Science on the SPOT: Sound Waves - Listening to Orcas
Into the Waves with Orcas
Puget Sound Orca Poop is a 'Treasure Trove' for Researchers
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If you ever want to have that awe-inspiring experience, then \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.wa.gov/parks/?selectedpark=Lime%20Kiln%20Point\">Lime Kiln State Park\u003c/a> on San Juan Island, Washington is the place to go.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n“This is the foremost whale watching park in the world,” says retired professor Val Veirs. “There’s no place else in the world you can go with a higher probability of seeing a whale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veirs, who taught physics at Colorado College for more than 30 years, visited the San Juan Islands on vacation with his wife Leslie and never left. Unable to spend his retirement idly, Veirs turned his attention from particle waves to sound waves, and took up the hobby of \u003ca href=\"http://orcasound.net/lk/\">recording underwater marine life\u003c/a>. That’s when he heard his first killer whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somebody who was making recordings sent me a tape, it was back in the days of cassette tapes, and he played this tape and I said ‘Wow, that’s not what I’ve been hearing on my hydrophone, I’ve been hearing ferry boats and crabs, but I haven’t heard these marvelous sounds that these animals make.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Veirs puts almost all of his efforts into tracking orcas. “Listening to the underwater sounds of the sea is an effort to try to understand the acoustic environment of the killer whales that very commonly visit this island,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veirs recordings confirm what many scientists have theorized about orcas. Different groups of killer whales – known as pods – have different sounds. “There are about 85 animals in three pods, labeled J, K, and L,” says Veirs, “and each of those pods seems to have a signature or contact call. By listening to these a lot, you kind of develop a sense of the vocabulary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What that vocabulary is telling Veirs is that the Southern Resident Killer Whales of Puget Sound are in trouble – threatened by a lack of food, pollution, and underwater noise harassment. It is this third factor that interests Veirs, mostly because he hears it firsthand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were listening to the underwater sounds we might hear the waves lapping on the shore, but that would soon be interrupted by the high speed whine of a speed boat. And then echoing and rumbling we would hear a container ship coming in from Asia coming around the corner of Vancouver Island.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sound travels through the air at about 700 miles-per-hour. Underwater, it travels even faster – closer to 3,500 miles-per-hour. Veirs says, if you want to know what it’s like to be an orca, imagine living under the flight path of an airport and next to a train station at the same time. Veirs says his research shows that the whales are compensating for all that noise. “We’ve had three or four experiments which have documented the fact that the whales speak more loudly when the background noises are higher.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underwater noise isn’t just a nuisance for orcas. It’s critical for their survival, since killer whales rely on echolocation to find their food. Orcas emit a high-pitched click, which, like sonar, bounces off their prey and tells them exactly where a tasty salmon might be swimming nearby. “If it’s harder for them to hear their echoes then they won’t be able to detect,” say Veirs. “The fish that used to be 100 meters away now maybe it can only be 20 meters away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that scientists would love to know is whether the orcas’ chirps and whistles are just general communication, or whether they are a more formal language. In other words, are the orcas actually speaking to each other? Val Veirs thinks he has the answer. In a recording made a few years ago, Veirs documented a mother orca “talking” to her calf, which was approaching Veirs’ research boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analyzing the recording afterwards, Veirs was able to triangulate the calls and recreate the communication. “The reconstruction on the computer looks like, [the calf saying] ‘I’m going over there… I’m going over there.’ [Then the mother says] ‘Don’t go over there, don’t go over there,’ a little louder. And in that intense back and forth, the young whale turns away from the boat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Veirs has documented the first evidence of an orca “conversation” or not, he is committed to continuing to study these iconic animals. “Our goals for this are multiple. One is kind of public education. Another is trying to move toward a deeper understanding of how the underwater noise may affect the behavior of the orcas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we understand that, and we understand that those noises may make it harder for the whales to forage, to navigate, to communicate, then we have a chance to take some societal steps to give them a little better chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to various sounds the Orcas encounter around San Juan Island in this map below.