Bison and Cranes Reunited to Support Habitat Restoration
Students Take Action to Restore Biodiversity and Revitalize a Community
Climate Change Favors Invasive Species in California Grasslands
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But forget your snorkel and flip-flops for a minute. Grab your binoculars and trail boots as we pay a visit to the islands of central Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait. Nebraska?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s right. Over the eons and through the endless, flat landscape, the meandering Platte River has carved out acre upon acre of landmasses surrounded by the river’s north and south channels. These are not just large sandbars that wash away as quickly as they form. They are long, narrow swaths of sand and loam that support riparian forests, prairie grasses, and wetland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quiet islands are popular neighborhoods for local fauna, but for well over a century now one old friend of the prairie has been noticeably absent: the American bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the settlement of the Great Plains by European immigrants in the 1800s, the massive wild herds of bison were reduced to a few hundred animals in the Yellowstone area of the Rocky Mountains. But this year, thanks to the work of a nonprofit organization called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cranetrust.org/\">the Crane Trust\u003c/a>, a small group of the giant herbivores have made their triumphant return to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Shoemaker+Island/@40.777235,-98.5061781,13z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x879977c7f57b7f31:0xa3d83c878ce560ed\">Shoemaker Island\u003c/a>, an 11-mile-long, 1.25-mile-wide plot of grassy habitat surrounded by river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Morten, the Crane Trust’s land manager, said there are currently six bison on the island. They make up an “exhibition” herd, a herd that the public can easily access and view, but eventually a “wild” herd of 40 animals will arrive and wander 1,000 acres of the island at their own pace, eating what they want to eat, and behaving the way they want to behave in a natural grassland environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why bison? Why on an island? And why is an organization called the Crane Trust initiating an effort to manage a herd of big mammals?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 295px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801-623x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill Crane - US Fish and Wildlife Service\" width=\"295\" height=\"172\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the spring months, hundreds of thousands of Sandhill Cranes descend on the Platte River in central Nebraska before finishing their migration to summer nesting grounds further north. \u003cem>(Photo provided courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We're a nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting habitat for whooping cranes, sandhill cranes, and other migratory birds, and we do that through land management, science, and outreach and education efforts,” said Mary Harner, the director of science for the Crane Trust. The group of scientists and conservationists manages approximately 10,000 acres of land around and on the Platte River in central Nebraska so that the annual arrival of approximately 550,000 birds goes off without a hitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, the Crane Trust has accomplished this through a variety of actions that mimic the natural events that would have occurred on a pre-settled prairie landscape. For instance, controlled burns are utilized where there once would have been naturally occurring wildfires fostering the growth and diversity of prairie vegetation. Trees and overgrowth are removed with tractors and chainsaws to replicate the effects of the natural but catastrophic floods of the past, floods that are now stymied by river basin management and widespread irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all done in an effort to keep the river exactly how the cranes have known it for centuries, and it turns out that bison have a big hand (or hoof) in maintaining a healthy, crane-friendly habitat. The Crane Trust has typically used cattle to mimic the presence of the enormous, thundering migratory bison herds of the past, but cows enjoy a different diet and don’t weigh as much as bison. They’re not a perfect replacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Wright, the Crane Trust’s wildlife biologist, said, “We expect to see [the bison] graze differently and wallow and use the land differently than would a cattle substitute.” Little behaviors like these have been shown to have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/05/revitalizing-grasslands-one-steak-at-a-time/\">big impacts on prairie landscapes\u003c/a>, and the Crane Trust team will be taking notes on how Shoemaker Island changes with the addition of the bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the more rare, hard to find plants may respond differently to bison than they would another set-back process,” Wright said. “So the vegetation is probably our number one indicator, but we expect things like our grassland birds or small mammals or, further along, the snakes and lizards and those types of things to respond in some way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the bison settle in, scientists at the Crane Trust will be measuring variables like species richness and species diversity in the island’s vegetation. The new herd will also help biologists learn more about the difference in the ways that cattle and bison affect grassland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll continue cattle grazing on other properties we have,” Harner said. “Some of those sites will provide the opportunity for comparative research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to learn about the bison and their direct impact on grasslands compared to cattle,” Morton explained. “We also want to show that these were the original grazers out here on the Great Plains. There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while 40 head of bison is a far cry from the millions that once roamed the prairie, Wright said there is still a buzz in the air as locals prepare to see the majestic crane and the mighty bison reunited on this beloved river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Along the Platte River, this is probably the first time in over 100 years that bison and cranes have coexisted in these kinds of numbers,” Wright said, “The neat thing about it is that because it is a natural grassland, it will give people a glimpse…back in time to what things once looked like. So if you can…block out the fast food signs in the distance and the hum of the interstate and things like that, it'll give you an idea of what would have occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Find out how the reintroduction of bison to a central Nebraska island can help restore habitat for flocks of sandhill cranes during their annual visit on the Platte River.