A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and Planets…and Moon…and Meteors….
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He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. 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Gravel covers the input pipes to muffle wind. Image courtesy The Official CTBTO Photostream\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49822\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrasound array at Tristan da Cunha. Gravel covers the input pipes to muffle wind. Image courtesy The Official CTBTO Photostream\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When North Korea conducted its third nuclear explosion on February 12, the global nuclear police, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization, detected it immediately and soon afterward released its evidence. Most people probably know that the CTBTO uses seismometers to detect these forbidden explosions, but it also relies on instruments that monitor infrasound: sound that is too low in frequency for us to hear. Stations in Japan and \u003cdel datetime=\"2013-02-22T18:03:23+00:00\">China \u003c/del>Russia recorded the superdeep bass roar of the bomb as it arrived from North Korea through the air, not the ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three days later came the big meteor explosion in Russia. That was high in the atmosphere, not underground, and it gave infrasound its chance to shine. The tremendous shock wave that shattered the windows of Chelyabinsk spread over the world and was recorded by 17 of the CTBTO's 45 infrasound stations, even one in Antarctica. (The CTBTO has issued the record from the Antarctic station, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-8ij80vs1E\">sped up 135 times to make it audible.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atom bombs and meteors are just part of the subject, though—all sorts of things create infrasound, both natural and human. Natural sources include volcanoes, wind tumbling over mountain ranges, heavy surf, auroras, tornadoes, landslides, earthquakes and of course meteors. Human sources include vehicle traffic of all kinds, rocket launches, sonic booms, quarry blasts, military bombardments and of course nuclear explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower limit of human hearing—the deepest bass notes of thunder or big church organ pipes—is a frequency of about 20 hertz, and infrasound goes from about 20 Hz down to perhaps 0.001 Hz, or one cycle in a thousand seconds. Anything slower than that is more meteorology than acoustics! Infrasound includes ordinary sound-type pressure waves as well as gravity waves, which are like ripples in a pond only in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infrasound waves are called microbaroms in the literature. It takes special large instruments to detect them, like the one shown in the photo. The flowerlike apparatus is a set of thin pipes that minimizes the noise of wind, arranged around a pressure sensor. The best instruments are networked arrays of these, scattered over an area measured in acres. Even so, infrasound arrays are put in remote places to avoid the noises of civilization. In California, UC San Diego has a \u003ca href=\"http://l2a.ucsd.edu/\">strong infrasound program\u003c/a> that includes \u003ca href=\"http://l2a.ucsd.edu/L2A_arrayinfo.php\">research arrays\u003c/a> near Temecula, Santa Margarita and Chico. It also runs one of the official CTBTO infrasound sites, near Palm Springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science awoke to the potential of infrasound back in 1883, when the enormous eruption of Krakatoa sent waves through the air that registered on barometers around the world. But I first read about infrasound in Robert Heinlein's 1941 novel \u003ci>The Day After Tomorrow\u003c/i> (also known as \u003ci>Sixth Column\u003c/i>), in which \"subsonic\" vibrations were used to induce feelings of terror in an enemy delegation. If I recall correctly, the frequency used was 14 Hz. There is something uncanny about sound that can't be heard, and there is a strong flavor of paranoia around the subject in some circles. High levels of infrasound do have health effects, particularly because the vibrations rattle the whole organism, not just the ears. More benignly, elephants and whales are known to perceive and produce infrasound. And \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/infrasonics/a/birdsound.htm\">one intriguing line of research\u003c/a> suggests that migratory birds use infrasound for navigation as a sonic map of the regional landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty gave a big boost to infrasound research. In addition to its well-known seismometers and radiation monitors, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctbto.org/map/#ims\">the CTBTO's worldwide network of sensors\u003c/a> includes a planned total of 60 infrasound stations, of which 45 are working today. (A network of hydrophones, to monitor the seas, is the fourth component.) The United States Senate has still not ratified the treaty, although \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctbto.org/member-states/country-profiles/?country=34&cHash=2a8d71d449c1396faae0a2060b03391a\">Chad did just this month\u003c/a>. President Clinton signed the treaty on September 24, 1996, but ever since then the Senate has failed to do its part. It would be nice if it did, and soon.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Last week's events pushed the obscure subject of infrasound into the news. That was music to my science-obsessed ears.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1362707212,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":685},"headData":{"title":"Infrasound Takes a Bow | KQED","description":"Last week's events pushed the obscure subject of infrasound into the news. That was music to my science-obsessed ears.