What's in a Clay? Finding the right minerals for Salt Glaze Pottery
There's Nothing Like a Rock Show
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You can follow him @hupdiggs and at vimeo.com/davidhuppert","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"David Huppert | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/davidhuppert"},"terrikh":{"type":"authors","id":"10315","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10315","found":true},"name":"Terri Kirby-Hathaway","firstName":"Terri","lastName":"Kirby-Hathaway","slug":"terrikh","email":"terrikh@csi.northcarolina.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Terri Kirby Hathaway has been the Marine Education Specialist for North Carolina Sea Grant since October 2003, sharing her knowledge of ocean sciences and aquatic environments with educators statewide. Prior to that, she was the Education Curator at the NC Aquarium on Roanoke Island for 18.5 years. \r\n\r\nTerri is active in state, regional, and national professional organizations, presenting at various conferences and instructing at professional development workshops. In addition, she serves as an Education Associate for the Center for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence – SouthEast working with educators and scientists in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. An active member of her community, Terri serves on the Board for Outer Banks Hotline, local women’s crisis center, and as a Supervisor for the Dare Soil and Water Conservation Board. \r\n \r\nTerri has a BS in Marine Biology from the University of North Carolina at Wilmington and a MAEd in Science Education from East Carolina University. She and her oceanographer husband Kent live on North Carolina’s beautiful Outer Banks with their three wild and crazy cats!","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4823e9c46e0badd7a8a2c2bdb1a2187?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Terri Kirby-Hathaway | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4823e9c46e0badd7a8a2c2bdb1a2187?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4823e9c46e0badd7a8a2c2bdb1a2187?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/terrikh"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_53493":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53493","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53493","score":null,"sort":[1410271252000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"deep-sea-mining-might-happen-so-what","title":"Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What?","publishDate":1410271252,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71789\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cindy Van Dover is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/marinelab\" target=\"_blank\">Duke University Marine Laboratory\u003c/a>. She has spent the last 30 years exploring the deep sea. Her research has led her to hydrothermal vent fields thousands of meters below the ocean surface, as well as to conference tables around the world, where she is now helping to develop regulations around deep-sea mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/seafloor-mining\" target=\"_blank\">Deep-sea mining\u003c/a> is the process of extracting mineral-rich deposits from hydrothermal vents and other deep seafloor settings. The upside is more copper, manganese, and rare earth minerals to power things like wind turbines, cell phones, and computers. The downside is … unknown. Dr. Van Dover is working with an international community of governments and industry to mitigate the collateral environmental damage that will result from seafloor mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 175px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71784\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend-175x253.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\" width=\"175\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a deep-sea mining operation. Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you reconcile your passion for the deep sea with your work with the mining community?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen I first started thinking about deep-sea mining in the mid-2000s, I thought I would be long retired before mining really became an issue. I also thought, “I’ve helped explore the deep sea and love it; it hurts to think we will willingly damage this extraordinary environment.” But from conversations with the Secretary General of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isa.org.jm/en/home\" target=\"_blank\">International Seabed Authority\u003c/a> and with others, seabed mining of some form or other seems inevitable. If this is so, if mining does proceed, then my role as a scientist is to use my knowledge to help minimize the environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that my generation of deep-sea scientists will be judged a century from now by the quality of environmental regulations we help to put in place. How important are the right regulations? If we don’t get it right, if we degrade the seabed, we can’t fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The deep sea is not on most people’s radar. Why should we care? \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAs we have learned the hard way more than once, the biosphere of Earth is interconnected – what happens in one place, affects what happens elsewhere. The seafloor seems so remote to us, yet so did the ozone layer. Humans have a tremendous capacity to modify the global environment, in ways we often don’t anticipate and in ways that are very detrimental to our quality of life. Can we avoid making mistakes in the deep sea? We have to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71808\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-71808\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\" width=\"238\" height=\"179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it a free-for-all on the sea floor, or is there a governing body making sure companies and countries act responsibly?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe mineral resources of the seabed in international waters are governed by a very interesting regime. \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm\" target=\"_blank\">The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea\u003c/a> came into force in 1994 and as part of this Convention, seabed minerals in the area beyond national jurisdictions became the common heritage of mankind, with equitable access and benefit sharing for all nations. The intent is that developing countries, land-locked countries, and geographically disadvantaged countries should have access to seabed minerals, not just the developed countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where are these mineral deposits located?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are three different kinds of mineral resources of interest to the mining industry. Hydrothermal vents associated with volcanic systems on the seafloor are copper-rich and sometimes gold- and silver-rich. Fossil vent deposits of economic interest form over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Manganese nodules are a second kind of mineral resource, found lying on top of sediments of the abyssal plain, typically beneath 5,000 meters of water. These nodules take millennia -- millions of years -- to form. The third major mineral resource is cobalt crusts. These crusts typically are found on seamounts and are often colonized by ancient, slow-growing corals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71806\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71806\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The sea is vast. Can you help put the size of potential mining sites in perspective?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt IS hard to comprehend dimensions as big as the deep sea. A single mining event at a hydrothermal deposit might cover an area the size of a dozen or fewer football fields. For manganese nodules, the scale of a mining area is much, much greater. Exploration lease sites for manganese nodules in international waters are extensive, the size of small countries.\u003cbr>\nWe don’t yet understand what the direct, indirect, or cumulative environmental impacts might be of mining in the deep sea on such a scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a baseline for the ecosystem services provided by the deep sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are very few quantitative numbers about ecosystem services in the deep sea. This is an area of research that is critical if we are to understand how deep-sea industrialization may affect ecosystem health and ecosystem services. How can we know what is at risk, if we do not have validated quantitative models of deep-sea processes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71807\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71807\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it difficult to separate your passion from the science?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nI have learned to do this, to recognize that there are valid perspectives of and interests in the deep sea that are different from mine as an ecologist. As a scientist, I am obliged to give as unbiased an answer as I possibly can when asked for information about deep-sea ecosystems. The questions that I am asked by those interested in mining and environmental management of mining activities are always intellectually engaging and often difficult to answer precisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about being at sea when you’re on land?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhat I love is the focus that comes with being at sea with colleagues. We are together on a ship, working toward common goals, with very few distractions. I miss that focus, the time to just do science, 24/7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about land when you’re at sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreen. There is very little green at sea, not even on the ship. Everything is blue water, blue sky, white clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Q&A With Biologist, Explorer, and Deep-Sea Advocate Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442639706,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":1109},"headData":{"title":"Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What? | KQED","description":"Q&A With Biologist, Explorer, and Deep-Sea Advocate Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What?","datePublished":"2014-09-09T14:00:52.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T05:15:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"53493 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53493","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/09/09/deep-sea-mining-might-happen-so-what/","disqusTitle":"Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What?","source":"Geology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/geology/","path":"/quest/53493/deep-sea-mining-might-happen-so-what","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71789\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cindy Van Dover is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/marinelab\" target=\"_blank\">Duke University Marine Laboratory\u003c/a>. She has spent the last 30 years exploring the deep sea. Her research has led her to hydrothermal vent fields thousands of meters below the ocean surface, as well as to conference tables around the world, where she is now helping to develop regulations around deep-sea mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/seafloor-mining\" target=\"_blank\">Deep-sea mining\u003c/a> is the process of extracting mineral-rich deposits from hydrothermal vents and other deep seafloor settings. The upside is more copper, manganese, and rare earth minerals to power things like wind turbines, cell phones, and computers. The downside is … unknown. Dr. Van Dover is working with an international community of governments and industry to mitigate the collateral environmental damage that will result from seafloor mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 175px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71784\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend-175x253.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\" width=\"175\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a deep-sea mining operation. Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you reconcile your passion for the deep sea with your work with the mining community?