of the bird's belly). They digitized eighty natural brush strokes and gave them to the model to mimic, along with a function that rewarded smoother shapes. (To your correspondent's dismay, \"reward functions\" in computer science don't actually hand out cookies.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the sumi-e brush program had been trained, the researchers tested it with a greater variety of natural brush strokes. Finally, they used it to create full paintings from photos--though they had to lend a helping hand, by manually drawing contours onto the photos for the program to find and fill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40651\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 326px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/10/oriental-ink-painting-with-a-computer-instead-of-a-brush/edinburgh/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40651\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/edinburgh-326x360.png\" alt=\"edinburgh, real photo and rendered in sumi-e\" title=\"edinburgh\" width=\"326\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-40651\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top: photo of Edinburgh. Bottom: painting rendered by the sumi-e program, from Xie et al.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some digital painting programs attempt to satisfy artists by simulating all the physics of the painting process, from the exact angle of the brush to the absorption of ink into paper. Xie et al.'s sumi-e program is from a different family of methods, called \"stroke-based rendering,\" whose aim isn't to create a believable experience for the user, but merely a believable end product. It's hard to argue with the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is \u003ca href=\"http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.4634\" title=\"arXiv sumi-e paper\">posted on arXiv\u003c/a> and has just been presented at the \u003ca href=\"http://icml.cc/2012/papers/\" title=\"International Conference on Machine Learning\">International Conference on Machine Learning\u003c/a> in Edinburgh, Scotland. It's not yet available for public use--though if you're sufficiently math-savvy you could probably recreate the program yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Traditional occidental painting techniques like watercolor or oil build an image from many layered brush strokes. You don't usually notice the individual strokes unless you stand very close. But in traditional oriental ink painting, called sumi-e, the brush strokes are the painting.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1341959062,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":404},"headData":{"title":"Oriental Ink Painting with a Computer Instead of a Brush | KQED","description":"Traditional occidental painting techniques like watercolor or oil build an image from many layered brush strokes. You don't usually notice the individual strokes unless you stand very close. But in traditional oriental ink painting, called sumi-e, the brush strokes are the painting.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Oriental Ink Painting with a Computer Instead of a Brush","datePublished":"2012-07-10T22:24:21.000Z","dateModified":"2012-07-10T22:24:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"40647 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=40647","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/10/oriental-ink-painting-with-a-computer-instead-of-a-brush/","disqusTitle":"Oriental Ink Painting with a Computer Instead of a Brush","path":"/quest/40647/oriental-ink-painting-with-a-computer-instead-of-a-brush","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/10/oriental-ink-painting-with-a-computer-instead-of-a-brush/sumiebird/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40648\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sumiebird.png\" alt=\"Computer-painted bird in sumi-e style\" title=\"sumiebird\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-40648\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sumiebird.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/sumiebird-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditional occidental painting techniques like watercolor or oil build an image from many layered brush strokes. You don't usually notice the individual strokes unless you stand very close. But in traditional oriental ink painting, called \u003cem>sumi-e\u003c/em>, the brush strokes \u003cem>are\u003c/em> the painting. Each stroke is made to capture maximum information about the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40649\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 233px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/10/oriental-ink-painting-with-a-computer-instead-of-a-brush/strokes/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40649\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/strokes-233x169.png\" alt=\"examples of individual brush strokes\" title=\"strokes\" width=\"233\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40649\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example brush strokes in typical shapes, from Xie et al.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In its simplicity, sumi-e poses a challenge to computer-generated artistry. The computer can't simply add and layer a large number of standard strokes, because the shape of each brush stroke is entirely dependent on the subject. And subjects can be infinite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now three computer science researchers from the Tokyo Institute of Technology have \u003ca href=\"http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.4634\" title=\"arXiv paper\">cracked the sumi-e puzzle\u003c/a> by training a digital ink brush with a technique called reinforcement learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40650\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/10/oriental-ink-painting-with-a-computer-instead-of-a-brush/learning/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40650\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/learning-278x253.png\" alt=\"digital brush learning how to paint\" title=\"learning\" width=\"278\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-40650\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Iterations in the learning process of the digital brush, from Xie et al.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They trained their model brush not on entire images (like a bird) but only on individual brush strokes (like the curve of the bird's belly). They digitized eighty natural brush strokes and gave them to the model to mimic, along with a function that rewarded smoother shapes. (To your correspondent's dismay, \"reward functions\" in computer science don't actually hand out cookies.