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She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_52616":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52616","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52616","score":null,"sort":[1366408249000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"brain-mapping-from-the-basics-to-science-fiction","title":"Brain Mapping: From the Basics to Science Fiction","publishDate":1366408249,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/04/20130422science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52713\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-52713\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/brains.jpg\" alt=\"fMRI brain scans. (David Feinberg/UC Berkeley)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/brains.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/brains-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">fMRI brain scans. (David Feinberg/UC Berkeley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Get ready for the year – or the decade – of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama recently announced what he called the next “Great American Project”: $100 million, plus private investment, to study what he called “that matter between our ears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of this work is already happening here in the Bay Area, where neuroscientists are starting small and dreaming big.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nCracking the Code\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's an idea about the brain that you hear a lot: That it’s akin to a language. If you could just figure out the meaning of every letter, you could read it and say – or do – anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about what we could do once we do crack this code,” said President Obama in announcing his BRAIN initiative, which he’ll also have to sell to Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine if no family had to feel helpless watching a loved one disappear behind the mask of Parkinson’s or struggle in the grip of epilepsy. Imagine if we could reverse traumatic brain injury or PTSD for our veterans who are coming home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before any of that can be achieved – even if it can be achieved – we have to understand the brain first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The human brain is the most complicated known entity in the universe,” says William Newsome, a Stanford University professor of neurobiology and co-chair of the president’s BRAIN Initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's Newsome’s job to figure out what this mapping plan is all about.\u003cstrong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"The most complex entity in the universe\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says consider the numbers. There could be close to a hundred billion\u003cem> \u003c/em>neurons, or nerve cells, in the human brain. And somewhere in the neighborhood of a thousand trillion connections, zapping little jolts of information back and forth from cell to cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapping at that level is not going to happen anytime soon, Newsome says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not going to solve and completely understand the human brain in ten years, or probably not even in 100 years,\" says Newsome. “It may take us a couple hundred years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a long time, which is one reason the project has been criticized as too vague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the goal of the BRAIN initiative isn't to fully map the brain or to cure a specific disease, what is it? And without a specific goal, how do you decide what kind of research to focus on?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s like trying to understand a beach. Do you count the grains of sand? Or study satellite photos of the entire coastline?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Somewhere near the satellite level is the work happening in UC Berkeley psychology professor Jack Gallant’s lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A graduate student named James is trying to stay as still as possible inside a functional MRI machine. When James squeezes a ball, the machine beeps steadily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the sound of data,” Gallant says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMind Reading, Circa 2013\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gallant points to a computer monitor where, every two seconds, another crisp, black and white image of James’ brain refreshes itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s the cortex, the cerebellum back here. This is the brain stem, the thalamus,” Gallant says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the fMRI, Gallant’s lab has been able to record what happens inside subjects’ brains while they watch movies, and then translate those responses into images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These reconstructed videos are blurry but remarkable, about as close to mind-reading as we get in 2013. Gallant says in theory, this is just the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In principle, it’s probably possible to reconstruct any activity in your brain that reflects ongoing conscious brain processes,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsjDnYxJ0bo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any conscious thought could, one day, be visible to the outside world: a memory, a dream or your private, internal dialogues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have this little person in our head that talks to us all the time,” says Gallant. “There’s no reason we shouldn’t be able to reconstruct that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As amazing – and scary – as this is, Gallant and others are quick to point out that the fMRI is full of limitations. For example, it doesn’t actually show neurons, let alone the connections between them. To be able to easily watch human neurons in action would take a machine that hasn’t been invented yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we knew what that technology will be, we would invent it today,” Gallant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the BRAIN Initiative is almost certainly going to involve engineers building better machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll also involve work that has seemingly very little to do with humans at all. This work is a lot closer to the grain of sand level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nStarting Small, Dreaming Big\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Ngai, director of UC Berkeley’s Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, studies the olfactory system of – among other things – zebrafish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ngai wants to understand what happens in the brain of a zebrafish when it detects pheromones that signal danger. When the fish smell this pheromone, they dive to the bottom of the tank and hide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which of the zebra fish’s 100,000 or so neurons are driving this reaction and how?