NASA Ames Research CenterNASA Ames Research Center
Career Spotlight: The Planet-Searching Physicist
Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot
Searching for Life on Mars
Producer's Notes: Searching for Life on Mars
Behind-The-Scenes at NASA Ames Research Center
Tiny Satellites Give NASA Big Returns
Sponsored
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You can contact her on Twitter at @intheknowshow or go to her website catbobino.com","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1a2857f10994fcb4caaf27573114f91c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"education","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"CaT Bobino | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1a2857f10994fcb4caaf27573114f91c?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1a2857f10994fcb4caaf27573114f91c?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/cbobino"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_110831":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_110831","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"110831","score":null,"sort":[1452216305000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"career-spotlight-the-planet-searching-physicist","title":"Career Spotlight: The Planet-Searching Physicist","publishDate":1452216305,"format":"video","headTitle":"Career Spotlight | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13374,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Growing up in a small town in New Mexico, Elisa Quintana didn't even think about science. She grew up in a household that did not stress the importance of math and science. It was not until community college that she realized she liked math, and ended up transferring to the University of California, San Diego to pursue a degree in physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was a late bloomer,\" says Elisa. \"Because I didn't know what I wanted to do in life, it took me six years to complete my undergraduate work.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elisa now works for NASA, studying planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am most interested in finding planets like Earth around other stars,\" says Elisa. \"Ones that have the right size and orbit to be able to sustain liquid water, a prerequisite for life as we know it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elisa spends a large portion of her time on her laptop, working on computer algorithms that can sift through massive amounts of data to locate planets that could potentially be habitable. She also works on computer models to simulate how these planets might have formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I feel like I am lucky to live in an age where humans can actually start to answer the question of, 'Are we alone?'\", says Elisa.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1467224894,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":210},"headData":{"title":"Career Spotlight: The Planet-Searching Physicist | KQED","description":"Growing up in a small town in New Mexico, Elisa Quintana didn't even think about science. She grew up in a household that did not stress the importance of math and science. It was not until community college that she realized she liked math, and ended up transferring to the University of California, San Diego to","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Career Spotlight: The Planet-Searching Physicist","datePublished":"2016-01-08T01:25:05.000Z","dateModified":"2016-06-29T18:28:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"110831 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=110831","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/01/07/career-spotlight-the-planet-searching-physicist/","disqusTitle":"Career Spotlight: The Planet-Searching Physicist","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/iaHIr5xAHn8","path":"/quest/110831/career-spotlight-the-planet-searching-physicist","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Growing up in a small town in New Mexico, Elisa Quintana didn't even think about science. She grew up in a household that did not stress the importance of math and science. It was not until community college that she realized she liked math, and ended up transferring to the University of California, San Diego to pursue a degree in physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was a late bloomer,\" says Elisa. \"Because I didn't know what I wanted to do in life, it took me six years to complete my undergraduate work.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elisa now works for NASA, studying planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am most interested in finding planets like Earth around other stars,\" says Elisa. \"Ones that have the right size and orbit to be able to sustain liquid water, a prerequisite for life as we know it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elisa spends a large portion of her time on her laptop, working on computer algorithms that can sift through massive amounts of data to locate planets that could potentially be habitable. She also works on computer models to simulate how these planets might have formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I feel like I am lucky to live in an age where humans can actually start to answer the question of, 'Are we alone?'\", says Elisa.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/110831/career-spotlight-the-planet-searching-physicist","authors":["10621"],"series":["quest_13374"],"categories":["quest_8"],"tags":["quest_13128","quest_1564","quest_1920","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_110832","label":"quest_13374"},"quest_87280":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_87280","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"87280","score":null,"sort":[1445299962000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","title":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot","publishDate":1445299962,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13394,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have you ever seen a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tensegrityfitness.com/fit/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/tensegity1.jpg\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">skeleton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> held together with wire in a classroom or at a museum? \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87303 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg\" alt=\"skeleton-457598_640\" width=\"252\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg 424w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640-400x604.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\">What would happen if you removed the wire? All of the bones would fall into a heap on the floor! In reality, there are no wires within our bodies. Instead, our bodies are held together with ligaments and soft tissue. Our bones don’t directly connect to one another, but rather the ligaments and soft tissues help hold our bones in place and allow us to move.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our body is an example of a \u003cb>tensegrity structure\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts aren’t directly connected to one another with nails or screws, but instead are connected by wires, cables, elastic bands or, in the case of our bodies, soft tissues. The concept of tensegrity is used to build structures in science, engineering, arts and architecture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tensegrity” was coined by Buckminster Fuller in the 1960s; it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87310 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\" alt=\"BuckminsterFuller1\" width=\"259\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg 422w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1-400x522.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\">\u003c/a>combination of the terms “tension” and “structural integrity.” In physics, “tension” refers to the state of being stretched tight and “structural integrity” has to do with how well a structure can support itself without breaking (think of how well a house or bridge is held together when there is an earthquake). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">NASA Ames\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a>, are turning tensegrity structures into functional robots, which could be used in the future to explore space and other planets. These \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\">tensegrity structure robots\u003c/a> could offer several advantages over traditional space rovers. Tensegrity robots can handle more impact than traditional rovers, can be compacted into a small container, and they are also lighter in weight and less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the above video, I show you how to make a simple tensegrity model using drinking straws and rubber bands. Here are the materials you will need to create the model:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stiff drinking straws cut to a length of five inches\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stretchy rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six smaller rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scissors\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Follow these simple steps to build your own tensegrity model:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Cut six straws into five-inch pieces\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie small rubber bands on both ends of two pairs of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place one pair of straws between the other\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie a small rubber band around one end of another pair of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place the new pair of straws between the first two pairs, then loosely place a rubber band on the other end\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place a longer rubber band into the slit of one straw. Take the rubber band and stretch it over the pair of straws perpendicular to the original straw and over to the other end of that straw\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take the two middle points of the long rubber band and place them into the slits of the perpendicular straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Once you have done this will all the straws, cut the smaller rubber bands that are holding the pairs together\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>You can create the model as shown, make a larger one or even turn it into a robot. Share what you have created with us in the comments below, or with @KQEDedspace on Twitter and Instagram using #tensegrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/22/e-book-engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind how researchers are developing tensegrity robots for space exploration. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media-making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn how to build a model of future space-exploring robots using the concept of \"tensegrity\"--the combination of \"tension\" and \"integrity.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475540,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":587},"headData":{"title":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot | KQED","description":"Learn how to build a model of future space-exploring robots using the concept of "tensegrity"--the combination of "tension" and "integrity."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot","datePublished":"2015-10-20T00:12:42.000Z","dateModified":"2016-08-17T23:12:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"87280 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=87280","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/19/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot/","disqusTitle":"Science Spotlight: How to Build a Model of a Future Space-Exploring Robot","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awILwlCkd9Y","path":"/quest/87280/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have you ever seen a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tensegrityfitness.com/fit/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/tensegity1.jpg\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">skeleton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> held together with wire in a classroom or at a museum? \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87303 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg\" alt=\"skeleton-457598_640\" width=\"252\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640.jpg 424w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/skeleton-457598_640-400x604.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\">What would happen if you removed the wire? All of the bones would fall into a heap on the floor! In reality, there are no wires within our bodies. Instead, our bodies are held together with ligaments and soft tissue. Our bones don’t directly connect to one another, but rather the ligaments and soft tissues help hold our bones in place and allow us to move.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our body is an example of a \u003cb>tensegrity structure\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In tensegrity structures, rigid parts aren’t directly connected to one another with nails or screws, but instead are connected by wires, cables, elastic bands or, in the case of our bodies, soft tissues. The concept of tensegrity is used to build structures in science, engineering, arts and architecture.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tensegrity” was coined by Buckminster Fuller in the 1960s; it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-87310 alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg\" alt=\"BuckminsterFuller1\" width=\"259\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1.jpg 422w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/BuckminsterFuller1-400x522.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\">\u003c/a>combination of the terms “tension” and “structural integrity.” In physics, “tension” refers to the state of being stretched tight and “structural integrity” has to do with how well a structure can support itself without breaking (think of how well a house or bridge is held together when there is an earthquake). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://www.magicalrobot.org/BeingHuman/\">NASA Ames\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://best.berkeley.edu/\">University of California, Berkeley\u003c/a>, are turning tensegrity structures into functional robots, which could be used in the future to explore space and other planets. These \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/01/engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\">tensegrity structure robots\u003c/a> could offer several advantages over traditional space rovers. Tensegrity robots can handle more impact than traditional rovers, can be compacted into a small container, and they are also lighter in weight and less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the above video, I show you how to make a simple tensegrity model using drinking straws and rubber bands. Here are the materials you will need to create the model:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stiff drinking straws cut to a length of five inches\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six stretchy rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">six smaller rubber bands\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">scissors\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Follow these simple steps to build your own tensegrity model:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Cut six straws into five-inch pieces\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie small rubber bands on both ends of two pairs of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place one pair of straws between the other\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Loosely tie a small rubber band around one end of another pair of straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place the new pair of straws between the first two pairs, then loosely place a rubber band on the other end\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Place a longer rubber band into the slit of one straw. Take the rubber band and stretch it over the pair of straws perpendicular to the original straw and over to the other end of that straw\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Take the two middle points of the long rubber band and place them into the slits of the perpendicular straws\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Once you have done this will all the straws, cut the smaller rubber bands that are holding the pairs together\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>You can create the model as shown, make a larger one or even turn it into a robot. Share what you have created with us in the comments below, or with @KQEDedspace on Twitter and Instagram using #tensegrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/22/e-book-engineering-is-exploring-space-with-shape-shifting-robots/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is Exploring Space with Shape-Shifting Robots\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind how researchers are developing tensegrity robots for space exploration. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media-making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/87280/science-spotlight-how-to-build-a-model-of-a-future-space-exploring-robot","authors":["10626"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_308","quest_11295","quest_12787","quest_847","quest_13197","quest_1040","quest_13402","quest_11365","quest_13404","quest_13400","quest_1918","quest_1919","quest_1920","quest_2530","quest_13142","quest_2739","quest_11296","quest_13403","quest_13401","quest_3021","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_13394"],"featImg":"quest_87396","label":"quest_13394"},"quest_72510":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72510","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72510","score":null,"sort":[1416409247000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"searching-for-life-on-mars-2","title":"Searching for Life on Mars","publishDate":1416409247,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>More than two years after its precisely calibrated landing on the floor of a Martian crater in August 2012, NASA’s one ton, SUV-sized Curiosity rover has traveled more than five miles across the rocky, massive Gale crater to the base of an 18,000-foot mountain, Mount Sharp. The rover is the crowning achievement of the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, a NASA mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72515\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_pia16239_c-full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72515 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_pia16239_c-full-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Curiosity rover 's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) tool was used to create this self-portrait of the rover on Mars. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Curiosity rover 's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) tool was used to create this self-portrait of the rover on Mars. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nathalie Cabrol, a planetary scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html#.VE7KjPl4rYg\">NASA Ames Research Center \u003c/a>in Mountain View, California, called Curiosity “the Swiss Army knife” of Mars rovers. It’s an apt metaphor, considering that Curiosity is the most advanced scientific laboratory ever deployed on the Red Planet. Its suite of 11 scientific instruments, including cameras that are capable of capturing stunning high-definition photos of the Martian landscape, have already yielded more data than all previous Mars rover missions combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Curiosity’s biggest findings so far was announced last year, when scientists unveiled images taken by the rover of an ancient streambed, where gravelly rocks provided proof that water once flowed on Mars and could have actually supported life millions or billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity continues to make sophisticated measurements of the geological and chemical composition of Mars. In late September 2014, Curiosity drilled into the base of Mount Sharp and analyzed the sample to unearth clues about how the towering peak formed in the center of Gale crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Curiosity drills into Martian rock, it probes the powdery sample with an x-ray beam. The diffraction or scattering of the x-rays reveal the sample’s structure and composition. The data is then relayed to an orbiting satellite and eventually reaches a team of NASA scientists who meticulously comb through the rover’s measurements and observations. Already, Curiosity’s data has revealed the presence of oxygen, water, carbon and sulfides – elements that are necessary to support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg\" alt=\"This image was taken by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam), with Mount Sharp visible on the southern horizon. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image was taken by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam), with Mount Sharp visible on the southern horizon. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Curiosity cannot detect signs of current life on Mars, astrobiologists such as Christopher McKay of NASA Ames Research Center say they are excited to see Curiosity’s observations which are painting a fuller, more complex picture of the habitability of our closest planetary neighbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mars is really interesting for the search for life, because it’s a world which we know at one time had an Earth-like period,” McKay said, adding that if there was life on Mars it could have represented “a separate origin of life, a second Genesis” that was different from the evolution of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, an international race to explore Mars is heating up, with news in September 2014 that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isro.org/mars/payload.aspx\">Indian Space Research Organization\u003c/a> had succeeded – on its first attempt – in launching a spacecraft into the orbit of Mars where it began mapping the Martian surface. NASA has already announced a new mission, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a>, with a successor to the Curiosity rover that will have several goals, including testing new technology to pave the way for a human mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Hollywood has offered up fanciful, even absurd sci-fi scenarios of what a human mission to Mars would look like, often with catastrophic results for the astronauts. But now, the road to a human exploration of Mars finally looks real, paved by the observations and measurements of dutiful robotic rovers blazing new trails of scientific discovery and wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Rachel Silverman and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 style=\"color: #586b73\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #666666\">\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Watch how the NASA Curiosity rover is the most sophisticated rover ever deployed on Mars. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442632327,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":656},"headData":{"title":"Searching for Life on Mars | KQED","description":"Watch how the NASA Curiosity rover is the most sophisticated rover ever deployed on Mars. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Searching for Life on Mars","datePublished":"2014-11-19T15:00:47.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T03:12:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"72510 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72510","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/19/searching-for-life-on-mars-2/","disqusTitle":"Searching for Life on Mars","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHMQyQ_YwL8?feature=player_embedded","source":"Astronomy","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/astronomy/","path":"/quest/72510/searching-for-life-on-mars-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More than two years after its precisely calibrated landing on the floor of a Martian crater in August 2012, NASA’s one ton, SUV-sized Curiosity rover has traveled more than five miles across the rocky, massive Gale crater to the base of an 18,000-foot mountain, Mount Sharp. The rover is the crowning achievement of the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, a NASA mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72515\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_pia16239_c-full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72515 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_pia16239_c-full-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Curiosity rover 's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) tool was used to create this self-portrait of the rover on Mars. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Curiosity rover 's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) tool was used to create this self-portrait of the rover on Mars. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nathalie Cabrol, a planetary scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html#.VE7KjPl4rYg\">NASA Ames Research Center \u003c/a>in Mountain View, California, called Curiosity “the Swiss Army knife” of Mars rovers. It’s an apt metaphor, considering that Curiosity is the most advanced scientific laboratory ever deployed on the Red Planet. Its suite of 11 scientific instruments, including cameras that are capable of capturing stunning high-definition photos of the Martian landscape, have already yielded more data than all previous Mars rover missions combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Curiosity’s biggest findings so far was announced last year, when scientists unveiled images taken by the rover of an ancient streambed, where gravelly rocks provided proof that water once flowed on Mars and could have actually supported life millions or billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity continues to make sophisticated measurements of the geological and chemical composition of Mars. In late September 2014, Curiosity drilled into the base of Mount Sharp and analyzed the sample to unearth clues about how the towering peak formed in the center of Gale crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Curiosity drills into Martian rock, it probes the powdery sample with an x-ray beam. The diffraction or scattering of the x-rays reveal the sample’s structure and composition. The data is then relayed to an orbiting satellite and eventually reaches a team of NASA scientists who meticulously comb through the rover’s measurements and observations. Already, Curiosity’s data has revealed the presence of oxygen, water, carbon and sulfides – elements that are necessary to support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg\" alt=\"This image was taken by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam), with Mount Sharp visible on the southern horizon. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image was taken by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam), with Mount Sharp visible on the southern horizon. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Curiosity cannot detect signs of current life on Mars, astrobiologists such as Christopher McKay of NASA Ames Research Center say they are excited to see Curiosity’s observations which are painting a fuller, more complex picture of the habitability of our closest planetary neighbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mars is really interesting for the search for life, because it’s a world which we know at one time had an Earth-like period,” McKay said, adding that if there was life on Mars it could have represented “a separate origin of life, a second Genesis” that was different from the evolution of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, an international race to explore Mars is heating up, with news in September 2014 that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isro.org/mars/payload.aspx\">Indian Space Research Organization\u003c/a> had succeeded – on its first attempt – in launching a spacecraft into the orbit of Mars where it began mapping the Martian surface. NASA has already announced a new mission, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a>, with a successor to the Curiosity rover that will have several goals, including testing new technology to pave the way for a human mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Hollywood has offered up fanciful, even absurd sci-fi scenarios of what a human mission to Mars would look like, often with catastrophic results for the astronauts. But now, the road to a human exploration of Mars finally looks real, paved by the observations and measurements of dutiful robotic rovers blazing new trails of scientific discovery and wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Rachel Silverman and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 style=\"color: #586b73\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #666666\">\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72510/searching-for-life-on-mars-2","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_13023","quest_3537","quest_12269","quest_13022","quest_1751","quest_3647","quest_1920","quest_3677","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_72517","label":"source_quest_72510"},"quest_19219":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_19219","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"19219","score":null,"sort":[1304449202000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"searching-for-life-on-mars","title":"Producer's Notes: Searching for Life on Mars","publishDate":1304449202,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Producer’s Notes: Searching for Life on Mars | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mars300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Mars has become a kind of mythic arena onto which we have projected our Earthly hopes and fears.”