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(Image courtesy of ATCC) ","credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/HeLa_ATCC_crop-400x225.jpg","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/HeLa_ATCC_crop-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/HeLa_ATCC_crop-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/HeLa_ATCC_crop-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/HeLa_ATCC_crop-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/HeLa_ATCC_crop-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/HeLa_ATCC_crop.jpg","width":640,"height":360}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"amystanden":{"type":"authors","id":"210","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"210","found":true},"name":"Amy Standen","firstName":"Amy","lastName":"Standen","slug":"amystanden","email":"astanden@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Amy Standen (@amystanden) is co-host of #\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap\">TheLeapPodcast\u003c/a> (subscribe on iTunes or Stitcher!) and host of KQED and PBSDigital Studios' science video series, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/KQEDDeepLook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>. Her science radio stories appear on KQED and NPR.\r\n\r\nEmail her at astanden@kqed.org","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amy Standen | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/amystanden"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_40925":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_40925","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"40925","score":null,"sort":[1353684618000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-great-cancer-cell-mix-up","title":"The Great Cancer Cell Mix Up","publishDate":1353684618,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally published July 13, 2012\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you're a scientist, trying to cure brain cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing you’d probably want to be sure of is that the samples you’re working with actually came from a brain tumor, and not some other kind of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sounds like a simple problem to solve, but it’s been nagging scientists for years, causing the waste of precious research dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osamu Tetsu and Janyaporn Phuchareon learned that lesson the hard way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tetsu and Phuchareon are scientists at the University of California San Francisco’s Department of Head and Neck Surgery. They work in a lab, studying an obscure cancer of the salivary gland called \u003cem>salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma\u003c/em>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"Bingo!\" (Or not.)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers working on more common cancers may have dozens of cell lines to work with. But since salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma is relatively rare, Tetsu and Phuchareon had only six cell lines to experiment on, each of which could, theoretically, be traced back to a different patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, they noticed something that surprised them: Almost all the cell samples they were working with contained a virus. It was HPV virus, which you may have \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/vaccine.html\">heard of\u003c/a> because it can cause cervical cancer. To Tetsu, this looked like a breakthrough. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought maybe the HPV infection is the cause of this disease,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, they thought, maybe the HPV virus doesn’t only, potentially, cause cervical cancer, maybe it can cause salivary gland cancer too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were very excited, says Phuchareon. We thought “Bingo! We might have something!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they took a closer look. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They sent the cell line samples in for DNA testing. When the results came in, they learned those cells they’d been working with had nothing to do with a salivary tumor. Four of them came from a cervical tumor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40932\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/HeLa_ATCC_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/HeLa_ATCC_crop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"HeLa_ATCC_crop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40932\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The famously vigorous HeLa cell is such a common contaminant of other cell lines that many laboratories refuse to work with it. (Image courtesy of ATCC) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These were HeLa cells, descendants of the infamously vigorous cervical cancer cell line that was the subject of the 2010 bestseller \u003cem>The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news was no better for the other two cell lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of them, says Tetsu, didn’t show any DNA fingerprint at all. “That means this cell line is not human,” he says. They suspect both cell lines had become contaminated with mice cells somewhere along the line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A silver lining\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six months of work, down the drain. But Phuchareon looks on the bright side. “It was bittersweet,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least they found out before any major work had been done. They published \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006040\">a paper\u003c/a> on their findings in a scientific journal, and have been able to warn other scientists who work on the same cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it’s important to have scientists know that this is a problem,” Phuchareon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem stems from the fact that, under a microscope, many cancer cells look the same. And since cell lines used in cancer research are anonymous, often shared informally between labs, the only way to definitively know where they came from is with DNA \u003ca href=\"http://www.atcc.org/Services/STRProfilingService/tabid/1794/Default.aspx\">analysis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis is inexpensive, about $50 a sample. It’s the same technique used in crime labs. But not every scientist does it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The steep price to science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one 2010 case, three cell lines being used to research esophageal cancer all turned out to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100114162243.htm\">come from other cancers\u003c/a>. Scientists had been working with these cells for years. They'd gotten major federal grants to do it, published more than 100 papers, even run clinical trials. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cell banks have estimated that as many as a third of their cell lines have been misidentified. These cell lines have been sent to labs around the world, for basic research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, the results still hold. Misidentification is not a death knell for all experiments. But in many cases, cell misidentification can undermine research and waste millions of dollars, says Roland Nardone, a professor emeritus of biology at Catholic University in Washington DC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Money has been diverted away from useful experiments to meaningless experiments,” says Nardone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A legacy of whistleblowers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Particularly frustrating to him is the fact that scientists have known about this problem for more than half a century. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the earliest scientists to call attention to it was a Bay Area researcher named Walter Nelson-Rees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was a cultured man, as well as a very good biologist,” recalls Nardone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson-Rees was co-director of the Oakland-based Cell Culture Laboratory of the School of Public Health, funded by the National Cancer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1960s, he began running tests on commonly used cancer cell lines, to see how many were contaminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gertrude Buehring -- today, a professor of virology at UC Berkeley’s School of Public Health -- worked down the hall from Nelson-Rees. She says every day, there was news of more contaminated cell lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just one after another,” she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the cell samples had been contaminated by HeLa. But not all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some were interspecies contaminated, so that a human cell line actually turned out to be a mouse cell line,” she says. [Some lines that were supposedly] derived from a female turned out to be derived from a male.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A career-ending discovery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson Rees's discovery -- that hundreds of cell lines had been misidentified -- did not win him any friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colleagues, says Buehring, “didn’t want to believe him. They fought him verbally at conferences. He was called a self-appointed vigilante and a lot of other names. One person even volunteered to send him a one way ticket to distant corners of the earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nardone says, at least initially, Nelson-Rees relished the fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was pugnacious,” says Nardone. “He recognized that he was going to be in a battlefield and he was ready for the fight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, over time, the abuse took its toll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He seemed visibly upset that people couldn’t appreciate the service that he was doing,” says Buehring. “They were more worried about their own reputation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson-Rees’s findings may ultimately have cost him his career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without any explanation,” says Nardone, “his funds for support of his laboratory got smaller and smaller and he saw the handwriting on the wall and decided that was enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson-Rees became an art dealer. He \u003ca href=\"http://universityofcalifornia.edu/senate/inmemoriam/walteranthonynelson-rees.html\">died\u003c/a> in 2009. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The search for regulation\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Nardone decided to devote his retirement to \u003ca href=\"http://www.hpacultures.org.uk/services/celllineidentityverification/NardoneOpenletter.jsp\">the problem\u003c/a> that Nelson-Rees had publicized. He joined a workgroup, led by the Virginia-based research nonprofit ATCC, to come up with a standard, one that all researchers could work by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The standards, which came out this year, outline the correct way to authenticate cell lines, so that researchers can compare results from lab to lab. ATCC also maintains \u003ca href=\"http://www.atcc.org/CulturesandProducts/CellBiology/MisidentifiedCellLines/tabid/683/Default.aspx\">a list\u003c/a> of misidentified cell lines on its website. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ATCC’s Liz Kerrigan says the challenge has been getting scientific institutions to adopt the standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Surprisingly to most members of the workgroup, there has been resistance to addressing or even acknowledging the problem,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few influential science journals now require that scientists authenticate cells before they’ll publish their results. But Nardone and Kerrigan believe that’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much better, says Nardone, would be to get the big funding institutions, particularly the National Institutes of Health, to demand that anyone who applies for funding for cell-culture research authenticate their cell lines initially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, get the cells checked out before the money’s spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The NIH steps back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the NIH said doing this would be, quote, “impractical,” and that it trusts researchers to do the right thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerrigan and Nardone believe that the costs of misidentified cell lines call for greater oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences of widespread misidentification of cell lines is immeasurable, really,” says Kerrigan. “In addition to the waste of millions of dollars, there’s time, intellectual resources. And then people lose confidence in published work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re hopeful stronger policies will soon emerge.