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Ngai’s lab can figure this out, they’d have a working model for how information in a brain translates into behavior. And eventually not just for zebrafish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsome, the head of the BRAIN Initiative, says\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>fast-forward this line of work a generation or a few, and maybe you're closer to curing diseases like Alzheimer’s. Maybe you’ve even started to answer bigger questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions like, says Newsome, “why do I make so many mistakes that I know perfectly well are avoidable? Why do I hurt people that I love? Why do I turn left at some corner when I knew perfectly well that I should have turned right? What is it up there inside our head that produce emotions?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big questions that will have to start with very small answers.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Obama's BRAIN Initiative directs $100 million in public money toward basic brain research. But what's the goal?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443823718,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":1046},"headData":{"title":"Brain Mapping: From the Basics to Science Fiction | KQED","description":"Obama's BRAIN Initiative directs $100 million in public money toward basic brain research. But what's the goal?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Brain Mapping: From the Basics to Science Fiction","datePublished":"2013-04-19T21:50:49.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T22:08:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"52616 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=52616","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/19/brain-mapping-from-the-basics-to-science-fiction/","disqusTitle":"Brain Mapping: From the Basics to Science Fiction","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/52616/brain-mapping-from-the-basics-to-science-fiction","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/04/20130422science.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/04/20130422science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52713\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-52713\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/brains.jpg\" alt=\"fMRI brain scans. (David Feinberg/UC Berkeley)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/brains.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/brains-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">fMRI brain scans. (David Feinberg/UC Berkeley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Get ready for the year – or the decade – of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama recently announced what he called the next “Great American Project”: $100 million, plus private investment, to study what he called “that matter between our ears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of this work is already happening here in the Bay Area, where neuroscientists are starting small and dreaming big.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nCracking the Code\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's an idea about the brain that you hear a lot: That it’s akin to a language. If you could just figure out the meaning of every letter, you could read it and say – or do – anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about what we could do once we do crack this code,” said President Obama in announcing his BRAIN initiative, which he’ll also have to sell to Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine if no family had to feel helpless watching a loved one disappear behind the mask of Parkinson’s or struggle in the grip of epilepsy. Imagine if we could reverse traumatic brain injury or PTSD for our veterans who are coming home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before any of that can be achieved – even if it can be achieved – we have to understand the brain first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The human brain is the most complicated known entity in the universe,” says William Newsome, a Stanford University professor of neurobiology and co-chair of the president’s BRAIN Initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's Newsome’s job to figure out what this mapping plan is all about.\u003cstrong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"The most complex entity in the universe\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says consider the numbers. There could be close to a hundred billion\u003cem> \u003c/em>neurons, or nerve cells, in the human brain. And somewhere in the neighborhood of a thousand trillion connections, zapping little jolts of information back and forth from cell to cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mapping at that level is not going to happen anytime soon, Newsome says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not going to solve and completely understand the human brain in ten years, or probably not even in 100 years,\" says Newsome. “It may take us a couple hundred years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a long time, which is one reason the project has been criticized as too vague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the goal of the BRAIN initiative isn't to fully map the brain or to cure a specific disease, what is it? And without a specific goal, how do you decide what kind of research to focus on?