Vaccines: One Small Risk for a Child, One Giant Benefit for Mankind
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Australia, Bangladesh, Ireland, Italy, South Africa,Taiwan, Mumbai and India have either banned it or discouraged its use by raising taxes. And on March 27, 2007, \u003ca title=\"SF Plastic Ban\" href=\"http://www.sfenvironment.org/our_programs/interests.html?ssi=2&ti=6&ii=142\" target=\"_blank\">San Francisco\u003c/a> became the first city in the USA to ban it from large grocery stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">More people are ditching plastic bags on a local and national level with good reason: we produce about 500 billion plastic bags world-wide, and less than one percent of that is recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003ca title=\"QUEST Future History: Plastic Bottles\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/874\" target=\"_blank\">A recent QUEST report\u003c/a> shows that plastic bottles are straining our environment, too: each year the USA alone produces 50 billion plastic bottles. Some would say to switch from plastic to paper bags - but \u003ca title=\"paper or plastic?\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/paper-or-plastic\" target=\"_blank\">reports\u003c/a> show that paper bags aren't the most sustainable solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic can have a longer shelf-live than humans do: it can persist in the environment for anywhere between 20 to 1,000 years. But a 16-year-old from Waterloo, Canada figured out to decompose it in only six weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Burd, a student at Waterloo Collegiate Institute, discovered the key to decomposing plastic bags for a school science fair. Needless to say, he won.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Almost every week I have to do chores and when I open the closet door, I have this avalanche of plastic bags falling on top of me,\" said Burd to \u003ca title=\"The Record - Daniel Burd\" href=\"http://news.therecord.com/article/354044\" target=\"_blank\">The Record\u003c/a>, a Waterloo newspaper. \"One day, I got tired of it and wanted to know what other people are doing with these plastic bags.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, Burd decided to isolate the microbes that break down plastic in polyethelene plastic bags. Burd ground plastic bags into powder and created a solution to break it down using tap water and yeast. Six weeks later, he found that the plastic weighed 17 percent less than the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burd then isolated the effective strains that caused the degradation - \u003ca title=\"sphingomonas\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomonas\" target=\"_blank\">Sphingomonas \u003c/a>and \u003ca title=\"pseudomonas\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas\" target=\"_blank\">Pseudomonas\u003c/a> - and tried the experiment again, adding sodium acecate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six weeks later - as opposed to 1,000 years - the plastic decomposed by 43 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his final report, \u003cem>Plastic Not Fantastic\u003c/em>, Burd wrote that his process of polyethylene degradation can be used for large-scale plastic bag biodegradation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a result, this would save the lives of millions of wildlife species and save space in landfills,\" wrote Burd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366841303,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":390},"headData":{"title":"Plastic not Fantastic | KQED","description":"Humans produce 500 billion plastic bags annually. In China, they recently banned it. Australia, Bangladesh, Ireland, Italy, South Africa,Taiwan, Mumbai and India have either banned it or discouraged its use by raising taxes. And on March 27, 2007, San Francisco became the first city in the USA to ban it from large grocery stores. More","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"650 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=650","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/23/the-breakdown-of-plastic/","disqusTitle":"Plastic not Fantastic","path":"/quest/650/the-breakdown-of-plastic","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/plasticbag11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Humans produce 500 billion plastic bags annually.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In China, they recently \u003ca title=\"CNN - China Plastic Bags\" href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7178287.stm\" target=\"_blank\">banned it\u003c/a>. Australia, Bangladesh, Ireland, Italy, South Africa,Taiwan, Mumbai and India have either banned it or discouraged its use by raising taxes. And on March 27, 2007, \u003ca title=\"SF Plastic Ban\" href=\"http://www.sfenvironment.org/our_programs/interests.html?ssi=2&ti=6&ii=142\" target=\"_blank\">San Francisco\u003c/a> became the first city in the USA to ban it from large grocery stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">More people are ditching plastic bags on a local and national level with good reason: we produce about 500 billion plastic bags world-wide, and less than one percent of that is recycled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003ca title=\"QUEST Future History: Plastic Bottles\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/874\" target=\"_blank\">A recent QUEST report\u003c/a> shows that plastic bottles are straining our environment, too: each year the USA alone produces 50 billion plastic bottles. Some would say to switch from plastic to paper bags - but \u003ca title=\"paper or plastic?\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/paper-or-plastic\" target=\"_blank\">reports\u003c/a> show that paper bags aren't the most sustainable solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic can have a longer shelf-live than humans do: it can persist in the environment for anywhere between 20 to 1,000 years. But a 16-year-old from Waterloo, Canada figured out to decompose it in only six weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Burd, a student at Waterloo Collegiate Institute, discovered the key to decomposing plastic bags for a school science fair. Needless to say, he won.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Almost every week I have to do chores and when I open the closet door, I have this avalanche of plastic bags falling on top of me,\" said Burd to \u003ca title=\"The Record - Daniel Burd\" href=\"http://news.therecord.com/article/354044\" target=\"_blank\">The Record\u003c/a>, a Waterloo newspaper. \"One day, I got tired of it and wanted to know what other people are doing with these plastic bags.