From the Top of the Space Needle: A New View on Carbon Emissions
A River Returns
Fish Earbones Provide a Rare Glimpse into the Past and Future of Fisheries
Can Earth Survive Without Scientist-Citizens?
Tsunami Program Faces Cuts One Year After Disaster
Bay Area Tides
Sponsored
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In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"lizagross":{"type":"authors","id":"6322","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6322","found":true},"name":"Liza Gross","firstName":"Liza","lastName":"Gross","slug":"lizagross","email":"lizagross@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Liza Gross, an award-winning independent journalist and senior editor at the biomedical journal PLOS Biology, writes mostly about conservation and public and environmental health. She was a 2013 recipient of the NYU Reporting Award, a 2013 Dennis Hunt Health Journalism fellow and a 2015 USC Data Journalism fellow.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Liza Gross | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lizagross"},"lfarrar":{"type":"authors","id":"6544","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6544","found":true},"name":"Lauren Farrar","firstName":"Lauren","lastName":"Farrar","slug":"lfarrar","email":"lfarrar@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Lauren has a background in biology, education, and filmmaking. She has had the privilege to work on a diverse array of educational endeavors and is currently a producer for KQED Learning's YouTube series \u003cem>Above the Noise\u003c/em>. Lauren's career has taken her to the deepest parts of the ocean to film deep sea hydrothermal vents for classroom webcasts, into the pool to film synchronized swimmers to teach about the pH scale, and on roller coasters to create a video about activation energy. And, she’s done it all for the sake of education. Lauren loves communicating science! Follow her on twitter @LFarrarAtWork","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/580c4ece9fa0756ef42202cdcf4146d1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"lowdown","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"education","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["administrator"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lauren Farrar | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/580c4ece9fa0756ef42202cdcf4146d1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/580c4ece9fa0756ef42202cdcf4146d1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lfarrar"},"quest":{"type":"authors","id":"10216","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10216","found":true},"name":"QUEST Staff","firstName":"QUEST","lastName":"Staff","slug":"quest","email":"quest@kqed.orgx","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"QUEST, an Emmy Award-winning multimedia science series, has a new focus on the science of sustainability.The half-hour magazine style episodes are produced by a collaboration of six public broadcasters around the country and explore a wide variety of sustainability issues related to food, energy, water, climate and biodiversity. The story segments featured in each show are introduced by on-camera host, environmental journalist \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/pssethi/\">Simran Sethi\u003c/a>. The series also includes half-hour specials that focus on a single topic.\r\n \r\nAll 2013-2014 television programs can be viewed online in their entirety or as individual segments by clicking on the titles and images listed below. The programs are also broadcast in each of our six PBS partner regions including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/north-carolina/\">North Carolina\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\">Ohio\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/nebraska/\">Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northern-california/\">Northern California\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northwest/\">Pacific Northwest\u003c/a>. Check local listings for broadcast dates and times.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"QUEST Staff | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/quest"},"cathybritt":{"type":"authors","id":"10240","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10240","found":true},"name":"Cathy Britt","firstName":"Cathy","lastName":"Britt","slug":"cathybritt","email":"cbritt@KCTS9.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Cathy Britt is the Digital Communications Specialist at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, where she oversees social media, web projects, and digital content creation. 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In her spare time, Cathy is pursuing a Master in Communication in Digital Media (MCDM) degree from the University of Washington and enjoys practicing photography and traveling.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5ae7f1e677ff11199a8dd42a2677f129?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Cathy Britt | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5ae7f1e677ff11199a8dd42a2677f129?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5ae7f1e677ff11199a8dd42a2677f129?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/cathybritt"},"katiejennings":{"type":"authors","id":"10425","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10425","found":true},"name":"Katie Jennings","firstName":"Katie","lastName":"Jennings","slug":"katiejennings","email":"kjennings@kcts9.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Katie Jennings returns to KCTS as QUEST Northwest Coordinating Producer. 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She recently completed a Master's degree in Media Psychology and Social Change.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3bdb2a9870409707b8226dce56db415?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["manage_categories","leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Katie Jennings | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3bdb2a9870409707b8226dce56db415?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3bdb2a9870409707b8226dce56db415?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/katiejennings"},"michaeljameswerner":{"type":"authors","id":"10446","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10446","found":true},"name":"Michael James Werner","firstName":"Michael James","lastName":"Werner","slug":"michaeljameswerner","email":"michaeljameswerner@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Michael Werner is an award-winning independent filmmaker, photographer and writer. His work has been featured in/by: The PBS NewsHour, HBO Films, The Associated Press, Earthfix, Oregon Field Guide, KCTS-9 Seattle, Voice of America TV, The World Channel, the U.S. Olympic Committee and the Cannes International Film Festival. In addition he is a former faculty member at the University of Oregon School of Journalism and holds a master’s degree in narrative journalism. In 2010 he spent five weeks exploring the Democratic Republic of the Congo for a documentary project and developed an appreciation for the taste of curried caterpillars.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Michael James Werner | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/michaeljameswerner"},"sanbornsarahn":{"type":"authors","id":"10471","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10471","found":true},"name":"Sarah Sanborn","firstName":"Sarah","lastName":"Sanborn","slug":"sanbornsarahn","email":"SSanborn@kcts9.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Sarah Sanborn joins QUEST Northwest from the University of Washington’s Program on the Environment. She has worked with the Environmental Protection Agency and a variety of citizen science projects in the Pacific Northwest. In the spring of 2013, Sarah was awarded the UW Environmental Leadership Scholarship given to those who represent leadership, integrative thought and action, and vision of how they hope to make a positive difference in the world.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/26e834ee9c913ef10e1ef2540202776a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sarah Sanborn | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/26e834ee9c913ef10e1ef2540202776a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/26e834ee9c913ef10e1ef2540202776a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sanbornsarahn"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_72520":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72520","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72520","score":null,"sort":[1419606049000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scary-tsunamis-2","title":"Scary Tsunamis","publishDate":1419606049,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Ten years ago this week, a massive earthquake in the Indian Ocean off Sumatra triggered a tsunami that killed more than 230,000 people in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six years later, another huge quake - with a magnitude 9.0, the fourth largest in the world since 1900 - erupted off the east coast of Japan. It caused another devastating tsunami that generated waves rising to more than 100 feet tall. Buildings and homes were toppled and hundreds of thousands of people were evacuated as the flooding water caused a meltdown at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 16,000 people died in that disaster. And the effects were felt as far away as California and Oregon, where surging waves caused an estimated $50 million in damage to six coastal California counties, including Santa Cruz, where docks were smashed and boats that were pried loose from their moorings were wrecked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72521\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72521\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg\" alt=\"Just after a devastating tsunami struck the coast of Japan in March 2011, the tsunami waves struck the coast of California, where they damaged harbors, including the Santa Cruz harbor. Image courtesy Matt Corley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just after a devastating tsunami struck the coast of Japan in March 2011, the tsunami waves struck the coast of California, where they damaged harbors, including the Santa Cruz harbor. Image courtesy Matt Corley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The two tragedies ratcheted up the pressure to shore up California’s tsunami preparedness and response efforts. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/earthquakes/Pages/index.aspx\">California Geological Survey\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calema.ca.gov/PlanningandPreparedness/Pages/Earthquakes-and-Tsunamis.aspx\">California Office of Emergency Services\u003c/a>, along with federal assistance from\u003ca href=\"http://www.fema.gov/\"> FEMA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/\">NOAA\u003c/a>, began creating “playbooks” for California coastal communities, such as Alameda, that are vulnerable to tsunamis. The playbooks model the strength of the currents and the amount of flooding possible from mild, moderate and severe tsunamis, which would help coastal communities update evacuation plans and minimize the damage to harbors and boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, there are now more than 6,000 tsunami hazard signs posted along the California coast help direct residents to higher ground in the event of this potentially deadly natural disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s not possible to predict when the next big earthquake will erupt on the ocean floor and generate another massive tsunami, monitoring signs of tsunami activity in the ocean can yield precious minutes to alert residents to move to higher ground, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A tsunami will actually travel at hundreds of miles per hour,” said Tom Evans, a meteorologist and the Director of Operations at the National Weather Service in Honolulu. “So a warning system in place is very necessary,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a real-time tsunami monitoring system already exists through the \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) program\u003c/a> which is operated by NOAA. In all, 39 buoys that ring the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean measure signs of early tsunami waves and relay the measurements to warning centers in Hawaii and Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72523\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72523\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg\" alt=\"Although rare, massive tsunamis such as the ones that have struck the coasts of Banda Aceh, Japan and Chile, could also strike the California coast. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Although rare, massive tsunamis such as the ones that have struck the coasts of Banda Aceh, Japan and Chile, could also strike the California coast.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the system has been hampered by malfunctions and legislative inaction on bills that would fund tsunami preparedness and outreach to vulnerable coastal communities. At the end of July 2014, 10 of the 39 DART buoy stations were “non-operational due to some sort of failure,” according to Michael Angove, the NOAA / National Weather Service Tsunami Program Manager. Maintenance work to fix the malfunctioning buoys would not begin until spring 2015, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tsunamis do occur along the (California) coast here, in San Francisco, we’ve had them in the bay. So yes, they are a real threat,” said Evans. “Nature is very powerful. And we have to respect it,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Christopher Bauer and updated by Sheraz Sadiq.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this video story, learn how coastal communities in California are vulnerable to massive, potentially deadly tsunamis. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442622759,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":615},"headData":{"title":"Scary Tsunamis | KQED","description":"In this video story, learn how coastal communities in California are vulnerable to massive, potentially deadly tsunamis. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scary Tsunamis","datePublished":"2014-12-26T15:00:49.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T00:32:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"72520 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72520","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/26/scary-tsunamis-2/","disqusTitle":"Scary Tsunamis","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfCZhx6YvnI?feature=player_profilepage","source":"Geology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/geology/","path":"/quest/72520/scary-tsunamis-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ten years ago this week, a massive earthquake in the Indian Ocean off Sumatra triggered a tsunami that killed more than 230,000 people in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six years later, another huge quake - with a magnitude 9.0, the fourth largest in the world since 1900 - erupted off the east coast of Japan. It caused another devastating tsunami that generated waves rising to more than 100 feet tall. Buildings and homes were toppled and hundreds of thousands of people were evacuated as the flooding water caused a meltdown at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 16,000 people died in that disaster. And the effects were felt as far away as California and Oregon, where surging waves caused an estimated $50 million in damage to six coastal California counties, including Santa Cruz, where docks were smashed and boats that were pried loose from their moorings were wrecked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72521\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72521\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg\" alt=\"Just after a devastating tsunami struck the coast of Japan in March 2011, the tsunami waves struck the coast of California, where they damaged harbors, including the Santa Cruz harbor. Image courtesy Matt Corley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just after a devastating tsunami struck the coast of Japan in March 2011, the tsunami waves struck the coast of California, where they damaged harbors, including the Santa Cruz harbor. Image courtesy Matt Corley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The two tragedies ratcheted up the pressure to shore up California’s tsunami preparedness and response efforts. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/earthquakes/Pages/index.aspx\">California Geological Survey\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calema.ca.gov/PlanningandPreparedness/Pages/Earthquakes-and-Tsunamis.aspx\">California Office of Emergency Services\u003c/a>, along with federal assistance from\u003ca href=\"http://www.fema.gov/\"> FEMA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/\">NOAA\u003c/a>, began creating “playbooks” for California coastal communities, such as Alameda, that are vulnerable to tsunamis. The playbooks model the strength of the currents and the amount of flooding possible from mild, moderate and severe tsunamis, which would help coastal communities update evacuation plans and minimize the damage to harbors and boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, there are now more than 6,000 tsunami hazard signs posted along the California coast help direct residents to higher ground in the event of this potentially deadly natural disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s not possible to predict when the next big earthquake will erupt on the ocean floor and generate another massive tsunami, monitoring signs of tsunami activity in the ocean can yield precious minutes to alert residents to move to higher ground, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A tsunami will actually travel at hundreds of miles per hour,” said Tom Evans, a meteorologist and the Director of Operations at the National Weather Service in Honolulu. “So a warning system in place is very necessary,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a real-time tsunami monitoring system already exists through the \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) program\u003c/a> which is operated by NOAA. In all, 39 buoys that ring the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean measure signs of early tsunami waves and relay the measurements to warning centers in Hawaii and Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72523\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72523\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg\" alt=\"Although rare, massive tsunamis such as the ones that have struck the coasts of Banda Aceh, Japan and Chile, could also strike the California coast. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Although rare, massive tsunamis such as the ones that have struck the coasts of Banda Aceh, Japan and Chile, could also strike the California coast.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the system has been hampered by malfunctions and legislative inaction on bills that would fund tsunami preparedness and outreach to vulnerable coastal communities. At the end of July 2014, 10 of the 39 DART buoy stations were “non-operational due to some sort of failure,” according to Michael Angove, the NOAA / National Weather Service Tsunami Program Manager. Maintenance work to fix the malfunctioning buoys would not begin until spring 2015, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tsunamis do occur along the (California) coast here, in San Francisco, we’ve had them in the bay. So yes, they are a real threat,” said Evans. “Nature is very powerful. And we have to respect it,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Christopher Bauer and updated by Sheraz Sadiq.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72520/scary-tsunamis-2","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13026","quest_13025","quest_13024","quest_13027","quest_12269","quest_2001","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_3003","quest_3321","quest_13028","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_72522","label":"source_quest_72520"},"quest_73187":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_73187","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"73187","score":null,"sort":[1418419098000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-keeling-curve-explained","title":"The Keeling Curve Explained","publishDate":1418419098,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13355,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>The Keeling Curve is one of the most compelling pieces of scientific evidence that shows that carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) is accumulating in our atmosphere. CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere and help keep the planet warm. More greenhouse gas molecules in the air means more heat is trapped, leading to an overall warming of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe title=\"The Keeling Curve Explained\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/H5gwH9r7FjQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read the explanations in the video above to learn more about the Keeling Curve, which plots CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>in the Earth’s atmosphere over time.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>is a molecule made up of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, and it moves in and out of the atmosphere through various process known as the carbon cycle. In the carbon cycle, natural processes like human respiration and volcanic activity release CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. Plants absorb CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> during photosynthesis and the ocean absorbs it when CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the air mixes with seawater. However, human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, like coal, oil and natural gas, also release CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the start of the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s, humans have been emitting more and more CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. At the same time, forests all over the world are being cleared for agriculture and development. Deforestation not only leaves fewer plants to absorb the increasing amounts of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, but also adds CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> to the air when trees are burned or left to decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until about the mid-20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century many scientists thought that the oceans would easily absorb the excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emitted from fossil fuel burning, so there wasn't a great concern over the possible effects of increased emissions in the atmosphere. However, there wasn't a lot of data on the actual concentrations of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in the atmosphere. In 1958, Charles Keeling of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography began measuring CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels in the air at a weather station in Hawaii and at the South Pole. After a few years, Keeling observed a steady increase in atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, an indication that fossil-fuel emissions were building up in the atmosphere. Due to funding cuts, Keeling had to stop measurements at the South Pole, but the weather station in Hawaii continues to measure concentrations of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. The data from these measurements are plotted on a graph known as the Keeling Curve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeling's findings were so profound that they prompted the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to start monitoring CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentrations in other locations around the world. And, in July 2014, NASA launched the Orbiting Carbon Observatory, a satellite designed to gather the most precise data ever for tracking the carbon cycle on Earth. All of this data indicates that CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is building up in Earth's atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does the Keeling Curve show about the concentrations of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in the Earth's atmosphere?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why does the concentration of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> go up and down throughout the year?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why do you think Keeling chose Mauna Loa and Antarctica to measure atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why does the concentration of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> increase over time?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What does an increase in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels in the atmosphere mean for global warming?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>This video explainer is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/clue-into-climate/\">Clue into Climate\u003c/a> collection of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An interactive version of this explainer is featured in our \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong> e-book series. Click on the tabs below to download our free e-books or subscribe to our iTunes U course. You can also visit our \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">e-books page\u003c/a> to view our other offerings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-1-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 1\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look into the causes of climate change, and discover how scientists develop and use climate models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/ee/book/clue-into-climate-causes-change/id927517681?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-2-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 2 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn about how climate change influences precipitation patterns and how it impacts our frozen landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id930719116?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-3-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 3 updated web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigate shifts in the distribution of plant and animal species due to climate change, and the effects of increased carbon dioxide emissions on the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id932195900?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14737\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-4-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 4 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See how communities are preparing for sea level rise and other impacts of climate change, and ways we can help minimize future climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-facing-our/id932658240?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore the Keeling Curve, which has measured CO2 levels in the atmosphere since 1958, in this interactive graphic.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1587659609,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.youtube.com/embed/H5gwH9r7FjQ"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":667},"headData":{"title":"The Keeling Curve Explained | KQED","description":"Explore the Keeling Curve, which has measured CO2 levels in the atmosphere since 1958, in this interactive graphic.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Keeling Curve Explained","datePublished":"2014-12-12T21:18:18.000Z","dateModified":"2020-04-23T16:33:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"73187 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=73187","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/12/the-keeling-curve-explained/","disqusTitle":"The Keeling Curve Explained","path":"/quest/73187/the-keeling-curve-explained","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Keeling Curve is one of the most compelling pieces of scientific evidence that shows that carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) is accumulating in our atmosphere. CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere and help keep the planet warm. More greenhouse gas molecules in the air means more heat is trapped, leading to an overall warming of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe title=\"The Keeling Curve Explained\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/H5gwH9r7FjQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read the explanations in the video above to learn more about the Keeling Curve, which plots CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>in the Earth’s atmosphere over time.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>is a molecule made up of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, and it moves in and out of the atmosphere through various process known as the carbon cycle. In the carbon cycle, natural processes like human respiration and volcanic activity release CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. Plants absorb CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> during photosynthesis and the ocean absorbs it when CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the air mixes with seawater. However, human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, like coal, oil and natural gas, also release CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the start of the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s, humans have been emitting more and more CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. At the same time, forests all over the world are being cleared for agriculture and development. Deforestation not only leaves fewer plants to absorb the increasing amounts of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, but also adds CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> to the air when trees are burned or left to decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until about the mid-20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century many scientists thought that the oceans would easily absorb the excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emitted from fossil fuel burning, so there wasn't a great concern over the possible effects of increased emissions in the atmosphere. However, there wasn't a lot of data on the actual concentrations of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in the atmosphere. In 1958, Charles Keeling of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography began measuring CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels in the air at a weather station in Hawaii and at the South Pole. After a few years, Keeling observed a steady increase in atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, an indication that fossil-fuel emissions were building up in the atmosphere. Due to funding cuts, Keeling had to stop measurements at the South Pole, but the weather station in Hawaii continues to measure concentrations of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. The data from these measurements are plotted on a graph known as the Keeling Curve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keeling's findings were so profound that they prompted the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to start monitoring CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> concentrations in other locations around the world. And, in July 2014, NASA launched the Orbiting Carbon Observatory, a satellite designed to gather the most precise data ever for tracking the carbon cycle on Earth. All of this data indicates that CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is building up in Earth's atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does the Keeling Curve show about the concentrations of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in the Earth's atmosphere?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why does the concentration of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> go up and down throughout the year?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why do you think Keeling chose Mauna Loa and Antarctica to measure atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why does the concentration of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> increase over time?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What does an increase in CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels in the atmosphere mean for global warming?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>This video explainer is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/clue-into-climate/\">Clue into Climate\u003c/a> collection of resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An interactive version of this explainer is featured in our \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong> e-book series. Click on the tabs below to download our free e-books or subscribe to our iTunes U course. You can also visit our \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">e-books page\u003c/a> to view our other offerings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-1-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 1\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look into the causes of climate change, and discover how scientists develop and use climate models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/ee/book/clue-into-climate-causes-change/id927517681?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-2-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 2 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn about how climate change influences precipitation patterns and how it impacts our frozen landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id930719116?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-3-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 3 updated web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigate shifts in the distribution of plant and animal species due to climate change, and the effects of increased carbon dioxide emissions on the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id932195900?