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s like trying to understand a beach. Do you count the grains of sand? Or study satellite photos of the entire coastline?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Somewhere near the satellite level is the work happening in UC Berkeley psychology professor Jack Gallant’s lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A graduate student named James is trying to stay as still as possible inside a functional MRI machine. When James squeezes a ball, the machine beeps steadily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the sound of data,” Gallant says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMind Reading, Circa 2013\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gallant points to a computer monitor where, every two seconds, another crisp, black and white image of James’ brain refreshes itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s the cortex, the cerebellum back here. This is the brain stem, the thalamus,” Gallant says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the fMRI, Gallant’s lab has been able to record what happens inside subjects’ brains while they watch movies, and then translate those responses into images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These reconstructed videos are blurry but remarkable, about as close to mind-reading as we get in 2013. Gallant says in theory, this is just the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In principle, it’s probably possible to reconstruct any activity in your brain that reflects ongoing conscious brain processes,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nsjDnYxJ0bo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nsjDnYxJ0bo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any conscious thought could, one day, be visible to the outside world: a memory, a dream or your private, internal dialogues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have this little person in our head that talks to us all the time,” says Gallant. “There’s no reason we shouldn’t be able to reconstruct that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As amazing – and scary – as this is, Gallant and others are quick to point out that the fMRI is full of limitations. For example, it doesn’t actually show neurons, let alone the connections between them. To be able to easily watch human neurons in action would take a machine that hasn’t been invented yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we knew what that technology will be, we would invent it today,” Gallant said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the BRAIN Initiative is almost certainly going to involve engineers building better machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’ll also involve work that has seemingly very little to do with humans at all. This work is a lot closer to the grain of sand level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nStarting Small, Dreaming Big\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Ngai, director of UC Berkeley’s Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, studies the olfactory system of – among other things – zebrafish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ngai wants to understand what happens in the brain of a zebrafish when it detects pheromones that signal danger. When the fish smell this pheromone, they dive to the bottom of the tank and hide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which of the zebra fish’s 100,000 or so neurons are driving this reaction and how?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Ngai’s lab can figure this out, they’d have a working model for how information in a brain translates into behavior. And eventually not just for zebrafish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsome, the head of the BRAIN Initiative, says\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>fast-forward this line of work a generation or a few, and maybe you're closer to curing diseases like Alzheimer’s. Maybe you’ve even started to answer bigger questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Questions like, says Newsome, “why do I make so many mistakes that I know perfectly well are avoidable? Why do I hurt people that I love? Why do I turn left at some corner when I knew perfectly well that I should have turned right? What is it up there inside our head that produce emotions?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big questions that will have to start with very small answers.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52616/brain-mapping-from-the-basics-to-science-fiction","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_11916","quest_252","quest_11915","quest_11917","quest_11194","quest_1886","quest_13203","quest_11918","quest_2030"],"featImg":"quest_52713","label":"quest"},"quest_3090":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3090","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3090","score":null,"sort":[1247874029000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-depression-advancements","title":"Reporter's Notes: Depression Advancements","publishDate":1247874029,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/radio3-39_depression300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This radio story tries to cram a lot into five minutes, so if you don't find what you need here, put a comment on the blog, below and I'll see if I can't provide a lead to more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation/MY00185\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transcranial magnetic stimulation\u003c/a> interested me, in part, because of how non-invasive it is. Dr. Bret Schneider, who offers TMS from his private practice in Portola Valley, was one of several experts to suggest that TMS machines might one day be available for home use. Of course, that's a long way off. TMS is expensive: about $5,000 for an initial round of treatment. It's still much easier and cheaper to simply pop a pill each morning. And researchers are still working out how effective it can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that TMS brings a remission in depression to about a third of patients to try it. Another third experience some improvement, and a final third are unaffected. Dr. Schneider says he sees much better success rates on patients who combine TMS with antidepressant drugs (TMS without drugs, he says, is like \"trying to drive a car with no gas.