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, Burd decided to isolate the microbes that break down plastic in polyethelene plastic bags. Burd ground plastic bags into powder and created a solution to break it down using tap water and yeast. Six weeks later, he found that the plastic weighed 17 percent less than the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burd then isolated the effective strains that caused the degradation - \u003ca title=\"sphingomonas\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomonas\" target=\"_blank\">Sphingomonas \u003c/a>and \u003ca title=\"pseudomonas\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas\" target=\"_blank\">Pseudomonas\u003c/a> - and tried the experiment again, adding sodium acecate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six weeks later - as opposed to 1,000 years - the plastic decomposed by 43 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his final report, \u003cem>Plastic Not Fantastic\u003c/em>, Burd wrote that his process of polyethylene degradation can be used for large-scale plastic bag biodegradation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a result, this would save the lives of millions of wildlife species and save space in landfills,\" wrote Burd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/650/the-breakdown-of-plastic","authors":["162"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_6","quest_9","quest_12","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_272","quest_325","quest_473","quest_763","quest_787","quest_795","quest_1158","quest_3351","quest_1607","quest_2011","quest_2119","quest_2222","quest_2224","quest_2225","quest_2226","quest_2324","quest_2349","quest_2486","quest_2687","quest_2754","quest_13365","quest_2919","quest_3119","quest_3120"],"label":"quest"},"quest_653":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_653","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"653","score":null,"sort":[1213891937000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"turning-plastic-bags-into-beautiful-bolsas","title":"Turning Plastic Bags into Beautiful Bolsas","publishDate":1213891937,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/mochilla1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And how this metamorphosis saves Monkeys!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colombia: a beautiful country, with incredible forests and diverse wildlife, but like many other countries, a trash problem. With no formal trash collection system, the forests and villages suffer from scattered plastic bags, endangering wildlife and creating a mess on village streets. One such village was Los Limites, until they came up with a most transformative solution: \u003ca title=\"Eco-Mochilas\" href=\"http://ecomochilas.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Eco-Mochilas\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Eco-Mochila project was invented by the organization \u003ca title=\"proyecto titi\" href=\"http://proyectotiti.com/english/mochilas.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Proyecto Titi\u003c/a> (Project Tamarin), a dynamic conservation program that combines field research, education, and community programs in an effort to protect the endangered Cotton Top Tamarin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An Eco-Mochila is a bag made from crocheting 100 plastic bags into a colorful beach bag or purse. The innovative woman who create the bags are called the Asoartesanas. They encourage villagers and school children to collect plastic bags and as they go door to door to collect, they educate the people about their local wildlife. Then, they cut the bags into strips and begin their craft. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/mochilla01.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eco-Mochilas are sold throughout the world at various venues and bring in a suitable salary for an artist. Of course, the collecting of thousands of plastic bags has other benefits: a more beautiful village, and a forest clear of trash, which makes a certain one-pound monkey very happy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The endangered \u003ca title=\"cotton top tamarin\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottontop_tamarin\" target=\"_blank\">Cotton Top Tamarin\u003c/a> is found only in the forests of Colombia. Deforestation and capture for the pet trade are the species' greatest threats. The Eco-Mochila project creates sustenance for villagers, an alternative to using the forest for such, and of course, offers a cleaner forest for all wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program has been so successful that the Asoartesanas have trained people from other countries to begin similar project in their communities...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in case this is important to their case, eco-mochilas are cute, come in different sizes, can be personalized, make great presents and are water resistant. I have three!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Eco-Mochilas\" href=\"http://proyectotiti.com/english/products-you-can-purchase.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Click here \u003c/a>to purchase an Eco-Mochila and help Cotton-Top Tamarins; and come visit the Tamarins at the Oakland Zoo anytime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7772 -122.166595\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1213891937,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":349},"headData":{"title":"Turning Plastic Bags into Beautiful Bolsas | KQED","description":"And how this metamorphosis saves Monkeys! Colombia: a beautiful country, with incredible forests and diverse wildlife, but like many other countries, a trash problem. With no formal trash collection system, the forests and villages suffer from scattered plastic bags, endangering wildlife and creating a mess on village streets. One such village was Los Limites, until","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"653 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=653","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/19/turning-plastic-bags-into-beautiful-bolsas/","disqusTitle":"Turning Plastic Bags into Beautiful Bolsas","path":"/quest/653/turning-plastic-bags-into-beautiful-bolsas","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/mochilla1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And how this metamorphosis saves Monkeys!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colombia: a beautiful country, with incredible forests and diverse wildlife, but like many other countries, a trash problem. With no formal trash collection system, the forests and villages suffer from scattered plastic bags, endangering wildlife and creating a mess on village streets. One such village was Los Limites, until they came up with a most transformative solution: \u003ca title=\"Eco-Mochilas\" href=\"http://ecomochilas.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Eco-Mochilas\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Eco-Mochila project was invented by the organization \u003ca title=\"proyecto titi\" href=\"http://proyectotiti.com/english/mochilas.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Proyecto Titi\u003c/a> (Project Tamarin), a dynamic conservation program that combines field research, education, and community programs in an effort to protect the endangered Cotton Top Tamarin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An Eco-Mochila is a bag made from crocheting 100 plastic bags into a colorful beach bag or purse. The innovative woman who create the bags are called the Asoartesanas. They encourage villagers and school children to collect plastic bags and as they go door to door to collect, they educate the people about their local wildlife. Then, they cut the bags into strips and begin their craft. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/mochilla01.