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442701471,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1049},"headData":{"title":"Bison and Cranes Reunited to Support Habitat Restoration | KQED","description":"Find out how the reintroduction of bison to a central Nebraska island can help restore habitat for flocks of sandhill cranes during their annual visit on the Platte River.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"61613 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=61613","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration/","disqusTitle":"Bison and Cranes Reunited to Support Habitat Restoration","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/61613/bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you think of a quiet, sandy island, your mind probably drifts to a warm, tropical paradise. But forget your snorkel and flip-flops for a minute. Grab your binoculars and trail boots as we pay a visit to the islands of central Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wait. Nebraska?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s right. Over the eons and through the endless, flat landscape, the meandering Platte River has carved out acre upon acre of landmasses surrounded by the river’s north and south channels. These are not just large sandbars that wash away as quickly as they form. They are long, narrow swaths of sand and loam that support riparian forests, prairie grasses, and wetland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quiet islands are popular neighborhoods for local fauna, but for well over a century now one old friend of the prairie has been noticeably absent: the American bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the settlement of the Great Plains by European immigrants in the 1800s, the massive wild herds of bison were reduced to a few hundred animals in the Yellowstone area of the Rocky Mountains. But this year, thanks to the work of a nonprofit organization called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cranetrust.org/\">the Crane Trust\u003c/a>, a small group of the giant herbivores have made their triumphant return to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Shoemaker+Island/@40.777235,-98.5061781,13z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x879977c7f57b7f31:0xa3d83c878ce560ed\">Shoemaker Island\u003c/a>, an 11-mile-long, 1.25-mile-wide plot of grassy habitat surrounded by river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Morten, the Crane Trust’s land manager, said there are currently six bison on the island. They make up an “exhibition” herd, a herd that the public can easily access and view, but eventually a “wild” herd of 40 animals will arrive and wander 1,000 acres of the island at their own pace, eating what they want to eat, and behaving the way they want to behave in a natural grassland environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why bison? Why on an island? And why is an organization called the Crane Trust initiating an effort to manage a herd of big mammals?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 295px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/sandhillcranenesting712x4801-623x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill Crane - US Fish and Wildlife Service\" width=\"295\" height=\"172\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the spring months, hundreds of thousands of Sandhill Cranes descend on the Platte River in central Nebraska before finishing their migration to summer nesting grounds further north. \u003cem>(Photo provided courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We're a nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting habitat for whooping cranes, sandhill cranes, and other migratory birds, and we do that through land management, science, and outreach and education efforts,” said Mary Harner, the director of science for the Crane Trust. The group of scientists and conservationists manages approximately 10,000 acres of land around and on the Platte River in central Nebraska so that the annual arrival of approximately 550,000 birds goes off without a hitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To date, the Crane Trust has accomplished this through a variety of actions that mimic the natural events that would have occurred on a pre-settled prairie landscape. For instance, controlled burns are utilized where there once would have been naturally occurring wildfires fostering the growth and diversity of prairie vegetation. Trees and overgrowth are removed with tractors and chainsaws to replicate the effects of the natural but catastrophic floods of the past, floods that are now stymied by river basin management and widespread irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all done in an effort to keep the river exactly how the cranes have known it for centuries, and it turns out that bison have a big hand (or hoof) in maintaining a healthy, crane-friendly habitat. The Crane Trust has typically used cattle to mimic the presence of the enormous, thundering migratory bison herds of the past, but cows enjoy a different diet and don’t weigh as much as bison. They’re not a perfect replacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Wright, the Crane Trust’s wildlife biologist, said, “We expect to see [the bison] graze differently and wallow and use the land differently than would a cattle substitute.” Little behaviors like these have been shown to have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/05/revitalizing-grasslands-one-steak-at-a-time/\">big impacts on prairie landscapes\u003c/a>, and the Crane Trust team will be taking notes on how Shoemaker Island changes with the addition of the bison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the more rare, hard to find plants may respond differently to bison than