\") Finally, the FDA approval covers only one TMS machine on the market, \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurostartms.com/Home.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neurostar\u003c/a>, although some physicians use other techniques, off-label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can find links to the abstracts of clinical studies performed on TMS and depression through a search at pubmed.com. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18447962\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This meta-analysis\u003c/a> compares 30 double-blind studies, covering a total of 1164 patients (606 received TMS, 558 received sham treatments).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But TMS is just one in a class of \"brain stimulation\" depression treatments -- an important fact that didn't make it into the story. Others include \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vagus-nerve-stimulation/MY00183\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vagus nerve stimulation\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/deep-brain-stimulation/my00184\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deep brain stimulation\u003c/a> and, of course, electroshock convulsive therapy -- which is offered here in the Bay Area at the \u003ca href=\"http://psych.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute\u003c/a> to severely depressed patients (as well as, less commonly, people suffering from manic depression and schizophrenia).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quest TV will cover TMS and other depression treatments in greater depth later this season, so stay tuned. For a sneak peak at some of what you'll find on the show, check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8bPbHuOZXg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford scientist Karl Deisseroth's groundbreaking work\u003c/a> using light-sensitive proteins to stimulate neural circuits -- work that could someday help treat not just depression, but other brain diseases as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">Listen to the Depression Advancements\u003c/a> radio report online or \u003cstrong>check out the slideshow below\u003c/strong> of Dr. Bret Schneider, a consulting assistant professor at Stanford University and a practicing psychiatrist in Portola Valley, discussing depression and the brain.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This radio story tries to cram a lot into five minutes, so if you don't find what you need here, put a comment on the blog, below and I'll see if I can't provide a lead to more information.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1680588429,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":428},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Depression Advancements | KQED","description":"This radio story tries to cram a lot into five minutes, so if you don't find what you need here, put a comment on the blog, below and I'll see if I can't provide a lead to more information.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Depression Advancements","datePublished":"2009-07-17T23:40:29.000Z","dateModified":"2023-04-04T06:07:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/3090/reporters-notes-depression-advancements","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/radio3-39_depression300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This radio story tries to cram a lot into five minutes, so if you don't find what you need here, put a comment on the blog, below and I'll see if I can't provide a lead to more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation/MY00185\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transcranial magnetic stimulation\u003c/a> interested me, in part, because of how non-invasive it is. Dr. Bret Schneider, who offers TMS from his private practice in Portola Valley, was one of several experts to suggest that TMS machines might one day be available for home use. Of course, that's a long way off. TMS is expensive: about $5,000 for an initial round of treatment. It's still much easier and cheaper to simply pop a pill each morning. And researchers are still working out how effective it can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that TMS brings a remission in depression to about a third of patients to try it. Another third experience some improvement, and a final third are unaffected. Dr. Schneider says he sees much better success rates on patients who combine TMS with antidepressant drugs (TMS without drugs, he says, is like \"trying to drive a car with no gas.\") Finally, the FDA approval covers only one TMS machine on the market, \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurostartms.com/Home.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neurostar\u003c/a>, although some physicians use other techniques, off-label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can find links to the abstracts of clinical studies performed on TMS and depression through a search at pubmed.com. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18447962\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This meta-analysis\u003c/a> compares 30 double-blind studies, covering a total of 1164 patients (606 received TMS, 558 received sham treatments).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But TMS is just one in a class of \"brain stimulation\" depression treatments -- an important fact that didn't make it into the story. Others include \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vagus-nerve-stimulation/MY00183\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vagus nerve stimulation\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/deep-brain-stimulation/my00184\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deep brain stimulation\u003c/a> and, of course, electroshock convulsive therapy -- which is offered here in the Bay Area at the \u003ca href=\"http://psych.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute\u003c/a> to severely depressed patients (as well as, less commonly, people suffering from manic depression and schizophrenia).