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eco-Mochilas are sold throughout the world at various venues and bring in a suitable salary for an artist. Of course, the collecting of thousands of plastic bags has other benefits: a more beautiful village, and a forest clear of trash, which makes a certain one-pound monkey very happy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The endangered \u003ca title=\"cotton top tamarin\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottontop_tamarin\" target=\"_blank\">Cotton Top Tamarin\u003c/a> is found only in the forests of Colombia. Deforestation and capture for the pet trade are the species' greatest threats. The Eco-Mochila project creates sustenance for villagers, an alternative to using the forest for such, and of course, offers a cleaner forest for all wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program has been so successful that the Asoartesanas have trained people from other countries to begin similar project in their communities...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in case this is important to their case, eco-mochilas are cute, come in different sizes, can be personalized, make great presents and are water resistant. I have three!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Eco-Mochilas\" href=\"http://proyectotiti.com/english/products-you-can-purchase.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Click here \u003c/a>to purchase an Eco-Mochila and help Cotton-Top Tamarins; and come visit the Tamarins at the Oakland Zoo anytime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7772 -122.166595\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/653/turning-plastic-bags-into-beautiful-bolsas","authors":["10178"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_230","quest_652","quest_708","quest_794","quest_920","quest_1132","quest_3351","quest_1618","quest_1687","quest_2011","quest_8358","quest_2222","quest_2224","quest_2306","quest_2322","quest_2349","quest_2986","quest_3155"],"label":"quest"},"quest_647":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_647","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"647","score":null,"sort":[1213673959000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-village-takes-on-global-warming","title":"A Village Takes on Global Warming","publishDate":1213673959,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In an email this week from John Woodward, an Alaska builder and \u003ca title=\"Home Energy\" href=\"http://www.homeenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Home Energy\u003c/em>\u003c/a> author, he wrote, \"I put together a working/management group to manage the relocation of the community of Shishmaref sustainabely. They live on Sarichef, a barrier island that global warming is wiping out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Shimaref, Alaska\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishmaref,_Alaska\" target=\"_blank\">Shishmaref\u003c/a> is home to a small community of \u003ca title=\"Inupiat\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inupiat\" target=\"_blank\">Inupiat\u003c/a>, a Native American tribe. John is working with the Inupiat Tribal Government, the City of Shishmaref, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shishmarefrelocation.com/\">Shishmaref Erosion & Relocation Coalition\u003c/a>, to salvage as much of the village as possible before it goes under water and move it, along with the island inhabitants, to a new plot of land in the interior of Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corp of Engineers gives the island about 5 or 10 more years of livability. But as the ocean and permafrost warm and the ocean rises, unpredictable storms take a heavy toll on the island. \"Each big storm with a high tide and an on-shore wind takes a big bite out of Sarichef,\" says Woodward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community is seeking funds for a comprehensive alternative energy plan, an anaerobic pump/methane generator, and the retrofit of all existing buildings, including more than 110 homes, community buildings and a school. The homes will be retrofit to use less than 5 Btu per square foot to heat. Heating load calculations can be pretty complicated, but in general, contractors recommend furnaces that can provide 30-50 Btu per square foot to heat homes in the Bay Area. To reach such a high level of energy efficiency, the Shishmaref homes will have the insulation installed on the outside of the structure, a technique that Woodward has successfully used in the past. The new village will have the look and functionality of the Inupiat culture as defined and designed through community planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our community planning process involves community charettes with the whole community gathered in the school gym,\" say Woodward. \"The goal of these meetings is the rough-out of a comprehensive community plan for sustainable relocation of the existing salvageable infrastructure and the development of the new village site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Inupiat will build their new village to suit their needs and lifestyles, to be efficient, and to be in harmony with its surroundings-in other words, sustainabely. Let's keep an eye on our northern neighbors, who may teach us some valuable lessons. How long before whole towns in California will have to relocate because of water shortages? We all witnessed what happened in New Orleans a few years ago. How long before towns and cities on the coast of California will have to move inland or be seriously reconfigured because of the rising Pacific Ocean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can e-mail John Woodward with questions, comments, ideas, and offers of help at\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"mailto:panuktuk@yahoo.com\">panuktuk@yahoo.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sarichef ia a barrier island that global warming is wiping out.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457835814,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":465},"headData":{"title":"A Village Takes on Global Warming | KQED","description":"Sarichef ia a barrier island that global warming is wiping out.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"647 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=647","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/16/a-village-takes-on-global-warming/","disqusTitle":"A Village Takes on Global Warming","path":"/quest/647/a-village-takes-on-global-warming","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In an email this week from John Woodward, an Alaska builder and \u003ca title=\"Home Energy\" href=\"http://www.homeenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Home Energy\u003c/em>\u003c/a> author, he wrote, \"I put together a working/management group to manage the relocation of the community of Shishmaref sustainabely. They live on Sarichef, a barrier island that global warming is wiping out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Shimaref, Alaska\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishmaref,_Alaska\" target=\"_blank\">Shishmaref\u003c/a> is home to a small community of \u003ca title=\"Inupiat\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inupiat\" target=\"_blank\">Inupiat\u003c/a>, a Native American tribe. John is working with the Inupiat Tribal Government, the City of