\u003c/strong> – \u003cem>Carl Sagan, Cosmos. (1980: New York, USA: Random House.) p. 106.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science to the side, Mars has meant many things to us earthlings. The Romans named the Red Planet after their god of war, and it has long been associated with masculinity. The symbol for the planet is the same circle extruding an arrow we use for the male gender. (Remember the 1992 self-help best-seller, \u003cem>Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus\u003c/em>?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images of Mars and Martians have also provided much grist for the mills of popular culture. When I interviewed the scientists we feature in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/searching-for-life-on-mars\">Searching for Life on Mars\u003c/a>, I asked them about their favorite appearances of Mars in popular culture. Their answers–Edgar Rice Burroughs’ pulp swashbuckler from 1917, \u003cem>A Princess of Mars\u003c/em>, and the 1960’s American sit-com, \u003cem>My Favorite Martian\u003c/em>–represent the antipodes of the ways in which the modern imagination has regarded Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1917, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs\">Edgar Rice Burroughs\u003c/a> (best-remembered as the man who brought us Tarzan) published the first in what came to be a series of novels about the adventures of John Carter, a civil war veteran mysteriously transported to Mars in the midst of an Indian attack. Mars, called “Barsoon” by its inhabitants, is strictly divided along racial lines. Princess Dejah Toris belongs to the humanoid and civilized Red Martians, who are beset upon by the barbaric Green Martians, twelve feet tall, with four arms and huge eyes on the sides of their heads. As with Superman on Earth, the lower gravity on Mars endows Jon Carter with extraordinary powers, while his white skin, belonging to a noble race now extinct on Barsoon, gives him mythic status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, some authors imagined a more threatening Mars. \u003cem>War of the Worlds\u003c/em>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells\">H.G. Wells\u003c/a>’ science fiction novel from 1898, was one of the first to imagine a conflict between humankind and a superior alien race. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles\">Orson Welles\u003c/a>’ realistic 1938 radio adaptation triggered panic as listeners mistook the broadcast for live coverage of an actual invasion. Successful movie adaptations of War of the Worlds were produced in 1953 and 2005. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The period after World War II became the heyday for Mars in popular culture, as Red Scare anxieties about invasion or infiltration at the hands of godless communists were given form in the artifacts of the day, from movies to bubble gum trading cards. Some of the highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-Ray Bradbury’s \u003cem>The Martian Chronicles\u003c/em> (1950) which recounts the efforts of earthlings to colonize an ancient Martian civilization, inadvertently succeeding through the chicken pox virus they brought with them;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Red Planet Mars \u003c/em>(1952) where radio transmissions from Mars incite revolutions on Earth–climaxing in the installation of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church on the throne of the Tsar–and are eventually revealed to be the voice of God Himself;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Invaders from Mars\u003c/em> (1953) where a boy is awakened to see a flying saucer disappear into a sandpit behind his home, and later, noticing an unusual red cut beneath his father’s hairline, sees him turn cold and hostile; \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Devil Girl from Mars \u003c/em>(1954) in which a statuesque and dominating Martian, dressed head-to-toe in black vinyl, leads a mission to Earth to restock the vanishing male population on Mars;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-The 1962 Topps trading card series \u003cem>Mars Attacks\u003c/em>, which depicted an invasion by sadistic and hideous Martians with so much explicit gore and implied sexuality that a public outcry led the company to halt production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1960’s, the sci-fi movie cycle had generated into cheapies such as \u003cem>Santa Claus Conquers the Martians \u003c/em>(1964) and \u003cem>Mars Needs Women \u003c/em>(1966). In mainstream American culture, extraterrestrials from the Red Planet were sufficiently domesticated for Ray Walston to play Uncle Martin in \u003cem>My Favorite Martian\u003c/em> (1963-1966). Martin’s ability to turn invisible when he raised his retractable antennae was played strictly for laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides nostalgia for the Martians of their youths, the scientists we interviewed, Chris McKay, David Blake, Nathalie Cabrol and Tori Hoehler, all offered speculation about a more serious consequence if life were confirmed on Mars. Christianity earlier embraced the geocentric views of Ptolemy and Aristotle where the Earth was the center of the universe, around which all else revolved, just as mankind was the center of God’s creation. The ideas that the Earth moved around the Sun, or that men evolved from apes were–and in some quarters still are–strenuously resisted as undermining the belief that life was created on Earth as part of a divine plan. If there were another, perhaps earlier creation, a second genesis–as proof of life on Mars would imply–what becomes of our starring role in history? What would be the effect on our pride, could our religions survive? For now, the answers to such questions are the province of the writers of science fiction, but if the scientists find what they’re looking for, that might not remain the case in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.3785351 -122.086585\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Science to the side, Mars has meant many things to us earthlings.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684974208,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":880},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Searching for Life on Mars | KQED","description":"Science to the side, Mars has meant many things to us earthlings.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Searching for Life on Mars","datePublished":"2011-05-03T19:00:02.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:23:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/19219/searching-for-life-on-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mars300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Mars has become a kind of mythic arena onto which we have projected our Earthly hopes and fears.”\u003c/strong> – \u003cem>Carl Sagan, Cosmos. (1980: New York, USA: Random House.) p. 106.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science to the side, Mars has meant many things to us earthlings. The Romans named the Red Planet after their god of war, and it has long been associated with masculinity. The symbol for the planet is the same circle extruding an arrow we use for the male gender. (Remember the 1992 self-help best-seller, \u003cem>Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus\u003c/em>?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images of Mars and Martians have also provided much grist for the mills of popular culture. When I interviewed the scientists we feature in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/searching-for-life-on-mars\">Searching for Life on Mars\u003c/a>, I asked them about their favorite appearances of Mars in popular culture. Their answers–Edgar Rice Burroughs’ pulp swashbuckler from 1917, \u003cem>A Princess of Mars\u003c/em>, and the 1960’s American sit-com, \u003cem>My Favorite Martian\u003c/em>–represent the antipodes of the ways in which the modern imagination has regarded Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1917, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs\">Edgar Rice Burroughs\u003c/a> (best-remembered as the man who brought us Tarzan) published the first in what came to be a series of novels about the adventures of John Carter, a civil war veteran mysteriously transported to Mars in the midst of an Indian attack. Mars, called “Barsoon” by its inhabitants, is strictly divided along racial lines. Princess Dejah Toris belongs to the humanoid and civilized Red Martians, who are beset upon by the barbaric Green Martians, twelve feet tall, with four arms and huge eyes on the sides of their heads. As with Superman on Earth, the lower gravity on Mars endows Jon Carter with extraordinary powers, while his white skin, belonging to a noble race now extinct on Barsoon, gives him mythic status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, some authors imagined a more threatening Mars. \u003cem>War of the Worlds\u003c/em>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells\">H.G. Wells\u003c/a>’ science fiction novel from 1898, was one of the first to imagine a conflict between humankind and a superior alien race. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles\">Orson Welles\u003c/a>’ realistic 1938 radio adaptation triggered panic as listeners mistook the broadcast for live coverage of an actual invasion. Successful movie adaptations of War of the Worlds were produced in 1953 and 2005. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The period after World War II became the heyday for Mars in popular culture, as Red Scare anxieties about invasion or infiltration at the hands of godless communists were given form in the artifacts of the day, from movies to bubble gum trading cards. Some of the highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-Ray Bradbury’s \u003cem>The Martian Chronicles\u003c/em> (1950) which recounts the efforts of earthlings to colonize an ancient Martian civilization, inadvertently succeeding through the chicken pox virus they brought with them;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Red Planet Mars \u003c/em>(1952) where radio transmissions from Mars incite revolutions on Earth–climaxing in the installation of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church on the throne of the Tsar–and are eventually revealed to be the voice of God Himself;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Invaders from Mars\u003c/em> (1953) where a boy is awakened to see a flying saucer disappear into a sandpit behind his home, and later, noticing an unusual red cut beneath his father’s hairline, sees him turn cold and hostile; \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Devil Girl from Mars \u003c/em>(1954) in which a statuesque and dominating Martian, dressed head-to-toe in black vinyl, leads a mission to Earth to restock the vanishing male population on Mars;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-The 1962 Topps trading card series \u003cem>Mars Attacks\u003c/em>, which depicted an invasion by sadistic and hideous Martians with so much explicit gore and implied sexuality that a public outcry led the company to halt production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1960’s, the sci-fi movie cycle had generated into cheapies such as \u003cem>Santa Claus Conquers the Martians \u003c/em>(1964) and \u003cem>Mars Needs Women \u003c/em>(1966). In mainstream American culture, extraterrestrials from the Red Planet were sufficiently domesticated for Ray Walston to play Uncle Martin in \u003cem>My Favorite Martian\u003c/em> (1963-1966). Martin’s ability to turn invisible when he raised his retractable antennae was played strictly for laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides nostalgia for the Martians of their youths, the scientists we interviewed, Chris McKay, David Blake, Nathalie Cabrol and Tori Hoehler, all offered speculation about a more serious consequence if life were confirmed on Mars. Christianity earlier embraced the geocentric views of Ptolemy and Aristotle where the Earth was the center of the universe, around which all else revolved, just as mankind was the center of God’s creation. The ideas that the Earth moved around the Sun, or that men evolved from apes were–and in some quarters still are–strenuously resisted as undermining the belief that life was created on Earth as part of a divine plan. If there were another, perhaps earlier creation, a second genesis–as proof of life on Mars would imply–what becomes of our starring role in history? What would be the effect on our pride, could our religions survive? For now, the answers to such questions are the province of the writers of science fiction, but if the scientists find what they’re looking for, that might not remain the case in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.3785351 -122.086585\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/19219/searching-for-life-on-mars","authors":["10227"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_4"],"tags":["quest_3511","quest_3537","quest_3539","quest_3569","quest_1751","quest_3647","quest_1920","quest_3676","quest_3677"],"featImg":"quest_14179","label":"quest"},"quest_12236":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_12236","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"12236","score":null,"sort":[1297789205000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"behind-the-scenes-at-nasa-ames-research-center","title":"Behind-The-Scenes at NASA Ames Research Center","publishDate":1297789205,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/jupiter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7650\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/jupiter.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem>NASA embraces science enthusiasts with its Tweetups.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past Thursday I had the pleasure of being invited to a tweetup at NASA Ames. For the uninitiated, a tweetup is a meetup, where those interested meet and tweet. NASA has embraced social media with a force, and offers tweetups at its various locations to encourage the public to learn more about NASA initiatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 100 space nerds this was a dream come true. While I've been a fan of NASA all my life, this was a unique opportunity to interact with scientists working on Kepler, SOFIA and aeronautics. Fellow tweetup participant, Chris Hammond posted this fun, fast paced \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2H3svO0QsNo\">video\u003c/a> of how to day unfolded. I've also posted photos of NASA Ames on \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/tamaleprincess/sets/72157626045118550/\">Flickr\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA Ames is at the heart of the Kepler mission, NASA's project devoted to finding habitable planets. As you may have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/11/kepler%E2%80%99s-smokin%E2%80%99-performance-zero-to-68-in-4-months/\">read\u003c/a> on the QUEST blog, NASA's Kepler mission discovered its first Earth-size planet in a habitable zone, a region where liquid water could exist on a planet's surface. We heard from Natalie Batalha, deputy science team lead for the NASA Kepler mission who explained the challenges facing Kepler and the huge opportunities we may reap from such a mission. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Ms. Batalha, the data we are recovering from Kepler will keep scientists busy for decades as they search for habitable planets. She was careful distinguish that Kepler's mission was not about finding life, but about finding planets in ecosystems not dissimilar to our own that could hold the possibility of being habitable. The search for actual life on those planets will likely be up to a future NASA team dedicated to that purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you'd like to join a future tweetup, the best place to find information is by following \u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/#!/NASATweetup\">@NASATweetup\u003c/a> on Twitter. The next event is scheduled for March 19th at Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you prefer to stay closer to the Bay Area, I would highly recommend going to see Natalie Batalha speak at San Jose State University on February 16th. You can get more information on that speaking engagement \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=4111\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA invites social media fans on Twitter to get an inside look at its research centers and speak with scientists and astronauts.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1297789205,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":364},"headData":{"title":"Behind-The-Scenes at NASA Ames Research Center | KQED","description":"NASA invites social media fans on Twitter to get an inside look at its research centers and speak with scientists and astronauts.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Behind-The-Scenes at NASA Ames Research Center","datePublished":"2011-02-15T17:00:05.000Z","dateModified":"2011-02-15T17:00:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"12236 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=12236","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/15/behind-the-scenes-at-nasa-ames-research-center/","disqusTitle":"Behind-The-Scenes at NASA Ames Research Center","path":"/quest/12236/behind-the-scenes-at-nasa-ames-research-center","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/jupiter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7650\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/jupiter.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem>NASA embraces science enthusiasts with its Tweetups.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past Thursday I had the pleasure of being invited to a tweetup at NASA Ames. For the uninitiated, a tweetup is a meetup, where those interested meet and tweet. NASA has embraced social media with a force, and offers tweetups at its various locations to encourage the public to learn more about NASA initiatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 100 space nerds this was a dream come true. While I've been a fan of NASA all my life, this was a unique opportunity to interact with scientists working on Kepler, SOFIA and aeronautics. Fellow tweetup participant, Chris Hammond posted this fun, fast paced \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2H3svO0QsNo\">video\u003c/a> of how to day unfolded. I've also posted photos of NASA Ames on \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/tamaleprincess/sets/72157626045118550/\">Flickr\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA Ames is at the heart of the Kepler mission, NASA's project devoted to finding habitable planets. As you may have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/11/kepler%E2%80%99s-smokin%E2%80%99-performance-zero-to-68-in-4-months/\">read\u003c/a> on the QUEST blog, NASA's Kepler mission discovered its first Earth-size planet in a habitable zone, a region where liquid water could exist on a planet's surface. We heard from Natalie Batalha, deputy science team lead for the NASA Kepler mission who explained the challenges facing Kepler and the huge opportunities we may reap from such a mission. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Ms. Batalha, the data we are recovering from Kepler will keep scientists busy for decades as they search for habitable planets. She was careful distinguish that Kepler's mission was not about finding life, but about finding planets in ecosystems not dissimilar to our own that could hold the possibility of being habitable. The search for actual life on those planets will likely be up to a future NASA team dedicated to that purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you'd like to join a future tweetup, the best place to find information is by following \u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/#!/NASATweetup\">@NASATweetup\u003c/a> on Twitter. The next event is scheduled for March 19th at Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you prefer to stay closer to the Bay Area, I would highly recommend going to see Natalie Batalha speak at San Jose State University on February 16th. You can get more information on that speaking engagement \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=4111\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/12236/behind-the-scenes-at-nasa-ames-research-center","authors":["10174"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_1918","quest_1920","quest_2530","quest_3806","quest_3016"],"featImg":"quest_7650","label":"quest"},"quest_10656":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10656","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10656","score":null,"sort":[1290211141000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tiny-satellites-give-nasa-big-returns","title":"Tiny Satellites Give NASA Big Returns","publishDate":1290211141,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_NASA_Ames_OREOS_471486main_OOREOS-Render2-PADOM-Deployed_800-60031.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A computer-generated image of the O/OREOS nanosatellite. (Credit: NASA Ames Research Center)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, a NASA satellite hitched a ride aboard a U.S. Air Force rocket that launched into space from Kodiak Island, Alaska. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this isn’t your typical satellite. At 12 pounds and the size of a box of Saltine crackers, the ‘nanosatellite’ was built by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View with a mix of custom-made and commercially available, off-the-shelf parts in just 18 months. The cost: nearly $3 million – less than one percent of the cost of a traditional satellite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/smallsats/oreos/main/index.html\">The mission\u003c/a> is designed to help reveal how biological materials respond to space conditions. But perhaps as important, it also will allow engineers to further test the capabilities of a new generation of tiny, cheaper satellites that could change the next generation of space exploration. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can do 80 percent of the mission at 20 percent of cost, you can do more with these smaller spacecrafts,” said Bruce Yost, mission manager of Friday’s launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third nanosatellite mission for NASA Ames, which is the only one of 10 NASA centers in the United States to have its own office dedicated to nanosatellite research and development. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a larger trend is gathering momentum. Since 1999, 20 nanosatellites have been launched by American universities, the U.S. military and NASA. At least 80 universities around the world are currently developing nanosatellites. And in February, NASA announced a new initiative to launch at least 20 nanosatellites on four spacecrafts in the next two years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yost cited “three perfect storms” that allowed tiny satellites to flourish: the miniaturization of electronic components, the proof that nanosatellites could be used to do science experiments in space and the ability to build them quickly at low cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_NASA_Ames_OREOS_469848main_AD10-0128-038_800-6001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The O/OREOS nanosatellite with one solar panel removed, exposing the electronics and the two science experiment compartments. (Credit: NASA/Dominic Hart)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To streamline their construction, the majority of these satellites feature a cube-shaped design, a standard that was developed in 1999 by Bob Twiggs, an engineering professor at Stanford University in Palo Alto, and Jordi Puig-Suari at California State Polytechnic University in San Luis Obispo. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I went and looked for something that would resemble what this satellite would be and I bought a four-inch box. And those four-inch boxes were actually for beanie babies,” said Bob Twiggs in a 2009 interview with KQED Public Radio. His prototype for the ‘CubeSat’ led to an open-source blueprint that any university can follow to build a nanosatellite that can easily be mounted onto a rocket or larger satellite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nanosatellite is between two and 22 pounds. While that sounds small, there is actually a smaller class of satellites – picosatellites – that weigh less than two pounds. In comparison, a typical NASA satellite weighs several thousand pounds and can be the size of a school bus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2000, engineering students at Stanford’s Space and Systems Development Lab have built four nanosatellites, including one that NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory hopes to launch to test a new radio transponder device. Talks between Twiggs and John Hines, a NASA Ames official, also sparked the idea to use for the first time nanosatellites to do biological experiments in space. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/2007/genesat1.html\">GeneSat\u003c/a>, which launched in 2006, was the first such mission, allowing scientists to monitor the growth rates and gene expression of E. coli bacteria in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Friday’s launch, known as the “Organism/Organic Exposure to Orbital Stresses” mission, or “O/OREOS” for short, scientists at NASA Ames hope to build on what they learned from GeneSat to further push the limits of nanosatellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary goal is to show that the technology works and that we have the tools that enable us to do new science. And if we get new science out of it, that is a huge bonus,” said Tony Ricco, the instrument technologist on the O/OREOS mission and a former director of the National Center for Space Biological Technologies at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_NASA_Ames_469872main_AD10-0128-062_800-6001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>NASA engineers inspect the O/OREOS spacecraft’s interface with the satellite deployment system. (Credit: NASA/Dominic Hart)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The O/OREOS satellite consists of three aluminum cubes fused together. One compartment serves as the brains, with lithium-ion batteries, a computer chip microprocessor and a $350 wireless radio found in a household phone to communicate with the satellite. The other two compartments contain live, biological samples and organic molecules that will be subjected to high-energy charged particles, gamma rays, UV light rays and the temperature extremes of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacteria and biological molecules will be subjected to 75,000 times more radiation than a person is exposed to on a six-hour transatlantic flight. “It’s almost impossible to replicate that space environment on Earth,” said Yost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also the first time two independent science experiments will be conducted in space aboard a nanosatellite traveling at such a high orbit, 400 miles above Earth’s surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the experiments contains two kinds of bacteria, including one commonly found in dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key thing with it is that it is capable of forming a hard outer shell coating around it, which allows it to survive in harsh environments, like droughts. That’s why it was chosen - to see if bacteria could be transported between planets on meteorites,” said Yost. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second experiment will monitor the degradation and change of four classes of organic molecules, including an amino acid and another molecule, iron porphyrin, which is similar to the oxygen-carrying protein in human blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We picked that because it’s a biologically relevant molecule. It is a sign that there could be life out there,” said Ricco. “If we had a space mission that went to an asteroid that was in the vicinity of Earth, and we found a porphyrin compound, how long could it have been there? The idea is to figure out what the lifetime of those molecules is and as they degrade, what else they become.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the bacteria feed on a nutrient solution, an on-board detector will measure the rate of growth and death in the bacteria for six months and beam the data down to the mission control center at Santa Clara University. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t expect to find a room full of grizzled NASA astrophysicists and engineers pecking away at keyboards and barking commands. The mission control team consists of two dozen graduate and undergraduate engineering students in the \u003ca href=\"http://rsl.engr.scu.edu/\">robotics lab \u003c/a>of mechanical engineering professor Chris Kitts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our students are sending the commands to the satellites, looking at the data, doing the analysis on the data and handing it to the science team,” said Kitts. “And all the equipment that we use to do this is student developed, including the communication stations and the software to track and communicate with the satellite.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kitts and his students have worked on NASA Ames nanosatellite missions since 2004. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a few other universities that do portions of operations with NASA, but we provide all the ground infrastructure and communication stations,” he said. “We are the only university in the country that does the entire mission operations on a NASA mission and to have it be student-run is amazing.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_SCUMOC_640x4801.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Students at the mission control center at Santa Clara University. (Credit: Mike Rasay)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students receive academic credit for their involvement in the missions and a rare opportunity for real-world flight experience on a NASA mission. Four of Kitts’ former students have gone on to work at NASA Ames. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cost is another driver for NASA to contract out mission control work to Santa Clara University. The amount of money Santa Clara University has received from NASA Ames to oversee the mission operations is less than the salary of one full-time NASA mission control engineer. By working with the university, NASA Ames enjoys access to SCU’s equipment, software and a staff of dozens of bright, motivated students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do we do this even better in the future?” said Yost. “By working with them, we have a way to understand the next generation of systems, and we can tap into all this brain power over there.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Bica is a senior at Santa Clara University who has been working on the mission since the summer. She is writing software that will allow amateur astronomers and ham radio enthusiasts to track the tiny satellite and \u003ca href=\"http://ooreos.engr.scu.edu/dashboard.htm\">to share data with the mission control crew\u003c/a> on its solar panel activity, battery power and other facets. The public’s involvement means that the students can maximize the amount of data that is sent via radio signals from the O/OREOS spacecraft as it orbits Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bica said the mission offers her an exciting opportunity to leapfrog from the walls of academia to the infinite expanse of space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now I can apply my major on a much bigger scale and do work that people all over the world can see,” she said. “Being involved in the robotics lab and this project has opened my eyes to different applications of computer engineering.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_NASA_Ames_OREOS_467086main_ACD09-0262-006_800-6001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>NASA engineers perform software tests to simulate the O/OREOS mission. (Credit: NASA/Dominic Hart)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their small size, nanosatellites can do more than science experiments with live biological samples. According to Ricco, nanosatellites can be used for telecommunications, to study the upper part of Earth’s atmosphere, to conduct astronomy experiments and even to image coral reefs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although these small satellites offer big potential despite their diminutive size, their larger, more robust counterparts still will remain in high demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They won't replace the larger satellites,” said Ricco. “There are science experiments and missions that require a large volume and a large mass to do what needs to be done. But the clever way to do it is to be aware of platforms of all sizes and understand the small satellites and use them where they make sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, NASA officials view nanosatellites as an increasingly important way to get to space cheaper, faster and tackle fundamental questions about the origins of life in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “In 10 to 20 years, I see frequent and routine access to space for nanosatellites performing on levels we only see in large satellites or ground based systems today,” said Jason Crusan of the NASA Space Operations Mission Directorate in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011 the trend will continue. NASA Ames plans to launch MisST, a nanosatellite that will send even more complex living organisms into space – tiny roundworms – and beam microscope pictures of them down to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On Friday, a NASA satellite hitched a ride aboard a U.S. Air Force rocket that launched into space from Kodiak Island, Alaska. But this isn’t your typical satellite.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1290211141,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":47,"wordCount":1851},"headData":{"title":"Tiny Satellites Give NASA Big Returns | KQED","description":"On Friday, a NASA satellite hitched a ride aboard a U.S. Air Force rocket that launched into space from Kodiak Island, Alaska. But this isn’t your typical satellite.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Tiny Satellites Give NASA Big Returns","datePublished":"2010-11-19T23:59:01.000Z","dateModified":"2010-11-19T23:59:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"10656 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/11/19/tiny-satellites-give-nasa-big-returns/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/19/tiny-satellites-give-nasa-big-returns/","disqusTitle":"Tiny Satellites Give NASA Big Returns","path":"/quest/10656/tiny-satellites-give-nasa-big-returns","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_NASA_Ames_OREOS_471486main_OOREOS-Render2-PADOM-Deployed_800-60031.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A computer-generated image of the O/OREOS nanosatellite. (Credit: NASA Ames Research Center)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, a NASA satellite hitched a ride aboard a U.S. Air Force rocket that launched into space from Kodiak Island, Alaska. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this isn’t your typical satellite. At 12 pounds and the size of a box of Saltine crackers, the ‘nanosatellite’ was built by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View with a mix of custom-made and commercially available, off-the-shelf parts in just 18 months. The cost: nearly $3 million – less than one percent of the cost of a traditional satellite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/smallsats/oreos/main/index.html\">The mission\u003c/a> is designed to help reveal how biological materials respond to space conditions. But perhaps as important, it also will allow engineers to further test the capabilities of a new generation of tiny, cheaper satellites that could change the next generation of space exploration. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can do 80 percent of the mission at 20 percent of cost, you can do more with these smaller spacecrafts,” said Bruce Yost, mission manager of Friday’s launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third nanosatellite mission for NASA Ames, which is the only one of 10 NASA centers in the United States to have its own office dedicated to nanosatellite research and development. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a larger trend is gathering momentum. Since 1999, 20 nanosatellites have been launched by American universities, the U.S. military and NASA. At least 80 universities around the world are currently developing nanosatellites. And in February, NASA announced a new initiative to launch at least 20 nanosatellites on four spacecrafts in the next two years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yost cited “three perfect storms” that allowed tiny satellites to flourish: the miniaturization of electronic components, the proof that nanosatellites could be used to do science experiments in space and the ability to build them quickly at low cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_NASA_Ames_OREOS_469848main_AD10-0128-038_800-6001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The O/OREOS nanosatellite with one solar panel removed, exposing the electronics and the two science experiment compartments. (Credit: NASA/Dominic Hart)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To streamline their construction, the majority of these satellites feature a cube-shaped design, a standard that was developed in 1999 by Bob Twiggs, an engineering professor at Stanford University in Palo Alto, and Jordi Puig-Suari at California State Polytechnic University in San Luis Obispo. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I went and looked for something that would resemble what this satellite would be and I bought a four-inch box. And those four-inch boxes were actually for beanie babies,” said Bob Twiggs in a 2009 interview with KQED Public Radio. His prototype for the ‘CubeSat’ led to an open-source blueprint that any university can follow to build a nanosatellite that can easily be mounted onto a rocket or larger satellite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nanosatellite is between two and 22 pounds. While that sounds small, there is actually a smaller class of satellites – picosatellites – that weigh less than two pounds. In comparison, a typical NASA satellite weighs several thousand pounds and can be the size of a school bus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2000, engineering students at Stanford’s Space and Systems Development Lab have built four nanosatellites, including one that NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory hopes to launch to test a new radio transponder device. Talks between Twiggs and John Hines, a NASA Ames official, also sparked the idea to use for the first time nanosatellites to do biological experiments in space. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/2007/genesat1.html\">GeneSat\u003c/a>, which launched in 2006, was the first such mission, allowing scientists to monitor the growth rates and gene expression of E. coli bacteria in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Friday’s launch, known as the “Organism/Organic Exposure to Orbital Stresses” mission, or “O/OREOS” for short, scientists at NASA Ames hope to build on what they learned from GeneSat to further push the limits of nanosatellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary goal is to show that the technology works and that we have the tools that enable us to do new science. And if we get new science out of it, that is a huge bonus,” said Tony Ricco, the instrument technologist on the O/OREOS mission and a former director of the National Center for Space Biological Technologies at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_NASA_Ames_469872main_AD10-0128-062_800-6001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>NASA engineers inspect the O/OREOS spacecraft’s interface with the satellite deployment system. (Credit: NASA/Dominic Hart)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The O/OREOS satellite consists of three aluminum cubes fused together. One compartment serves as the brains, with lithium-ion batteries, a computer chip microprocessor and a $350 wireless radio found in a household phone to communicate with the satellite. The other two compartments contain live, biological samples and organic molecules that will be subjected to high-energy charged particles, gamma rays, UV light rays and the temperature extremes of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacteria and biological molecules will be subjected to 75,000 times more radiation than a person is exposed to on a six-hour transatlantic flight. “It’s almost impossible to replicate that space environment on Earth,” said Yost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also the first time two independent science experiments will be conducted in space aboard a nanosatellite traveling at such a high orbit, 400 miles above Earth’s surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the experiments contains two kinds of bacteria, including one commonly found in dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key thing with it is that it is capable of forming a hard outer shell coating around it, which allows it to survive in harsh environments, like droughts. That’s why it was chosen - to see if bacteria could be transported between planets on meteorites,” said Yost. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second experiment will monitor the degradation and change of four classes of organic molecules, including an amino acid and another molecule, iron porphyrin, which is similar to the oxygen-carrying protein in human blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We picked that because it’s a biologically relevant molecule. It is a sign that there could be life out there,” said Ricco. “If we had a space mission that went to an asteroid that was in the vicinity of Earth, and we found a porphyrin compound, how long could it have been there? The idea is to figure out what the lifetime of those molecules is and as they degrade, what else they become.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the bacteria feed on a nutrient solution, an on-board detector will measure the rate of growth and death in the bacteria for six months and beam the data down to the mission control center at Santa Clara University. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t expect to find a room full of grizzled NASA astrophysicists and engineers pecking away at keyboards and barking commands. The mission control team consists of two dozen graduate and undergraduate engineering students in the \u003ca href=\"http://rsl.engr.scu.edu/\">robotics lab \u003c/a>of mechanical engineering professor Chris Kitts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our students are sending the commands to the satellites, looking at the data, doing the analysis on the data and handing it to the science team,” said Kitts. “And all the equipment that we use to do this is student developed, including the communication stations and the software to track and communicate with the satellite.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kitts and his students have worked on NASA Ames nanosatellite missions since 2004. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a few other universities that do portions of operations with NASA, but we provide all the ground infrastructure and communication stations,” he said. “We are the only university in the country that does the entire mission operations on a NASA mission and to have it be student-run is amazing.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_SCUMOC_640x4801.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Students at the mission control center at Santa Clara University. (Credit: Mike Rasay)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students receive academic credit for their involvement in the missions and a rare opportunity for real-world flight experience on a NASA mission. Four of Kitts’ former students have gone on to work at NASA Ames. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cost is another driver for NASA to contract out mission control work to Santa Clara University. The amount of money Santa Clara University has received from NASA Ames to oversee the mission operations is less than the salary of one full-time NASA mission control engineer. By working with the university, NASA Ames enjoys access to SCU’s equipment, software and a staff of dozens of bright, motivated students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do we do this even better in the future?” said Yost. “By working with them, we have a way to understand the next generation of systems, and we can tap into all this brain power over there.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Bica is a senior at Santa Clara University who has been working on the mission since the summer. She is writing software that will allow amateur astronomers and ham radio enthusiasts to track the tiny satellite and \u003ca href=\"http://ooreos.engr.scu.edu/dashboard.htm\">to share data with the mission control crew\u003c/a> on its solar panel activity, battery power and other facets. The public’s involvement means that the students can maximize the amount of data that is sent via radio signals from the O/OREOS spacecraft as it orbits Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bica said the mission offers her an exciting opportunity to leapfrog from the walls of academia to the infinite expanse of space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now I can apply my major on a much bigger scale and do work that people all over the world can see,” she said. “Being involved in the robotics lab and this project has opened my eyes to different applications of computer engineering.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_NASA_Ames_OREOS_467086main_ACD09-0262-006_800-6001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>NASA engineers perform software tests to simulate the O/OREOS mission. (Credit: NASA/Dominic Hart)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their small size, nanosatellites can do more than science experiments with live biological samples. According to Ricco, nanosatellites can be used for telecommunications, to study the upper part of Earth’s atmosphere, to conduct astronomy experiments and even to image coral reefs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although these small satellites offer big potential despite their diminutive size, their larger, more robust counterparts still will remain in high demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They won't replace the larger satellites,” said Ricco. “There are science experiments and missions that require a large volume and a large mass to do what needs to be done. But the clever way to do it is to be aware of platforms of all sizes and understand the small satellites and use them where they make sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, NASA officials view nanosatellites as an increasingly important way to get to space cheaper, faster and tackle fundamental questions about the origins of life in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “In 10 to 20 years, I see frequent and routine access to space for nanosatellites performing on levels we only see in large satellites or ground based systems today,” said Jason Crusan of the NASA Space Operations Mission Directorate in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011 the trend will continue. NASA Ames plans to launch MisST, a nanosatellite that will send even more complex living organisms into space – tiny roundworms – and beam microscope pictures of them down to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10656/tiny-satellites-give-nasa-big-returns","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_4","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_358","quest_391","quest_13199","quest_1910","quest_1918","quest_1920","quest_13203","quest_2023","quest_2505","quest_2774","quest_2957"],"featImg":"quest_10690","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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