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"49820 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=49820","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/21/infrasound-takes-a-bow/","disqusTitle":"Infrasound Takes a Bow","path":"/quest/49820/infrasound-takes-a-bow","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49822\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/21/infrasound-takes-a-bow/infrasound/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49822\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound.jpg\" alt=\"Infrasound array at Tristan da Cunha. Gravel covers the input pipes to muffle wind. Image courtesy The Official CTBTO Photostream\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49822\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrasound array at Tristan da Cunha. Gravel covers the input pipes to muffle wind. Image courtesy The Official CTBTO Photostream\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When North Korea conducted its third nuclear explosion on February 12, the global nuclear police, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization, detected it immediately and soon afterward released its evidence. Most people probably know that the CTBTO uses seismometers to detect these forbidden explosions, but it also relies on instruments that monitor infrasound: sound that is too low in frequency for us to hear. Stations in Japan and \u003cdel datetime=\"2013-02-22T18:03:23+00:00\">China \u003c/del>Russia recorded the superdeep bass roar of the bomb as it arrived from North Korea through the air, not the ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three days later came the big meteor explosion in Russia. That was high in the atmosphere, not underground, and it gave infrasound its chance to shine. The tremendous shock wave that shattered the windows of Chelyabinsk spread over the world and was recorded by 17 of the CTBTO's 45 infrasound stations, even one in Antarctica. (The CTBTO has issued the record from the Antarctic station, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-8ij80vs1E\">sped up 135 times to make it audible.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atom bombs and meteors are just part of the subject, though—all sorts of things create infrasound, both natural and human. Natural sources include volcanoes, wind tumbling over mountain ranges, heavy surf, auroras, tornadoes, landslides, earthquakes and of course meteors. Human sources include vehicle traffic of all kinds, rocket launches, sonic booms, quarry blasts, military bombardments and of course nuclear explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower limit of human hearing—the deepest bass notes of thunder or big church organ pipes—is a frequency of about 20 hertz, and infrasound goes from about 20 Hz down to perhaps 0.001 Hz, or one cycle in a thousand seconds. Anything slower than that is more meteorology than acoustics! Infrasound includes ordinary sound-type pressure waves as well as gravity waves, which are like ripples in a pond only in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infrasound waves are called microbaroms in the literature. It takes special large instruments to detect them, like the one shown in the photo. The flowerlike apparatus is a set of thin pipes that minimizes the noise of wind, arranged around a pressure sensor. The best instruments are networked arrays of these, scattered over an area measured in acres. Even so, infrasound arrays are put in remote places to avoid the noises of civilization. In California, UC San Diego has a \u003ca href=\"http://l2a.ucsd.edu/\">strong infrasound program\u003c/a> that includes \u003ca href=\"http://l2a.ucsd.edu/L2A_arrayinfo.php\">research arrays\u003c/a> near Temecula, Santa Margarita and Chico. It also runs one of the official CTBTO infrasound sites, near Palm Springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science awoke to the potential of infrasound back in 1883, when the enormous eruption of Krakatoa sent waves through the air that registered on barometers around the world. But I first read about infrasound in Robert Heinlein's 1941 novel \u003ci>The Day After Tomorrow\u003c/i> (also known as \u003ci>Sixth Column\u003c/i>), in which \"subsonic\" vibrations were used to induce feelings of terror in an enemy delegation. If I recall correctly, the frequency used was 14 Hz. There is something uncanny about sound that can't be heard, and there is a strong flavor of paranoia around the subject in some circles. High levels of infrasound do have health effects, particularly because the vibrations rattle the whole organism, not just the ears. More benignly, elephants and whales are known to perceive and produce infrasound. And \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/infrasonics/a/birdsound.htm\">one intriguing line of research\u003c/a> suggests that migratory birds use infrasound for navigation as a sonic map of the regional landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty gave a big boost to infrasound research. In addition to its well-known seismometers and radiation monitors, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctbto.org/map/#ims\">the CTBTO's worldwide network of sensors\u003c/a> includes a planned total of 60 infrasound stations, of which 45 are working today. (A network of hydrophones, to monitor the seas, is the fourth component.) The United States Senate has still not ratified the treaty, although \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctbto.org/member-states/country-profiles/?country=34&cHash=2a8d71d449c1396faae0a2060b03391a\">Chad did just this month\u003c/a>. President Clinton signed the treaty on September 24, 1996, but ever since then the Senate has failed to do its part. It would be nice if it did, and soon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49820/infrasound-takes-a-bow","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_10513","quest_246","quest_11738","quest_1799","quest_11739","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_49822","label":"quest"},"quest_47099":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47099","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47099","score":null,"sort":[1353081626000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-leonids-are-back","title":"The Leonids