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the sumi-e brush program had been trained, the researchers tested it with a greater variety of natural brush strokes. Finally, they used it to create full paintings from photos--though they had to lend a helping hand, by manually drawing contours onto the photos for the program to find and fill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40651\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 326px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/10/oriental-ink-painting-with-a-computer-instead-of-a-brush/edinburgh/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40651\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/edinburgh-326x360.png\" alt=\"edinburgh, real photo and rendered in sumi-e\" title=\"edinburgh\" width=\"326\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-40651\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top: photo of Edinburgh. Bottom: painting rendered by the sumi-e program, from Xie et al.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some digital painting programs attempt to satisfy artists by simulating all the physics of the painting process, from the exact angle of the brush to the absorption of ink into paper. Xie et al.'s sumi-e program is from a different family of methods, called \"stroke-based rendering,\" whose aim isn't to create a believable experience for the user, but merely a believable end product. It's hard to argue with the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is \u003ca href=\"http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.4634\" title=\"arXiv sumi-e paper\">posted on arXiv\u003c/a> and has just been presented at the \u003ca href=\"http://icml.cc/2012/papers/\" title=\"International Conference on Machine Learning\">International Conference on Machine Learning\u003c/a> in Edinburgh, Scotland. It's not yet available for public use--though if you're sufficiently math-savvy you could probably recreate the program yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40647/oriental-ink-painting-with-a-computer-instead-of-a-brush","authors":["6324"],"categories":["quest_8"],"tags":["quest_677","quest_11275","quest_3351","quest_1707","quest_2112","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_11274"],"featImg":"quest_40648","label":"quest"},"quest_35410":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_35410","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"35410","score":null,"sort":[1334675665000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side","title":"Stanford Marine Biologists Share Their Artistic Side","publishDate":1334675665,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35412\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/rio_forty/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35412\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty.jpg\" alt=\"Rio Forty Degrees - Camila Donatti\" title=\"Rio_Forty\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rio Forty Degrees - Camila Donatti (ecologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A painting of a cherry tree in full blossom adorns one wall. On a table beneath it, ceramic fingers reach from a blue-glazed ceramic basket. Opposite these hangs an intricately decorated guitar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35415\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/cake/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35415\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Cake-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Cake - Carolyn Tepolt (invasive species biologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\" title=\"Cake\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35415\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cake - Carolyn Tepolt (invasive species biologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The third annual Hopkins Marine Station Amateur Art Show was held this past weekend in Monterey, California. \u003ca href=\"http://www-marine.stanford.edu/\" title=\"Hopkins Marine Station\">Hopkins\u003c/a> is Stanford University's marine biology satellite campus, next door to the Monterey Bay Aquarium, home to a tight-knit community of ocean-obsessed weirdos. (I've been one.) The overlap between colleagues, roommates, and friends is so thorough that you tend to share grocery lists and pipette tips with the same people. It’s hard to stop talking about science, even at bars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I thought an art party would really foster conversations outside of this normal routine,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/~jtladner/Jason_T_Ladner/Welcome.html\" title=\"Jason Ladner\">Jason Ladner\u003c/a>, who did his graduate work on coral genetics at Hopkins. Around year four, he got sick of thinking about science all the time and found an escape in art. \"I figured there were probably other people that could use a similar escape\"--and in 2010 the first Amateur Art Show and Garden Party was born. Ladner wrote in his invitation, \"This is a very low-key event where the term 'amateur' is stressed and the term 'art' is very loosely interpreted.\" It was a hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 194px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/tiger-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35414\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/tiger-194x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tiger - Ana Sofia Guerra (undergraduate working on fish parasites) - Hopkins Art Show 2012\" title=\"tiger\" width=\"194\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35414\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiger - Ana Sofia Guerra (undergraduate working on fish parasites) - Hopkins Art Show 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the party's third incarnation on April 14, 2012, scientists mingled over cups of sangria and reveled in their conversational freedom. Ladner has moved on to post-doctoral work and this party was hosted at the home of \u003ca href=\"http://stanford.edu/~jpungor/home/Site_3/About_Me.html\" title=\"Judit Pungor\">Judit Pungor\u003c/a>, a graduate student studying octopus vision. One partygoer observed with wonder that very little of the art has a scientific theme. In addition to the guitar and the slightly disturbing ceramics, displays included hand-sewn clothing and a rainbow knitted blanket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all scientists can suppress their nerdiness just because they're making art. Squid student Hannah Rosen (yes, she's in my \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/home.html\" title=\"the Gilly Lab\">old lab\u003c/a>) painted an octopus tap dancing, with a squid on the piano. When asked, \"Why not a tap-dancing \u003cem>squid\u003c/em> and a piano-playing \u003cem>octopus\u003c/em>?