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quest TV will cover TMS and other depression treatments in greater depth later this season, so stay tuned. For a sneak peak at some of what you'll find on the show, check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8bPbHuOZXg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford scientist Karl Deisseroth's groundbreaking work\u003c/a> using light-sensitive proteins to stimulate neural circuits -- work that could someday help treat not just depression, but other brain diseases as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">Listen to the Depression Advancements\u003c/a> radio report online or \u003cstrong>check out the slideshow below\u003c/strong> of Dr. Bret Schneider, a consulting assistant professor at Stanford University and a practicing psychiatrist in Portola Valley, discussing depression and the brain.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3090/reporters-notes-depression-advancements","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_182","quest_252","quest_377","quest_809","quest_13201","quest_1586","quest_1886","quest_1978","quest_13206"],"label":"quest"},"quest_772":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_772","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"772","score":null,"sort":[1218846289000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-decoding-the-emotional-brain","title":"Reporter's Notes: Decoding the Emotional Brain","publishDate":1218846289,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/decoding-the-emotional-brain\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/08/radio2-44emotionalbrain3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being a neurologist in the era of fMRI scanners must feel like being a kid in a candy shop. What's going in there while we're, say, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-making-decisions\" target=\"_blank\">shopping\u003c/a>? How about \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/590\" target=\"_blank\">reading\u003c/a>? \u003ca href=\"http://pcl.stanford.edu/press/2004/nyt-brain.html\" target=\"_blank\">Watching campaign ads\u003c/a>? Now that we have a way to take real-time images of the brain at work, the scientific possibilities are endless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the surface, the experiment at the heart of this story might seem pretty narrow. It focuses on a rare disorder called pseudobulbar affect, which afflicts only people with ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease -- a far cry from the universal rites of shopping or reading. But what’s fascinating about pseudobulbar is the light it might shed on all of us, and one of the most primal and mysterious human experiences of all: emotion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with pseudobulbar get happy and sad, just like the rest of us. They laugh and cry like the rest of us too. But then sometimes, something else happens: They keep going. And going. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/emotions-from-the-inside-and-out\" target=\"_blank\">In this video\u003c/a>, you can see how what looks like a laughing fit morphs into something else entirely. It’s as if the laughing and crying mechanisms have become detached from whatever part of the brain triggered the emotion in the first place. Maybe – and this is the hope of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsfhealth.org/adult/cgi-bin/prd.cgi?action=DISPLAYDOCTOR&doctorid=1414\" target=\"_blank\">Howard Rosen\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://psychology.berkeley.edu/faculty/profiles/rlevenson.html\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Levenson\u003c/a> – by seeing that disconnect take place in real time through the fMRI, we’ll understand, for the first time, how emotion plays out in people without pseudobulbar affect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(And it doesn’t stop there. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/decoding-the-emotional-brain\" target=\"_blank\">Listen to the radio piece\u003c/a> to hear Rosen's theory about what PBA might mean for depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, and, particularly, PTSD.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, a note about Matt Chaney. As Rosen and Levenson remarked many times, science can't happen without people like Chaney. While the rest of us sat comfortably in front of the fMRI monitors, Chaney spent an hour and a half lying in the cramped quarters of an MRI tube, watching highly emotional videos designed to make him sad. Moving his head by a millimeter would blur the image, so not only is Chaney being taken on an emotional roller coaster, he's doing it without moving a muscle – a lot to ask from anyone, let alone someone with a degenerative muscular disease like ALS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Journalism is a little less demanding (at least I hope so) but Chaney added to an already long day by spending time in an interview with me. He and his wife, Liz, were also extremely generous in allowing us to share videos of them, which illustrate pseudobulbar far more movingly and effectively than anything I could have written.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/decoding-the-emotional-brain\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/decoding-the-emotional-brain\">Decoding the Emotional Brain\u003c/a> radio report online, and watch our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/emotions-from-the-inside-and-out\">Web Extra: Emotions from the Inside and Out\u003c/a> video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.76355 -122.458\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371079819,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":476},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Decoding the Emotional Brain | KQED","description":"Being a neurologist in the era of fMRI scanners must feel like being a kid in a candy shop. What's going in there while we're, say, shopping? How about reading? Watching campaign ads? Now that we have a way to take real-time images of the brain at work, the scientific possibilities are endless. On the","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Decoding the Emotional Brain","datePublished":"2008-08-16T00:24:49.