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Produced by Kevin Bang, KCTS. View \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218377787807598434655.0004a6cdaa21a5a498385&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=h&vpsrc=0&ll=48.54866,-123.150215&spn=0.109092,0.219727&z=12&source=embed\">Listening to Orcas - KCTS 9 Quest\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.orcasound.net/\">Salish Sea Hydrophone Network\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whalemuseum.org/seasound/ref.html\">SeaSound Project of the Whale Museum\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.coloradocollege.edu/dept/ev/Research/Faculty/OVALItems/FordOsborneVocabulary/_SouthernVocabularyTable.html\">Val Veirs Orca Call Catalogue\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"They are an icon of the Pacific Northwest, stirring a mix of fascination, awe and affection. Thousands of people come to the San Juan Islands in Puget Sound just to catch a glimpse of the Southern Resident orcas that call these waters home. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457568677,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":952},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: Sound Waves - Listening to Orcas | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science on the SPOT: Sound Waves - Listening to Orcas","datePublished":"2011-07-20T17:33:36.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-10T00:11:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"20451 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=20451","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/20/science-on-the-spot-sound-waves-listening-to-orcas/","disqusTitle":"Science on the SPOT: Sound Waves - Listening to Orcas","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/j63A761DWzU","path":"/quest/20451/science-on-the-spot-sound-waves-listening-to-orcas","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20671\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Val_Veirs_House640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"val veirs\" title=\"Val_Veirs_House640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20671\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retired professor Val Veirs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>LIME KILN STATE PARK, SAN JUAN ISLAND – It is hard to describe what it’s like when you see a killer whale up close. “Awe” and “inspiring” are the two words that come to most people’s minds. If you ever want to have that awe-inspiring experience, then \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.wa.gov/parks/?selectedpark=Lime%20Kiln%20Point\">Lime Kiln State Park\u003c/a> on San Juan Island, Washington is the place to go.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n“This is the foremost whale watching park in the world,” says retired professor Val Veirs. “There’s no place else in the world you can go with a higher probability of seeing a whale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veirs, who taught physics at Colorado College for more than 30 years, visited the San Juan Islands on vacation with his wife Leslie and never left. Unable to spend his retirement idly, Veirs turned his attention from particle waves to sound waves, and took up the hobby of \u003ca href=\"http://orcasound.net/lk/\">recording underwater marine life\u003c/a>. That’s when he heard his first killer whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somebody who was making recordings sent me a tape, it was back in the days of cassette tapes, and he played this tape and I said ‘Wow, that’s not what I’ve been hearing on my hydrophone, I’ve been hearing ferry boats and crabs, but I haven’t heard these marvelous sounds that these animals make.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Veirs puts almost all of his efforts into tracking orcas. “Listening to the underwater sounds of the sea is an effort to try to understand the acoustic environment of the killer whales that very commonly visit this island,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Veirs recordings confirm what many scientists have theorized about orcas. Different groups of killer whales – known as pods – have different sounds. “There are about 85 animals in three pods, labeled J, K, and L,” says Veirs, “and each of those pods seems to have a signature or contact call. By listening to these a lot, you kind of develop a sense of the vocabulary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What that vocabulary is telling Veirs is that the Southern Resident Killer Whales of Puget Sound are in trouble – threatened by a lack of food, pollution, and underwater noise harassment. It is this third factor that interests Veirs, mostly because he hears it firsthand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we were listening to the underwater sounds we might hear the waves lapping on the shore, but that would soon be interrupted by the high speed whine of a speed boat. And then echoing and rumbling we would hear a container ship coming in from Asia coming around the corner of Vancouver Island.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sound travels through the air at about 700 miles-per-hour. Underwater, it travels even faster – closer to 3,500 miles-per-hour. Veirs says, if you want to know what it’s like to be an orca, imagine living under the flight path of an airport and next to a train station at the same time. Veirs says his research shows that the whales are compensating for all that noise. “We’ve had three or four experiments which have documented the fact that the whales speak more loudly when the background noises are higher.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underwater noise isn’t just a nuisance for orcas. It’s critical for their survival, since killer whales rely on echolocation to find their food. Orcas emit a high-pitched click, which, like sonar, bounces off their prey and tells them exactly where a tasty salmon might be swimming nearby. “If it’s harder for them to hear their echoes then they won’t be able to detect,” say Veirs. “The fish that used to be 100 meters away now maybe it can only be 20 meters away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that scientists would love to know is whether the orcas’ chirps and whistles are just general communication, or whether they are a more formal language. In other words, are the orcas actually speaking to each other? Val Veirs thinks he has the answer. In a recording made a few years ago, Veirs documented a mother orca “talking” to her calf, which was approaching Veirs’ research boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analyzing the recording afterwards, Veirs was able to triangulate the calls and recreate the communication. “The reconstruction on the computer looks like, [the calf saying] ‘I’m going over there… I’m going over there.’ [Then the mother says] ‘Don’t go over there, don’t go over there,’ a little louder. And in that intense back and forth, the young whale turns away from the boat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Veirs has documented the first evidence of an orca “conversation” or not, he is committed to continuing to study these iconic animals. “Our goals for this are multiple. One is kind of public education. Another is trying to move toward a deeper understanding of how the underwater noise may affect the behavior of the orcas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we understand that, and we understand that those noises may make it harder for the whales to forage, to navigate, to communicate, then we have a chance to take some societal steps to give them a little better chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to various sounds the Orcas encounter around San Juan Island in this map below.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Produced by Kevin Bang, KCTS. View \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=218377787807598434655.0004a6cdaa21a5a498385&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=h&vpsrc=0&ll=48.54866,-123.150215&spn=0.109092,0.219727&z=12&source=embed\">Listening to Orcas - KCTS 9 Quest\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.orcasound.net/\">Salish Sea Hydrophone Network\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whalemuseum.org/seasound/ref.html\">SeaSound Project of the Whale Museum\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.coloradocollege.edu/dept/ev/Research/Faculty/OVALItems/FordOsborneVocabulary/_SouthernVocabularyTable.html\">Val Veirs Orca Call Catalogue\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/20451/science-on-the-spot-sound-waves-listening-to-orcas","authors":["10236"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_9854","quest_1569","quest_9852","quest_9856","quest_2086","quest_9855","quest_12146","quest_2477","quest_9853","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_20711","label":"quest_3296"},"quest_20728":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_20728","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"20728","score":null,"sort":[1311182686000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"into-the-waves-with-orcas","title":"Into the Waves with Orcas","publishDate":1311182686,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\nOrcas use sound to navigate, find food and communicate. But underwater noise is making it more difficult. We explore how scientists use hydrophones to track noise from ships and boats to discover what affect noise pollution really has on orcas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Orcas use sound to navigate, find food and communicate. But underwater noise is making it more difficult. We explore how scientists use hydrophones to track noise from ships and boats to discover what affect noise pollution really has on orcas.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1320350866,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":42},"headData":{"title":"Into the Waves with Orcas | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Into the Waves with Orcas","datePublished":"2011-07-20T17:24:46.000Z","dateModified":"2011-11-03T20:07:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"20728 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=slideshows&p=20728","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/20/into-the-waves-with-orcas/","disqusTitle":"Into the Waves with Orcas","path":"/quest/20728/into-the-waves-with-orcas","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\nOrcas use sound to navigate, find food and communicate. But underwater noise is making it more difficult. We explore how scientists use hydrophones to track noise from ships and boats to discover what affect noise pollution really has on orcas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/20728/into-the-waves-with-orcas","authors":["10240"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_9886","quest_1569","quest_9887","quest_9856","quest_2086","quest_3288","quest_2618","quest_2658","quest_2731","quest_2732","quest_9877"],"featImg":"quest_20873","label":"quest"},"quest_20814":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_20814","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"20814","score":null,"sort":[1311111069000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"puget-sound-orca-poop-is-a-treasure-trove-for-researchers","title":"Puget Sound Orca Poop is a 'Treasure Trove' for Researchers","publishDate":1311111069,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Puget Sound Orca Poop is a ‘Treasure Trove’ for Researchers | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20835\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20835\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"orcas\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pod of transient orcas swim past North Pender Island in Puget Sound. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SAN JUAN ISLANDS, Wash. — Puzzled by orcas’ failure to thrive in Puget Sound, researchers have turned to a secret weapon with a killer nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have several hypotheses for why Puget Sound killer whales are not recovering after being added in 2005 to the federal list of endangered species. They suspect lack of food, vessel traffic and pollution are to blame, but no one knows for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researcher Sam Wasser and his team are finding answers in the whales’ wake. Or, more specifically, in the fecal matter they leave behind as they swim through the waters of Puget Sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like a combination of algae and snot, if you want to know the truth,” explains Wasser, the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://conservationbiology.net/research-programs/killer-whales-2/\">Center for Conservation Biology\u003c/a> at the University of Washington. “It varies in color but it’s very mucusy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wasser says poop’s not gross. It’s \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.opb.org/repo/media/audio/2011/07/08/071111AA_whalepoop_web.mp3\">scientific gold\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can measure the diet of the animal, we can get toxins from the feces, DNA so we can tell the individual’s identity, it’s species, sex and all of this is in feces. So it’s literally a treasure trove of information,” says Wasser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20836\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20836\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tucker\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and trainer, Liz Sealy take to the bow on the hunt for whale poop. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His team has developed techniques to analyze animal poop from all over the world. His center has helped prosecute ivory poachers in Africa, track wolverines in the Rockies and better understand predator-prey interactions between wolves and caribou in the tundra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But finding wild animal poop, especially whale poop, isn’t easy, so Wasser has taken a creative approach to staffing his organization. Wasser looks down lovingly at his furry black sidekick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is Tucker our scat detection dog. Say hi Tucker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucker is an 8-year-old black Lab mix. He’s what those in the dog world call “ball obsessed.” Tucker will do anything for a game of fetch – even if that means sniffing out floating whale poop from a mile away – because he knows that when he finds the poop he gets to play with his ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">[youtube=http://player.vimeo.com/video/26171791?title=0&byline=0&portrait=0]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/26171791\">Tucker the scat-sniffing Lab\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/earthfix\">EarthFix\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer whales have been found to have the highest concentrations of toxic substances like DDT, flame-retardants and PCBs of any creature on the planet. Jessica Lundin, a graduate student at the Center for Conservation biology, says that if scientists can understand more about the contamination in these animals, they may be able to explain why they’re not recovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These toxicants have been shown in the lab to have reproductive impairment, thyroid disruption and to be immunotoxic. Those are very concerning attributes, especially when we know this endangered population has incredibly high levels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I join Wasser and his team as they head out of their base, San Juan Island’s Snug Harbor, in search of poop samples. As we’re rounding a rocky outcropping another research pipes in over the radio with the identification numbers of a pod of killer whales spotted passing nearby North Pender Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deborah Giles, a PhD candidate at the University of California Davis and an expert on killer whale behavior, notes down the location and steers the boat. White caps slap at the bow as we pick up speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’re rewarded when black dorsal fins emerge several hundred yards ahead of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There they are!” Giles exclaims. “They’re at 11.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liz Sealy, Tucker’s trainer, is in the bow of the boat with the dog trying to pick up a scent as we criss-cross the waters where the whales last surfaced – on the lookout for poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When he gets excited he’ll start standing up on the bow, wagging his tail, getting really animated. So for now he’s just checking the scene,” she explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucker wanders back and forth across the bow but doesn’t seem too excited. The researchers spend about 20 minutes bobbing along after the whales, but alas, Tucker comes up empty-snouted. The winds are too strong and the water’s too rough for him to lock onto a strong scent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite this unlucky mission, the team will continue to collect samples from killer whales in these waters throughout the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With samples collected in the past, Wasser’s team has been able to show that during periods of high vessel traffic – say Fourth of July weekend for example – the whales have higher levels of stress hormones in their poop. Combine that with smaller runs of Chinook salmon, which the whales prefer, and you’ve got problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20838\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20838\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Killer Whale food. Toxic chemicals accumulate in the blubber of marine mammals – the primary food source of transient orcas. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The data suggests that at times of low prey abundance there’s a cumulative impact of boat traffic. The whales are more stressed,” says Katherine Ayres, a graduate student with the Center for Conservation Biology. The researchers can also tell when the whales are undernourished and correlate that with lower fertility rates and higher mortality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are about 86 resident killer whales in the region and that number hasn’t increased since 2000 when the population crashed. Wasser suspects that the toxic chemicals in these whales may be playing a role here because they disrupt major hormonal pathways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They disrupt major hormonal pathways so that your body’s ability to regulate reproduction, metabolism all those things can be negatively impacted,” he says. “It’s accumulating effects that are occurring and we’re just trying to show the mechanisms that lead to that outcome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Deborah Giles, that outcome is pretty clear. “There are females that haven’t had calves yet and really they should have been having calves by now. Also we’re losing males that are just coming into reproductive age. That’s a huge hit to this population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s tricky to pick apart the various factors that make life tough for orca whales. Lack of food, vessel traffic and toxic pollution all pose a threat to these animals but by studying poop, scientists can look at all these things collectively — providing some direction for policymakers who are trying to solve human global health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wasser says a sample of whale poop is kind of like a snapshot of pollution levels in our coastal waters and that’s a photograph we might all want to have a look at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/\">EarthFix\u003c/a> is a public media project of Oregon Public Broadcasting and Boise State Public Radio, Idaho Public Television, KCTS 9 Seattle, KUOW Puget Sound Public Radio, Northwest Public Radio and Television, Southern Oregon Public Television and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists are looking for clues in killer whales' aquatic droppings as they try to determine why their numbers remain so low in Puget Sound. To sniff out these floating data dumps, researchers have turned to a furry colleague named Tucker.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684974006,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1208},"headData":{"title":"Puget Sound Orca Poop is a 'Treasure Trove' for Researchers | KQED","description":"Scientists are looking for clues in killer whales' aquatic droppings as they try to determine why their numbers remain so low in Puget Sound. To sniff out these floating data dumps, researchers have turned to a furry colleague named Tucker.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Puget Sound Orca Poop is a 'Treasure Trove' for Researchers","datePublished":"2011-07-19T21:31:09.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:20:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/20814/puget-sound-orca-poop-is-a-treasure-trove-for-researchers","audioUrl":"http://earthfix.opb.org/repo/media/audio/2011/07/08/071111AA_whalepoop_web.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20835\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20835\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"orcas\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pod of transient orcas swim past North Pender Island in Puget Sound. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SAN JUAN ISLANDS, Wash. — Puzzled by orcas’ failure to thrive in Puget Sound, researchers have turned to a secret weapon with a killer nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have several hypotheses for why Puget Sound killer whales are not recovering after being added in 2005 to the federal list of endangered species. They suspect lack of food, vessel traffic and pollution are to blame, but no one knows for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researcher Sam Wasser and his team are finding answers in the whales’ wake. Or, more specifically, in the fecal matter they leave behind as they swim through the waters of Puget Sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like a combination of algae and snot, if you want to know the truth,” explains Wasser, the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://conservationbiology.net/research-programs/killer-whales-2/\">Center for Conservation Biology\u003c/a> at the University of Washington. “It varies in color but it’s very mucusy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wasser says poop’s not gross. It’s \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.opb.org/repo/media/audio/2011/07/08/071111AA_whalepoop_web.mp3\">scientific gold\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can measure the diet of the animal, we can get toxins from the feces, DNA so we can tell the individual’s identity, it’s species, sex and all of this is in feces. So it’s literally a treasure trove of information,” says Wasser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20836\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20836\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tucker\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and trainer, Liz Sealy take to the bow on the hunt for whale poop. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His team has developed techniques to analyze animal poop from all over the world. His center has helped prosecute ivory poachers in Africa, track wolverines in the Rockies and better understand predator-prey interactions between wolves and caribou in the tundra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But finding wild animal poop, especially whale poop, isn’t easy, so Wasser has taken a creative approach to staffing his organization. Wasser looks down lovingly at his furry black sidekick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is Tucker our scat detection dog. Say hi Tucker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucker is an 8-year-old black Lab mix. He’s what those in the dog world call “ball obsessed.” Tucker will do anything for a game of fetch – even if that means sniffing out floating whale poop from a mile away – because