\" Rosen answered, \"The idea of a tap-dancing octopus just spoke to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the airy certainty of an artist's statement quickly devolved into a scientific assessment of habitat and behavior. Since octopuses can \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X00tmxswLNk\" title=\"Octopus Walking on Land\">crawl on land\u003c/a> but squid can't, the octopus is the logical choice for the tap-dancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35413\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/tap_octopus/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35413\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/tap_octopus-260x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tap-Dancing Octopus - Hannah Rosen - Hopkins Art Show 2012\" title=\"tap_octopus\" width=\"260\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35413\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tap-Dancing Octopus - Hannah Rosen - Hopkins Art Show 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As if that weren't enough, Jupiter hangs in the night sky behind the theatrical cephalopods. \"Are they on Europa?\" I asked Rosen. She confirmed that, indeed, the scene takes place on Jupiter's \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)\" title=\"Europa\">frozen ocean moon\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Art by scientists, it turns out, can be everything that art by non-scientists can be: whimsical or solemn, accessible or obscure, technical or conceptual. And scientists are just as surprised as anyone to find that out. The best thing that you hear at these parties, over and over again, is: \"I didn't even know she did that!\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The third annual Hopkins Marine Station Amateur Art Show was held this past weekend in Monterey, California.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1335901303,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":541},"headData":{"title":"Stanford Marine Biologists Share Their Artistic Side | KQED","description":"The third annual Hopkins Marine Station Amateur Art Show was held this past weekend in Monterey, California.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Stanford Marine Biologists Share Their Artistic Side","datePublished":"2012-04-17T15:14:25.000Z","dateModified":"2012-05-01T19:41:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"35410 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=35410","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/","disqusTitle":"Stanford Marine Biologists Share Their Artistic Side","path":"/quest/35410/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35412\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/rio_forty/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35412\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty.jpg\" alt=\"Rio Forty Degrees - Camila Donatti\" title=\"Rio_Forty\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Rio_Forty-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rio Forty Degrees - Camila Donatti (ecologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A painting of a cherry tree in full blossom adorns one wall. On a table beneath it, ceramic fingers reach from a blue-glazed ceramic basket. Opposite these hangs an intricately decorated guitar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35415\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/cake/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35415\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Cake-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Cake - Carolyn Tepolt (invasive species biologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\" title=\"Cake\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35415\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cake - Carolyn Tepolt (invasive species biologist) - Hopkins Art Show 2010\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The third annual Hopkins Marine Station Amateur Art Show was held this past weekend in Monterey, California. \u003ca href=\"http://www-marine.stanford.edu/\" title=\"Hopkins Marine Station\">Hopkins\u003c/a> is Stanford University's marine biology satellite campus, next door to the Monterey Bay Aquarium, home to a tight-knit community of ocean-obsessed weirdos. (I've been one.) The overlap between colleagues, roommates, and friends is so thorough that you tend to share grocery lists and pipette tips with the same people. It’s hard to stop talking about science, even at bars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I thought an art party would really foster conversations outside of this normal routine,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/~jtladner/Jason_T_Ladner/Welcome.html\" title=\"Jason Ladner\">Jason Ladner\u003c/a>, who did his graduate work on coral genetics at Hopkins. Around year four, he got sick of thinking about science all the time and found an escape in art. \"I figured there were probably other people that could use a similar escape\"--and in 2010 the first Amateur Art Show and Garden Party was born. Ladner wrote in his invitation, \"This is a very low-key event where the term 'amateur' is stressed and the term 'art' is very loosely interpreted.\" It was a hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 194px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/tiger-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35414\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/tiger-194x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tiger - Ana Sofia Guerra (undergraduate working on fish parasites) - Hopkins Art Show 2012\" title=\"tiger\" width=\"194\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35414\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiger - Ana Sofia Guerra (undergraduate working on fish parasites) - Hopkins Art Show 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the party's third incarnation on April 14, 2012, scientists mingled over cups of sangria and reveled in their conversational freedom. Ladner has moved on to post-doctoral work and this party was hosted at the home of \u003ca href=\"http://stanford.edu/~jpungor/home/Site_3/About_Me.html\" title=\"Judit Pungor\">Judit Pungor\u003c/a>, a graduate student studying octopus vision. One partygoer observed with wonder that very little of the art has a scientific theme. In addition to the guitar and the slightly disturbing ceramics, displays included hand-sewn clothing and a rainbow knitted blanket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all scientists can suppress their nerdiness just because they're making art. Squid student Hannah Rosen (yes, she's in my \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/home.html\" title=\"the Gilly Lab\">old lab\u003c/a>) painted an octopus tap dancing, with a squid on the piano. When asked, \"Why not a tap-dancing \u003cem>squid\u003c/em> and a piano-playing \u003cem>octopus\u003c/em>?