they would another set-back process,” Wright said. “So the vegetation is probably our number one indicator, but we expect things like our grassland birds or small mammals or, further along, the snakes and lizards and those types of things to respond in some way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the bison settle in, scientists at the Crane Trust will be measuring variables like species richness and species diversity in the island’s vegetation. The new herd will also help biologists learn more about the difference in the ways that cattle and bison affect grassland ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll continue cattle grazing on other properties we have,” Harner said. “Some of those sites will provide the opportunity for comparative research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to learn about the bison and their direct impact on grasslands compared to cattle,” Morton explained. “We also want to show that these were the original grazers out here on the Great Plains. There were millions and millions of bison and we want people to be able to see that, to be able to see the animals themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while 40 head of bison is a far cry from the millions that once roamed the prairie, Wright said there is still a buzz in the air as locals prepare to see the majestic crane and the mighty bison reunited on this beloved river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Along the Platte River, this is probably the first time in over 100 years that bison and cranes have coexisted in these kinds of numbers,” Wright said, “The neat thing about it is that because it is a natural grassland, it will give people a glimpse…back in time to what things once looked like. So if you can…block out the fast food signs in the distance and the hum of the interstate and things like that, it'll give you an idea of what would have occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/61613/bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration","authors":["10447"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_12508","quest_12649","quest_12648","quest_12646","quest_12492","quest_12269","quest_9907","quest_10353","quest_1293","quest_1506","quest_9934","quest_9905","quest_12559","quest_12491","quest_12587","quest_3289","quest_12354","quest_12244","quest_12645","quest_12647","quest_3140"],"featImg":"quest_67693","label":"source_quest_61613"},"quest_52087":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52087","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52087","score":null,"sort":[1374760857000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"students-take-action-to-restore-biodiversity-and-revitalize-a-community","title":"Students Take Action to Restore Biodiversity and Revitalize a Community","publishDate":1374760857,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-57612 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock Middle School students planting their prairie with native species to improve biodiversity and water filtration. Photo courtesy of Sarah Krauskopf.\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock Middle School students planting their prairie with native species to improve biodiversity and water filtration. Photo courtesy of Sara Krauskopf.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a struggling neighborhood in Madison, Wisconsin, a charter school focused on environmental education has become a wellspring of community revitalization—thanks in large part, to the students themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A project of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientcities.org/Resilient_Cities/PROFILE.html\">Center for Resilient Cities\u003c/a>, Badger Rock Middle School’s inaugural class spent its first year in a rented warehouse, using donated secondhand furniture. The school now has four semesters under its belt and a brand new eco-friendly building outfitted with solar tubes and geothermal heating. Future plans for the school’s grounds include a gymnasium, meeting spaces, and retail shops, creating a hub for community interaction in an area currently without a grocery store, coffee shop, or church.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57610\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/badger-rock.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57610 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/badger-rock-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock Middle School, with its vegetable garden in the foreground.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock Middle School, with its vegetable garden in the foreground.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The students -- 65 percent of whom qualify for free or reduced-price meals -- spend one morning a week working in the school’s garden and turn their harvest into lunch. Other weekly activities include hands-on ecology investigations with a field biologist, outdoor projects like monitoring bird boxes, and indoor study sessions where they learn about the school’s rainwater-collection system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the students added another activity to their roster: park rehabilitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea originated one day when the sixth-grade class were in the field, checking out local biodiversity. The students tossed hula hoops into Badger Park, which lies next to the school, and counted the number of species corralled in each one. When they compared their tally with numbers from a dedicated conservation park nearby, they realized that there should have been three or four times as many species in Badger Park. Sixth-grader Elise Marquardt remembers thinking, “This isn’t good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspired by ecologist Aldo Leopold’s Depression-era \u003ca href=\"http://www.aldoleopold.org/programs/shack.shtml\">rehabilitation\u003c/a> of an abandoned farm, the students decided to take action to restore the park’s diverse ecosystem. Their science teacher, Aaron Kaio, called the Parks Department to ask if the students could work on remediating the area. Skeptical at first, officials eventually agreed to send someone out to evaluate the students’ plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create the rehabilitation plan, students picked species they wanted to see in the park and researched their habitat requirements to figure out how to attract them. They also reached beyond the student body and sought input from local residents. Badger Park is a community space, but no one was using it -- everyone went to another park farther away. The students went door to door to find out what people would like to see in the space. They then incorporated some of those ideas -- like nature trails -- into the plan they presented to the Parks Department in November 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the presentation, the Parks Department agreed to collaborate with the students on restoring the area. Says Kaio, “It wasn’t until the kids were able to present to them that they were like, ‘These kids do kind of know what they’re talking about, and they’re passionate about it, so okay, let’s give them a shot.