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:30:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"772 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=772","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/08/15/reporters-notes-decoding-the-emotional-brain/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Decoding the Emotional Brain","path":"/quest/772/reporters-notes-decoding-the-emotional-brain","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/decoding-the-emotional-brain\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/08/radio2-44emotionalbrain3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being a neurologist in the era of fMRI scanners must feel like being a kid in a candy shop. What's going in there while we're, say, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-making-decisions\" target=\"_blank\">shopping\u003c/a>? How about \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/590\" target=\"_blank\">reading\u003c/a>? \u003ca href=\"http://pcl.stanford.edu/press/2004/nyt-brain.html\" target=\"_blank\">Watching campaign ads\u003c/a>? Now that we have a way to take real-time images of the brain at work, the scientific possibilities are endless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the surface, the experiment at the heart of this story might seem pretty narrow. It focuses on a rare disorder called pseudobulbar affect, which afflicts only people with ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease -- a far cry from the universal rites of shopping or reading. But what’s fascinating about pseudobulbar is the light it might shed on all of us, and one of the most primal and mysterious human experiences of all: emotion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with pseudobulbar get happy and sad, just like the rest of us. They laugh and cry like the rest of us too. But then sometimes, something else happens: They keep going. And going. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/emotions-from-the-inside-and-out\" target=\"_blank\">In this video\u003c/a>, you can see how what looks like a laughing fit morphs into something else entirely. It’s as if the laughing and crying mechanisms have become detached from whatever part of the brain triggered the emotion in the first place. Maybe – and this is the hope of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsfhealth.org/adult/cgi-bin/prd.cgi?action=DISPLAYDOCTOR&doctorid=1414\" target=\"_blank\">Howard Rosen\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://psychology.berkeley.edu/faculty/profiles/rlevenson.html\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Levenson\u003c/a> – by seeing that disconnect take place in real time through the fMRI, we’ll understand, for the first time, how emotion plays out in people without pseudobulbar affect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(And it doesn’t stop there. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/decoding-the-emotional-brain\" target=\"_blank\">Listen to the radio piece\u003c/a> to hear Rosen's theory about what PBA might mean for depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, and, particularly, PTSD.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, a note about Matt Chaney. As Rosen and Levenson remarked many times, science can't happen without people like Chaney. While the rest of us sat comfortably in front of the fMRI monitors, Chaney spent an hour and a half lying in the cramped quarters of an MRI tube, watching highly emotional videos designed to make him sad. Moving his head by a millimeter would blur the image, so not only is Chaney being taken on an emotional roller coaster, he's doing it without moving a muscle – a lot to ask from anyone, let alone someone with a degenerative muscular disease like ALS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Journalism is a little less demanding (at least I hope so) but Chaney added to an already long day by spending time in an interview with me. He and his wife, Liz, were also extremely generous in allowing us to share videos of them, which illustrate pseudobulbar far more movingly and effectively than anything I could have written.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/decoding-the-emotional-brain\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/decoding-the-emotional-brain\">Decoding the Emotional Brain\u003c/a> radio report online, and watch our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/emotions-from-the-inside-and-out\">Web Extra: Emotions from the Inside and Out\u003c/a> video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.76355 -122.458\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/772/reporters-notes-decoding-the-emotional-brain","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_126","quest_151","quest_252","quest_377","quest_1118","quest_1399","quest_1586","quest_1689","quest_1886","quest_13206","quest_3025"],"label":"quest"},"quest_17395":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17395","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17395","score":null,"sort":[1190169000000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"watching-the-brain-at-work-mris-and-beyond","title":"Watching the Brain at Work: MRIs and Beyond","publishDate":1190169000,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>[jwvideo id=\"119b_mri\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human brain was once a black box, but scientists are finding ways to peer inside and explore some of our most complicated thought processes. Using MRI scanners in innovative ways, Stanford scientists are learning how children's brains process words when they read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The human brain was once a black box, but scientists are finding ways to peer inside and explore some of our most complicated thought processes. Using MRI scanners in innovative ways, Stanford scientists are learning how children's brains process words when they read.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1331684550,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":49},"headData":{"title":"Watching the Brain at Work: MRIs and Beyond | KQED","description":"The human brain was once a black box, but scientists are finding ways to peer inside and explore some of our most complicated thought processes. 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Using MRI scanners in innovative ways, Stanford scientists are learning how children's brains process words when they read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17395/watching-the-brain-at-work-mris-and-beyond","authors":["6186","2100"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_378","quest_3351","quest_1886","quest_10829","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_2771","quest_2893"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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