\" Rosen answered, \"The idea of a tap-dancing octopus just spoke to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the airy certainty of an artist's statement quickly devolved into a scientific assessment of habitat and behavior. Since octopuses can \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X00tmxswLNk\" title=\"Octopus Walking on Land\">crawl on land\u003c/a> but squid can't, the octopus is the logical choice for the tap-dancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35413\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 260px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/17/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side/tap_octopus/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35413\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/tap_octopus-260x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tap-Dancing Octopus - Hannah Rosen - Hopkins Art Show 2012\" title=\"tap_octopus\" width=\"260\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35413\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tap-Dancing Octopus - Hannah Rosen - Hopkins Art Show 2012\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As if that weren't enough, Jupiter hangs in the night sky behind the theatrical cephalopods. \"Are they on Europa?\" I asked Rosen. She confirmed that, indeed, the scene takes place on Jupiter's \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)\" title=\"Europa\">frozen ocean moon\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Art by scientists, it turns out, can be everything that art by non-scientists can be: whimsical or solemn, accessible or obscure, technical or conceptual. And scientists are just as surprised as anyone to find that out. The best thing that you hear at these parties, over and over again, is: \"I didn't even know she did that!\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/35410/stanford-marine-biologists-share-their-artistic-side","authors":["6324"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_216","quest_10993","quest_10992","quest_10435","quest_3351","quest_3307","quest_2112","quest_2349","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_35412","label":"quest"},"quest_34211":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_34211","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"34211","score":null,"sort":[1333464024000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years","title":"Geneticists Solve Van Gogh's Mutant Sunflowers After 125 Years","publishDate":1333464024,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34235\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/vincent_van_gogh_-_zonnebloemen_-_google_art_project/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34235\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Zonnebloemen_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" alt=\"Vincent van Gogh - Sunflowers - 1889\" title=\"Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Zonnebloemen_-_Google_Art_Project\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Zonnebloemen_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Zonnebloemen_-_Google_Art_Project-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vincent van Gogh's Sunflowers (1889)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most admirers of van Gogh's iconic \"Sunflower\" paintings gaze upon the golden inflorescences without any awareness of the scientific conundrum they pose. But researchers from the University of Georgia have finally cracked the case with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002628\" title=\"Chapman et al. PLoS Genetics\">paper published in PLoS Genetics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34214\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 169px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/californiabuttercup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34214\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Californiabuttercup-169x169.jpg\" alt=\"California buttercup\" title=\"Californiabuttercup\" width=\"169\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buttercup taken at Tilden Park in Berkeley, California by Calibas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34219\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/orchid/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34219\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Orchid-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Orchid\" title=\"Orchid\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34219\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orchid taken by Alex Tievsky SaveThePoint\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The puzzle begins with the fact that all flowers are either \u003cem>radially\u003c/em> or \u003cem>bilaterally\u003c/em> symmetrical. A buttercup is an example of radial symmetry; it looks the same no matter how you rotate it. An orchid, on the other hand, has bilateral symmetry, like a human face--the left and right sides look the same, but you can tell whether it's right side up or upside down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the sneaky thing: a lot of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(botany)\" title=\"flower head - wikipedia\">seemingly radially symmetrical flowers\u003c/a> are actually \u003cem>clusters\u003c/em> of tiny bilaterally symmetrical flowers, or \u003cem>florets\u003c/em>. In fact, this is true of one of the biggest flower families, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae\" title=\"Wikipedia - Asteraceae\">Asteraceae\u003c/a>, which includes such familiar friends as dandelions, daisies and, yes, sunflowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the sunflower makes things extra complicated by building its cluster out of \u003cem>two\u003c/em> kinds of florets: bilaterally symmetrical \u003cem>ray florets\u003c/em>, and radially symmetrical \u003cem>disk florets\u003c/em>. This may sound confusing, but it's obvious as soon as you look for it: the classic sunflower is a ring of petals (ray florets) surrounding a big disk that will become filled with seeds (fertilized disk florets). The ray florets are infertile--they're just there to help attract pollinators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/800px-helianthus_annuus1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34228\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/800px-Helianthus_annuus1-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)\" title=\"800px-Helianthus_annuus1\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-34228\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now at last we can consider van Gogh, and his double-flowered sunflowers. They're \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men\" title=\"Wikipedia - X-Men\">mutants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003cem>double-flowered mutant\u003c/em> has no true disk florets, only concentric rings of ray florets--a profusion of petals. Consequently, the plant loses a lot of its fertility. You might wonder, can the