Shishmaref, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shishmarefrelocation.com/\">Shishmaref Erosion & Relocation Coalition\u003c/a>, to salvage as much of the village as possible before it goes under water and move it, along with the island inhabitants, to a new plot of land in the interior of Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corp of Engineers gives the island about 5 or 10 more years of livability. But as the ocean and permafrost warm and the ocean rises, unpredictable storms take a heavy toll on the island. \"Each big storm with a high tide and an on-shore wind takes a big bite out of Sarichef,\" says Woodward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community is seeking funds for a comprehensive alternative energy plan, an anaerobic pump/methane generator, and the retrofit of all existing buildings, including more than 110 homes, community buildings and a school. The homes will be retrofit to use less than 5 Btu per square foot to heat. Heating load calculations can be pretty complicated, but in general, contractors recommend furnaces that can provide 30-50 Btu per square foot to heat homes in the Bay Area. To reach such a high level of energy efficiency, the Shishmaref homes will have the insulation installed on the outside of the structure, a technique that Woodward has successfully used in the past. The new village will have the look and functionality of the Inupiat culture as defined and designed through community planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our community planning process involves community charettes with the whole community gathered in the school gym,\" say Woodward. \"The goal of these meetings is the rough-out of a comprehensive community plan for sustainable relocation of the existing salvageable infrastructure and the development of the new village site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Inupiat will build their new village to suit their needs and lifestyles, to be efficient, and to be in harmony with its surroundings-in other words, sustainabely. Let's keep an eye on our northern neighbors, who may teach us some valuable lessons. How long before whole towns in California will have to relocate because of water shortages? We all witnessed what happened in New Orleans a few years ago. How long before towns and cities on the coast of California will have to move inland or be seriously reconfigured because of the rising Pacific Ocean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can e-mail John Woodward with questions, comments, ideas, and offers of help at\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"mailto:panuktuk@yahoo.com\">panuktuk@yahoo.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/647/a-village-takes-on-global-warming","authors":["10175"],"categories":["quest_3228","quest_6","quest_8","quest_9","quest_11","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_102","quest_127","quest_157","quest_211","quest_438","quest_669","quest_984","quest_1224","quest_1334","quest_1381","quest_1487","quest_1488","quest_1506","quest_3351","quest_1802","quest_1937","quest_2011","quest_2034","quest_2107","quest_2349","quest_2510","quest_2620","quest_2621","quest_2844","quest_13365","quest_2893","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_648","label":"quest"},"quest_641":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_641","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"641","score":null,"sort":[1213233579000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"housing-the-human-computer","title":"Housing the Human Computer","publishDate":1213233579,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In an article this week in the \u003ca title=\"New York Times - nerve synapses\" href=\"http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E5DD1039F932A15756C0A960958260\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times\u003c/a>, brainpower was correlated with the complexity of nerve synapses. Leading researcher Dr. Grant, who has studied the interconnectedness of neurons, likened this connection to technology; \"From the evolutionary perspective, the big brains of vertebrates not only have more synapses and neurons, but each of these synapses is more powerful - vertebrates have big Internets with big computers and invertebrates have small Internets with small computers.\" The brain has been made analogous to a computer before in order to study evolutionary adaptation. However, the brain was not the organ being studied, rather it was human skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you ever wondered why we have hair only on the tops of our heads and the rest of our skin is relatively bare? Why does our skin come in so many pigmentations? And why does our skin sweat? Dr. Nina Jablonski kept asking why and attributes these adaptations to the need to keep our brain cool. I first heard Dr. Nina Jablonski speak about her most recent book, \u003ca title=\"Skin: A Natural History\" href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/10283.php\" target=\"_blank\">Skin: A Natural History\u003c/a>, in early 2007. I was absolutely enthralled and two hours raced by as she articulated her fascination with skin. Dr. Jablonski divulged into why our skin appears and acts the way it does from an evolutionary standpoint. Her findings showed that about two million years ago our ancestors were running long distances in Africa under the heat of the equatorial sun. To keep their brains cool, sweat glands became more prominent. This in turn let brain size expand and evolve. In the fossil record, it shows after this increase in brain size, Homo sapiens left Africa to migrate into Mainland China. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/skin21.jpg\">\u003cem>Skin:A Natural History\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So skin was an evolutionary adaptation to keep our large brains cool and working effectively. Skin color, Dr. Jablonski surmised, was what regulated our body's reaction to the sun and its rays. Dark skin evolved to protect the body of those of our ancestors close to the equator. Those ancestors further away evolved light skin in order to take in Vitamin D in less sunny climates. After her talk about \u003ca title=\"Medline: Rosacea\" href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rosacea.html\" target=\"_blank\">Rosacea\u003c/a>, which is a condition of constant blushing found in Eastern European nationalities, I asked Dr. Jablonski why. She told me this might have been attributed to ancestors of light skin being overly bundled and getting over-heated. It might have been an adaptation to release heat and cool the brain from the only exposed skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her lecture, Dr. Jablonski did not stop with touching upon evolutionary adaptations, she also delved into how we associate and identify through our skin. We decorate our skin, clothe it, paint it, tattoo it, scar and pierce it. She elucidated skin as an intimate connection with the world as well as our presentation of individuality. Skin: A Natural History and Dr. Nina Jablonski have gained national recognition. She was even invited as a guest on the \u003ca title=\"The Colbert Report - Dr. Nina Jablonski\" href=\"http://www.comedycentral.com/videos/index.jhtml?videoId=82918\" target=\"_blank\">Colbert Report \u003c/a>to talk about her findings. It is rumored that she is following up Skin with more in-depth research. Until then, this is an outstanding look at a very under-appreciated organ, one that might have made the complex nuances of our brain and its synapses possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Have you ever wondered why we have hair only on the tops of our heads and the rest of our skin is relatively bare?