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen I first started thinking about deep-sea mining in the mid-2000s, I thought I would be long retired before mining really became an issue. I also thought, “I’ve helped explore the deep sea and love it; it hurts to think we will willingly damage this extraordinary environment.” But from conversations with the Secretary General of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isa.org.jm/en/home\" target=\"_blank\">International Seabed Authority\u003c/a> and with others, seabed mining of some form or other seems inevitable. If this is so, if mining does proceed, then my role as a scientist is to use my knowledge to help minimize the environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that my generation of deep-sea scientists will be judged a century from now by the quality of environmental regulations we help to put in place. How important are the right regulations? If we don’t get it right, if we degrade the seabed, we can’t fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The deep sea is not on most people’s radar. Why should we care? \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAs we have learned the hard way more than once, the biosphere of Earth is interconnected – what happens in one place, affects what happens elsewhere. The seafloor seems so remote to us, yet so did the ozone layer. Humans have a tremendous capacity to modify the global environment, in ways we often don’t anticipate and in ways that are very detrimental to our quality of life. Can we avoid making mistakes in the deep sea? We have to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71808\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-71808\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\" width=\"238\" height=\"179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it a free-for-all on the sea floor, or is there a governing body making sure companies and countries act responsibly?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe mineral resources of the seabed in international waters are governed by a very interesting regime. \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm\" target=\"_blank\">The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea\u003c/a> came into force in 1994 and as part of this Convention, seabed minerals in the area beyond national jurisdictions became the common heritage of mankind, with equitable access and benefit sharing for all nations. The intent is that developing countries, land-locked countries, and geographically disadvantaged countries should have access to seabed minerals, not just the developed countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where are these mineral deposits located?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are three different kinds of mineral resources of interest to the mining industry. Hydrothermal vents associated with volcanic systems on the seafloor are copper-rich and sometimes gold- and silver-rich. Fossil vent deposits of economic interest form over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Manganese nodules are a second kind of mineral resource, found lying on top of sediments of the abyssal plain, typically beneath 5,000 meters of water. These nodules take millennia -- millions of years -- to form. The third major mineral resource is cobalt crusts. These crusts typically are found on seamounts and are often colonized by ancient, slow-growing corals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71806\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71806\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The sea is vast. Can you help put the size of potential mining sites in perspective?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt IS hard to comprehend dimensions as big as the deep sea. A single mining event at a hydrothermal deposit might cover an area the size of a dozen or fewer football fields. For manganese nodules, the scale of a mining area is much, much greater. Exploration lease sites for manganese nodules in international waters are extensive, the size of small countries.\u003cbr>\nWe don’t yet understand what the direct, indirect, or cumulative environmental impacts might be of mining in the deep sea on such a scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a baseline for the ecosystem services provided by the deep sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are very few quantitative numbers about ecosystem services in the deep sea. This is an area of research that is critical if we are to understand how deep-sea industrialization may affect ecosystem health and ecosystem services. How can we know what is at risk, if we do not have validated quantitative models of deep-sea processes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71807\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71807\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it difficult to separate your passion from the science?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nI have learned to do this, to recognize that there are valid perspectives of and interests in the deep sea that are different from mine as an ecologist. As a scientist, I am obliged to give as unbiased an answer as I possibly can when asked for information about deep-sea ecosystems. The questions that I am asked by those interested in mining and environmental management of mining activities are always intellectually engaging and often difficult to answer precisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about being at sea when you’re on land?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhat I love is the focus that comes with being at sea with colleagues. We are together on a ship, working toward common goals, with very few distractions. I miss that focus, the time to just do science, 24/7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about land when you’re at sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreen. There is very little green at sea, not even on the ship. Everything is blue water, blue sky, white clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53493/deep-sea-mining-might-happen-so-what","authors":["10296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_791","quest_12951","quest_12953","quest_12269","quest_9996","quest_1834","quest_2034","quest_12952","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_2556","quest_10363","quest_10303","quest_12954"],"featImg":"quest_71786","label":"source_quest_53493"},"quest_48762":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48762","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48762","score":null,"sort":[1358454143000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars","title":"Placing a Bet on the Surface of Mars","publishDate":1358454143,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Mars has been on my radar for a very long time, since the astonishing day back in 1965 when Mariner 10 first sent back a picture of craters on its surface. So I'm not a Johnny-come-lately to the red planet. I've followed the news from every Mars mission, orbiters and landers alike. But Curiosity, the most recent robot rover, has especially piqued my curiosity as a geologist. I think there are two reasons: the darn thing has finally become a decent field assistant, and NASA is sending it to some of Mars' most Earthlike places. So let me channel the late Huell Howser here and share some of what makes me go, \"That's amazing!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike most previous landers, Curiosity has decent vision, about as good as my pocket camera. Its pictures actually look good on my desktop display, no longer like a frame grab from an old videocassette. Curiosity is a lot sturdier too—big, quick on its feet—and smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's got a nice hand lens, better than mine, that offers almost-microscopic closeups. It has a shovel, like lots of its predecessors did. One of my worst frustrations in watching Mars robots over the years was wishing I could lean in and just blow the dust off of things. Lo and behold, this rover packs a broom! \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-broom/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48765\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-broom\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48765\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars images courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while previous rovers had little grinding tools to function like the hammer and chisel in my field pack, Curiosity has a proper rock drill. They'll be testing it for the first time in coming weeks, somewhere in this car-sized piece of landscape named John Klein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48767\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48767\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-400x304.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until they can send a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/23/gigapans-panoramas-that-bring-you-all-the-way-there/\">Gigapan\u003c/a> outfit to Mars for a really huge, zoomable picture, the \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA16567.jpg\">full-size version of this image on the NASA website\u003c/a> at 3483 by 2651 pixels will be the state of the art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks in this part of Mars, on the floor of Gale crater, are full of minerals and features that testify to the chemical action of water. Here's a closeup from an outcrop called Sheepbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-sheepbed/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48763\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-sheepbed\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48763\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To all appearances it's a fine-grained sandstone, shot with veins of gypsum (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/\">like those I showed you last year\u003c/a>) and tiny \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/\">concretions\u003c/a> of hematite, a hydrated iron oxide. Larger concretions lie in the surrounding dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, the rover has shown us clear examples of crossbedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-crossbeds/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48766\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-crossbeds\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48766\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossbeds testify to not just the presence of water, but its physical action—rushing rivulets that sent large ripples of sand down their streambeds. Each crossbed represents the root of a ripple, spared from erosion in a setting where sediment was brought in faster than it was taken away. (Wind-blown sand dunes also make crossbeds, but the particles involved are much smaller.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, back to the drilling site at John Klein. I look at this detail and have several questions about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite-veins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48769\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite-veins\" width=\"600\" height=\"427\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48769\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins-400x285.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I see curving veins cropping out of the surface. The Curiosity team claims that \"some of the veins have two walls and an eroded interior.\" I think they look more like double veins, but the rover will help us decide. Why are they protruding, and why is the surface around them so flat? The whole surface gives the impression of having been gently swept for a very long time—not strongly enough to streamline anything, but enough to winnow away the finest material as it works loose under Mars' 100°C daily temperature swings. What do the veins consist of, and why do they curve so tantalizingly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity's camera is too far away to confirm or deny that curvature, and its x-ray instrument cannot yet tell us whether the veins are gypsum. So for now I can indulge in the hypothesis that we may be seeing the curving forms of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/ss/Pseudofossils_5.htm\">liesegang structures\u003c/a>, which you've probably noticed many times without knowing their name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/liesegangs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48764\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"liesegangs\" width=\"600\" height=\"465\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48764\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liesegang bands in an Oakland street rock. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liesegang (LEEZ-gahng) structures are thin waves of iron-oxide minerals found in porous rocks where chemically active groundwater has come and gone. In Earth rocks they may or may not affect a stone's strength, or the difference may not matter in the abrasive environment of a riverbed, like this example. But we already know that the right minerals exist on Mars, making up the concretions. Perhaps, under the utterly different conditions of Mars, these homely features can emerge to display their thin, curving, multiple form to Curiosity's eyes and toolkit.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As Curiosity gets ready to use its rock drill for the first time, we can hypothesize on what it will find.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1360963968,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":760},"headData":{"title":"Placing a Bet on the Surface of Mars | KQED","description":"As Curiosity gets ready to use its rock drill for the first time, we can hypothesize on what it will find.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Placing a Bet on the Surface of Mars","datePublished":"2013-01-17T20:22:23.000Z","dateModified":"2013-02-15T21:32:48.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"48762 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=48762","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/","disqusTitle":"Placing a Bet on the Surface of Mars","path":"/quest/48762/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mars has been on my radar for a very long time, since the astonishing day back in 1965 when Mariner 10 first sent back a picture of craters on its surface. So I'm not a Johnny-come-lately to the red planet. I've followed the news from every Mars mission, orbiters and landers alike. But Curiosity, the most recent robot rover, has especially piqued my curiosity as a geologist. I think there are two reasons: the darn thing has finally become a decent field assistant, and NASA is sending it to some of Mars' most Earthlike places. So let me channel the late Huell Howser here and share some of what makes me go, \"That's amazing!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike most previous landers, Curiosity has decent vision, about as good as my pocket camera. Its pictures actually look good on my desktop display, no longer like a frame grab from an old videocassette. Curiosity is a lot sturdier too—big, quick on its feet—and smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's got a nice hand lens, better than mine, that offers almost-microscopic closeups. It has a shovel, like lots of its predecessors did. One of my worst frustrations in watching Mars robots over the years was wishing I could lean in and just blow the dust off of things. Lo and behold, this rover packs a broom! \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-broom/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48765\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-broom\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48765\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars images courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while previous rovers had little grinding tools to function like the hammer and chisel in my field pack, Curiosity has a proper rock drill. They'll be testing it for the first time in coming weeks, somewhere in this car-sized piece of landscape named John Klein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48767\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48767\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-400x304.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until they can send a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/23/gigapans-panoramas-that-bring-you-all-the-way-there/\">Gigapan\u003c/a> outfit to Mars for a really huge, zoomable picture, the \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA16567.jpg\">full-size version of this image on the NASA website\u003c/a> at 3483 by 2651 pixels will be the state of the art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks in this part of Mars, on the floor of Gale crater, are full of minerals and features that testify to the chemical action of water. Here's a closeup from an outcrop called Sheepbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-sheepbed/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48763\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-sheepbed\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48763\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To all appearances it's a fine-grained sandstone, shot with veins of gypsum (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/\">like those I showed you last year\u003c/a>) and tiny \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/\">concretions\u003c/a> of hematite, a hydrated iron oxide. Larger concretions lie in the surrounding dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, the rover has shown us clear examples of crossbedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-crossbeds/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48766\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-crossbeds\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48766\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossbeds testify to not just the presence of water, but its physical action—rushing rivulets that sent large ripples of sand down their streambeds. Each crossbed represents the root of a ripple, spared from erosion in a setting where sediment was brought in faster than it was taken away. (Wind-blown sand dunes also make crossbeds, but the particles involved are much smaller.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, back to the drilling site at John Klein. I look at this detail and have several questions about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite-veins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48769\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite-veins\" width=\"600\" height=\"427\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48769\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins-400x285.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I see curving veins cropping out of the surface. The Curiosity team claims that \"some of the veins have two walls and an eroded interior.\" I think they look more like double veins, but the rover will help us decide. Why are they protruding, and why is the surface around them so flat? The whole surface gives the impression of having been gently swept for a very long time—not strongly enough to streamline anything, but enough to winnow away the finest material as it works loose under Mars' 100°C daily temperature swings. What do the veins consist of, and why do they curve so tantalizingly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity's camera is too far away to confirm or deny that curvature, and its x-ray instrument cannot yet tell us whether the veins are gypsum. So for now I can indulge in the hypothesis that we may be seeing the curving forms of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/ss/Pseudofossils_5.htm\">liesegang structures\u003c/a>, which you've probably noticed many times without knowing their name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/liesegangs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48764\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"liesegangs\" width=\"600\" height=\"465\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48764\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liesegang bands in an Oakland street rock. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liesegang (LEEZ-gahng) structures are thin waves of iron-oxide minerals found in porous rocks where chemically active groundwater has come and gone. In Earth rocks they may or may not affect a stone's strength, or the difference may not matter in the abrasive environment of a riverbed, like this example. But we already know that the right minerals exist on Mars, making up the concretions. Perhaps, under the utterly different conditions of Mars, these homely features can emerge to display their thin, curving, multiple form to Curiosity's eyes and toolkit.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48762/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10617","quest_742","quest_10609","quest_11685","quest_1751","quest_9996","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_48768","label":"quest"},"quest_29072":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_29072","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"29072","score":null,"sort":[1325783837000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars","title":"A Most Earthly Mineral on Mars","publishDate":1325783837,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29074\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/marsgypsum-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"marsgypsum\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29074\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This solid vein of white mineral near Endeavour crater, up to 2 centimeters thick, has every appearance of the well-known mineral gypsum. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We have been studying Mars with spacecraft for almost 40 years now, starting with fly-bys and progressing to landers and then rovers. Each of these scientific missions has been more ambitious than the one before, and each has found more and more Earth-like features on Mars. The latest example was announced last month in San Francisco at the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/\">annual AGU meeting\u003c/a>: Mars has veins of gypsum. I've seen gypsum veins myself, right here in California. And you can too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The currently operating Mars rover is named \u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, and it has managed to roll across the pristine Martian ground for more than 33 kilometers since it landed in 2004. Nosing around the rampart of the crater Endeavour in a monotonous area of basalt rock, Opportunity came upon the vein of solid bone-white mineral shown above. It approached closer and turned its alpha particle X-ray spectrometer on the stuff, along with its close-up camera. The spectrometer indicated sulfur and calcium in the right proportions, and the camera images reminded NASA scientists of nothing but \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfates/minpicgypsum.htm\">gypsum\u003c/a>, hydrated calcium sulfate or CaSO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>·2H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>O.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29078\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/marsgypclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29078\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypclose.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"marsgypclose\" width=\"600\" height=\"395\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29078\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up of the Martian gypsum vein. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All right, so what? Well, gypsum points directly and unmistakably to liquid water, something that we've been looking for on Mars but never quite proving. There is gypsum-like dust blowing around parts of Mars, like it does at White Sands in New Mexico, but no sign of its origin. The mission's chief scientist, Steve Squyres, said at the AGU press conference, \"This stuff was formed right here. There was a fracture in the rock, water flowed through it, gypsum was precipitated from the water. End of story. Okay, there is no ambiguity about this. This is what makes it so cool. . . . Here the chemistry and mineralogy of it just scream of water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, gypsum is found in two main settings: wherever seawater begins to dry up, gypsum comes out of solution first and can accumulate in thick beds. And wherever hot-spring type fluids concentrate dissolved matter, gypsum is a likely mineral. The Martian vein appears to be of the latter, hydrothermal type. California's Central Valley, for much of recent geologic time, has been the former type of setting—a shallow sea basin or brackish lake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gypsum is especially abundant in the Kettleman Hills, an area of former Central Valley seabed that has been gently lifted by recent tectonic activity. If you have an extra hour next time you're on Interstate 5 going to Los Angeles, turn off at 25th Avenue, south of Kettleman City, and pull over once you enter the hills. Gypsum litters the ground there, and farther south near Lost Hills gypsum is being mined to make drywall, soil additives and plaster of Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29077\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/kettlemangyp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29077\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kettlemangyp\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29077\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gypsum of the Kettleman Hills. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're there in nice weather, enjoy the scene and think of Mars. Maybe you'll share the tantalizing feeling that the discovery of Martian gypsum arouses in geologists despite their best mental effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29076\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/kettleman/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29076\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kettleman\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29076\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kettleman Hills, 26 May 2010. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29075\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/endeavour/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29075\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"endeavour\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29075\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endeavour crater, Mars, 6 August 2011. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like one of those 1950s-vintage Cuban taxis, Opportunity has hung on far longer than people originally planned. Planetary space missions have a fairly short \"prime mission\" of a few months or maybe a year, but everyone knows without admitting it that the rugged, overdesigned machinery will last a lot longer. NASA makes a big deal out of extending the mission, a year or so at a time, and we all feel good about getting our money's worth. In the case of Opportunity, its prime mission began eight years ago and the solar-powered contraption is still plugging along. Imagine what its successor, the rover \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, might do once it lands in Gale crater in August of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/news/mer20111207.html\">Read more about the discovery from NASA.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The planet Mars tantalizes with its resemblance to parts of Earth. Now space geologists with their trusty field assistant, the rover Opportunity, have found gypsum veins there like those in our own countryside.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1326485675,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":696},"headData":{"title":"A Most Earthly Mineral on Mars | KQED","description":"The planet Mars tantalizes with its resemblance to parts of Earth. Now space geologists with their trusty field assistant, the rover Opportunity, have found gypsum veins there like those in our own countryside.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Most Earthly Mineral on Mars","datePublished":"2012-01-05T17:17:17.000Z","dateModified":"2012-01-13T20:14:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"29072 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=29072","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/","disqusTitle":"A Most Earthly Mineral on Mars","path":"/quest/29072/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29074\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/marsgypsum-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"marsgypsum\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29074\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This solid vein of white mineral near Endeavour crater, up to 2 centimeters thick, has every appearance of the well-known mineral gypsum. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We have been studying Mars with spacecraft for almost 40 years now, starting with fly-bys and progressing to landers and then rovers. Each of these scientific missions has been more ambitious than the one before, and each has found more and more Earth-like features on Mars. The latest example was announced last month in San Francisco at the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/\">annual AGU meeting\u003c/a>: Mars has veins of gypsum. I've seen gypsum veins myself, right here in California. And you can too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The currently operating Mars rover is named \u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, and it has managed to roll across the pristine Martian ground for more than 33 kilometers since it landed in 2004. Nosing around the rampart of the crater Endeavour in a monotonous area of basalt rock, Opportunity came upon the vein of solid bone-white mineral shown above. It approached closer and turned its alpha particle X-ray spectrometer on the stuff, along with its close-up camera. The spectrometer indicated sulfur and calcium in the right proportions, and the camera images reminded NASA scientists of nothing but \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfates/minpicgypsum.htm\">gypsum\u003c/a>, hydrated calcium sulfate or CaSO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>·2H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>O.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29078\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/marsgypclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29078\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypclose.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"marsgypclose\" width=\"600\" height=\"395\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29078\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up of the Martian gypsum vein. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All right, so what? Well, gypsum points directly and unmistakably to liquid water, something that we've been looking for on Mars but never quite proving. There is gypsum-like dust blowing around parts of Mars, like it does at White Sands in New Mexico, but no sign of its origin. The mission's chief scientist, Steve Squyres, said at the AGU press conference, \"This stuff was formed right here. There was a fracture in the rock, water flowed through it, gypsum was precipitated from the water. End of story. Okay, there is no ambiguity about this. This is what makes it so cool. . . . Here the chemistry and mineralogy of it just scream of water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, gypsum is found in two main settings: wherever seawater begins to dry up, gypsum comes out of solution first and can accumulate in thick beds. And wherever hot-spring type fluids concentrate dissolved matter, gypsum is a likely mineral. The Martian vein appears to be of the latter, hydrothermal type. California's Central Valley, for much of recent geologic time, has been the former type of setting—a shallow sea basin or brackish lake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gypsum is especially abundant in the Kettleman Hills, an area of former Central Valley seabed that has been gently lifted by recent tectonic activity. If you have an extra hour next time you're on Interstate 5 going to Los Angeles, turn off at 25th Avenue, south of Kettleman City, and pull over once you enter the hills. Gypsum litters the ground there, and farther south near Lost Hills gypsum is being mined to make drywall, soil additives and plaster of Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29077\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/kettlemangyp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29077\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kettlemangyp\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29077\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gypsum of the Kettleman Hills. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're there in nice weather, enjoy the scene and think of Mars. Maybe you'll share the tantalizing feeling that the discovery of Martian gypsum arouses in geologists despite their best mental effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29076\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/kettleman/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29076\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kettleman\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29076\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kettleman Hills, 26 May 2010. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29075\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/endeavour/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29075\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"endeavour\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29075\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endeavour crater, Mars, 6 August 2011. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like one of those 1950s-vintage Cuban taxis, Opportunity has hung on far longer than people originally planned. Planetary space missions have a fairly short \"prime mission\" of a few months or maybe a year, but everyone knows without admitting it that the rugged, overdesigned machinery will last a lot longer. NASA makes a big deal out of extending the mission, a year or so at a time, and we all feel good about getting our money's worth. In the case of Opportunity, its prime mission began eight years ago and the solar-powered contraption is still plugging along. Imagine what its successor, the rover \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, might do once it lands in Gale crater in August of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/news/mer20111207.html\">Read more about the discovery from NASA.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/29072/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_9946","quest_10609","quest_1751","quest_9996","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_29074","label":"quest"},"quest_28651":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_28651","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"28651","score":null,"sort":[1324596932000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sand-hold-a-mountain-in-your-hand","title":"Sand: Hold a Mountain in Your Hand","publishDate":1324596932,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28674\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/sf_sand640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The next time you go to the beach, whether at the ocean or beside a river, take a closer look at the sand and think about the stories those grains can tell! \" title=\"sf_sand640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28674\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The next time you go to the beach, whether at the ocean or beside a river, take a closer look at the sand and think about the stories those grains can tell! \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sand . . . we play in it, we stroll on it, we make castles out of it, but what do we really know about it? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people use the term “sand” to refer to loose material on a beach, but sand is actually a grain size measurement used by geologists to describe sediments varying in size from about 1/16 mm to 2 mm in diameter. Sand can be found not only along ocean beaches, but along flowing rivers and beside land-locked lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mineral and volcanic sands are terrigenous, meaning that they come from the land. Mineral sands start as mountains and boulders and are gradually broken into smaller and smaller particles by weathering and erosion. Being alternately heated and cooled through the seasons, rolling and tumbling around in mountain streams and rivers, rocks are broken apart by the water’s movement. The black sand beaches of some islands (e.g. Hawai’i) are volcanic in origin. Lava rocks, chunks of cooled molten lava, are broken down into sand over time by physical and chemical weathering. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some sand is biogenous, meaning that it comes from living things, such as mollusk shells and corals. The energy from water breaks shells down into tiny pieces that eventually are washed onto beaches. Parrotfish in the tropics use their teeth to scrape off and grind down bits of coral reefs; the undigested particles pass through the fishes’ digestive systems and end up as sand on tropical beaches!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you examine the beauty of beach sand with a magnifying glass, the shape, size, and color of the sand grains can tell many stories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shape indicates the age of sand grains. Different materials break down at different rates. For example, quartz is very sturdy and takes longer to become sand than the calcium carbonate material of mollusk shells. Younger sand has sharp and angled edges; it needs time and wave action to become rounded. Sand particles that are smooth and well-rounded are evidence that they have been rolled around for awhile. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wave action is the story told with grain size. The story is simple: small waves move small sand grains around; large waves move large grains. In addition, Aeolian transport, or sand movement driven by winds, shifts the sand around on the beach, shaping and reshaping, covering and uncovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Color offers evidence for source materials – sand particles that are clear, tan, gray, or brown might be quartz or feldspar, black or gray particles could be ilmenite (titanium oxide) or magnetite (iron oxide); garnets are red, mica is silvery black or gray, and shells are purple, white, black, or brown.\u003cbr>\nThe chorus from the song “Mountain in my Hand” (on the Only One Ocean CD by the \u003ca href=\"http://bananaslugs.bandcamp.com/track/mountain-in-my-hand\">Banana Slug String Band\u003c/a>) explains it best:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve got a mountain in my hand from the rain-washed land; down by the sea now is where I stand, with this mountain in my hand trying to understand; Oh, oh, wonderful sand.” \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncseagrant.org/\">Sea Grant North Carolina\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sand . . . we play in it, we stroll on it, we make castles out of it, but what do we really know about it? The size, shape and location of a grain a sand can tell us a lot about it's origin, makeup and history.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443831458,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":543},"headData":{"title":"Sand: Hold a Mountain in Your Hand | KQED","description":"Sand . . . we play in it, we stroll on it, we make castles out of it, but what do we really know about it? The size, shape and location of a grain a sand can tell us a lot about it's origin, makeup and history.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Sand: Hold a Mountain in Your Hand","datePublished":"2011-12-22T23:35:32.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:17:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"28651 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=28651","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/22/sand-hold-a-mountain-in-your-hand/","disqusTitle":"Sand: Hold a Mountain in Your Hand","path":"/quest/28651/sand-hold-a-mountain-in-your-hand","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28674\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/sf_sand640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The next time you go to the beach, whether at the ocean or beside a river, take a closer look at the sand and think about the stories those grains can tell! \" title=\"sf_sand640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28674\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The next time you go to the beach, whether at the ocean or beside a river, take a closer look at the sand and think about the stories those grains can tell! \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sand . . . we play in it, we stroll on it, we make castles out of it, but what do we really know about it? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people use the term “sand” to refer to loose material on a beach, but sand is actually a grain size measurement used by geologists to describe sediments varying in size from about 1/16 mm to 2 mm in diameter. Sand can be found not only along ocean beaches, but along flowing rivers and beside land-locked lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mineral and volcanic sands are terrigenous, meaning that they come from the land. Mineral sands start as mountains and boulders and are gradually broken into smaller and smaller particles by weathering and erosion. Being alternately heated and cooled through the seasons, rolling and tumbling around in mountain streams and rivers, rocks are broken apart by the water’s movement. The black sand beaches of some islands (e.g. Hawai’i) are volcanic in origin. Lava rocks, chunks of cooled molten lava, are broken down into sand over time by physical and chemical weathering. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some sand is biogenous, meaning that it comes from living things, such as mollusk shells and corals. The energy from water breaks shells down into tiny pieces that eventually are washed onto beaches. Parrotfish in the tropics use their teeth to scrape off and grind down bits of coral reefs; the undigested particles pass through the fishes’ digestive systems and end up as sand on tropical beaches!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you examine the beauty of beach sand with a magnifying glass, the shape, size, and color of the sand grains can tell many stories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shape indicates the age of sand grains. Different materials break down at different rates. For example, quartz is very sturdy and takes longer to become sand than the calcium carbonate material of mollusk shells. Younger sand has sharp and angled edges; it needs time and wave action to become rounded. Sand particles that are smooth and well-rounded are evidence that they have been rolled around for awhile. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wave action is the story told with grain size. The story is simple: small waves move small sand grains around; large waves move large grains. In addition, Aeolian transport, or sand movement driven by winds, shifts the sand around on the beach, shaping and reshaping, covering and uncovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Color offers evidence for source materials – sand particles that are clear, tan, gray, or brown might be quartz or feldspar, black or gray particles could be ilmenite (titanium oxide) or magnetite (iron oxide); garnets are red, mica is silvery black or gray, and shells are purple, white, black, or brown.\u003cbr>\nThe chorus from the song “Mountain in my Hand” (on the Only One Ocean CD by the \u003ca href=\"http://bananaslugs.bandcamp.com/track/mountain-in-my-hand\">Banana Slug String Band\u003c/a>) explains it best:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve got a mountain in my hand from the rain-washed land; down by the sea now is where I stand, with this mountain in my hand trying to understand; Oh, oh, wonderful sand.” \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncseagrant.org/\">Sea Grant North Carolina\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/28651/sand-hold-a-mountain-in-your-hand","authors":["10315"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10591","quest_294","quest_10592","quest_10594","quest_13200","quest_10590","quest_3351","quest_9996","quest_10593","quest_10588","quest_2349","quest_3290","quest_10427","quest_2498","quest_10589","quest_10363","quest_3395"],"featImg":"quest_28674","label":"quest"},"quest_28655":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_28655","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"28655","score":null,"sort":[1324577927000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz","title":"The Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz","publishDate":1324577927,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28656\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/22/the-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz/diablo-xmasquiz/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28656\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"diablo-xmasquiz\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28656\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You know Mount Diablo. But do you know what kind of rock it's made of? Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're like me, one highlight of your Christmas celebration is the consternating quiz that columnist Jon Carroll publishes in the \u003ci>San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/i> every year. Acknowledging the greatness as well as the priority of the Carroll quiz, I am humbly pleased to bring a geological version to the pages of KQED Quest Science Blogs. The quiz is centered on the Bay Area, which in addition to its other virtues is a premier destination for Earth scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 20 questions, each with one correct answer. Some answers may be found in my posts from this year. Some answers can be found on Google and others cannot, but you're coolest if you don't need to search. There is one big hint on this page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the fine print: No prizes are awarded; answers will be added to this post on Boxing Day; until then please post questions, not answers, in the comments. All right? OK!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. What is California's state rock: gold, mariposite, quartz, serpentine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. How big was the 1906 San Francisco earthquake: 7.8, 8.0, 8.2, 9.0?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Which of these places is on the North American plate: Aptos, Bolinas, Colma, Davenport?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Which of these places is on the Pacific plate: San Francisco, San Jose, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. What is the highest magnitude earthquake that the Hayward fault is capable of: 6.7, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Mount Tamalpais is primarily what rock type: blueschist, chert, marble, melange?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. What mineral resource has NOT been produced in the Bay Area: coal, mercury, petroleum, uranium?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. What fossils are NOT found in the Bay Area: ammonites, dinosaurs, hypsodonts, mammoths?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. What fault continues north where the Hayward fault ends: Calaveras, Rodgers Creek, San Andreas, Zayante?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. Mount Hamilton is primarily what rock type: gneiss, granite, graywacke, greenstone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. What fault continues north where the Concord fault ends: Flint Hills, Green Valley, Greenville, Maacama?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. Which Spanish word tells you there was once a lime kiln here: calabaza, calavera, calera, calesitas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. The San Gregorio fault occurs onshore in what county?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Franciscan rocks are mapped in 14 different entities called what: belts, formations, melanges, terranes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. What rock type is at the top of Mount Diablo: basalt, harzburgite, rhyolite, schist?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. Which entity allows personal fossil collecting: BLM, Caltrans, Coastal Commission, state parks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. Which North Bay mountain is an actual (former) volcano: Burdell, Konocti, St. Helena, Tamalpais?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount St. Helena is primarily what rock type: diatomite, serpentinite, slate, tuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. What kind of ore was mined south of Livermore during World War II: iron, magnesium, uranium, vanadium?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. Where is the Bay Area's only geyser: Calistoga, The Geysers, Great America Park, Mount Diablo?