opposite occur? Indeed, in \u003cem>tubular-rayed mutants\u003c/em> ray florets are replaced with radialized, fertile disk florets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Chapman and his colleagues have just discovered that one particular gene, called \u003cem>HaCYC2c\u003c/em>, causes both mutations. If \u003cem>HaCYC2c\u003c/em> is over-expressed, it creates double-flowered van Goghs. If the gene's function is lost, however, you get tubular-rayed flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I particularly love this study because at least the first part of their methods is totally accessible to anyone who's studied Mendelian crosses in high school biology. See:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/sunflower_fig2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34212\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sunflower_Fig2-478x360.png\" alt=\"Van Gogh's Sunflowers - Figure 2\" title=\"sunflower_Fig2\" width=\"478\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-34212\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, maybe it's a bit tricky. If you want to puzzle it out but you're rusty on Mendel, here's a \u003ca href=\"http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/transgenetics/monohybrid1.html\" title=\"Mendelian Genetics Primer\">primer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, you don't need to understand Mendelian crosses--or the super-sophisticated genetic mapping that Chapman et al. use later--to appreciate van Gogh's art. Nor do you need to be an Impressionist fan to appreciate sunflower genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think we can \u003cem>all\u003c/em> appreciate that it's not often a famous painting is included in Figure 1 of a scientific paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34213\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/sunflower_fig1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34213\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sunflower_Fig1-640x266.png\" alt=\"Van Gogh's Sunflowers - Figure 1\" title=\"sunflower_Fig1\" width=\"640\" height=\"266\" class=\"size-large wp-image-34213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Entire inflorescences (A, C, E) and individual florets (B, D, F) from wildtype (A, B), double-flowered (C, D) and tubular (E, F) sunflower individuals. Florets are arranged left to right from the inner florets to the outer florets. (G) “Sunflowers (Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers)” by Vincent van Gogh (1888) with double-flowered heads pointed out with arrows. Panel G was obtained from Steve Dorrington on flickr (available at http://flic.kr/p/8SsPYb) and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) License.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Most admirers of Vincent van Gogh's iconic \"Sunflower\" paintings gaze upon the golden inflorescences without any awareness of the scientific conundrum they pose. But researchers from the University of Georgia have finally cracked the case with a paper published in PLoS Genetics.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1334698748,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":577},"headData":{"title":"Geneticists Solve Van Gogh's Mutant Sunflowers After 125 Years | KQED","description":"Most admirers of Vincent van Gogh's iconic "Sunflower" paintings gaze upon the golden inflorescences without any awareness of the scientific conundrum they pose. But researchers from the University of Georgia have finally cracked the case with a paper published in PLoS Genetics.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Geneticists Solve Van Gogh's Mutant Sunflowers After 125 Years","datePublished":"2012-04-03T14:40:24.000Z","dateModified":"2012-04-17T21:39:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"34211 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=34211","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/","disqusTitle":"Geneticists Solve Van Gogh's Mutant Sunflowers After 125 Years","path":"/quest/34211/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34235\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/vincent_van_gogh_-_zonnebloemen_-_google_art_project/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34235\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Zonnebloemen_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" alt=\"Vincent van Gogh - Sunflowers - 1889\" title=\"Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Zonnebloemen_-_Google_Art_Project\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Zonnebloemen_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Zonnebloemen_-_Google_Art_Project-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vincent van Gogh's Sunflowers (1889)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most admirers of van Gogh's iconic \"Sunflower\" paintings gaze upon the golden inflorescences without any awareness of the scientific conundrum they pose. But researchers from the University of Georgia have finally cracked the case with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002628\" title=\"Chapman et al. PLoS Genetics\">paper published in PLoS Genetics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34214\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 169px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/californiabuttercup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34214\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Californiabuttercup-169x169.jpg\" alt=\"California buttercup\" title=\"Californiabuttercup\" width=\"169\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buttercup taken at Tilden Park in Berkeley, California by Calibas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34219\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/orchid/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34219\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Orchid-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Orchid\" title=\"Orchid\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34219\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orchid taken by Alex Tievsky SaveThePoint\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The puzzle begins with the fact that all flowers are either \u003cem>radially\u003c/em> or \u003cem>bilaterally\u003c/em> symmetrical. A buttercup is an example of radial symmetry; it looks the same no matter how you rotate it. An orchid, on the other hand, has bilateral symmetry, like a human face--the left and right sides look the same, but you can tell whether it's right side up or upside down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the sneaky thing: a lot of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(botany)\" title=\"flower head - wikipedia\">seemingly radially symmetrical flowers\u003c/a> are actually \u003cem>clusters\u003c/em> of tiny bilaterally symmetrical flowers, or \u003cem>florets\u003c/em>. In