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457835778,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":537},"headData":{"title":"Housing the Human Computer | KQED","description":"Have you ever wondered why we have hair only on the tops of our heads and the rest of our skin is relatively bare?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"641 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=641","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/11/housing-the-human-computer/","disqusTitle":"Housing the Human Computer","path":"/quest/641/housing-the-human-computer","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In an article this week in the \u003ca title=\"New York Times - nerve synapses\" href=\"http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E5DD1039F932A15756C0A960958260\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times\u003c/a>, brainpower was correlated with the complexity of nerve synapses. Leading researcher Dr. Grant, who has studied the interconnectedness of neurons, likened this connection to technology; \"From the evolutionary perspective, the big brains of vertebrates not only have more synapses and neurons, but each of these synapses is more powerful - vertebrates have big Internets with big computers and invertebrates have small Internets with small computers.\" The brain has been made analogous to a computer before in order to study evolutionary adaptation. However, the brain was not the organ being studied, rather it was human skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you ever wondered why we have hair only on the tops of our heads and the rest of our skin is relatively bare? Why does our skin come in so many pigmentations? And why does our skin sweat? Dr. Nina Jablonski kept asking why and attributes these adaptations to the need to keep our brain cool. I first heard Dr. Nina Jablonski speak about her most recent book, \u003ca title=\"Skin: A Natural History\" href=\"http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/10283.php\" target=\"_blank\">Skin: A Natural History\u003c/a>, in early 2007. I was absolutely enthralled and two hours raced by as she articulated her fascination with skin. Dr. Jablonski divulged into why our skin appears and acts the way it does from an evolutionary standpoint. Her findings showed that about two million years ago our ancestors were running long distances in Africa under the heat of the equatorial sun. To keep their brains cool, sweat glands became more prominent. This in turn let brain size expand and evolve. In the fossil record, it shows after this increase in brain size, Homo sapiens left Africa to migrate into Mainland China. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/skin21.jpg\">\u003cem>Skin:A Natural History\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So skin was an evolutionary adaptation to keep our large brains cool and working effectively. Skin color, Dr. Jablonski surmised, was what regulated our body's reaction to the sun and its rays. Dark skin evolved to protect the body of those of our ancestors close to the equator. Those ancestors further away evolved light skin in order to take in Vitamin D in less sunny climates. After her talk about \u003ca title=\"Medline: Rosacea\" href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rosacea.html\" target=\"_blank\">Rosacea\u003c/a>, which is a condition of constant blushing found in Eastern European nationalities, I asked Dr. Jablonski why. She told me this might have been attributed to ancestors of light skin being overly bundled and getting over-heated. It might have been an adaptation to release heat and cool the brain from the only exposed skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her lecture, Dr. Jablonski did not stop with touching upon evolutionary adaptations, she also delved into how we associate and identify through our skin. We decorate our skin, clothe it, paint it, tattoo it, scar and pierce it. She elucidated skin as an intimate connection with the world as well as our presentation of individuality. Skin: A Natural History and Dr. Nina Jablonski have gained national recognition. She was even invited as a guest on the \u003ca title=\"The Colbert Report - Dr. Nina Jablonski\" href=\"http://www.comedycentral.com/videos/index.jhtml?videoId=82918\" target=\"_blank\">Colbert Report \u003c/a>to talk about her findings. It is rumored that she is following up Skin with more in-depth research. Until then, this is an outstanding look at a very under-appreciated organ, one that might have made the complex nuances of our brain and its synapses possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/641/housing-the-human-computer","authors":["10173"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3228","quest_5"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_377","quest_872","quest_873","quest_1582","quest_3351","quest_1985","quest_2011","quest_2087","quest_2203","quest_2452","quest_2645","quest_2648","quest_2851","quest_2884","quest_2893","quest_3053","quest_3086"],"featImg":"quest_643","label":"quest"},"quest_639":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_639","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"639","score":null,"sort":[1213036689000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"phoenix-on-ice","title":"Phoenix on Ice?","publishDate":1213036689,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Two blogs ago I wrote about the then upcoming landing of the Phoenix spacecraft on Mars, near the Northern polar ice cap (\u003ca title=\"KQED - Probing the Martian Pole\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/09/probing-the-martian-pole/\" target=\"_self\">Probing the Martian Pole\u003c/a>). The entire point of landing on Mars' extreme northern plains was to find and examine ice-ice we know is up there in great abundance, as detected by orbiting spacecraft (\u003ca title=\"NASA - Mars Odyssey\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/28may_marsice.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Odyssey 2001\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, frozen under the surface dust layers, is a vast deposit of ice-\"enough to fill Lake Michigan twice.\" So Phoenix was sent to actually land there and scrape up surface samples of the soil, and hopefully ice. The question was, would the layer of dust covering the ice be thin enough for Phoenix to reach the ice with its robotic arm and shovel?