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Under a microscope many cancer cells look the same. And since cell lines used in cancer research are anonymous, often shared informally between labs, the only way to definitively know where they came from is with DNA. But many scientists don't do this. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450492573,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":62,"wordCount":1413},"headData":{"title":"The Great Cancer Cell Mix Up | KQED","description":"Under a microscope many cancer cells look the same. And since cell lines used in cancer research are anonymous, often shared informally between labs, the only way to definitively know where they came from is with DNA. But many scientists don't do this. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Great Cancer Cell Mix Up","datePublished":"2012-11-23T15:30:18.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T02:36:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"40925 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=40925","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/23/the-great-cancer-cell-mix-up/","disqusTitle":"The Great Cancer Cell Mix Up","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/11/20121126science.mp3","path":"/quest/40925/the-great-cancer-cell-mix-up","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally published July 13, 2012\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you're a scientist, trying to cure brain cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing you’d probably want to be sure of is that the samples you’re working with actually came from a brain tumor, and not some other kind of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sounds like a simple problem to solve, but it’s been nagging scientists for years, causing the waste of precious research dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osamu Tetsu and Janyaporn Phuchareon learned that lesson the hard way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tetsu and Phuchareon are scientists at the University of California San Francisco’s Department of Head and Neck Surgery. They work in a lab, studying an obscure cancer of the salivary gland called \u003cem>salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma\u003c/em>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"Bingo!\" (Or not.)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers working on more common cancers may have dozens of cell lines to work with. But since salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma is relatively rare, Tetsu and Phuchareon had only six cell lines to experiment on, each of which could, theoretically, be traced back to a different patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, they noticed something that surprised them: Almost all the cell samples they were working with contained a virus. It was HPV virus, which you may have \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/vaccine.html\">heard of\u003c/a> because it can cause cervical cancer. To Tetsu, this looked like a breakthrough. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought maybe the HPV infection is the cause of this disease,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, they thought, maybe the HPV virus doesn’t only, potentially, cause cervical cancer, maybe it can cause salivary gland cancer too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were very excited, says Phuchareon. We thought “Bingo! We might have something!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they took a closer look. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They sent the cell line samples in for DNA testing. When the results came in, they learned those cells they’d been working with had nothing to do with a salivary tumor. Four of them came from a cervical tumor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40932\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/HeLa_ATCC_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/HeLa_ATCC_crop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"HeLa_ATCC_crop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40932\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The famously vigorous HeLa cell is such a common contaminant of other cell lines that many laboratories refuse to work with it. (Image courtesy of ATCC) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These were HeLa cells, descendants of the infamously vigorous cervical cancer cell line that was the subject of the 2010 bestseller \u003cem>The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news was no better for the other two cell lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of them, says Tetsu, didn’t show any DNA fingerprint at all. “That means this cell line is not human,” he says. They suspect both cell lines had become contaminated with mice cells somewhere along the line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A silver lining\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six months of work, down the drain. But Phuchareon looks on the bright side. “It was bittersweet,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least they found out before any major work had been done. They published \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006040\">a paper\u003c/a> on their findings in a scientific journal, and have been able to warn other scientists who work on the same cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it’s important to have scientists know that this is a problem,” Phuchareon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem stems from the fact that, under a microscope, many cancer cells look the same. And since cell lines used in cancer research are anonymous, often shared informally between labs, the only way to definitively know where they came from is with DNA \u003ca href=\"http://www.atcc.org/Services/STRProfilingService/tabid/1794/Default.aspx\">analysis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis is inexpensive, about $50 a sample. It’s the same technique used in crime labs. But not every scientist does it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The steep price to science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one 2010 case, three cell lines being used to research esophageal cancer all turned out to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100114162243.htm\">come from other cancers\u003c/a>. Scientists had been working with these cells for years. They'd gotten major federal grants to do it, published more than 100 papers, even run clinical trials. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cell banks have estimated that as many as a third of their cell lines have been misidentified. These cell lines have been sent to labs around the world, for basic research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, the results still hold. Misidentification is not a death knell for all experiments. But in many cases, cell misidentification can undermine research and waste millions of dollars, says Roland Nardone, a professor emeritus of biology at Catholic University in Washington DC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Money has been diverted away from useful experiments to meaningless experiments,” says Nardone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A legacy of whistleblowers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Particularly frustrating to him is the fact that scientists have known about this problem for more than half a century. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the earliest scientists to call attention to it was a Bay Area researcher named Walter Nelson-Rees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was a cultured man, as well as a very good biologist,” recalls Nardone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson-Rees was co-director of the Oakland-based Cell Culture Laboratory of the School of Public Health, funded by the National Cancer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1960s, he began running tests on commonly used cancer cell lines, to see how many were contaminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gertrude Buehring -- today, a professor of virology at UC Berkeley’s School of Public Health -- worked down the hall from Nelson-Rees. She says every day, there was news of more contaminated cell lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just one after another,” she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the cell samples had been contaminated by HeLa. But not all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some were interspecies contaminated, so that a human cell line actually turned out to be a mouse cell line,” she says. [Some lines that were supposedly] derived from a female turned out to be derived from a male.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A career-ending discovery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson Rees's discovery -- that hundreds of cell lines had been misidentified -- did not win him any friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colleagues, says Buehring, “didn’t want to believe him. They fought him verbally at conferences. He was called a self-appointed vigilante and a lot of other names. One person even volunteered to send him a one way ticket to distant corners of the earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nardone says, at least initially, Nelson-Rees relished the fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was pugnacious,” says Nardone. “He recognized that he was going to be in a battlefield and he was ready for the fight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, over time, the abuse took its toll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He seemed visibly upset that people couldn’t appreciate the service that he was doing,” says Buehring. “They were more worried about their own reputation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson-Rees’s findings may ultimately have cost him his career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without any explanation,” says Nardone, “his funds for support of his laboratory got smaller and smaller and he saw the handwriting on the wall and decided that was enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson-Rees became an art dealer. He \u003ca href=\"http://universityofcalifornia.edu/senate/inmemoriam/walteranthonynelson-rees.html\">died\u003c/a> in 2009. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The search for regulation\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Nardone decided to devote his retirement to \u003ca href=\"http://www.hpacultures.org.uk/services/celllineidentityverification/NardoneOpenletter.jsp\">the problem\u003c/a> that Nelson-Rees had publicized. He joined a workgroup, led by the Virginia-based research nonprofit ATCC, to come up with a standard, one that all researchers could work by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The standards, which came out this year, outline the correct way to authenticate cell lines, so that researchers can compare results from lab to lab. ATCC also maintains \u003ca href=\"http://www.atcc.org/CulturesandProducts/CellBiology/MisidentifiedCellLines/tabid/683/Default.aspx\">a list\u003c/a> of misidentified cell lines on its website. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ATCC’s Liz Kerrigan says the challenge has been getting scientific institutions to adopt the standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Surprisingly to most members of the workgroup, there has been resistance to addressing or even acknowledging the problem,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few influential science journals now require that scientists authenticate cells before they’ll publish their results. But Nardone and Kerrigan believe that’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much better, says Nardone, would be to get the big funding institutions, particularly the National Institutes of Health, to demand that anyone who applies for funding for cell-culture research authenticate their cell lines initially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, get the cells checked out before the money’s spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The NIH steps back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the NIH said doing this would be, quote, “impractical,” and that it trusts researchers to do the right thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerrigan and Nardone believe that the costs of misidentified cell lines call for greater oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences of widespread misidentification of cell lines is immeasurable, really,” says Kerrigan. “In addition to the waste of millions of dollars, there’s time, intellectual resources. And then people lose confidence in published work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re hopeful stronger policies will soon emerge.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40925/the-great-cancer-cell-mix-up","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_11288","quest_252","quest_11285","quest_1340","quest_11194","quest_11286","quest_11291","quest_11290","quest_13203","quest_11289","quest_3784","quest_11287"],"featImg":"quest_40932","label":"source_quest_40925"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. 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