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14737\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-4-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 4 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See how communities are preparing for sea level rise and other impacts of climate change, and ways we can help minimize future climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-facing-our/id932658240?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/73187/the-keeling-curve-explained","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_13104","quest_621","quest_13098","quest_12946","quest_11194","quest_1585","quest_11929","quest_2001","quest_13105"],"collections":["quest_13355"],"featImg":"quest_73380","label":"quest_13355"},"quest_73368":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_73368","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"73368","score":null,"sort":[1418418327000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"career-spotlight-water-quality-specialist","title":"Career Spotlight: Water Quality Specialist","publishDate":1418418327,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Career Spotlight | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqFDXNkrsTo?feature=player_embedded\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melanie Harrison is a water quality specialist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> (NOAA) \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/\">Marine Fisheries Division\u003c/a>. She helps protect and restore threatened and endangered fish by evaluating development projects. In order to protect and restore these fish species she has to consider how climate change will impact the fish and their habitat in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This video is featured in our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/clue-into-climate/\" target=\"_blank\">Clue into Climate\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book series. Click on the tabs below to download our free e-books and subscribe to our iTunes U course. You can also visit our \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">e-books page\u003c/a> to view our other offerings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-1-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 1\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look into the causes of climate change, and discover how scientists develop and use climate models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/ee/book/clue-into-climate-causes-change/id927517681?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-2-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 2 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn about how climate change influences precipitation patterns and how it impacts our frozen landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id930719116?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-3-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 3 updated web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigate shifts in the distribution of plant and animal species due to climate change, and the effects of increased carbon dioxide emissions on the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id932195900?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14737\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-4-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 4 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See how communities are preparing for sea level rise and other impacts of climate change, and ways we can help minimize future climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-facing-our/id932658240?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Melanie Harrison is a water quality specialist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. She helps protect and restore threatened and endangered fish species.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450476309,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":191},"headData":{"title":"Career Spotlight: Water Quality Specialist | KQED","description":"Melanie Harrison is a water quality specialist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. She helps protect and restore threatened and endangered fish species.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Career Spotlight: Water Quality Specialist","datePublished":"2014-12-12T21:05:27.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-18T22:05:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"73368 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=73368","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/12/career-spotlight-water-quality-specialist/","disqusTitle":"Career Spotlight: Water Quality Specialist","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/73368/career-spotlight-water-quality-specialist","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqFDXNkrsTo?feature=player_embedded\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melanie Harrison is a water quality specialist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> (NOAA) \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/\">Marine Fisheries Division\u003c/a>. She helps protect and restore threatened and endangered fish by evaluating development projects. In order to protect and restore these fish species she has to consider how climate change will impact the fish and their habitat in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This video is featured in our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/clue-into-climate/\" target=\"_blank\">Clue into Climate\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book series. Click on the tabs below to download our free e-books and subscribe to our iTunes U course. You can also visit our \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">e-books page\u003c/a> to view our other offerings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-1-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 1\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look into the causes of climate change, and discover how scientists develop and use climate models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/ee/book/clue-into-climate-causes-change/id927517681?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14724\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-2-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 2 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn about how climate change influences precipitation patterns and how it impacts our frozen landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id930719116?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-3-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 3 updated web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigate shifts in the distribution of plant and animal species due to climate change, and the effects of increased carbon dioxide emissions on the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-changing/id932195900?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-14737\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Climate-e-book-cover-4-150x194.png\" alt=\"Climate e-book cover 4 web\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See how communities are preparing for sea level rise and other impacts of climate change, and ways we can help minimize future climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clue-into-climate-facing-our/id932658240?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/clue-into-climate/id944516910\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Subscribe on iTunes\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/73368/career-spotlight-water-quality-specialist","authors":["6544"],"series":["quest_13374"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_621","quest_13098","quest_12946","quest_1099","quest_11194","quest_1585","quest_2001"],"collections":["quest_13355"],"featImg":"quest_73373","label":"source_quest_73368"},"quest_63112":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_63112","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"63112","score":null,"sort":[1392130851000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-the-top-of-the-space-needle-a-new-view-on-carbon-emissions","title":"From the Top of the Space Needle: A New View on Carbon Emissions","publishDate":1392130851,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>New York City made headlines this year with the news that its greenhouse gas emissions dropped by \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/30/us-newyorkcity-climate-idUSBRE9BT0QN20131230\">nearly 20 percent\u003c/a> over the past decade. Other \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/local/local-examples/action-plans.html\">cities and communities nationwide are also developing climate action plans\u003c/a> to reduce carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) levels, but how will they measure their success?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66638\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 292px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66638 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png\" alt=\"Stacy installing monitor\" width=\"292\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png 2414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-400x387.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-800x774.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-1440x1394.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-1180x1142.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-960x929.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 292px) 100vw, 292px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stacy Maenner and Chris Sabine helped install the CO2 monitor on top of the Space Needle. Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Off the foggy coast of the Pacific Ocean near Aberdeen, Washington, a small monitor sits on a buoy quietly measuring atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. Its sister, a monitor high atop Seattle's iconic Space Needle, does the same. The two monitors create a picture of the carbon emissions generated by our region's population. These monitors allow scientists -- and the public -- to see daily, monthly, and seasonal highs and lows in carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years ago scientists in Seattle installed this innovative system, which lets them analyze real-time data of changing atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels and share this information with the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, a state that relies primarily on hydroelectricity to fuel industry, carbon emissions come largely from transportation, industry and residential buildings. This contrasts with most parts of the country, where carbon comes mostly from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66644\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66644 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png.png\" alt=\"WA Emissions Mobile.png\" width=\"363\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png.png 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-400x309.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-800x618.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-1440x1112.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-1180x912.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-960x742.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/WA+State+Emissions\">Washington State Emissions\u003c/a> from transportation sources. The dark red lines also correspond with Washington highways. Photo courtesy of Kevin Gurney. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This makes Washington a perfect place for scientists to study the impacts of policy decisions on transportation, industrial and residential emissions, removing the influence of coal-burning power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dr. Ellen Lettvin, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacificsciencecenter.org/\">Pacific Science Center\u003c/a>'s Vice President for Science and Education, \"The Space Needle is tall enough and central enough to gather meaningful urban data about CO2, whereas the instrument on the buoy collects important observations of the remote marine environment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Dr. Christopher Sabine, Director of the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), Lettvin arranged to install the Seattle \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Methods+for+Space+Needle\">CO₂ monitoring station\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every five minutes, data from the Seattle monitor is collected and then summarized in daily, monthly, and seasonal graphs. The daily picture shows peaks at commute times, while the seasonal graphs show dips in the spring and summer when urban vegetation absorbs a portion of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. But long-term results show a more disturbing trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66646\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 744px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Seasonal-CO2.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66646 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Seasonal-CO2.gif\" alt=\"Seasonal CO2\" width=\"744\" height=\"312\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Space+Needle\">PMEL's Seasonal CO2 graph\u003c/a> shows the CO2 emissions of the coast (green) and of downtown Seattle (blue). Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The scary thing is that over the last seven years since we have been taking these measurements, the seasonal CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> low points keeps trending slightly higher each year due to human activity, in both the measurements from Seattle and from Aberdeen,\" says Lettvin. \"The CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels in our region keep climbing, year after year -- just as they are doing worldwide.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66639\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66639 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg\" alt=\"PSC kiosk\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-800x800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-960x960.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pacific Science Center's shows data from the Space Needle's CO2 monitor. Photo courtesy of Pacific Science Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lettvin points out that businesses have much to gain from a better understanding of their CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> footprints, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fuel costs keep going up,” said Lettvin, “so if you’re a business or an individual, your CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> footprint is strongly related to the amount of money you are spending on fuel. Saving money and reducing our individual and collective contributions to climate change are both incentives to reducing energy use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitors like the one on top of the Space Needle help scientists understand the flow and flux of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in major cities. Individuals, companies, and governments can now make more informed decisions about their emissions, and any progress toward climate mitigation will become clearer.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A CO2 monitor atop Seattle’s Space Needle supplies empirical data on the city's carbon emissions ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442703089,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":614},"headData":{"title":"From the Top of the Space Needle: A New View on Carbon Emissions | KQED","description":"A CO2 monitor atop Seattle’s Space Needle supplies empirical data on the city's carbon emissions ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"From the Top of the Space Needle: A New View on Carbon Emissions","datePublished":"2014-02-11T15:00:51.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T22:51:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"63112 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=63112","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/11/from-the-top-of-the-space-needle-a-new-view-on-carbon-emissions/","disqusTitle":"From the Top of the Space Needle: A New View on Carbon Emissions","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/63112/from-the-top-of-the-space-needle-a-new-view-on-carbon-emissions","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>New York City made headlines this year with the news that its greenhouse gas emissions dropped by \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/30/us-newyorkcity-climate-idUSBRE9BT0QN20131230\">nearly 20 percent\u003c/a> over the past decade. Other \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/local/local-examples/action-plans.html\">cities and communities nationwide are also developing climate action plans\u003c/a> to reduce carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) levels, but how will they measure their success?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66638\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 292px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66638 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png\" alt=\"Stacy installing monitor\" width=\"292\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284.png 2414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-400x387.