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landing occurred on May 25th-a successful landing. NASA broadcast the drama live on NASA TV, which we shared with several hundred Chabot visitors via planetarium, theater, and closed-circuit TV. There were no actual images coming from Phoenix during the landing-after all, it was cooped up in its protective shell for much of the descent-but the excitement of the real-time drama and the nervous faces of NASA/JPL were enough to enthrall our audience. Pictures wouldn't come form Phoenix until later that night at the earliest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the pictures did come in over the days following. At first they looked much like images from other Mars landers (Viking, Pathfinder, Spirit, Opportunity), only flatter. Rusty red soil, low flat horizon, a scattering of \u003ca title=\"Space Reference\" href=\"http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=28113\" target=\"_blank\">pebbles and rocks\u003c/a>. The landscape itself appeared less interesting to me than other landing sites-but if you measure Phoenix's success by the beauty of the scenery, you're missing the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix is pretty much all about the ice, and what chemicals are frozen and preserved in it. The questions asked by the Phoenix mission are: did life ever arise on Mars, is the current climate on Mars suitable to support life, and what is Mars' geological makeup? If the vast ice deposits of the flat northern hemisphere lowlands are the frozen leftovers of what was once a liquid sea, then are there chemical clues of past conditions-even past life-locked up and preserved there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, do we have answers to these questions yet? Is there ice under Phoenix within reach of its scooper? At the time of my writing this the answer is: maybe. During the first week of testing Phoenix's systems to get it ready for full-on prospecting, a picture of the ground underneath the lander was taken using the camera attached to the \u003ca title=\"NASA - Phoenix\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080530.html\" target=\"_blank\">robotic arm\u003c/a>. This picture revealed a patch of solid substance that seems to have been exposed by the blast of Phoenix's landing rockets. It looks like it could be ice, but until a sample is analyzed we won't know for sure (because, it could be solid rock, too).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first sample scoop of soil dug up by Phoenix's shovel was placed in a bucket on board the lander and examined by camera, before being carefully dumped into a designated sample waste location (Mars' first land fill). The picture revealed some white substance in the reddish soil-which could be ice, or \u003ca title=\"NASA\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080602.html\" target=\"_blank\">possible salt.\u003c/a>...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned in the coming days and weeks for hot news from the ice as Phoenix conducts its investigations in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The entire point of landing on Mars' extreme northern plains was to find and examine ice.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457836103,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":561},"headData":{"title":"Phoenix on Ice? | KQED","description":"The entire point of landing on Mars' extreme northern plains was to find and examine ice.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"639 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=639","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/09/phoenix-on-ice/","disqusTitle":"Phoenix on Ice?","path":"/quest/639/phoenix-on-ice","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two blogs ago I wrote about the then upcoming landing of the Phoenix spacecraft on Mars, near the Northern polar ice cap (\u003ca title=\"KQED - Probing the Martian Pole\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/09/probing-the-martian-pole/\" target=\"_self\">Probing the Martian Pole\u003c/a>). The entire point of landing on Mars' extreme northern plains was to find and examine ice-ice we know is up there in great abundance, as detected by orbiting spacecraft (\u003ca title=\"NASA - Mars Odyssey\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/28may_marsice.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Odyssey 2001\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, frozen under the surface dust layers, is a vast deposit of ice-\"enough to fill Lake Michigan twice.\" So Phoenix was sent to actually land there and scrape up surface samples of the soil, and hopefully ice. The question was, would the layer of dust covering the ice be thin enough for Phoenix to reach the ice with its robotic arm and shovel?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landing occurred on May 25th-a successful landing. NASA broadcast the drama live on NASA TV, which we shared with several hundred Chabot visitors via planetarium, theater, and closed-circuit TV. There were no actual images coming from Phoenix during the landing-after all, it was cooped up in its protective shell for much of the descent-but the excitement of the real-time drama and the nervous faces of NASA/JPL were enough to enthrall our audience. Pictures wouldn't come form Phoenix until later that night at the earliest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the pictures did come in over the days following. At first they looked much like images from other Mars landers (Viking, Pathfinder, Spirit, Opportunity), only flatter. Rusty red soil, low flat horizon, a scattering of \u003ca title=\"Space Reference\" href=\"http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=28113\" target=\"_blank\">pebbles and rocks\u003c/a>. The landscape itself appeared less interesting to me than other landing sites-but if you measure Phoenix's success by the beauty of the scenery, you're missing the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix is pretty much all about the ice, and what chemicals are frozen and preserved in it. The questions asked by the Phoenix mission are: did life ever arise on Mars, is the current climate on Mars suitable to support life, and what is Mars' geological makeup? If the vast ice deposits of the flat northern hemisphere lowlands are the frozen leftovers of what was once a liquid sea, then are there chemical clues of past conditions-even past life-locked up and preserved there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, do we have answers to these questions yet? Is there ice under Phoenix within reach of its scooper? At the time of my writing this the answer is: maybe. During the first week of testing Phoenix's systems to get it ready for full-on prospecting, a picture of the ground underneath the lander was taken using the camera attached to the \u003ca title=\"NASA - Phoenix\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080530.html\" target=\"_blank\">robotic arm\u003c/a>. This picture revealed a patch of solid substance that seems to have been exposed by the blast of Phoenix's landing rockets. It looks like it could be ice, but until a sample is analyzed we won't know for sure (because, it could be solid rock, too).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first sample scoop of soil dug up by Phoenix's shovel was placed in a bucket on board the lander and examined by camera, before being carefully dumped into a designated sample waste location (Mars' first land fill). The picture revealed some white substance in the reddish soil-which could be ice, or \u003ca title=\"NASA\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080602.html\" target=\"_blank\">possible salt.\u003c/a>...