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57606\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 239px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/elise-and-jesse2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57606 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/elise-and-jesse2-239x360.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock students comb through the park for different plant species.\" width=\"239\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock students comb through a local park, looking for different plant species.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first testament to the students’ thoughtful planning and unremitting enthusiasm is a 1,000-square-foot prairie full of native species like brown fox sedge and blue flag iris bordering a drainage basin adjacent to the park. It’s the fruit of collaboration with the seventh graders, who had spent the year studying water flow on the property. More than just a diverse and locally adapted ecosystem, the prairie also functions as a \u003ca href=\"http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/GWQ037.pdf\">rain garden\u003c/a>, filtering water that washes in from the street and defending against erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall of 2013 will bring another round of planting to expand the prairie and create habitats for species like the American toad -- plentiful right across the street but nowhere to be found at the school. In the years ahead, bike paths, nature trails, and a pond will slowly transform Badger Park into a thriving community space with a robust ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Badger Rock’s students are changing the landscape, but it seems that the transformation goes both ways. “When I first came here, I had no idea what ‘biodiversity’ meant, explains sixth-grader Majenta Stuntebeck. \"When I go to a park now, I can see the difference between one park and another park.” Seventh-grader Jesse Dickrell agrees, “When you come out of this school, you look at things a different way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are the students’ hopes for the land and the larger community five or ten years from now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being in full bloom all year, having it be as beautiful as we can have it,” says Elise. “And having the community happy, because that’s what it’s about. Our whole school wants this to be a better place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more projects like this one, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://uwarboretum.org/eps/\">Earth Partnership for Schools Program\u003c/a> of the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, which helped the students select native plants for their prairie. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sixth graders at a charter school in Madison, Wisconsin, lead the charge to restore a local park and play a key role in efforts to revitalize a struggling community.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1374805064,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":880},"headData":{"title":"Students Take Action to Restore Biodiversity and Revitalize a Community | KQED","description":"Sixth graders at a charter school in Madison, Wisconsin, lead the charge to restore a local park and play a key role in efforts to revitalize a struggling community.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"52087 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52087","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/07/25/students-take-action-to-restore-biodiversity-and-revitalize-a-community/","disqusTitle":"Students Take Action to Restore Biodiversity and Revitalize a Community","path":"/quest/52087/students-take-action-to-restore-biodiversity-and-revitalize-a-community","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-57612 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock Middle School students planting their prairie with native species to improve biodiversity and water filtration. Photo courtesy of Sarah Krauskopf.\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293.jpg 620w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/planting-the-prairie-e1374178601293-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock Middle School students planting their prairie with native species to improve biodiversity and water filtration. Photo courtesy of Sara Krauskopf.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a struggling neighborhood in Madison, Wisconsin, a charter school focused on environmental education has become a wellspring of community revitalization—thanks in large part, to the students themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A project of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.resilientcities.org/Resilient_Cities/PROFILE.html\">Center for Resilient Cities\u003c/a>, Badger Rock Middle School’s inaugural class spent its first year in a rented warehouse, using donated secondhand furniture. The school now has four semesters under its belt and a brand new eco-friendly building outfitted with solar tubes and geothermal heating. Future plans for the school’s grounds include a gymnasium, meeting spaces, and retail shops, creating a hub for community interaction in an area currently without a grocery store, coffee shop, or church.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57610\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/badger-rock.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57610 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/badger-rock-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock Middle School, with its vegetable garden in the foreground.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock Middle School, with its vegetable garden in the foreground.