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-800x774.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-1440x1394.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-1180x1142.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-960x929.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Stacy-installing-monitor-e1391631654284-32x32.png 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 292px) 100vw, 292px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stacy Maenner and Chris Sabine helped install the CO2 monitor on top of the Space Needle. Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Off the foggy coast of the Pacific Ocean near Aberdeen, Washington, a small monitor sits on a buoy quietly measuring atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. Its sister, a monitor high atop Seattle's iconic Space Needle, does the same. The two monitors create a picture of the carbon emissions generated by our region's population. These monitors allow scientists -- and the public -- to see daily, monthly, and seasonal highs and lows in carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years ago scientists in Seattle installed this innovative system, which lets them analyze real-time data of changing atmospheric CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels and share this information with the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, a state that relies primarily on hydroelectricity to fuel industry, carbon emissions come largely from transportation, industry and residential buildings. This contrasts with most parts of the country, where carbon comes mostly from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66644\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66644 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png.png\" alt=\"WA Emissions Mobile.png\" width=\"363\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png.png 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-400x309.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-800x618.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-1440x1112.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-1180x912.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-Emissions-Mobile.png-960x742.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map shows \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/WA+State+Emissions\">Washington State Emissions\u003c/a> from transportation sources. The dark red lines also correspond with Washington highways. Photo courtesy of Kevin Gurney. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This makes Washington a perfect place for scientists to study the impacts of policy decisions on transportation, industrial and residential emissions, removing the influence of coal-burning power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dr. Ellen Lettvin, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacificsciencecenter.org/\">Pacific Science Center\u003c/a>'s Vice President for Science and Education, \"The Space Needle is tall enough and central enough to gather meaningful urban data about CO2, whereas the instrument on the buoy collects important observations of the remote marine environment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Dr. Christopher Sabine, Director of the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), Lettvin arranged to install the Seattle \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Methods+for+Space+Needle\">CO₂ monitoring station\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every five minutes, data from the Seattle monitor is collected and then summarized in daily, monthly, and seasonal graphs. The daily picture shows peaks at commute times, while the seasonal graphs show dips in the spring and summer when urban vegetation absorbs a portion of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. But long-term results show a more disturbing trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66646\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 744px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Seasonal-CO2.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66646 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Seasonal-CO2.gif\" alt=\"Seasonal CO2\" width=\"744\" height=\"312\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Space+Needle\">PMEL's Seasonal CO2 graph\u003c/a> shows the CO2 emissions of the coast (green) and of downtown Seattle (blue). Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The scary thing is that over the last seven years since we have been taking these measurements, the seasonal CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> low points keeps trending slightly higher each year due to human activity, in both the measurements from Seattle and from Aberdeen,\" says Lettvin. \"The CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> levels in our region keep climbing, year after year -- just as they are doing worldwide.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66639\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66639 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg\" alt=\"PSC kiosk\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-800x800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-960x960.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/PSC-kiosk-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pacific Science Center's shows data from the Space Needle's CO2 monitor. Photo courtesy of Pacific Science Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lettvin points out that businesses have much to gain from a better understanding of their CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> footprints, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fuel costs keep going up,” said Lettvin, “so if you’re a business or an individual, your CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> footprint is strongly related to the amount of money you are spending on fuel. Saving money and reducing our individual and collective contributions to climate change are both incentives to reducing energy use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitors like the one on top of the Space Needle help scientists understand the flow and flux of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> in major cities. Individuals, companies, and governments can now make more informed decisions about their emissions, and any progress toward climate mitigation will become clearer.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/63112/from-the-top-of-the-space-needle-a-new-view-on-carbon-emissions","authors":["10471"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_485","quest_13195","quest_621","quest_12558","quest_971","quest_13197","quest_12269","quest_1271","quest_12516","quest_12583","quest_2001","quest_12584","quest_12585","quest_12146"],"featImg":"quest_66740","label":"source_quest_63112"},"quest_61358":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_61358","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"61358","score":null,"sort":[1382536859000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-river-returns","title":"A River Returns","publishDate":1382536859,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71013 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Quest_EMMYwin.jpg\" alt=\"Quest_EMMYwin\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">Sunlight streaks through the leafy canopy, painting the Elwha River and surrounding forest in dappled light. Two men in chest waders splash through the swift-moving current, kicking up mushroom clouds of silt. Their eyes scan the shallows as they make their way downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John McMillan, a fish biologist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Jeff Duda, a research ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, are here looking for steelhead and salmon nests, or redds, where fish have laid eggs. The signs are subtle but unmistakable to their trained eyes — a depression in the river bottom and disturbed gravel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McMillan and Duda are just two of the many scientists from federal and state agencies and the local Native American tribe, who are studying the dramatic changes taking place on this river. Two massive hydroelectric dams are in the process of being removed. And these scientists are trying to understand how the largest dam removal project in the nation’s history is impacting fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to see how fast these fish recolonize after the dams have been removed,” McMillan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Elwha River in western Washington State was once home to one of the biggest salmon runs in the continental United States. But in the early 1900s two dams were built on this pristine river, which today lies mostly within the protected confines of Olympic National Park. The dams provided power to the nearby town of Port Angeles and helped the frontier community grow and thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62677\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-62677 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg\" alt=\"Elwha_dam2\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The two dams on the Elwha River were built without fish ladders and prevented salmon from swimming upstream.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the dams were built without fish ladders and had devastating consequences for fish; salmon returning from the ocean to spawn were cut off from their natal waters. Only the lower five miles of the 45-mile river were accessible to them. Over time the dams starved those five miles of the sediment salmon need for building their nests. The diminished and degraded habitat decimated fish populations in a river once known for producing 100-pound salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lower Elwha Klallam tribe, which has relied on the river for sustenance and its spiritual traditions for thousands of years, has been fighting for nearly 100 years to have the dams removed. In the early 1990s, Congress finally authorized dam removal as a way to help restore the river and its salmon runs. But it would take another two decades to secure funding for the $300 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam removal began in 2011 and will connect the headwaters of the Elwha with the mouth of the river. The project is expected to be completed by 2014. One of the major challenges in removing the dams was figuring out how to deal with all the sediment stored behind the dams – enough sediment to fill 11 NFL football stadiums. To deal with the sediment, construction crews are taking the dams down gradually, piece by piece, rather than dynamiting them. Even so, the river is swollen with sediment. And the physical shape of the river is changing as the river deposits sediment along its banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62681\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62681 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg\" alt=\"Elwha_Boat_and_net2\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Beirne, a scientist with the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, nets juvenile fish to study how the dam removal is impacting them.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This place is changing every day,” Duda said. “Every time I come out there’s something new, something different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In five to 10 years, the sediment is expected to make its way downstream and the river will run clear once again. But for now, salmon returning to the river face some harsh conditions. Sediment can clog their gills and make it difficult to find food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost like you’re tearing off a Band-Aid,” Duda said. “You have to go through a little bit of pain in order to get to that final state of healing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this day, McMillan and Duda walked the main channel of the Elwha River between the lower dam and the upper dam. The swift-flowing river, suffused with fine sediment from dam removal, ran a milky gray. McMillan fixed a keen eye on the clearer water near shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They dug here! These are digs!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you think this [is a nest] right here?” Duda said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a redd clearly,” McMillan replied. “It’s the first redd we’ve found by a steelhead in the mainstem Elwha River.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still a long way to go, but McMillan and Duda are hopeful that salmon and steelhead will thrive here once again.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In Washington state, a river once known for its abundant salmon run is getting a second chance. The Elwha River dams, which decimated salmon populations and profoundly altered the ecosystem, are coming down and hopes are high that salmon will return. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457565342,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":777},"headData":{"title":"A River Returns | KQED","description":"In Washington state, a river once known for its abundant salmon run is getting a second chance. The Elwha River dams, which decimated salmon populations and profoundly altered the ecosystem, are coming down and hopes are high that salmon will return. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A River Returns","datePublished":"2013-10-23T14:00:59.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:15:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"61358 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=61358","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/23/a-river-returns/","disqusTitle":"A River Returns","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TfjRG9RxL8","path":"/quest/61358/a-river-returns","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71013 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Quest_EMMYwin.jpg\" alt=\"Quest_EMMYwin\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">Sunlight streaks through the leafy canopy, painting the Elwha River and surrounding forest in dappled light. Two men in chest waders splash through the swift-moving current, kicking up mushroom clouds of silt. Their eyes scan the shallows as they make their way downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John McMillan, a fish biologist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Jeff Duda, a research ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, are here looking for steelhead and salmon nests, or redds, where fish have laid eggs. The signs are subtle but unmistakable to their trained eyes — a depression in the river bottom and disturbed gravel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McMillan and Duda are just two of the many scientists from federal and state agencies and the local Native American tribe, who are studying the dramatic changes taking place on this river. Two massive hydroelectric dams are in the process of being removed. And these scientists are trying to understand how the largest dam removal project in the nation’s history is impacting fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to see how fast these fish recolonize after the dams have been removed,” McMillan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Elwha River in western Washington State was once home to one of the biggest salmon runs in the continental United States. But in the early 1900s two dams were built on this pristine river, which today lies mostly within the protected confines of Olympic National Park. The dams provided power to the nearby town of Port Angeles and helped the frontier community grow and thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62677\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-62677 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg\" alt=\"Elwha_dam2\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The two dams on the Elwha River were built without fish ladders and prevented salmon from swimming upstream.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the dams were built without fish ladders and had devastating consequences for fish; salmon returning from the ocean to spawn were cut off from their natal waters. Only the lower five miles of the 45-mile river were accessible to them. Over time the dams starved those five miles of the sediment salmon need for building their nests. The diminished and degraded habitat decimated fish populations in a river once known for producing 100-pound salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lower Elwha Klallam tribe, which has relied on the river for sustenance and its spiritual traditions for thousands of years, has been fighting for nearly 100 years to have the dams removed. In the early 1990s, Congress finally authorized dam removal as a way to help restore the river and its salmon runs. But it would take another two decades to secure funding for the $300 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam removal began in 2011 and will connect the headwaters of the Elwha with the mouth of the river. The project is expected to be completed by 2014. One of the major challenges in removing the dams was figuring out how to deal with all the sediment stored behind the dams – enough sediment to fill 11 NFL football stadiums. To deal with the sediment, construction crews are taking the dams down gradually, piece by piece, rather than dynamiting them. Even so, the river is swollen with sediment. And the physical shape of the river is changing as the river deposits sediment along its banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62681\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62681 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg\" alt=\"Elwha_Boat_and_net2\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Beirne, a scientist with the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, nets juvenile fish to study how the dam removal is impacting them.