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned in the coming days and weeks for hot news from the ice as Phoenix conducts its investigations in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/639/phoenix-on-ice","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_3228"],"tags":["quest_545","quest_546","quest_1438","quest_3351","quest_1751","quest_1918","quest_2011","quest_2181","quest_2349","quest_2442","quest_2446","quest_2739","quest_2742","quest_2811","quest_2893"],"featImg":"quest_640","label":"quest"},"quest_635":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_635","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"635","score":null,"sort":[1212785951000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"vaccines-one-small-risk-for-a-child-one-giant-benefit-for-mankind","title":"Vaccines: One Small Risk for a Child, One Giant Benefit for Mankind","publishDate":1212785951,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/lightningstrike1.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You're as likely to be struck by lightning as to have a severe reaction to a vaccine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was reading an \u003ca href=\"http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1721109,00.html\">article in Time\u003c/a> last week about parents not vaccinating their children. The story was about how this phenomenon is becoming more widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of stories are weird to me because vaccines are pretty safe. The risk of an adverse side effect is incredibly small. For example, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00046738.htm\">risk for anaphylaxis\u003c/a> from the Hepatitis B Virus vaccination is around 1 in 600,000. This is about the same risk as being struck by lightning (1 in 700,000).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the article wasn't talking about known risks. Instead, it was referring to a hypothesized link between vaccines and autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People proposed this link when they noticed that cases of autism and the number of vaccinations were rising at the same time. Of course, just because two things happen to occur at the same time, this does not mean they are causally linked. For example, the increase in global temperature is not related to the decrease in the world's populations of pirates (despite what the \u003ca href=\"http://www.venganza.org/about/open-letter/\">Pastafarians\u003c/a> say).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how could an increased number of vaccinations cause an increase in the number of cases of autism? I have seen two ideas put forth. The first is that thimerosal is to blame. The second is that there are so many vaccinations now that we are stressing out the body's immune system. Most likely neither idea is valid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thimerosal is a mercury-based preservative that used to be used in vaccines. Even though there haven't been any good studies on the effects of thimerosal on brain development, everyone knows mercury is bad for the brain. So the idea behind thimerosal makes some sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2001, vaccine manufacturers decided to eliminate thimerosal from their vaccines. We would predict, then, that cases of autism should go down significantly if thimerosal was linked to autism. They haven't. In fact, in one \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/news/20080107/thimerosal-down-but-autism-rising\">California study\u003c/a>, cases have continued to climb. So thimerosal is most likely not to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another point that has been made is that there are so many vaccines now that we are stressing out our bodies' immune systems. Again, this concern is unfounded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines are injections of viral proteins. Our bodies see the proteins and raise antibodies to them. Then when a virus invades, we have antibodies that recognize the virus and target it for destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the number of viral proteins that matter in terms of taxing the body's immune system and not the number of vaccinations. All of the current vaccines put together do not have as many viral proteins as the old smallpox vaccine (150 vs. 200). So the number of vaccines is unlikely to be the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What all of this means is that vaccines are probably not responsible for the significant increase in the number of cases of autism. What is responsible? No one knows for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be that the rise just comes from all of us recognizing the symptoms more. Or it could be due to some cause we don't know about or understand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we do know is that vaccines save many lives. I assume no one wants to go back to the early 20th century when polio epidemics swept the country. For example, 2,500 cases of \u003ca title=\"polio\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio\" target=\"_blank\">polio\u003c/a> ended up at one Los Angeles hospital between May and November of 1934. And in 1952, the U.S. had 21,000 cases of paralytic polio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can prevent this sort of thing from happening by making sure everyone is vaccinated. And yet there are people who choose to hide behind the people who take the miniscule risk of getting vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is this a matter of free choice? Should parents be allowed to opt out of vaccinating their children even if it risks society at large?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One idea, I suppose, is to have people who choose not to be vaccinated to sign a waiver saying they accept full responsibility for their actions. In practice this would mean that health insurance and the government would not be responsible for their children's health care bills if they become ill with one of the diseases they refused to be vaccinated against.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if your infant, grandma, or immuno-suppressed cousin came down with a disease these folks refused to be vaccinated against, then you could sue the un-vaccinated for damages. The common good isn't enough to encourage these folks. Perhaps threats to their pocketbook will be.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1478825924,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":761},"headData":{"title":"Vaccines: One Small Risk for a Child, One Giant Benefit for Mankind | KQED","description":"I was reading an article in Time last week about parents not vaccinating their children. The story was about how this phenomenon is becoming more widespread. These kinds of stories are weird to me because vaccines are pretty safe. The risk of an adverse side effect is incredibly small. For example, the risk for anaphylaxis","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"635 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=635","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/06/vaccines-one-small-risk-for-a-child-one-giant-benefit-for-mankind/","disqusTitle":"Vaccines: One Small Risk for a Child, One Giant Benefit for Mankind","path":"/quest/635/vaccines-one-small-risk-for-a-child-one-giant-benefit-for-mankind","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/lightningstrike1.