Are Back!","publishDate":1353081626,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47101\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/16/the-leonids-are-back/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47101\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg\" alt=\"Leonid Meteors. Credit: Carter Roberts, Eastbay Astronomical Society\" title=\"Leonid Meteors. Credit: Carter Roberts, Eastbay Astronomical Society\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47101\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leonid Meteors. Credit: Carter Roberts, Eastbay Astronomical Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Leonids are back—and they're not a family circus group from Russia! This is the annual meteor shower of November that offers us the chance to see a bit of very ancient history disintegrate in a fiery second. What an opportunity! And, this meteor shower has a personal connection for me, touching on my childhood as well as the young adulthood of my grandfather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the facts for those of you who just want to know where to go and when to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peak of the annual \u003ca href=\"http://meteorshowersonline.com/leonids.html\" target=\"_blank\">Leonid meteor shower\u003c/a> occurs in the early morning hours this Sunday, November 18. The shower has actually been going on for about a week and will continue for a few more days, but November 18 is when you can expect to see the most meteors per hour. The shower will become visible post-midnight and into the early morning hours of Sunday as its radiant point (the patch of sky they appear to fly out of, in this case the constellation Leo) rises in the eastern sky. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the anticipated meteor rate—the \"ZHR,\" or \"Zenith Hourly Rate\"—is somewhere in the 10 to 15 range. That is, under good viewing conditions (clear sky, low light pollution levels and minimal interference from moonlight) and if the shower's radiant point were positioned directly overhead at the zenith, you could expect to see 10 to 15 meteors each hour. That may not sound like a lot, but really that's a meteor every 4-6 minutes!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon is not an issue this year; it will be setting before midnight, leaving moonless skies for the rest of the night. The trick is to have clear skies and to get away from city lights as much as possible. If you live in the city, but want to see Leonids, plan a trip to a spot away from major congestion. In the San Francisco Bay Area, there are a few good places to try: Henry Coe State Park near San Jose, Skyline Blvd. on the peninsula south of San Francisco, the Santa Cruz Mountains, Mount Diablo and quite a few points north in Marin and Sonoma counties. In the East Bay, the hills from Berkeley down through Hayward have a lot of roadside light-sheltered areas to find. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Leonid shower occurs each year when the Earth passes through the trail of dust left behind by comet Tempel-Tuttle, which orbits the Sun every 33 years. When the Earth plunges through the dust trail at its orbital speed of 18 miles per second, tiny bits of rock and metal -- typically anywhere from pebble-sized to dust grains -- burn up in our upper atmosphere from friction. In a mere second or so a bit of rock or metal that has been around for billions of years -- either as a free bit of material or locked up in the ices of the parent comet -- burns up in a flash. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason that meteor shower aren't visible until after midnight is that you need to be on the side of the Earth that is moving forward in space, into the dust—similar to how in a car on the highway if you drive through a cloud of flying insects, you need to look at the windshield to see the bug streaks on the glass. The morning skies are Earth's \"windshield\" in this case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now for the family reminisce. Comet Tempel-Tuttle passes by our part of the Solar System every 33 years, laying down a fresh trail of dust for us to pass through and causing an increase in the ZHR of the Leonid shower. The comet passed through a little over a decade ago, in 1999, so in the early 2000's there was an upswing in the Leonid rate that made for some spectacular shower viewing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1966, after the next previous passage of Tempel-Tuttle, when I was 4 years old, we were told to expect a spectacular meteor show—unfortunately, it was overcast in Oakland that evening and my parents only took me outside in the evening hours when you can't expect to see a Leonid anyway. I remember seeing the glow of city lights reflected off the overcast and thinking that was the light of the shower shining through! Ah, four-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1933, after the next previous passage by the comet, my grandfather witnessed a superb Leonid meteor storm. He described it as seeing meteor after meteor radiating from a point in the sky. That shower was estimated to have produced around 200 meteors per hour! Lucky you, grandpa -- I have yet to see anything like that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, happy primordial dust speck incineration watching, everyone!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Leonids are back: the annual meteor shower of November that offers us the chance to see a bit of very ancient history disintegrate in a fiery second. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998243,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":806},"headData":{"title":"The Leonids Are Back! | KQED","description":"The Leonids are back: the annual meteor shower of November that offers us the chance to see a bit of very ancient history disintegrate in a fiery second. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"47099 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=47099","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/16/the-leonids-are-back/","disqusTitle":"The Leonids Are Back!","path":"/quest/47099/the-leonids-are-back","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47101\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/16/the-leonids-are-back/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47101\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg\" alt=\"Leonid Meteors. Credit: Carter Roberts, Eastbay Astronomical Society\" title=\"Leonid Meteors. Credit: Carter Roberts, Eastbay Astronomical Society\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47101\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leonid Meteors. Credit: Carter Roberts, Eastbay Astronomical Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Leonids are back—and they're not a family circus group from Russia! This is the annual meteor shower of November that offers us the chance to see a bit of very ancient history disintegrate in a fiery second. What an opportunity! And, this meteor shower has a personal connection for me, touching on my childhood as well as the young adulthood of my grandfather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the facts for those of you who just want to know where to go and when to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peak of the annual \u003ca href=\"http://meteorshowersonline.com/leonids.html\" target=\"_blank\">Leonid meteor shower\u003c/a> occurs in the early morning hours this Sunday, November 18. The shower has actually been going on for about a week and will continue for a few more days, but November 18 is when you can expect to see the most meteors per hour. The shower will become visible post-midnight and into the early morning hours of Sunday as its radiant point (the patch of sky they appear to fly out of, in this case the constellation Leo) rises in the eastern sky. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the anticipated meteor rate—the \"ZHR,\" or \"Zenith Hourly Rate\"—is somewhere in the 10 to 15 range. That is, under good viewing conditions (clear sky, low light pollution levels and minimal interference from moonlight) and if the shower's radiant point were positioned directly overhead at the zenith, you could expect to see 10 to 15 meteors each hour. That may not sound like a lot, but really that's a meteor every 4-6 minutes!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon is not an issue this year; it will be setting before midnight, leaving moonless skies for the rest of the night. The trick is to have clear skies and to get away from city lights as much as possible. If you live in the city, but want to see Leonids, plan a trip to a spot away from major congestion. In the San Francisco Bay Area, there are a few good places to try: Henry Coe State Park near San Jose, Skyline Blvd. on the peninsula south of San Francisco, the Santa Cruz Mountains, Mount Diablo and quite a few points north in Marin and Sonoma counties. In the East Bay, the hills from Berkeley down through Hayward have a lot of roadside light-sheltered areas to find. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Leonid shower occurs each year when the Earth passes through the trail of dust left behind by comet Tempel-Tuttle, which orbits the Sun every 33 years. When the Earth plunges through the dust trail at its orbital speed of 18 miles per second, tiny bits of rock and metal -- typically anywhere from pebble-sized to dust grains -- burn up in our upper atmosphere from friction. In a mere second or so a bit of rock or metal that has been around for billions of years -- either as a free bit of material or locked up in the ices of the parent comet -- burns up in a flash. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason that meteor shower aren't visible until after midnight is that you need to be on the side of the Earth that is moving forward in space, into the dust—similar to how in a car on the highway if you drive through a cloud of flying insects, you need to look at the windshield to see the bug streaks on the glass. The morning skies are Earth's \"windshield\" in this case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now for the family reminisce. Comet Tempel-Tuttle passes by our part of the Solar System every 33 years, laying down a fresh trail of dust for us to pass through and causing an increase in the ZHR of the Leonid shower. The comet passed through a little over a decade ago, in 1999, so in the early 2000's there was an upswing in the Leonid rate that made for some spectacular shower viewing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1966, after the next previous passage of Tempel-Tuttle, when I was 4 years old, we were told to expect a spectacular meteor show—unfortunately, it was overcast in Oakland that evening and my parents only took me outside in the evening hours when you can't expect to see a Leonid anyway. I remember seeing the glow of city lights reflected off the overcast and thinking that was the light of the shower shining through! Ah, four-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1933, after the next previous passage by the comet, my grandfather witnessed a superb Leonid meteor storm. He described it as seeing meteor after meteor radiating from a point in the sky. That shower was estimated to have produced around 200 meteors per hour! Lucky you, grandpa -- I have yet to see anything like that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, happy primordial dust speck incineration watching, everyone!