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This place is changing every day,” Duda said. “Every time I come out there’s something new, something different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In five to 10 years, the sediment is expected to make its way downstream and the river will run clear once again. But for now, salmon returning to the river face some harsh conditions. Sediment can clog their gills and make it difficult to find food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost like you’re tearing off a Band-Aid,” Duda said. “You have to go through a little bit of pain in order to get to that final state of healing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this day, McMillan and Duda walked the main channel of the Elwha River between the lower dam and the upper dam. The swift-flowing river, suffused with fine sediment from dam removal, ran a milky gray. McMillan fixed a keen eye on the clearer water near shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They dug here! These are digs!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you think this [is a nest] right here?” Duda said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a redd clearly,” McMillan replied. “It’s the first redd we’ve found by a steelhead in the mainstem Elwha River.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still a long way to go, but McMillan and Duda are hopeful that salmon and steelhead will thrive here once again.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/61358/a-river-returns","authors":["10446","10425"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_68","quest_326","quest_12007","quest_12125","quest_924","quest_11940","quest_11176","quest_1022","quest_12269","quest_12326","quest_12249","quest_2001","quest_12517","quest_12327","quest_12325","quest_12146","quest_3736","quest_2423","quest_2477","quest_2576","quest_12328","quest_2786","quest_2893","quest_3048","quest_3071","quest_10210"],"featImg":"quest_62677","label":"quest"},"quest_51445":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_51445","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"51445","score":null,"sort":[1369321251000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts","title":"Fish Earbones Provide a Rare Glimpse into the Past and Future of Fisheries","publishDate":1369321251,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55023\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-55023\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55023\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg\" alt=\"The rings on an otolith Photo courtesy of Flickr user Eustatic Creative Commons license\" width=\"628\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg 628w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rings on an otolith: photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/eustatic/3067134212/\">Eustatic\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ccode>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/code>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Field Notes\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>:\u003c/strong> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Cathy Britt, The Burke Museum\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From salmon steaks and sushi, to fish nuggets and crab cakes, the world’s fisheries provide three billion people with nearly 15 percent of their average animal protein intake. The numerous fish, crab, shrimp, and shellfish that live in these cold, productive waters make Alaska and the Pacific Northwest essentially the biggest seafood market in the world. Pollock from the Bering Sea is a staple, found in fish sticks and fillets for fast-food sandwiches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ensure that future generations will continue to enjoy the benefits of these fisheries, they must be sustainably managed. This is where science and management come into play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As graduate researcher Jeremy Harris puts it, “We know what can happen to fish with too much fishing, but I want to learn if we can spot this when it’s first starting to happen and set limits and regulations that prevent it.” Harris, a University of Washington graduate researcher, is turning to a collection of pollock otoliths (A.K.A ear bones) at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/\">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture\u003c/a> for insights into how much fishing is too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Finding Answers in Unexpected Places\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyholdingotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54276\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-54276 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyHoldingOtolith-e1368141930563-292x253.jpg\" alt=\"JeremyHoldingOtolith\" width=\"182\" height=\"157\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people wonder why natural history museums hold onto \"all that old stuff\" in their research collections. Well sometimes, all that old stuff can hold information critical to understanding our world. It's just a question of waiting until science matures enough to decode the information they hold. The Burke Museum’s collection of pollock otoliths is a great example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Otoliths Archive Ocean Data\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65346\"]\u003cbr>\nSimilar to the rings in a tree, otolith layers form rings that can be counted and measured to determine the fish’s age and growth over the years of its life. Most fish have three otoliths, commonly referred to as ear bones, at the rear of their skull to aid in balance, orientation and hearing. Otoliths are actually stone-like composites that develop layers of proteins and calcium carbonate from the fish’s birth until its death – offering a record of age, growth rate and reproductive age, as well as information about water conditions and climate change the fish experienced. Some fish, like rockfish, can live more than 100 years, giving researchers a rare glimpse into environments from more than a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/oldestotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54481\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-54481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/OldestOtolith-e1368141494119-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Oldest Otolith\" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>Thomas Helser, program director at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/default.htm\">NOAA’s Alaska Fisheries Science Center\u003c/a> (AFSC) \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/Age/\">Age and Growth Program\u003c/a>, leads a team of experts in accessing the data within these fish “flight recorders,” as he describes them. Helser and his staff are collaborating with numerous governmental and academic colleagues in the fields of ecology, geology, evolutionary biology and archeology to explore cutting edge technologies that shed light on critical issues like climate change and overfishing. The team processes some otolith samples intensively for geochemical data. Others they cut in half, polish and lightly burn to enhance the rings, then count the rings to estimate age. Annual growth widths are measured to examine changes in growth over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Man-made evolution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65350\"]\u003cbr>\nFor his research into sustainable fishing levels, Jeremy plans to sample more than 500 Alaska pollock otoliths collected as far back as the 1960s to look for changes in age, growth rate and reproductive age of the fish over time. Overfishing can cause fish to mature faster and reproduce at a younger age as a means to compensate for loss of reproductive capacity. This may eventually cause an evolutionary change through removing genetic traits associated with older, larger, more valuable fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy will pair what he learns from the otolith collection with population and environmental data collected by a range of people and organizations, to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the size and age of mature fish, and the volume of fishing happening at the time. “I hope to put this issue on the radar so people start thinking about longer-term evolutionary impacts of fishing,” says Jeremy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a grant from the National Science Foundation, Jeremy is also helping to transfer more than two million otoliths collected by NOAA over the past 50 years to their new, permanent home as part of the Burke Museum’s fish collection. There they will be held safely, until the day that science finds a new way to unlock their precious data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyincollection/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54277\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg\" alt=\"Jeremy In Collection\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Archiving artifacts from the sea, a natural history museum preserves precious data for scientists.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1387578489,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":764},"headData":{"title":"Fish Earbones Provide a Rare Glimpse into the Past and Future of Fisheries | KQED","description":"Archiving artifacts from the sea, a natural history museum preserves precious data for scientists.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fish Earbones Provide a Rare Glimpse into the Past and Future of Fisheries","datePublished":"2013-05-23T15:00:51.000Z","dateModified":"2013-12-20T22:28:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"51445 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=51445","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/23/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/","disqusTitle":"Fish Earbones Provide a Rare Glimpse into the Past and Future of Fisheries","path":"/quest/51445/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55023\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-55023\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-55023\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg\" alt=\"The rings on an otolith Photo courtesy of Flickr user Eustatic Creative Commons license\" width=\"628\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273.jpg 628w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/3067134212_b217e2bd81_z-e1369175284273-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rings on an otolith: photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/eustatic/3067134212/\">Eustatic\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ccode>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/code>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Field Notes\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>:\u003c/strong> \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Cathy Britt, The Burke Museum\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From salmon steaks and sushi, to fish nuggets and crab cakes, the world’s fisheries provide three billion people with nearly 15 percent of their average animal protein intake. The numerous fish, crab, shrimp, and shellfish that live in these cold, productive waters make Alaska and the Pacific Northwest essentially the biggest seafood market in the world. Pollock from the Bering Sea is a staple, found in fish sticks and fillets for fast-food sandwiches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To ensure that future generations will continue to enjoy the benefits of these fisheries, they must be sustainably managed. This is where science and management come into play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As graduate researcher Jeremy Harris puts it, “We know what can happen to fish with too much fishing, but I want to learn if we can spot this when it’s first starting to happen and set limits and regulations that prevent it.” Harris, a University of Washington graduate researcher, is turning to a collection of pollock otoliths (A.K.A ear bones) at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/\">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture\u003c/a> for insights into how much fishing is too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Finding Answers in Unexpected Places\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyholdingotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54276\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-54276 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyHoldingOtolith-e1368141930563-292x253.jpg\" alt=\"JeremyHoldingOtolith\" width=\"182\" height=\"157\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people wonder why natural history museums hold onto \"all that old stuff\" in their research collections. Well sometimes, all that old stuff can hold information critical to understanding our world. It's just a question of waiting until science matures enough to decode the information they hold. The Burke Museum’s collection of pollock otoliths is a great example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Otoliths Archive Ocean Data\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65346\"]\u003cbr>\nSimilar to the rings in a tree, otolith layers form rings that can be counted and measured to determine the fish’s age and growth over the years of its life. Most fish have three otoliths, commonly referred to as ear bones, at the rear of their skull to aid in balance, orientation and hearing. Otoliths are actually stone-like composites that develop layers of proteins and calcium carbonate from the fish’s birth until its death – offering a record of age, growth rate and reproductive age, as well as information about water conditions and climate change the fish experienced. Some fish, like rockfish, can live more than 100 years, giving researchers a rare glimpse into environments from more than a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/oldestotolith/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54481\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-54481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/OldestOtolith-e1368141494119-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Oldest Otolith\" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>Thomas Helser, program director at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/default.htm\">NOAA’s Alaska Fisheries Science Center\u003c/a> (AFSC) \u003ca href=\"http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/Age/\">Age and Growth Program\u003c/a>, leads a team of experts in accessing the data within these fish “flight recorders,” as he describes them. Helser and his staff are collaborating with numerous governmental and academic colleagues in the fields of ecology, geology, evolutionary biology and archeology to explore cutting edge technologies that shed light on critical issues like climate change and overfishing. The team processes some otolith samples intensively for geochemical data. Others they cut in half, polish and lightly burn to enhance the rings, then count the rings to estimate age. Annual growth widths are measured to examine changes in growth over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Man-made evolution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Inline II\" mediaid=\"65350\"]\u003cbr>\nFor his research into sustainable fishing levels, Jeremy plans to sample more than 500 Alaska pollock otoliths collected as far back as the 1960s to look for changes in age, growth rate and reproductive age of the fish over time. Overfishing can cause fish to mature faster and reproduce at a younger age as a means to compensate for loss of reproductive capacity. This may eventually cause an evolutionary change through removing genetic traits associated with older, larger, more valuable fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeremy will pair what he learns from the otolith collection with population and environmental data collected by a range of people and organizations, to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the size and age of mature fish, and the volume of fishing happening at the time. “I hope to put this issue on the radar so people start thinking about longer-term evolutionary impacts of fishing,” says Jeremy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a grant from the National Science Foundation, Jeremy is also helping to transfer more than two million otoliths collected by NOAA over the past 50 years to their new, permanent home as part of the Burke Museum’s fish collection. There they will be held safely, until the day that science finds a new way to unlock their precious data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts/jeremyincollection/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54277\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-54277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg\" alt=\"Jeremy In Collection\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/JeremyInCollection-e1369175893578-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51445/fish-flight-recorders-aid-in-sustainability-efforts","authors":["10240"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_12010","quest_326","quest_13193","quest_12007","quest_13317","quest_13195","quest_12012","quest_12008","quest_12013","quest_2001","quest_12009","quest_12005","quest_3324","quest_12014","quest_12011","quest_3288","quest_2846"],"featImg":"quest_55024","label":"quest"},"quest_47827":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47827","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47827","score":null,"sort":[1355328042000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens","title":"Can Earth Survive Without Scientist-Citizens?","publishDate":1355328042,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47829\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/arctic-fox-pup-feature/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47829\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47829\" title=\"arctic fox pup feature\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/arctic-fox-pup-feature-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) pup in the Pribilof Islands, St. Paul Island, off the coast of mainland Alaska in the Bering Sea. Juvenile mortality can reach 90% (from starvation and predation) during their first year when lemming abundance is low. Climate change threatens arctic fox survival by reducing the snow depth that lemmings depend on for shelter and insulation. (Image: Mike Boylan/USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When scientists start giving talks called \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/12/is-earth-fked-agu-scientist-asks.html?rss=1\">“Is Earth F***ed?”