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The students -- 65 percent of whom qualify for free or reduced-price meals -- spend one morning a week working in the school’s garden and turn their harvest into lunch. Other weekly activities include hands-on ecology investigations with a field biologist, outdoor projects like monitoring bird boxes, and indoor study sessions where they learn about the school’s rainwater-collection system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the students added another activity to their roster: park rehabilitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea originated one day when the sixth-grade class were in the field, checking out local biodiversity. The students tossed hula hoops into Badger Park, which lies next to the school, and counted the number of species corralled in each one. When they compared their tally with numbers from a dedicated conservation park nearby, they realized that there should have been three or four times as many species in Badger Park. Sixth-grader Elise Marquardt remembers thinking, “This isn’t good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspired by ecologist Aldo Leopold’s Depression-era \u003ca href=\"http://www.aldoleopold.org/programs/shack.shtml\">rehabilitation\u003c/a> of an abandoned farm, the students decided to take action to restore the park’s diverse ecosystem. Their science teacher, Aaron Kaio, called the Parks Department to ask if the students could work on remediating the area. Skeptical at first, officials eventually agreed to send someone out to evaluate the students’ plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create the rehabilitation plan, students picked species they wanted to see in the park and researched their habitat requirements to figure out how to attract them. They also reached beyond the student body and sought input from local residents. Badger Park is a community space, but no one was using it -- everyone went to another park farther away. The students went door to door to find out what people would like to see in the space. They then incorporated some of those ideas -- like nature trails -- into the plan they presented to the Parks Department in November 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the presentation, the Parks Department agreed to collaborate with the students on restoring the area. Says Kaio, “It wasn’t until the kids were able to present to them that they were like, ‘These kids do kind of know what they’re talking about, and they’re passionate about it, so okay, let’s give them a shot.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57606\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 239px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/elise-and-jesse2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57606 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/elise-and-jesse2-239x360.jpg\" alt=\"Badger Rock students comb through the park for different plant species.\" width=\"239\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Badger Rock students comb through a local park, looking for different plant species.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first testament to the students’ thoughtful planning and unremitting enthusiasm is a 1,000-square-foot prairie full of native species like brown fox sedge and blue flag iris bordering a drainage basin adjacent to the park. It’s the fruit of collaboration with the seventh graders, who had spent the year studying water flow on the property. More than just a diverse and locally adapted ecosystem, the prairie also functions as a \u003ca href=\"http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/GWQ037.pdf\">rain garden\u003c/a>, filtering water that washes in from the street and defending against erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall of 2013 will bring another round of planting to expand the prairie and create habitats for species like the American toad -- plentiful right across the street but nowhere to be found at the school. In the years ahead, bike paths, nature trails, and a pond will slowly transform Badger Park into a thriving community space with a robust ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Badger Rock’s students are changing the landscape, but it seems that the transformation goes both ways. “When I first came here, I had no idea what ‘biodiversity’ meant, explains sixth-grader Majenta Stuntebeck. \"When I go to a park now, I can see the difference between one park and another park.” Seventh-grader Jesse Dickrell agrees, “When you come out of this school, you look at things a different way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are the students’ hopes for the land and the larger community five or ten years from now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being in full bloom all year, having it be as beautiful as we can have it,” says Elise. “And having the community happy, because that’s what it’s about. Our whole school wants this to be a better place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more projects like this one, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://uwarboretum.org/eps/\">Earth Partnership for Schools Program\u003c/a> of the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, which helped the students select native plants for their prairie. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52087/students-take-action-to-restore-biodiversity-and-revitalize-a-community","authors":["10441"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_11277","quest_10415","quest_9905","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3292","quest_2529","quest_10416","quest_10339"],"featImg":"quest_57612","label":"quest"},"quest_21058":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_21058","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"21058","score":null,"sort":[1311615980000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"climate-change-favors-invasive-species-in-california-grasslands","title":"Climate Change Favors Invasive Species in California Grasslands","publishDate":1311615980,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21062\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/25/climate-change-favors-invasive-species-in-california-grasslands/tomspoint/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21062\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21062\" title=\"TomsPoint\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/TomsPoint-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grasses