fact, this is true of one of the biggest flower families, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae\" title=\"Wikipedia - Asteraceae\">Asteraceae\u003c/a>, which includes such familiar friends as dandelions, daisies and, yes, sunflowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the sunflower makes things extra complicated by building its cluster out of \u003cem>two\u003c/em> kinds of florets: bilaterally symmetrical \u003cem>ray florets\u003c/em>, and radially symmetrical \u003cem>disk florets\u003c/em>. This may sound confusing, but it's obvious as soon as you look for it: the classic sunflower is a ring of petals (ray florets) surrounding a big disk that will become filled with seeds (fertilized disk florets). The ray florets are infertile--they're just there to help attract pollinators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/800px-helianthus_annuus1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34228\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/800px-Helianthus_annuus1-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)\" title=\"800px-Helianthus_annuus1\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-34228\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now at last we can consider van Gogh, and his double-flowered sunflowers. They're \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men\" title=\"Wikipedia - X-Men\">mutants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003cem>double-flowered mutant\u003c/em> has no true disk florets, only concentric rings of ray florets--a profusion of petals. Consequently, the plant loses a lot of its fertility. You might wonder, can the opposite occur? Indeed, in \u003cem>tubular-rayed mutants\u003c/em> ray florets are replaced with radialized, fertile disk florets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Chapman and his colleagues have just discovered that one particular gene, called \u003cem>HaCYC2c\u003c/em>, causes both mutations. If \u003cem>HaCYC2c\u003c/em> is over-expressed, it creates double-flowered van Goghs. If the gene's function is lost, however, you get tubular-rayed flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I particularly love this study because at least the first part of their methods is totally accessible to anyone who's studied Mendelian crosses in high school biology. See:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/sunflower_fig2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34212\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sunflower_Fig2-478x360.png\" alt=\"Van Gogh's Sunflowers - Figure 2\" title=\"sunflower_Fig2\" width=\"478\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-34212\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, maybe it's a bit tricky. If you want to puzzle it out but you're rusty on Mendel, here's a \u003ca href=\"http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/transgenetics/monohybrid1.html\" title=\"Mendelian Genetics Primer\">primer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, you don't need to understand Mendelian crosses--or the super-sophisticated genetic mapping that Chapman et al. use later--to appreciate van Gogh's art. Nor do you need to be an Impressionist fan to appreciate sunflower genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think we can \u003cem>all\u003c/em> appreciate that it's not often a famous painting is included in Figure 1 of a scientific paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34213\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/03/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years/sunflower_fig1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34213\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sunflower_Fig1-640x266.png\" alt=\"Van Gogh's Sunflowers - Figure 1\" title=\"sunflower_Fig1\" width=\"640\" height=\"266\" class=\"size-large wp-image-34213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Entire inflorescences (A, C, E) and individual florets (B, D, F) from wildtype (A, B), double-flowered (C, D) and tubular (E, F) sunflower individuals. Florets are arranged left to right from the inner florets to the outer florets. (G) “Sunflowers (Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers)” by Vincent van Gogh (1888) with double-flowered heads pointed out with arrows. Panel G was obtained from Steve Dorrington on flickr (available at http://flic.kr/p/8SsPYb) and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) License.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/34211/geneticists-solve-van-goghs-mutant-sunflowers-after-125-years","authors":["6324"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_216","quest_3309","quest_1197","quest_3351","quest_10925","quest_1900","quest_3307","quest_2112","quest_10926","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_10924","quest_10927","quest_10923"],"featImg":"quest_34235","label":"quest"},"quest_7911":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_7911","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"7911","score":null,"sort":[1284577254000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"kate-nichols-post","title":"Producer's Notes: Color By Nano - The Art of Kate Nichols","publishDate":1284577254,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Producer’s Notes: Color By Nano – The Art of Kate Nichols | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-color-by-nano--the-art-of-kate-nichols\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/suspension300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> These glass capillaries contain liquid solutions of silver nanoprisms synthesized by artist Kate Nichols. Image courtesy of Kate Nichols.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally inspired by the work of Northern Renaissance painters, one could also describe artist \u003ca href=\"http://www.katenicholsstudio.com/\">Kate Nichols\u003c/a> as a “Renaissance” artist herself. Nichols applies a wide variety of skills and media to her creations, most recently with her pieces that incorporate her experimentation with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nanotechnology-takes-off\">nanotechnology\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols was fascinated with the rich, bright hues of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpho\">Morpho butterfly\u003c/a>, and sought to replicate those vivid colors in her work. Through research, she learned that the butterfly wings’ brilliant blue color arose through \u003ca href=\"http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/15D.html\">structural color\u003c/a>, and that nanotechnology could help her obtain this vibrant palette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After writing an e-mail to scientist Paul Alivisatos and expressing her interest in nanotechnology, he enthusiastically supported her endeavors (Alivisatos is also a photographer) and Nichols became the first