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And here are the answers:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. California's state rock is serpentine, better known as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/metrockindex/rocpicserpentinite.htm\">serpentinite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. The \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/historicearthquakes/a/aa_frisco06.htm\">1906 San Francisco earthquake\u003c/a> was magnitude 7.8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Colma is east of the San Andreas fault and therefore on the North American plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Santa Cruz, conversely, is on the Pacific plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. The Hayward fault is considered capable of a magnitude 7.5 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Mount Tamalpais is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">melange\u003c/a>, an intimate mixture of metamorphic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. To my knowledge, uranium has never been produced in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. No dinosaur fossils are known from the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. The Rodgers Creek fault continues north where the Hayward fault ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. Mount Hamilton is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/sedrockindex/rocpicgraywacke.htm\">graywacke\u003c/a>, a variety of sandstone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. The Green Valley fault continues north where the Concord fault ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">Calera\u003c/a>\" is the Spanish term for a limekiln, where limestone is roasted into lime. You may now look up the other three words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. The San Gregorio fault occurs onshore only in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">San\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">Mateo\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">County\u003c/a>, just missing San Francisco and Santa Cruz counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Franciscan rocks are mapped in 14 different entities called terranes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. The top of Mount Diablo consists mostly of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/ig/basalt/\">basalt\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">The Bureau of Land Management allows personal fossil collecting\u003c/a> on the public lands it administers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">Mount Konocti\u003c/a>, overlooking Clear Lake, is a former volcano, although the others contain volcanic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount St. Helena is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/igrockindex/rocpictuff.htm\">tuff\u003c/a>, or volcanic sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. Magnesium ore, the mineral \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpiccarbonates/minpicmagnesite.htm\">magnesite\u003c/a>, was mined in the ultramafic rocks south of Livermore during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. The Bay Area's only geyser \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/library/bl/images/bloldfaithful.htm\">is in Calistoga\u003c/a>, but it's an artificial one that erupts in a drilled hole.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Twenty questions, four days to answer them, and one giveaway hint -- that's what this geological quiz is about.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1326485627,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":46,"wordCount":760},"headData":{"title":"The Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz | KQED","description":"Twenty questions, four days to answer them, and one giveaway hint -- that's what this geological quiz is about.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz","datePublished":"2011-12-22T18:18:47.000Z","dateModified":"2012-01-13T20:13:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"28655 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=28655","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/22/the-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz/","disqusTitle":"The Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz","path":"/quest/28655/the-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28656\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/22/the-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz/diablo-xmasquiz/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28656\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"diablo-xmasquiz\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28656\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You know Mount Diablo. But do you know what kind of rock it's made of? Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're like me, one highlight of your Christmas celebration is the consternating quiz that columnist Jon Carroll publishes in the \u003ci>San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/i> every year. Acknowledging the greatness as well as the priority of the Carroll quiz, I am humbly pleased to bring a geological version to the pages of KQED Quest Science Blogs. The quiz is centered on the Bay Area, which in addition to its other virtues is a premier destination for Earth scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 20 questions, each with one correct answer. Some answers may be found in my posts from this year. Some answers can be found on Google and others cannot, but you're coolest if you don't need to search. There is one big hint on this page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the fine print: No prizes are awarded; answers will be added to this post on Boxing Day; until then please post questions, not answers, in the comments. All right? OK!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. What is California's state rock: gold, mariposite, quartz, serpentine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. How big was the 1906 San Francisco earthquake: 7.8, 8.0, 8.2, 9.0?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Which of these places is on the North American plate: Aptos, Bolinas, Colma, Davenport?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Which of these places is on the Pacific plate: San Francisco, San Jose, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. What is the highest magnitude earthquake that the Hayward fault is capable of: 6.7, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Mount Tamalpais is primarily what rock type: blueschist, chert, marble, melange?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. What mineral resource has NOT been produced in the Bay Area: coal, mercury, petroleum, uranium?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. What fossils are NOT found in the Bay Area: ammonites, dinosaurs, hypsodonts, mammoths?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. What fault continues north where the Hayward fault ends: Calaveras, Rodgers Creek, San Andreas, Zayante?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. Mount Hamilton is primarily what rock type: gneiss, granite, graywacke, greenstone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. What fault continues north where the Concord fault ends: Flint Hills, Green Valley, Greenville, Maacama?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. Which Spanish word tells you there was once a lime kiln here: calabaza, calavera, calera, calesitas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. The San Gregorio fault occurs onshore in what county?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Franciscan rocks are mapped in 14 different entities called what: belts, formations, melanges, terranes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. What rock type is at the top of Mount Diablo: basalt, harzburgite, rhyolite, schist?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. Which entity allows personal fossil collecting: BLM, Caltrans, Coastal Commission, state parks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. Which North Bay mountain is an actual (former) volcano: Burdell, Konocti, St. Helena, Tamalpais?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount St. Helena is primarily what rock type: diatomite, serpentinite, slate, tuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. What kind of ore was mined south of Livermore during World War II: iron, magnesium, uranium, vanadium?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. Where is the Bay Area's only geyser: Calistoga, The Geysers, Great America Park, Mount Diablo?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And here are the answers:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. California's state rock is serpentine, better known as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/metrockindex/rocpicserpentinite.htm\">serpentinite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. The \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/historicearthquakes/a/aa_frisco06.htm\">1906 San Francisco earthquake\u003c/a> was magnitude 7.8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Colma is east of the San Andreas fault and therefore on the North American plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Santa Cruz, conversely, is on the Pacific plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. The Hayward fault is considered capable of a magnitude 7.5 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Mount Tamalpais is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">melange\u003c/a>, an intimate mixture of metamorphic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. To my knowledge, uranium has never been produced in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. No dinosaur fossils are known from the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. The Rodgers Creek fault continues north where the Hayward fault ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. Mount Hamilton is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/sedrockindex/rocpicgraywacke.htm\">graywacke\u003c/a>, a variety of sandstone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. The Green Valley fault continues north where the Concord fault ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">Calera\u003c/a>\" is the Spanish term for a limekiln, where limestone is roasted into lime. You may now look up the other three words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. The San Gregorio fault occurs onshore only in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">San\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">Mateo\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">County\u003c/a>, just missing San Francisco and Santa Cruz counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Franciscan rocks are mapped in 14 different entities called terranes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. The top of Mount Diablo consists mostly of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/ig/basalt/\">basalt\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">The Bureau of Land Management allows personal fossil collecting\u003c/a> on the public lands it administers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">Mount Konocti\u003c/a>, overlooking Clear Lake, is a former volcano, although the others contain volcanic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount St. Helena is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/igrockindex/rocpictuff.htm\">tuff\u003c/a>, or volcanic sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. Magnesium ore, the mineral \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpiccarbonates/minpicmagnesite.htm\">magnesite\u003c/a>, was mined in the ultramafic rocks south of Livermore during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. The Bay Area's only geyser \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/library/bl/images/bloldfaithful.htm\">is in Calistoga\u003c/a>, but it's an artificial one that erupts in a drilled hole.