blow in the wind near Toms Point in Marin County, on the east side of Tomales Bay. Most of the grasses in the photo are exotic. Photo: Brody Sandel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s grasslands are some of the most heavily invaded habitats in the state. As the climate changes—temperatures increase and water becomes scarcer—the conditions will favor exotic grasses, which will become even more prevalent. These are the conclusions drawn by Brody Sandel, a post-doc at Aarhus University in Denmark, and Emily Dangremond, a grad student at UC Berkeley, in their recent paper, \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02480.x/full\">\"\u003cem>Climate change and the invasion of California by grasses\u003c/em>\"\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1354-1013\">Global Change Biology\u003c/a>. They studied the traits of native and exotic grasses. Many of the characteristics that make an exotic grass successful in a new habitat (tall stature, big leaves, big seeds) will also be beneficial traits in the world to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full disclosure here: Brody, Emily and I were all grad students together in the same \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/sousa/\">lab at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. So when Emily told me she had a new paper, I was curious to see what it was all about. It turns out their study is really cool. It looks at the interaction of two major world-changers: invasive species and climate change. Their paper talks about exotic species—species that are not native to a particular habitat but are not necessarily detrimental, and noxious weeds—species that are somehow disruptive, because they outcompete native species or alter the habitat. Noxious weeds are what we would also call invasive plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brody and Emily’s study draws on existing datasets on current plant distribution across the state, plant traits, and current and future climate. They mapped the distribution of all the different species in California grasslands, using data from the Jepson Manual (the bible of California plant life), and a few other sources, to fill out an 800-cell grid of the state. They looked at the traits of the species—including how tall the plants are, whether they are annual or perennial, how much of their leaf mass comes from nitrogen, and the size of their seeds—and examined how the traits relate to the climate where the plants live today. Especially important was the proportion of exotic species in each of the grid cells. Then they turned up the temperature. They predicted the proportion of exotic species in each grid under climate change scenarios: higher average temperatures and less available water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that as the temperature increases and water availability decreases, the proportion of exotic species increases. And, the proportion of noxious weeds increases. Higher temperatures favor traits that tend to be possessed by exotic species, such as tall plants with big leaves and annual lifestyles. These are the same traits that made the plants successful invaders in the first place. For example, a tall plant extends above a short plant, stealing its light. But burly exotic plants like Holcus lanatus outcompete native species for light. And generally, plants with big seeds grow to be hearty seedlings, which are better competitors than scrappy little seedlings grown from modest sized seeds. This study predicts that noxious weeds will become even more prevalent, because they have traits that will serve them well under the conditions of climate change. The changing climate acts as a filter, straining out the native species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21065\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Holcus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-21065\" title=\"Holcus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Holcus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The noxious weed Holcus lanatus, a.k.a. “The Hulk,” so named because it towers above native grasses and outcompetes them for light. Photo courtesy of Brody Sandel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Years ago, I asked a grad student friend why she studied grasslands. I just couldn’t understand the appeal of a field of grass—it seemed boring. My friend Tasha explained that she just loved the way grasses look when they blow in the wind. A few weeks later, I went with her to her field site near Point Reyes, and I immediately understood the aesthetic appeal of grasslands. If you’re picturing a green manicured lawn with short little blades of grass, toss that idea right now. Instead, think of taller grasses, shin height or higher, in all shades of green, brown, gold and even purple. Think of the colors shifting as the wind blows. It is really a beautiful sight. California’s grasslands are expected to expand as the climate changes. But the inhabitants of these grasslands won’t be the grasses that were there 100 or 200 years ago. Instead, there will be a bunch of weeds blowing in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the interplay between California’s native plants and exotic species, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cal-ipc.org/\">California Invasive Plant Council\u003c/a>, or take a \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/workshops/\">workshop\u003c/a> with the \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jeps/\">Jepson Herbarium\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California’s grasslands are some of the most heavily invaded habitats in the state. As the climate changes—temperatures increase and water becomes scarcer—the conditions will favor exotic grasses, which will become even more prevalent.