artist-in-residence at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/pagrp/\">Paul Alivisatos Group \u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working in the laboratory setting didn’t come naturally to her as she had no background or formal training in science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I spent the first part of my experience in the laboratory reading scientific papers that would describe specific procedures. And I would get so frustrated that I couldn’t achieve the same results. It takes a lot of practice to be able to be up and running in a material science chemistry lab,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over time and through the guidance of her colleagues, Nichols learned to synthesize nanosilver particles to create the beautiful colors she uses in her \u003ca href=\"http://www.katenicholsstudio.com/\">work\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Artist Kate Nichols synthesizes silver nanoparticles and incorporates them into her unique and colorful macroscale pieces.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684974999,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":268},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Color By Nano - The Art of Kate Nichols | KQED","description":"Artist Kate Nichols synthesizes silver nanoparticles and incorporates them into her unique and colorful macroscale pieces.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Color By Nano - The Art of Kate Nichols","datePublished":"2010-09-15T19:00:54.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:36:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/7911/kate-nichols-post","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-color-by-nano--the-art-of-kate-nichols\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/suspension300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> These glass capillaries contain liquid solutions of silver nanoprisms synthesized by artist Kate Nichols. Image courtesy of Kate Nichols.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally inspired by the work of Northern Renaissance painters, one could also describe artist \u003ca href=\"http://www.katenicholsstudio.com/\">Kate Nichols\u003c/a> as a “Renaissance” artist herself. Nichols applies a wide variety of skills and media to her creations, most recently with her pieces that incorporate her experimentation with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nanotechnology-takes-off\">nanotechnology\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols was fascinated with the rich, bright hues of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpho\">Morpho butterfly\u003c/a>, and sought to replicate those vivid colors in her work. Through research, she learned that the butterfly wings’ brilliant blue color arose through \u003ca href=\"http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/15D.html\">structural color\u003c/a>, and that nanotechnology could help her obtain this vibrant palette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After writing an e-mail to scientist Paul Alivisatos and expressing her interest in nanotechnology, he enthusiastically supported her endeavors (Alivisatos is also a photographer) and Nichols became the first artist-in-residence at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/pagrp/\">Paul Alivisatos Group \u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working in the laboratory setting didn’t come naturally to her as she had no background or formal training in science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I spent the first part of my experience in the laboratory reading scientific papers that would describe specific procedures. And I would get so frustrated that I couldn’t achieve the same results. It takes a lot of practice to be able to be up and running in a material science chemistry lab,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over time and through the guidance of her colleagues, Nichols learned to synthesize nanosilver particles to create the beautiful colors she uses in her \u003ca href=\"http://www.katenicholsstudio.com/\">work\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/7911/kate-nichols-post","authors":["2100"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_216","quest_653","quest_1558","quest_1626","quest_1905","quest_1911","quest_2112","quest_2136","quest_13205","quest_2812"],"featImg":"quest_7924","label":"quest"},"quest_972":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_972","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"972","score":null,"sort":[1228424142000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-event-review-ask-a-scientist-how-computers-look-at-art","title":"Science Event Review— Ask a Scientist: How Computers Look at Art","publishDate":1228424142,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/sci-cafe.jpg\">\u003cem>Photo Credit: Ask A Scientist\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I usually write about upcoming science events, but this time I'm flipping the script.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let me tell you about my experience at last night's \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.askascientistsf.com/\">Ask a Scientist: How Computers Look at Art\u003c/a>\u003c/em> last night (December 3rd) at the Axis Café in San Francisco. Full disclosure - I run a science café, so consider me a fan. However, I was determined to just be one of the crowd last night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED QUEST has covered \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/coffee-and-pi-bay-area-science-cafeacutes--tv-story\">science cafés\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/ask-a-scientist-science-cafeacutes-radio\">before\u003c/a>, including a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/14/the-movement-of-informal-science/\">history of the movement\u003c/a>. On to my story... I arrived at Axis Café about 630 PM to an almost full house (~50 people). After ordering some food and a glass of wine at the bar, I hunkered down in a cozy chair. I people watched the youngish good looking crowd for a few minutes before overhearing a conversation in front of me. A couple of women mentioned it was there first time at a science café. To both, the format sounded cool, but both they couldn't convince friends to join them. We talked for a few minutes; mainly they said most were scared off because this seemed like a science class, definitely not for the average person. No matter how you frame it, science in café still sounds like a lecture to most. What followed was hardly a lecture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Stork grabbed a mic and launched into a discussion on the Vermeer painting \"The Girl With the Pearl Earring.