\u003c/a>, it’s safe to say we’ve entered a new era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, at the largest annual gathering of earth and space scientists in the world, geophysicist Brad Werner caused quite a stir with his decidedly unscholarly framing of the question on everyone’s mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner’s talk at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco was inspired, he said, by friends who were \"quite depressed” about earth’s future and our inability to “respond appropriately.” (His talk starts at 25 minutes.) To get a sense of what might change our trajectory toward planetary disaster, Werner, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://complex-systems.ucsd.edu/\">Complex Systems Laboratory\u003c/a> at UC San Diego, modeled interactions between human social processes and environmental systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His model predicts that a capitalist culture, operating with few restraints to maximize short-term gains, prevents us from taking the longer view needed to prevent environmental destruction. Simulations show that unfettered economies will quickly burn through natural resources. Factoring in regulation, which constrains but doesn’t change the dominant economic culture, simply delays the damage. The only thing that might tip the balance toward a sustainable future, Werner says, is resistance, if people push back against the status quo. But he hasn’t run the simulations to test this idea yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner urged his colleagues to start thinking about sustainability as a geophysical problem and to lend their expertise to studying the complex dynamics of human-environmental interactions: “It’s not something that we can just leave for the social scientists or the humanities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47863\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 622px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/greenland-slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47863\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47863\" title=\"greenland slide arctic report card NOAA, 2012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/greenland-slide-622x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic report card NOAA, 2012, greenland\" width=\"622\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rare, nearly ice-sheet-wide melt was recorded by satellites for the first time in 2012. The melt season was the longest it has been since satellite observations began in 1979. Melting ice contributes to sea level rise through direct, mass loss, and melt water can lubricate the underside of glaciers and accelerate glacier flow, further contributing to sea level rise. Surface melt changes the shape of ice and snow crystals, making them less reflective. (Source: Arctic Report Card, 2012, NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But is that enough? If we’re really pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point, as a group of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/blog/archives/3011\">top scientists warned last summer\u003c/a>, should scientists be doing more than research? Do scientists have a responsibility to step outside the academy and do whatever they can to set us on a more sustainable trajectory?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jane Lubchenco says yes. Just a half hour before Werner laid out his somber predictions for our future, \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/lubchenco.html\">Lubchenco\u003c/a>, under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, revealed the findings of her agency’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/\">Arctic Report Card \u003c/a>at an AGU \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAKZXxjHXsM\">press conference.\u003c/a> Noting that dramatic physical changes—including record low snow and sea ice levels and unprecedented ice sheet surface melting—are triggering biological changes such as less productivity at the bottom of the food chain, Lubchenco showed just how bleak things have already become. (See video below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, she traveled across the bay to \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/12/10/jane-lubchenco-wicked-problems/\">tell her academic colleagues at UC Berkeley\u003c/a> what they can do about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a longstanding (if mostly unspoken) tradition, scientists often look askance at colleagues who spend time engaging the public and government officials in science, thinking they do so at the expense of good science. Lubchenco believes that type of thinking is a luxury we can ill afford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laying out the litany of “wicked problems” we face—climate change, loss of biodiversity, ocean acidification, and freshwater depletion to name just a few—Lubchenco urged scientists to move beyond simply documenting environmental destruction to creating solutions. “That means engaging with society and thinking differently about what our roles as scientists are,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47832\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/janelubchenco/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47832\" title=\"jane lubchenco\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/janelubchenco-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jane Lubchenco NOAA administrator\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco tells academic researchers at UC Berkeley that in the face of \"wicked problems\" like climate change and biodiversity loss they no longer have the luxury of just doing science they think is cool. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We scientists, whether we’re wearing government hats or academic hats, have a responsibility to society in exchange for public funding,” she said. That means not just “doing things we think are cool but really wrestling with some of these big problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The old divisions between basic science and applied science no longer describes the world we live in, Lubchenco says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most researchers think their work is over when they share the knowledge they gain with their colleagues in meetings and peer-reviewed journals. But that’s just a first step, in Lubchenco's view. She urged her Berkeley audience to share what they’ve learned with the public, policymakers, and decision makers and to make the effort to understand how they can design studies to make sure their research makes a difference. They need to think about how their research can guide public officials’ approaches to regulating and managing ecosystems, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Lubchenco, it’s all part of being a responsible human being. It's incumbent upon scientists, she said, “to renew our social contract in light of the environmental challenges that face us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If enough scientists take her advice, maybe, one day, we’ll be able to answer “no” to Werner's question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Last summer, a group of top scientists warned that our penchant for growth and consumption may be pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point. The days when scientists could share their results with just their colleagues are over, says NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco. It's time for scientists to help solve our \"wicked problems.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443826226,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":968},"headData":{"title":"Can Earth Survive Without Scientist-Citizens? | KQED","description":"Last summer, a group of top scientists warned that our penchant for growth and consumption may be pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point. The days when scientists could share their results with just their colleagues are over, says NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco. It's time for scientists to help solve our "wicked problems."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Can Earth Survive Without Scientist-Citizens?","datePublished":"2012-12-12T16:00:42.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T22:50:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"47827 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=47827","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/","disqusTitle":"Can Earth Survive Without Scientist-Citizens?","path":"/quest/47827/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47829\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/arctic-fox-pup-feature/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47829\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47829\" title=\"arctic fox pup feature\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/arctic-fox-pup-feature-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) pup in the Pribilof Islands, St. Paul Island, off the coast of mainland Alaska in the Bering Sea. Juvenile mortality can reach 90% (from starvation and predation) during their first year when lemming abundance is low. Climate change threatens arctic fox survival by reducing the snow depth that lemmings depend on for shelter and insulation. (Image: Mike Boylan/USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When scientists start giving talks called \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/12/is-earth-fked-agu-scientist-asks.html?rss=1\">“Is Earth F***ed?”\u003c/a>, it’s safe to say we’ve entered a new era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, at the largest annual gathering of earth and space scientists in the world, geophysicist Brad Werner caused quite a stir with his decidedly unscholarly framing of the question on everyone’s mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner’s talk at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco was inspired, he said, by friends who were \"quite depressed” about earth’s future and our inability to “respond appropriately.” (His talk starts at 25 minutes.) To get a sense of what might change our trajectory toward planetary disaster, Werner, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://complex-systems.ucsd.edu/\">Complex Systems Laboratory\u003c/a> at UC San Diego, modeled interactions between human social processes and environmental systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His model predicts that a capitalist culture, operating with few restraints to maximize short-term gains, prevents us from taking the longer view needed to prevent environmental destruction. Simulations show that unfettered economies will quickly burn through natural resources. Factoring in regulation, which constrains but doesn’t change the dominant economic culture, simply delays the damage. The only thing that might tip the balance toward a sustainable future, Werner says, is resistance, if people push back against the status quo. But he hasn’t run the simulations to test this idea yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner urged his colleagues to start thinking about sustainability as a geophysical problem and to lend their expertise to studying the complex dynamics of human-environmental interactions: “It’s not something that we can just leave for the social scientists or the humanities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47863\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 622px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/greenland-slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47863\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47863\" title=\"greenland slide arctic report card NOAA, 2012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/greenland-slide-622x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic report card NOAA, 2012, greenland\" width=\"622\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rare, nearly ice-sheet-wide melt was recorded by satellites for the first time in 2012. The melt season was the longest it has been since satellite observations began in 1979. Melting ice contributes to sea level rise through direct, mass loss, and melt water can lubricate the underside of glaciers and accelerate glacier flow, further contributing to sea level rise. Surface melt changes the shape of ice and snow crystals, making them less reflective. (Source: Arctic Report Card, 2012, NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But is that enough? If we’re really pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point, as a group of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/blog/archives/3011\">top scientists warned last summer\u003c/a>, should scientists be doing more than research? Do scientists have a responsibility to step outside the academy and do whatever they can to set us on a more sustainable trajectory?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jane Lubchenco says yes. Just a half hour before Werner laid out his somber predictions for our future, \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/lubchenco.html\">Lubchenco\u003c/a>, under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, revealed the findings of her agency’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/\">Arctic Report Card \u003c/a>at an AGU \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAKZXxjHXsM\">press conference.\u003c/a> Noting that dramatic physical changes—including record low snow and sea ice levels and unprecedented ice sheet surface melting—are triggering biological changes such as less productivity at the bottom of the food chain, Lubchenco showed just how bleak things have already become. (See video below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, she traveled across the bay to \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/12/10/jane-lubchenco-wicked-problems/\">tell her academic colleagues at UC Berkeley\u003c/a> what they can do about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a longstanding (if mostly unspoken) tradition, scientists often look askance at colleagues who spend time engaging the public and government officials in science, thinking they do so at the expense of good science. Lubchenco believes that type of thinking is a luxury we can ill afford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laying out the litany of “wicked problems” we face—climate change, loss of biodiversity, ocean acidification, and freshwater depletion to name just a few—Lubchenco urged scientists to move beyond simply documenting environmental destruction to creating solutions. “That means engaging with society and thinking differently about what our roles as scientists are,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47832\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/janelubchenco/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47832\" title=\"jane lubchenco\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/janelubchenco-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jane Lubchenco NOAA administrator\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco tells academic researchers at UC Berkeley that in the face of \"wicked problems\" like climate change and biodiversity loss they no longer have the luxury of just doing science they think is cool. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We scientists, whether we’re wearing government hats or academic hats, have a responsibility to society in exchange for public funding,” she said. That means not just “doing things we think are cool but really wrestling with some of these big problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The old divisions between basic science and applied science no longer describes the world we live in, Lubchenco says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most researchers think their work is over when they share the knowledge they gain with their colleagues in meetings and peer-reviewed journals. But that’s just a first step, in Lubchenco's view. She urged her Berkeley audience to share what they’ve learned with the public, policymakers, and decision makers and to make the effort to understand how they can design studies to make sure their research makes a difference. They need to think about how their research can guide public officials’ approaches to regulating and managing ecosystems, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Lubchenco, it’s all part of being a responsible human being. It's incumbent upon scientists, she said, “to renew our social contract in light of the environmental challenges that face us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If enough scientists take her advice, maybe, one day, we’ll be able to answer “no” to Werner's question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47827/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_11649","quest_326","quest_621","quest_11648","quest_11277","quest_1224","quest_11646","quest_2001","quest_11647","quest_13"],"featImg":"quest_47829","label":"quest"},"quest_32581":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_32581","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"32581","score":null,"sort":[1331323250000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tsunami-program-faces-cuts-one-year-after-disaster","title":"Tsunami Program Faces Cuts One Year After Disaster","publishDate":1331323250,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-12-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/warning_sign-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tsunami warning sign\" title=\"warning_sign\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-32589\"> One year ago today, communities on the coast of Japan were reeling from a devastating earthquake and a tsunami that killed almost twenty thousand people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could have been much worse, had Japan’s elaborate tsunami warning system not kicked in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the US, we have a similar system. It helped warn residents along the West Coast that waves from the Japanese tsunami were heading our way. But the program is facing steep budget cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When the Waves Hit Santa Cruz\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rusty Kingon works down at the docks in Santa Cruz. He's the supervisor for the UC Santa Cruz Boating Program. When the smaller tsunami from the Japanese earthquake hit the coast of California, Kingon was there. He caught the whole thing on video. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i54hwitqTHU]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surging current ripped docks right off their moorings. Twenty-five foot fishing boats flipped on their sides, like bath toys and smashed together. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Losing Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the lost boats belonged to Jody Connolly. He had been living on his boat, Trident, for two years. When the boat sank, Connolly lost all his possessions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32614\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/jody_connolly-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"jody_connolly\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32614\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jody Connolly lost his boat in Santa Cruz tsunami\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He says he knows what happened in Santa Cruz doesn’t hold a candle to the damage in Japan. But it turned his life upside down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's life before the tsunami and life after the tsunami,\" says Connolly. \"When you lose everything, especially that quick and that fast, it changes the course of your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the biggest tsunami to hit California since 1964. Damage amounted to about 50 million dollars. One man drowned in Crescent City, and the harbor there was destroyed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Tsunami Warnings Work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could have been worse here in Santa Cruz, too, if not for a warning system that prompted people to vacate their boats and head inland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Oppenheimer, of the United States Geological Survey, says alarms around the world started ringing within 15 minutes after the fault ruptured off the coast of Japan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the shaking, computer models can predict how big a tsunami the quake might produce, and where it might hit. But those are just predictions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don’t know how high the wave is.\" says Oppenheimer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DART buoys\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32646\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 284px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ETD-Deployed-DSC_5995_284.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ETD Deployed DSC_5995_284\" width=\"284\" height=\"189\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32646\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deployed DART buoy. Photo courtesy of NOAA \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For that, there’s another system in place: 39 buoys - they’re called DART buoys, Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis -- each the size of a small car, \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">positioned in a ring\u003c/a> around the Pacific Ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the base of each buoy is a pressure recorder, a device that can measure how much water sits above it. When the tsunami wave rolls by, the difference in pressure is translated into a signal, which is transmitted via satellite from the buoy to government monitoring centers in Alaska and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oppenheimer says that while computer modeling and predictions are important, the DART buoys provide \"ground truth\" of whether or not a tsunami is taking place, and how big it is. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, \"it's just as important to know when there \u003cem>isn't\u003c/em> a tsunami.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unnecessary evacuations based on false alarms of impending tsunamis can shut down an entire city and cause mass chaos, he says. The costs can run into the tens of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proposed cuts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the Obama administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_20057646\">wants\u003c/a> to weaken this system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2012/20120213_budget_statement.html\">2013 budget\u003c/a> proposed by the the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA, the agency wants to trim $1 million off the DART program's $11 million annual budget. NOAA will essentially stop fixing the buoys as quickly when they break. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers at a recent hearing in Washington DC told NOAA administrators that they're concerned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we’re not able to repair these buoys,\" said Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) \"that could have a public safety impact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA head Jane Lubchenco responded that until now, funding for the program came from a law, passed in 2005, But the law is sunsetting at the end of this year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I agree it would be nice to have all those buoys up and running,\" said Lubchenko. \"We just don’t have the money.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32655\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/dart-buoy-ndbc-03-30-2006-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"dart-buoy-ndbc-03-30-2006\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32655\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DART buoy. Photo courtesy of NOAA \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparing for the Big One\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Lofgren, and other lawmakers didn't press Lubchenco on is a bigger, and arguably more important cut that NOAA is proposing: Three and a half million dollars that pay for tsunami education and outreach efforts along US coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Wilson, a geologist for the state of California, says that DART buoys are great for tsunamis that start far away, for example in Japan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if an earthquake is close -- say, along the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/structure/crust/cascadia.php\">Cascadia subduction zone\u003c/a> off the coast of Oregon and Washington -- by the time the buoys send out alerts, it’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’d have about 15 minutes to react to such an event,\" says Wilson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes before a major tsunami hits the shore, you do not want people checking their emails for the latest update, Wilson says. They should feel the quake, see the water receding, and know exactly what to do. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Wilson, \"the ability of one person who does know what to do on a very crowded beach is priceless. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it was priceless in Japan, says David Oppenheimer, of the USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were 200 thousand people living in the area. Ten percent of the people died. [It was a] terrible tragedy. But ninety percent survived. They knew what to do. It wasn't because of DART buoys. It was because Japanese people know about tsunamis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that level of awareness depends on education, drills, signs. And NOAA is making deep cuts to that program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Buchanan, a spokeswoman for NOAA, said safety won’t be compromised by the cuts, that NOAA has other programs in place to cover some of this work. She says there’s room in the budget to do some trimming. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don’t always have to continue putting signs up. Once they’re there, they’re there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But signs, says David Oppenheimer, eventually get torn down. Memories fade. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don’t think that just because we’ve done our first round that we can sit back and think, OK, we don’t have to worry about this anymore,\" he says. \"People forget.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, several members of Congress are looking for ways to restore the funding.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Just one year after the disaster in Japan, proposed budget cuts could impact the US tsunami warning program.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370996656,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":47,"wordCount":1101},"headData":{"title":"Tsunami Program Faces Cuts One Year After Disaster | KQED","description":"Just one year after the disaster in Japan, proposed budget cuts could impact the US tsunami warning program.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Tsunami Program Faces Cuts One Year After Disaster","datePublished":"2012-03-09T20:00:50.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:24:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"32581 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=32581","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/09/tsunami-program-faces-cuts-one-year-after-disaster/","disqusTitle":"Tsunami Program Faces Cuts One Year After Disaster","path":"/quest/32581/tsunami-program-faces-cuts-one-year-after-disaster","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-12-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-12-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/warning_sign-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tsunami warning sign\" title=\"warning_sign\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-32589\"> One year ago today, communities on the coast of Japan were reeling from a devastating earthquake and a tsunami that killed almost twenty thousand people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could have been much worse, had Japan’s elaborate tsunami warning system not kicked in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the US, we have a similar system. It helped warn residents along the West Coast that waves from the Japanese tsunami were heading our way. But the program is facing steep budget cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When the Waves Hit Santa Cruz\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rusty Kingon works down at the docks in Santa Cruz. He's the supervisor for the UC Santa Cruz Boating Program. When the smaller tsunami from the Japanese earthquake hit the coast of California, Kingon was there. He caught the whole thing on video. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/i54hwitqTHU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/i54hwitqTHU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surging current ripped docks right off their moorings. Twenty-five foot fishing boats flipped on their sides, like bath toys and smashed together. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Losing Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the lost boats belonged to Jody Connolly. He had been living on his boat, Trident, for two years. When the boat sank, Connolly lost all his possessions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32614\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/jody_connolly-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"jody_connolly\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32614\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jody Connolly lost his boat in Santa Cruz tsunami\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He says he knows what happened in Santa Cruz doesn’t hold a candle to the damage in Japan. But it turned his life upside down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's life before the tsunami and life after the tsunami,\" says Connolly. \"When you lose everything, especially that quick and that fast, it changes the course of your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the biggest tsunami to hit California since 1964. Damage amounted to about 50 million dollars. One man drowned in Crescent City, and the harbor there was destroyed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Tsunami Warnings Work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could have been worse here in Santa Cruz, too, if not for a warning system that prompted people to vacate their boats and head inland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Oppenheimer, of the United States Geological Survey, says alarms around the world started ringing within 15 minutes after the fault ruptured off the coast of Japan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the shaking, computer models can predict how big a tsunami the quake might produce, and where it might hit. But those are just predictions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don’t know how high the wave is.\" says Oppenheimer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DART buoys\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32646\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 284px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ETD-Deployed-DSC_5995_284.