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366755162,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":803},"headData":{"title":"Climate Change Favors Invasive Species in California Grasslands | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"21058 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=21058","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/25/climate-change-favors-invasive-species-in-california-grasslands/","disqusTitle":"Climate Change Favors Invasive Species in California Grasslands","path":"/quest/21058/climate-change-favors-invasive-species-in-california-grasslands","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21062\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/25/climate-change-favors-invasive-species-in-california-grasslands/tomspoint/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21062\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21062\" title=\"TomsPoint\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/TomsPoint-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grasses blow in the wind near Toms Point in Marin County, on the east side of Tomales Bay. Most of the grasses in the photo are exotic. Photo: Brody Sandel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s grasslands are some of the most heavily invaded habitats in the state. As the climate changes—temperatures increase and water becomes scarcer—the conditions will favor exotic grasses, which will become even more prevalent. These are the conclusions drawn by Brody Sandel, a post-doc at Aarhus University in Denmark, and Emily Dangremond, a grad student at UC Berkeley, in their recent paper, \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02480.x/full\">\"\u003cem>Climate change and the invasion of California by grasses\u003c/em>\"\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1354-1013\">Global Change Biology\u003c/a>. They studied the traits of native and exotic grasses. Many of the characteristics that make an exotic grass successful in a new habitat (tall stature, big leaves, big seeds) will also be beneficial traits in the world to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full disclosure here: Brody, Emily and I were all grad students together in the same \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/sousa/\">lab at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. So when Emily told me she had a new paper, I was curious to see what it was all about. It turns out their study is really cool. It looks at the interaction of two major world-changers: invasive species and climate change. Their paper talks about exotic species—species that are not native to a particular habitat but are not necessarily detrimental, and noxious weeds—species that are somehow disruptive, because they outcompete native species or alter the habitat. Noxious weeds are what we would also call invasive plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brody and Emily’s study draws on existing datasets on current plant distribution across the state, plant traits, and current and future climate. They mapped the distribution of all the different species in California grasslands, using data from the Jepson Manual (the bible of California plant life), and a few other sources, to fill out an 800-cell grid of the state. They looked at the traits of the species—including how tall the plants are, whether they are annual or perennial, how much of their leaf mass comes from nitrogen, and the size of their seeds—and examined how the traits relate to the climate where the plants live today. Especially important was the proportion of exotic species in each of the grid cells. Then they turned up the temperature. They predicted the proportion of exotic species in each grid under climate change scenarios: higher average temperatures and less available water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that as the temperature increases and water availability decreases, the proportion of exotic species increases. And, the proportion of noxious weeds increases. Higher temperatures favor traits that tend to be possessed by exotic species, such as tall plants with big leaves and annual lifestyles. These are the same traits that made the plants successful invaders in the first place. For example, a tall plant extends above a short plant, stealing its light. But burly exotic plants like Holcus lanatus outcompete native species for light. And generally, plants with big seeds grow to be hearty seedlings, which are better competitors than scrappy little seedlings grown from modest sized seeds. This study predicts that noxious weeds will become even more prevalent, because they have traits that will serve them well under the conditions of climate change. The changing climate acts as a filter, straining out the native species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21065\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Holcus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-21065\" title=\"Holcus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Holcus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The noxious weed Holcus lanatus, a.k.a. “The Hulk,” so named because it towers above native grasses and outcompetes them for light. Photo courtesy of Brody Sandel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Years ago, I asked a grad student friend why she studied grasslands. I just couldn’t understand the appeal of a field of grass—it seemed boring. My friend Tasha explained that she just loved the way grasses look when they blow in the wind. A few weeks later, I went with her to her field site near Point Reyes, and I immediately understood the aesthetic appeal of grasslands. If you’re picturing a green manicured lawn with short little blades of grass, toss that idea right now. Instead, think of taller grasses, shin height or higher, in all shades of green, brown, gold and even purple. Think of the colors shifting as the wind blows. It is really a beautiful sight. California’s grasslands are expected to expand as the climate changes. But the inhabitants of these grasslands won’t be the grasses that were there 100 or 200 years ago. Instead, there will be a bunch of weeds blowing in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the interplay between California’s native plants and exotic species, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cal-ipc.org/\">California Invasive Plant Council\u003c/a>, or take a \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/workshops/\">workshop\u003c/a> with the \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jeps/\">Jepson Herbarium\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/21058/climate-change-favors-invasive-species-in-california-grasslands","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_13195","quest_621","quest_9904","quest_9906","quest_9907","quest_1489","quest_1938","quest_1939","quest_9905","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_21062","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! 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And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. 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