\" His research uses computer modeling to analyze light and shadows on paintings. After skipping the math, he showed the painting nearly perfectly displayed shadows if from one light source. This confirmed what many art historians wondered, there was a model for that famous painting who sat in Vermeer's studio. The speaker was definitely moving along pretty fast, but luckily there were lots of questions to slow him down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Stork continued on, showing how this technique could also identify fakes (i.e. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbc.ca/streetcents/guide/2005/04/images/s03_04.jpg\">the cover from a Star Magazine with Brad & Angelina\u003c/a>). Most famously, this new technique has called into question the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockney-Falco_thesis\">Hockney-Falco thesis\u003c/a> on how renaissance artists drew their subjects (using a lens of sorts).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's amazing is that I knew nothing, nada, zip, zilch about art history and computer modeling prior to 7 PM last night. I still don't know much, but enough to talk about it with my wife and friends. That's the brilliant thing about these informal science events, the information sticks with you. It was definitely a fun way to spend a couple hours on a Wednesday night. Maybe there's a new adage out there: Science + Conversation = Fun. A glass of wine doesn't hurt that equation either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.766508 -122.399282\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What's amazing is that I knew nothing, nada, zip, zilch about art history and computer modeling prior to 7pm last night. I still don't know much, but enough to talk about it with my wife and friends. That's the brilliant thing about these informal science events, the information sticks with you.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443830454,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":465},"headData":{"title":"Science Event Review— Ask a Scientist: How Computers Look at Art | KQED","description":"What's amazing is that I knew nothing, nada, zip, zilch about art history and computer modeling prior to 7pm last night. I still don't know much, but enough to talk about it with my wife and friends. That's the brilliant thing about these informal science events, the information sticks with you.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science Event Review— Ask a Scientist: How Computers Look at Art","datePublished":"2008-12-04T20:55:42.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:00:54.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"972 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=972","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/12/04/science-event-review-ask-a-scientist-how-computers-look-at-art/","disqusTitle":"Science Event Review— Ask a Scientist: How Computers Look at Art","path":"/quest/972/science-event-review-ask-a-scientist-how-computers-look-at-art","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/sci-cafe.jpg\">\u003cem>Photo Credit: Ask A Scientist\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I usually write about upcoming science events, but this time I'm flipping the script.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let me tell you about my experience at last night's \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.askascientistsf.com/\">Ask a Scientist: How Computers Look at Art\u003c/a>\u003c/em> last night (December 3rd) at the Axis Café in San Francisco. Full disclosure - I run a science café, so consider me a fan. However, I was determined to just be one of the crowd last night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED QUEST has covered \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/coffee-and-pi-bay-area-science-cafeacutes--tv-story\">science cafés\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/ask-a-scientist-science-cafeacutes-radio\">before\u003c/a>, including a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/14/the-movement-of-informal-science/\">history of the movement\u003c/a>. On to my story... I arrived at Axis Café about 630 PM to an almost full house (~50 people). After ordering some food and a glass of wine at the bar, I hunkered down in a cozy chair. I people watched the youngish good looking crowd for a few minutes before overhearing a conversation in front of me. A couple of women mentioned it was there first time at a science café. To both, the format sounded cool, but both they couldn't convince friends to join them. We talked for a few minutes; mainly they said most were scared off because this seemed like a science class, definitely not for the average person. No matter how you frame it, science in café still sounds like a lecture to most. What followed was hardly a lecture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Stork grabbed a mic and launched into a discussion on the Vermeer painting \"The Girl With the Pearl Earring.\" His research uses computer modeling to analyze light and shadows on paintings. After skipping the math, he showed the painting nearly perfectly displayed shadows if from one light source. This confirmed what many art historians wondered, there was a model for that famous painting who sat in Vermeer's studio. The speaker was definitely moving along pretty fast, but luckily there were lots of questions to slow him down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Stork continued on, showing how this technique could also identify fakes (i.e. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbc.ca/streetcents/guide/2005/04/images/s03_04.jpg\">the cover from a Star Magazine with Brad & Angelina\u003c/a>). Most famously, this new technique has called into question the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockney-Falco_thesis\">Hockney-Falco thesis\u003c/a> on how renaissance artists drew their subjects (using a lens of sorts).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's amazing is that I knew nothing, nada, zip, zilch about art history and computer modeling prior to 7 PM last night. I still don't know much, but enough to talk about it with my wife and friends. That's the brilliant thing about these informal science events, the information sticks with you. It was definitely a fun way to spend a couple hours on a Wednesday night. Maybe there's a new adage out there: Science + Conversation = Fun. A glass of wine doesn't hurt that equation either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.766508 -122.399282\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/972/science-event-review-ask-a-scientist-how-computers-look-at-art","authors":["10201"],"categories":["quest_1"],"tags":["quest_216","quest_13199","quest_1377","quest_2083","quest_2112","quest_2407","quest_2486","quest_2531","quest_2534","quest_3065"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. 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Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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