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/28655/the-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_909","quest_10586","quest_10585","quest_9996","quest_1881","quest_13202","quest_10584","quest_2447","quest_3088"],"featImg":"quest_28656","label":"quest"},"quest_26157":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26157","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26157","score":null,"sort":[1319739766000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"clay-mineral-deposits","title":"What's in a Clay? Finding the right minerals for Salt Glaze Pottery","publishDate":1319739766,"format":"standard","headTitle":"What’s in a Clay? Finding the right minerals for Salt Glaze Pottery | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=201900843989539653390.0004aef340168b65523ab&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=6&ll=41.640078,-47.636719&spn=46.921768,112.324219&z=3&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003csmall>View \u003ca style=\"color: #0000ff; text-align: left;\" href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=201900843989539653390.0004aef340168b65523ab&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=6&ll=41.640078,-47.636719&spn=46.921768,112.324219&z=3&source=embed\">Clay Minerals\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV2.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-26170\" title=\"MarqueeUNCTV(2)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"pottery \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Clay \u003ca title=\"minerals\" href=\"http://geology.com/minerals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minerals\u003c/a> found naturally in soils around the U.S. and world form the three main types of clay used in pottery: porcelain, earthenware, and stoneware. A unique combination of the minerals kaolin, illite, chlorite, sepiolite, and smectite are collected into each ball of clay to determine the type, glaze, structure and color used in a single piece of pottery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potters base their mixture of clay on the plasticity of each material. Plasticity is “the ability to undergo deformation without cracking.” The easiest way to determine a clay’s plasticity is using the “coil” test where a sample of clay is taken, rolled into a coil, and tested for its deformability. The chemical make-up in each clay mineral determines the particle size, permeability, and firing temperature for a piece of pottery. Between the five main minerals found in clay, kaolinite is the most common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaolinite holds the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4 and is an aluminum silicate material with a low “\u003ca title=\"shrink-swell\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrink-swell_capacity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shrink-swell\u003c/a>” capacity. It is a soft, white mineral but is often colored orange or red by iron oxide found in the soil. Kaolinite is found all over the country and is the most common clay in the Mountain and \u003ca title=\"Piedmont\" href=\"http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc570/student_projects/fall_2003/whiteoakcreek/Wetland_Soils.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Piedmont\u003c/a> regions of \u003ca title=\"North Carolina\" href=\"http://rla.unc.edu/bragg/ceramics/Ch4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Carolina\u003c/a>. It is the most prominent mineral found in kaolin, or porcelain, pottery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Illite is a white clay mineral that was first discovered in Calhoun County, Illinois. Its composition is (K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)]. Illite has an absence of swelling due to its tightly interlaced molecular spacing. It is a common mineral found in sediments, soils, and metamorphic rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorite, found in large quantities in Wales, is actually a group of silicate minerals with similar properties. Chlorite, typically found as a pale green to grey color, is composed of (Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2.(Mg,Fe)3(OH)6. The combination of minerals allows chlorite to hold a great range in composition, temperature and pressure conditions. It is most commonly found in hydrothermal ore deposits and has a soft, flexible consistency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sepiolite is a clay mineral found throughout in high quantities in New England, Arizona, and California. Its chemical makeup Mg4Si6O15(OH)2·6H2O contains a hydrous magnesium silicate, causing a non-swelling, lightweight, porous clay. Sepiolite based clays are stable in high salt environments and are typically found as dull, white colored deposits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smectite clay minerals are unique in their ability to interaction with liquids and their finite crystal shape. The composition (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2·nH2O causes a high plasticity allowing Smecitite clays to absorb and swell easily. These can be found as white, pale green, pink and yellow deposits.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Check out this Google map that shows clay minerals found around the U.S. and world that are commonly used in pottery. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684973908,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://maps.google.com/maps/ms"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":472},"headData":{"title":"What's in a Clay? Finding the right minerals for Salt Glaze Pottery | KQED","description":"Check out this Google map that shows clay minerals found around the U.S. and world that are commonly used in pottery. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What's in a Clay? Finding the right minerals for Salt Glaze Pottery","datePublished":"2011-10-27T18:22:46.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:18:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/26157/clay-mineral-deposits","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=201900843989539653390.0004aef340168b65523ab&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=6&ll=41.640078,-47.636719&spn=46.921768,112.324219&z=3&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003csmall>View \u003ca style=\"color: #0000ff; text-align: left;\" href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=201900843989539653390.0004aef340168b65523ab&msa=0&ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=6&ll=41.640078,-47.636719&spn=46.921768,112.324219&z=3&source=embed\">Clay Minerals\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV2.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-26170\" title=\"MarqueeUNCTV(2)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/MarqueeUNCTV2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"pottery \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Clay \u003ca title=\"minerals\" href=\"http://geology.com/minerals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minerals\u003c/a> found naturally in soils around the U.S. and world form the three main types of clay used in pottery: porcelain, earthenware, and stoneware. A unique combination of the minerals kaolin, illite, chlorite, sepiolite, and smectite are collected into each ball of clay to determine the type, glaze, structure and color used in a single piece of pottery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potters base their mixture of clay on the plasticity of each material. Plasticity is “the ability to undergo deformation without cracking.” The easiest way to determine a clay’s plasticity is using the “coil” test where a sample of clay is taken, rolled into a coil, and tested for its deformability. The chemical make-up in each clay mineral determines the particle size, permeability, and firing temperature for a piece of pottery. Between the five main minerals found in clay, kaolinite is the most common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaolinite holds the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4 and is an aluminum silicate material with a low “\u003ca title=\"shrink-swell\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrink-swell_capacity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shrink-swell\u003c/a>” capacity. It is a soft, white mineral but is often colored orange or red by iron oxide found in the soil. Kaolinite is found all over the country and is the most common clay in the Mountain and \u003ca title=\"Piedmont\" href=\"http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc570/student_projects/fall_2003/whiteoakcreek/Wetland_Soils.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Piedmont\u003c/a> regions of \u003ca title=\"North Carolina\" href=\"http://rla.unc.edu/bragg/ceramics/Ch4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">North Carolina\u003c/a>. It is the most prominent mineral found in kaolin, or porcelain, pottery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Illite is a white clay mineral that was first discovered in Calhoun County, Illinois. Its composition is (K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)]. Illite has an absence of swelling due to its tightly interlaced molecular spacing. It is a common mineral found in sediments, soils, and metamorphic rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorite, found in large quantities in Wales, is actually a group of silicate minerals with similar properties. Chlorite, typically found as a pale green to grey color, is composed of (Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2.(Mg,Fe)3(OH)6. The combination of minerals allows chlorite to hold a great range in composition, temperature and pressure conditions. It is most commonly found in hydrothermal ore deposits and has a soft, flexible consistency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sepiolite is a clay mineral found throughout in high quantities in New England, Arizona, and California. Its chemical makeup Mg4Si6O15(OH)2·6H2O contains a hydrous magnesium silicate, causing a non-swelling, lightweight, porous clay. Sepiolite based clays are stable in high salt environments and are typically found as dull, white colored deposits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smectite clay minerals are unique in their ability to interaction with liquids and their finite crystal shape. The composition (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2·nH2O causes a high plasticity allowing Smecitite clays to absorb and swell easily. These can be found as white, pale green, pink and yellow deposits.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26157/clay-mineral-deposits","authors":["10289"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10309","quest_10296","quest_10305","quest_10308","quest_10307","quest_9996","quest_10304","quest_10294","quest_10427","quest_10310","quest_10311","quest_10306"],"featImg":"quest_26170","label":"quest"},"quest_22951":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_22951","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"22951","score":null,"sort":[1313694482000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show","title":"There's Nothing Like a Rock Show","publishDate":1313694482,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22956\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22956\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowtop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22956\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Display at the annual American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco, world's largest gathering of Earth scientists. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was not a rock-and-mineral maniac growing up, but after getting my geology degree I started easing into that world. Now I can testify that rock shows—put on each year by any number of local societies—will use geology's loveliest faces to entice you into Earth science. Beauty is its own truth, and rock shows proffer beauty of all kinds, physical \u003cem>and\u003c/em> intellectual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all know about gems and jewels, which are merely minerals cut and polished to show off their optical distinctions. But many people are enthralled by the minerals and stones in their less finished form, as natural crystals or smooth-faced cabochons or simply tumbled in a lapidary mill. Others love to make beautiful objects with their hands. And I've found that even the most cerebral scientists may have a mineral kickshaw or pet rock on their desk. No one is above the appeal of a pretty rock. Rock shows won't turn someone into a scientist, a lapidarist, a crystal therapist or a fossil hunter, but they give all those types a common place to rub shoulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowarray/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22952\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowarray\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22952\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collectible specimens at the annual show of the Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rock-and-mineral shows are determined to serve every level of interest, from jade carving and gem cutting to buying another pair of earrings. You can acquire a large fossil or glittering geode for a corporate atrium, or just a trilobite magnet for the fridge. At the core of the experience is education, whether for an afternoon or a lifetime if you are pulled into the orbit of the sponsoring gem-and-mineral society. At least ten of them hold annual shows in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowtektites/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22955\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowtektites.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowtektites\" width=\"320\" height=\"233\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22955\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe beauty of a rock-and-mineral show is what might catch your eye there for the first time. You can own a meteorite, fresh from outer space, or a mysterious tektite, thought to be melted Earth rocks splashed into orbit by giant impacts. You might find just the thing to accent your miniature train set, or a good-luck charm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rock shows are also, naturally, a great place to shop for gifts. Skilled amateurs, working in their garages and spare rooms, make more exquisite things than they can give away. Help them clear the space to continue their obsession, whether it's agate bolo ties or jade lampshades or carved stone animals. And every one of them will be glad to talk with you. Who knows? Maybe you'll be seduced into joining their ranks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tools like an extra magnifier might tempt you, or the $5 pocket ultraviolet light I got at the last show I attended. What's that good for? Well, there's a whole separate world of fluorescent minerals you can enter, whether it's just for a moment at the show, for an occasionally relevant mineral test (that's my case), or as a consuming hobby that will draw you out into the field with a gang of compatriates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22953\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowfluor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22953\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowfluor\" width=\"640\" height=\"353\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22953\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor-400x221.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fluorescent scorpion and mineral specimens at the annual show of the Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowjaspers/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22954\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowjaspers.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowjaspers\" width=\"280\" height=\"402\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22954\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following are Bay Area organizations that (1) have a website and (2) host annual shows. For a larger list, see the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfmsinc.org/\">California Federation for Mineralogical Societies\u003c/a>, an association of more than 130 groups around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.antiochlapidaryclub.com/\">Antioch Lapidary Club\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ccmgs.org/\">Contra Costa Mineral & Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.lithophiles.com/\">Livermore Valley Lithophiles Gem and Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.mgscv.org/\">Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pggs.org/\">Peninsula Gem & Geology Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgms.org/\">San Francisco Gem & Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.scvgms.org/\">Santa Clara Valley Gem and Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://scmgs.org/\">Santa Cruz Mineral and Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.srmgs.org/\">Santa Rosa Mineral and Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://stocktonlapidary.com/\">Stockton Lapidary & Mineral Club\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These aren't the only avenue into the world of geology. Geological societies are what I prefer, but they don't reach out to beginners. Treasure-hunting clubs are another, as are hiking organizations and conservation groups, but in each of these you'll find that geology comes second to their primary mission. That's OK—science begins with wonder.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"No one is above the appeal of a pretty rock. Bay Area rock-and-mineral shows will use geology's loveliest faces to entice you into Earth science.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1314734870,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":703},"headData":{"title":"There's Nothing Like a Rock Show | KQED","description":"No one is above the appeal of a pretty rock. Bay Area rock-and-mineral shows will use geology's loveliest faces to entice you into Earth science.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"There's Nothing Like a Rock Show","datePublished":"2011-08-18T19:08:02.000Z","dateModified":"2011-08-30T20:07:50.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"22951 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=22951","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/","disqusTitle":"There's Nothing Like a Rock Show","path":"/quest/22951/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22956\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22956\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowtop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22956\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Display at the annual American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco, world's largest gathering of Earth scientists. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was not a rock-and-mineral maniac growing up, but after getting my geology degree I started easing into that world. Now I can testify that rock shows—put on each year by any number of local societies—will use geology's loveliest faces to entice you into Earth science. Beauty is its own truth, and rock shows proffer beauty of all kinds, physical \u003cem>and\u003c/em> intellectual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all know about gems and jewels, which are merely minerals cut and polished to show off their optical distinctions. But many people are enthralled by the minerals and stones in their less finished form, as natural crystals or smooth-faced cabochons or simply tumbled in a lapidary mill. Others love to make beautiful objects with their hands. And I've found that even the most cerebral scientists may have a mineral kickshaw or pet rock on their desk. No one is above the appeal of a pretty rock. Rock shows won't turn someone into a scientist, a lapidarist, a crystal therapist or a fossil hunter, but they give all those types a common place to rub shoulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowarray/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22952\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowarray\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22952\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collectible specimens at the annual show of the Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rock-and-mineral shows are determined to serve every level of interest, from jade carving and gem cutting to buying another pair of earrings. You can acquire a large fossil or glittering geode for a corporate atrium, or just a trilobite magnet for the fridge. At the core of the experience is education, whether for an afternoon or a lifetime if you are pulled into the orbit of the sponsoring gem-and-mineral society. At least ten of them hold annual shows in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowtektites/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22955\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowtektites.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowtektites\" width=\"320\" height=\"233\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22955\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe beauty of a rock-and-mineral show is what might catch your eye there for the first time. You can own a meteorite, fresh from outer space, or a mysterious tektite, thought to be melted Earth rocks splashed into orbit by giant impacts. You might find just the thing to accent your miniature train set, or a good-luck charm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rock shows are also, naturally, a great place to shop for gifts. Skilled amateurs, working in their garages and spare rooms, make more exquisite things than they can give away. Help them clear the space to continue their obsession, whether it's agate bolo ties or jade lampshades or carved stone animals. And every one of them will be glad to talk with you. Who knows? Maybe you'll be seduced into joining their ranks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tools like an extra magnifier might tempt you, or the $5 pocket ultraviolet light I got at the last show I attended. What's that good for? Well, there's a whole separate world of fluorescent minerals you can enter, whether it's just for a moment at the show, for an occasionally relevant mineral test (that's my case), or as a consuming hobby that will draw you out into the field with a gang of compatriates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22953\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowfluor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22953\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowfluor\" width=\"640\" height=\"353\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22953\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor-400x221.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fluorescent scorpion and mineral specimens at the annual show of the Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowjaspers/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22954\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowjaspers.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowjaspers\" width=\"280\" height=\"402\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22954\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following are Bay Area organizations that (1) have a website and (2) host annual shows. For a larger list, see the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfmsinc.org/\">California Federation for Mineralogical Societies\u003c/a>, an association of more than 130 groups around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.antiochlapidaryclub.com/\">Antioch Lapidary Club\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ccmgs.org/\">Contra Costa Mineral & Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.lithophiles.com/\">Livermore Valley Lithophiles Gem and Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.mgscv.org/\">Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pggs.org/\">Peninsula Gem & Geology Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgms.org/\">San Francisco Gem & Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.scvgms.org/\">Santa Clara Valley Gem and Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://scmgs.org/\">Santa Cruz Mineral and Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.srmgs.org/\">Santa Rosa Mineral and Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://stocktonlapidary.com/\">Stockton Lapidary & Mineral Club\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These aren't the only avenue into the world of geology. Geological societies are what I prefer, but they don't reach out to beginners. Treasure-hunting clubs are another, as are hiking organizations and conservation groups, but in each of these you'll find that geology comes second to their primary mission. That's OK—science begins with wonder.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/22951/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_9995","quest_9996","quest_13202","quest_2447"],"featImg":"quest_22956","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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