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ETD Deployed DSC_5995_284\" width=\"284\" height=\"189\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32646\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deployed DART buoy. Photo courtesy of NOAA \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For that, there’s another system in place: 39 buoys - they’re called DART buoys, Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis -- each the size of a small car, \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">positioned in a ring\u003c/a> around the Pacific Ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the base of each buoy is a pressure recorder, a device that can measure how much water sits above it. When the tsunami wave rolls by, the difference in pressure is translated into a signal, which is transmitted via satellite from the buoy to government monitoring centers in Alaska and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oppenheimer says that while computer modeling and predictions are important, the DART buoys provide \"ground truth\" of whether or not a tsunami is taking place, and how big it is. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, \"it's just as important to know when there \u003cem>isn't\u003c/em> a tsunami.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unnecessary evacuations based on false alarms of impending tsunamis can shut down an entire city and cause mass chaos, he says. The costs can run into the tens of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proposed cuts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the Obama administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_20057646\">wants\u003c/a> to weaken this system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2012/20120213_budget_statement.html\">2013 budget\u003c/a> proposed by the the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA, the agency wants to trim $1 million off the DART program's $11 million annual budget. NOAA will essentially stop fixing the buoys as quickly when they break. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers at a recent hearing in Washington DC told NOAA administrators that they're concerned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we’re not able to repair these buoys,\" said Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) \"that could have a public safety impact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA head Jane Lubchenco responded that until now, funding for the program came from a law, passed in 2005, But the law is sunsetting at the end of this year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I agree it would be nice to have all those buoys up and running,\" said Lubchenko. \"We just don’t have the money.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32655\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/dart-buoy-ndbc-03-30-2006-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"dart-buoy-ndbc-03-30-2006\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32655\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DART buoy. Photo courtesy of NOAA \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparing for the Big One\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Lofgren, and other lawmakers didn't press Lubchenco on is a bigger, and arguably more important cut that NOAA is proposing: Three and a half million dollars that pay for tsunami education and outreach efforts along US coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Wilson, a geologist for the state of California, says that DART buoys are great for tsunamis that start far away, for example in Japan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if an earthquake is close -- say, along the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/structure/crust/cascadia.php\">Cascadia subduction zone\u003c/a> off the coast of Oregon and Washington -- by the time the buoys send out alerts, it’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’d have about 15 minutes to react to such an event,\" says Wilson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes before a major tsunami hits the shore, you do not want people checking their emails for the latest update, Wilson says. They should feel the quake, see the water receding, and know exactly what to do. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Wilson, \"the ability of one person who does know what to do on a very crowded beach is priceless. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it was priceless in Japan, says David Oppenheimer, of the USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were 200 thousand people living in the area. Ten percent of the people died. [It was a] terrible tragedy. But ninety percent survived. They knew what to do. It wasn't because of DART buoys. It was because Japanese people know about tsunamis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that level of awareness depends on education, drills, signs. And NOAA is making deep cuts to that program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Buchanan, a spokeswoman for NOAA, said safety won’t be compromised by the cuts, that NOAA has other programs in place to cover some of this work. She says there’s room in the budget to do some trimming. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don’t always have to continue putting signs up. Once they’re there, they’re there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But signs, says David Oppenheimer, eventually get torn down. Memories fade. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don’t think that just because we’ve done our first round that we can sit back and think, OK, we don’t have to worry about this anymore,\" he says. \"People forget.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, several members of Congress are looking for ways to restore the funding.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/32581/tsunami-program-faces-cuts-one-year-after-disaster","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_10781","quest_3351","quest_13203","quest_2001","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_10780","quest_10779","quest_3048"],"featImg":"quest_32589","label":"quest"},"quest_27996":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27996","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27996","score":null,"sort":[1322771083000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-area-tides","title":"Bay Area Tides","publishDate":1322771083,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27997\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/01/bay-area-tides/tidestop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27997\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidestop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tidestop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27997\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidestop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidestop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Golden Gate transmits a vast volume of water back and forth from the Bay twice each day, regular as clockwork but in a much more complex rhythm. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days, most people in the San Francisco Bay Area arrange their daily lives around the clock. But in former times it was the sun, moon and tides that governed the rhythm of our days. Nowadays the sun and moon attract notice only on the rare occasions when they have eclipses. But the tides still matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The twice-daily ebb and flow of the tides is not just a factor for ships navigating the San Francisco Bay shallows, although that is important. The tides are how the Bay breathes. The Bay's windpipe is the Golden Gate, a deep channel that enables seawater to spread nutrients and oxygenation to its lungs\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/don-edwards-sf-bay-national-wildlife-refuge-exploration/\">wetlands\u003c/a> as far away as the Central Valley. In turn, sediment from nearly half of California's surface area is exhaled to the Pacific where it piles up in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/14/sand-waves-and-the-golden-gate/\">great furrowed berm\u003c/a> just off the Golden Gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tides arise from the interactions of the sun and moon with our planet; they are where the heavens most truly move the Earth. While mariners always had a good sense of the patterns of the tides, it took science to make them predictable. When Isaac Newton first grasped that the motions of heaven and Earth fit the same mathematical laws, in the mid-1600s, he saw that one very practical application would be in precisely describingin modern terms, modelingthe tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newton's tantalizing task is considered fairly well solved today, but it has taken centuries to arrive at this point. (\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide\">Wikipedia has a good introduction.\u003c/a>) Today Bay Area tides are monitored and forecasted by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; NOAA's \u003ca href=\"http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/\">Tides and Currents\u003c/a> website will serve you official tide data for many stations (like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/10/producers-notes-science-on-the-spot-watching-the-tides/\">San Francisco's station\u003c/a> at Crissy Field).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even the most exacting mathematics gives us only a partial picture. Weather and climate both matter, too. As weather fronts and storms and winds impinge on the Bay's water, they can change the tides by as much as two feet. Semi-annual climatic cycles like El Niños add their slower influence. And sea-level rise adds its inexorable direction over the scale of a lifetime. For the best view of the day's exact coastal conditions, I look to surfers and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.surf-forecast.com/\">surf-forecast.com\u003c/a> site. The tide is important for beach geologizers, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other big influence on the tides in any given place is bathymetryunderwater topography. Mathematical modelers can treat the different parts of the Bay as giant bathtubs, each sloshing back and forth in its own rhythm and spilling into its neighbors, but that analytical approach has limits. For serious analysis of things like stormwater surges, major shoreline construction and channel dredging, the old-fashioned scale modelthe Army Corps of Engineers' \u003ca href=\"http://www.spn.usace.army.mil/bmvc/index.html\">Bay Model in Sausalito\u003c/a>still matters.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/01/bay-area-tides/tidesmodel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27998\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidesmodel.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tidesmodel\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27998\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidesmodel.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidesmodel-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a painstakingly calibrated replica, one-thousandth true size or about one and a half acres, whose pumps and sumps produce realistic versions of the Bay's complicated breathing. (Unfortunately it's being renovated as I write this, but the Visitor Center is still open to help you learn about the Bay in other ways.)\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The daily tides are the Bay's way of breathing, from its windpipe at the Golden Gate to its lungs, the wetlands from the Delta to the coast.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1325108358,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":566},"headData":{"title":"Bay Area Tides | KQED","description":"The daily tides are the Bay's way of breathing, from its windpipe at the Golden Gate to its lungs, the wetlands from the Delta to the coast.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Bay Area Tides","datePublished":"2011-12-01T20:24:43.000Z","dateModified":"2011-12-28T21:39:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"27996 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=27996","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/01/bay-area-tides/","disqusTitle":"Bay Area Tides","path":"/quest/27996/bay-area-tides","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27997\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/01/bay-area-tides/tidestop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27997\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidestop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tidestop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27997\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidestop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidestop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Golden Gate transmits a vast volume of water back and forth from the Bay twice each day, regular as clockwork but in a much more complex rhythm. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days, most people in the San Francisco Bay Area arrange their daily lives around the clock. But in former times it was the sun, moon and tides that governed the rhythm of our days. Nowadays the sun and moon attract notice only on the rare occasions when they have eclipses. But the tides still matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The twice-daily ebb and flow of the tides is not just a factor for ships navigating the San Francisco Bay shallows, although that is important. The tides are how the Bay breathes. The Bay's windpipe is the Golden Gate, a deep channel that enables seawater to spread nutrients and oxygenation to its lungs\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/don-edwards-sf-bay-national-wildlife-refuge-exploration/\">wetlands\u003c/a> as far away as the Central Valley. In turn, sediment from nearly half of California's surface area is exhaled to the Pacific where it piles up in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/14/sand-waves-and-the-golden-gate/\">great furrowed berm\u003c/a> just off the Golden Gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tides arise from the interactions of the sun and moon with our planet; they are where the heavens most truly move the Earth. While mariners always had a good sense of the patterns of the tides, it took science to make them predictable. When Isaac Newton first grasped that the motions of heaven and Earth fit the same mathematical laws, in the mid-1600s, he saw that one very practical application would be in precisely describingin modern terms, modelingthe tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newton's tantalizing task is considered fairly well solved today, but it has taken centuries to arrive at this point. (\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide\">Wikipedia has a good introduction.\u003c/a>) Today Bay Area tides are monitored and forecasted by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; NOAA's \u003ca href=\"http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/\">Tides and Currents\u003c/a> website will serve you official tide data for many stations (like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/10/producers-notes-science-on-the-spot-watching-the-tides/\">San Francisco's station\u003c/a> at Crissy Field).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even the most exacting mathematics gives us only a partial picture. Weather and climate both matter, too. As weather fronts and storms and winds impinge on the Bay's water, they can change the tides by as much as two feet. Semi-annual climatic cycles like El Niños add their slower influence. And sea-level rise adds its inexorable direction over the scale of a lifetime. For the best view of the day's exact coastal conditions, I look to surfers and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.surf-forecast.com/\">surf-forecast.com\u003c/a> site. The tide is important for beach geologizers, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other big influence on the tides in any given place is bathymetryunderwater topography. Mathematical modelers can treat the different parts of the Bay as giant bathtubs, each sloshing back and forth in its own rhythm and spilling into its neighbors, but that analytical approach has limits. For serious analysis of things like stormwater surges, major shoreline construction and channel dredging, the old-fashioned scale modelthe Army Corps of Engineers' \u003ca href=\"http://www.spn.usace.army.mil/bmvc/index.html\">Bay Model in Sausalito\u003c/a>still matters.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/01/bay-area-tides/tidesmodel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27998\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidesmodel.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tidesmodel\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27998\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidesmodel.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/tidesmodel-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a painstakingly calibrated replica, one-thousandth true size or about one and a half acres, whose pumps and sumps produce realistic versions of the Bay's complicated breathing. (Unfortunately it's being renovated as I write this, but the Visitor Center is still open to help you learn about the Bay in other ways.)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27996/bay-area-tides","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10522","quest_10523","quest_2001","quest_13202","quest_2487","quest_10131","quest_2937","quest_2938"],"featImg":"quest_27997","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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