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You're as likely to be struck by lightning as to have a severe reaction to a vaccine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was reading an \u003ca href=\"http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1721109,00.html\">article in Time\u003c/a> last week about parents not vaccinating their children. The story was about how this phenomenon is becoming more widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of stories are weird to me because vaccines are pretty safe. The risk of an adverse side effect is incredibly small. For example, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00046738.htm\">risk for anaphylaxis\u003c/a> from the Hepatitis B Virus vaccination is around 1 in 600,000. This is about the same risk as being struck by lightning (1 in 700,000).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the article wasn't talking about known risks. Instead, it was referring to a hypothesized link between vaccines and autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People proposed this link when they noticed that cases of autism and the number of vaccinations were rising at the same time. Of course, just because two things happen to occur at the same time, this does not mean they are causally linked. For example, the increase in global temperature is not related to the decrease in the world's populations of pirates (despite what the \u003ca href=\"http://www.venganza.org/about/open-letter/\">Pastafarians\u003c/a> say).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how could an increased number of vaccinations cause an increase in the number of cases of autism? I have seen two ideas put forth. The first is that thimerosal is to blame. The second is that there are so many vaccinations now that we are stressing out the body's immune system. Most likely neither idea is valid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thimerosal is a mercury-based preservative that used to be used in vaccines. Even though there haven't been any good studies on the effects of thimerosal on brain development, everyone knows mercury is bad for the brain. So the idea behind thimerosal makes some sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2001, vaccine manufacturers decided to eliminate thimerosal from their vaccines. We would predict, then, that cases of autism should go down significantly if thimerosal was linked to autism. They haven't. In fact, in one \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/news/20080107/thimerosal-down-but-autism-rising\">California study\u003c/a>, cases have continued to climb. So thimerosal is most likely not to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another point that has been made is that there are so many vaccines now that we are stressing out our bodies' immune systems. Again, this concern is unfounded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines are injections of viral proteins. Our bodies see the proteins and raise antibodies to them. Then when a virus invades, we have antibodies that recognize the virus and target it for destruction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is the number of viral proteins that matter in terms of taxing the body's immune system and not the number of vaccinations. All of the current vaccines put together do not have as many viral proteins as the old smallpox vaccine (150 vs. 200). So the number of vaccines is unlikely to be the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What all of this means is that vaccines are probably not responsible for the significant increase in the number of cases of autism. What is responsible? No one knows for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be that the rise just comes from all of us recognizing the symptoms more. Or it could be due to some cause we don't know about or understand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we do know is that vaccines save many lives. I assume no one wants to go back to the early 20th century when polio epidemics swept the country. For example, 2,500 cases of \u003ca title=\"polio\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio\" target=\"_blank\">polio\u003c/a> ended up at one Los Angeles hospital between May and November of 1934. And in 1952, the U.S. had 21,000 cases of paralytic polio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can prevent this sort of thing from happening by making sure everyone is vaccinated. And yet there are people who choose to hide behind the people who take the miniscule risk of getting vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is this a matter of free choice? Should parents be allowed to opt out of vaccinating their children even if it risks society at large?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One idea, I suppose, is to have people who choose not to be vaccinated to sign a waiver saying they accept full responsibility for their actions. In practice this would mean that health insurance and the government would not be responsible for their children's health care bills if they become ill with one of the diseases they refused to be vaccinated against.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if your infant, grandma, or immuno-suppressed cousin came down with a disease these folks refused to be vaccinated against, then you could sue the un-vaccinated for damages. The common good isn't enough to encourage these folks. Perhaps threats to their pocketbook will be.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/635/vaccines-one-small-risk-for-a-child-one-giant-benefit-for-mankind","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_256","quest_378","quest_575","quest_1328","quest_1451","quest_3351","quest_1791","quest_2011","quest_2133","quest_2252","quest_2349","quest_2931","quest_3054","quest_3055","quest_3056","quest_3078"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ATC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0018_AmericanSuburb_iTunesTile_01.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/07/commonwealthclub.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Consider-This_3000_V3-copy-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/06/forum-logo-900x900tile-1.gif","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/FreshAir_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/HereNow_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/insideEurope.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. Download Chris’s Song of the Week plus other highlights from the broadcast. Produced by American Public Media.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-8pm, SUN 11am-1pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/liveFromHere.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.livefromhere.org/","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"american public media"},"link":"/radio/program/live-from-here-highlights","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1167173941","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Live-from-Here-Highlights-p921744/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/a-prairie-home-companion-highlights/rss/rss"}},"marketplace":{"id":"marketplace","title":"Marketplace","info":"Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. 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We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/mindshift2021-tile-3000x3000-1-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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