he knows that when he finds the poop he gets to play with his ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>null\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/26171791\">Tucker the scat-sniffing Lab\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/earthfix\">EarthFix\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer whales have been found to have the highest concentrations of toxic substances like DDT, flame-retardants and PCBs of any creature on the planet. Jessica Lundin, a graduate student at the Center for Conservation biology, says that if scientists can understand more about the contamination in these animals, they may be able to explain why they’re not recovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These toxicants have been shown in the lab to have reproductive impairment, thyroid disruption and to be immunotoxic. Those are very concerning attributes, especially when we know this endangered population has incredibly high levels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I join Wasser and his team as they head out of their base, San Juan Island’s Snug Harbor, in search of poop samples. As we’re rounding a rocky outcropping another research pipes in over the radio with the identification numbers of a pod of killer whales spotted passing nearby North Pender Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deborah Giles, a PhD candidate at the University of California Davis and an expert on killer whale behavior, notes down the location and steers the boat. White caps slap at the bow as we pick up speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’re rewarded when black dorsal fins emerge several hundred yards ahead of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There they are!” Giles exclaims. “They’re at 11.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liz Sealy, Tucker’s trainer, is in the bow of the boat with the dog trying to pick up a scent as we criss-cross the waters where the whales last surfaced – on the lookout for poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When he gets excited he’ll start standing up on the bow, wagging his tail, getting really animated. So for now he’s just checking the scene,” she explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucker wanders back and forth across the bow but doesn’t seem too excited. The researchers spend about 20 minutes bobbing along after the whales, but alas, Tucker comes up empty-snouted. The winds are too strong and the water’s too rough for him to lock onto a strong scent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite this unlucky mission, the team will continue to collect samples from killer whales in these waters throughout the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With samples collected in the past, Wasser’s team has been able to show that during periods of high vessel traffic – say Fourth of July weekend for example – the whales have higher levels of stress hormones in their poop. Combine that with smaller runs of Chinook salmon, which the whales prefer, and you’ve got problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20838\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20838\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Killer Whale food. Toxic chemicals accumulate in the blubber of marine mammals – the primary food source of transient orcas. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The data suggests that at times of low prey abundance there’s a cumulative impact of boat traffic. The whales are more stressed,” says Katherine Ayres, a graduate student with the Center for Conservation Biology. The researchers can also tell when the whales are undernourished and correlate that with lower fertility rates and higher mortality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are about 86 resident killer whales in the region and that number hasn’t increased since 2000 when the population crashed. Wasser suspects that the toxic chemicals in these whales may be playing a role here because they disrupt major hormonal pathways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They disrupt major hormonal pathways so that your body’s ability to regulate reproduction, metabolism all those things can be negatively impacted,” he says. “It’s accumulating effects that are occurring and we’re just trying to show the mechanisms that lead to that outcome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Deborah Giles, that outcome is pretty clear. “There are females that haven’t had calves yet and really they should have been having calves by now. Also we’re losing males that are just coming into reproductive age. That’s a huge hit to this population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s tricky to pick apart the various factors that make life tough for orca whales. Lack of food, vessel traffic and toxic pollution all pose a threat to these animals but by studying poop, scientists can look at all these things collectively — providing some direction for policymakers who are trying to solve human global health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wasser says a sample of whale poop is kind of like a snapshot of pollution levels in our coastal waters and that’s a photograph we might all want to have a look at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/\">EarthFix\u003c/a> is a public media project of Oregon Public Broadcasting and Boise State Public Radio, Idaho Public Television, KCTS 9 Seattle, KUOW Puget Sound Public Radio, Northwest Public Radio and Television, Southern Oregon Public Television and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/20814/puget-sound-orca-poop-is-a-treasure-trove-for-researchers","authors":["10242"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_3547","quest_1569","quest_9856","quest_2086","quest_2261","quest_12146","quest_2477","quest_3785","quest_9869"],"featImg":"quest_20835","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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