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47099/the-leonids-are-back","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_658","quest_11605","quest_1799","quest_13202","quest_2624","quest_3798","quest_11606"],"featImg":"quest_47101","label":"quest"},"quest_35359":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_35359","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"35359","score":null,"sort":[1334934041000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky","title":"UFO? LGM? OMG! What is That Thing in the Sky?","publishDate":1334934041,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35367\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/20/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky/ufo101-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35367\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg\" alt=\"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\" title=\"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ever seen something in the sky that was unusual, and which you couldn't explain? I've received calls from some of you and have done my best to suggest explanations. Many of you have thanked me for my second-hand appraisals (second-hand, because I wasn't present to see what you saw). A few have rejected the \"mundane\" possibilities I offer, insisting what they saw wasn't what I proposed at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this post is a condensed version of, \"My Guide To Identifying Unexplained and Unidentified Apparitions in the Night Sky\"--just a peek at my process of armchair evaluation of unexplained sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disclaimer: While I do believe that life is probably common in the universe, and that if one planet (ours) could develop intelligent life that in turn developed a technological, space-faring civilization, so could others. But in my experience as an astronomical observer of the world around me and the sky above, I have never seen anything for which my only possible explanation is a flying saucer. My process is to look for the simplest, most natural or human-related explanations first \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/22/flashes-in-the-night/\" title=\"Flashes in the Night\" target=\"_blank\">when possible\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easiest ones are planets—in particular, Venus and Jupiter. Since planets move around in the sky, they regularly appear in different locations at different times in spots people didn't see them before. And, being so bright at times, these two often get questioned: is it a plane? Is it the International Space Station? Has a star gone supernova? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, we know where the planets are at all times, so when I get a call asking about the brilliant white light shining in the west just after sunset, for example, it's easy to finger the culprit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens with some bright stars on occasion, like Sirius. In fact, when I was a teenager, I had the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/13/first-star-i-see-in-my-life/\" title=\"First Star I See -- In My Life!\" target=\"_blank\">personal experience\u003c/a> of walking outside one night, looking up and seeing a brilliant, flickering prismatic apparition that I swore I'd never seen before. It took me some time to figure out that it was merely the brightest star in the night sky and it was supposed to look that way! I always think back to this experience when listening to your descriptions of the fantastic and strange things you've seen in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, stars twinkle, planets don't (much). That's another way to tell them apart, other than consulting an app on your smart phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about things that move--that is, with speed and direction different from normal \"diurnal\" motion (motion caused by Earth's rotation)? When you observe something moving, relative to the background stars or horizon, there are generally three (mundane) things it is likely to be: an aircraft, a spacecraft, or a meteor/meteorite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spacecraft (let's start with artificial satellites, the International Space Station, and in times of yore the Space Shuttle) can appear to move like a plane, but with the defining feature that they are always a single point of white light. Depending on how far from Earth they orbit they will move at different paces (just like aircraft at different altitudes), but since they are at least 150-200 miles above Earth's surface, they're too small to be seen as anything more than a point of light. And as the light they shine is actually reflected sunlight, they will be white. Some of them may flash, or pulse, as reflective surfaces like solar panels turn in the sunlight. Also, because they are in orbit in a ballistic trajectory, you won't be seeing them change direction. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An aircraft—or more correctly, at night, an aircraft's wing and fuselage lights—can appear as more than a single point of light, and these lights can bear color. Typical aircraft (commercial and private alike) have a lighting configuration in common: green for starboard, red for port, and blinking white at wingtips, tailtop, and tailtip. And if they're heading directly at you with their landing lights on, they may appear to flare up and barely move at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shape the wing and fuselage-lights form (what kind of triangle or diamond they make) depends on the style of aircraft (where the wingtips are relative to the tail, etc.), but I'd say green, red, and flashing white are a dead giveaway for an airplane (or a flying saucer trying to look like one.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Military aircraft can look unusual, depending on what they are and what kind of maneuvers they're on. They can even fly without lights on at all. In Flagstaff, Arizona, I once saw a simple triangle of steady, white lights fly over and have always assumed it was a stealth fighter on night maneuvers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteors and meteorites (bits of interplanetary metal and rock that burn up in our atmosphere, or that are large enough to hit the ground before burning up completely, respectively) also have their hallmark behaviors and appearances. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fainter ones will appear white, while brighter ones can show some color—blue, green, orange, depending on their composition and how hot they get. Most leave smooth, straight streaks, but some can exhibit \"flame-like\" raggedness, like long luminous gashes in the night. Some can even explode. But all of them move very fast, lasting only a couple seconds or typically less, yet crossing a good portion of sky in the process. You'll only see an airplane moving that fast if it passes thirty feet over your head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If none of this helps you sort out what you've seen aloft, \u003ca href=\"http://i41.tinypic.com/2m6l3td.jpg\" title=\"Guide to Identifying UFOs\" target=\"_blank\">try this chart\u003c/a>. And remember, if you're not sure what it is, it doesn't hurt to smile and make no aggressive moves…. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ever seen something in the sky that was unusual, and which you couldn't explain? Here is a peek at my process of armchair evaluation of unexplained sightings.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998995,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":971},"headData":{"title":"UFO? LGM? OMG! What is That Thing in the Sky? | KQED","description":"Ever seen something in the sky that was unusual, and which you couldn't explain? Here is a peek at my process of armchair evaluation of unexplained sightings.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"35359 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=35359","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/20/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky/","disqusTitle":"UFO? LGM? OMG! What is That Thing in the Sky?","path":"/quest/35359/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35367\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/20/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky/ufo101-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35367\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg\" alt=\"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\" title=\"Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/ufo1011-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unexplained sighting in the night sky. Credit for base image: Nayu Kim\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ever seen something in the sky that was unusual, and which you couldn't explain? I've received calls from some of you and have done my best to suggest explanations. Many of you have thanked me for my second-hand appraisals (second-hand, because I wasn't present to see what you saw). A few have rejected the \"mundane\" possibilities I offer, insisting what they saw wasn't what I proposed at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this post is a condensed version of, \"My Guide To Identifying Unexplained and Unidentified Apparitions in the Night Sky\"--just a peek at my process of armchair evaluation of unexplained sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disclaimer: While I do believe that life is probably common in the universe, and that if one planet (ours) could develop intelligent life that in turn developed a technological, space-faring civilization, so could others. But in my experience as an astronomical observer of the world around me and the sky above, I have never seen anything for which my only possible explanation is a flying saucer. My process is to look for the simplest, most natural or human-related explanations first \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/22/flashes-in-the-night/\" title=\"Flashes in the Night\" target=\"_blank\">when possible\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The easiest ones are planets—in particular, Venus and Jupiter. Since planets move around in the sky, they regularly appear in different locations at different times in spots people didn't see them before. And, being so bright at times, these two often get questioned: is it a plane? Is it the International Space Station? Has a star gone supernova? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, we know where the planets are at all times, so when I get a call asking about the brilliant white light shining in the west just after sunset, for example, it's easy to finger the culprit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This happens with some bright stars on occasion, like Sirius. In fact, when I was a teenager, I had the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/13/first-star-i-see-in-my-life/\" title=\"First Star I See -- In My Life!\" target=\"_blank\">personal experience\u003c/a> of walking outside one night, looking up and seeing a brilliant, flickering prismatic apparition that I swore I'd never seen before. It took me some time to figure out that it was merely the brightest star in the night sky and it was supposed to look that way! I always think back to this experience when listening to your descriptions of the fantastic and strange things you've seen in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, stars twinkle, planets don't (much). That's another way to tell them apart, other than consulting an app on your smart phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about things that move--that is, with speed and direction different from normal \"diurnal\" motion (motion caused by Earth's rotation)? When you observe something moving, relative to the background stars or horizon, there are generally three (mundane) things it is likely to be: an aircraft, a spacecraft, or a meteor/meteorite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spacecraft (let's start with artificial satellites, the International Space Station, and in times of yore the Space Shuttle) can appear to move like a plane, but with the defining feature that they are always a single point of white light. Depending on how far from Earth they orbit they will move at different paces (just like aircraft at different altitudes), but since they are at least 150-200 miles above Earth's surface, they're too small to be seen as anything more than a point of light. And as the light they shine is actually reflected sunlight, they will be white. Some of them may flash, or pulse, as reflective surfaces like solar panels turn in the sunlight. Also, because they are in orbit in a ballistic trajectory, you won't be seeing them change direction. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An aircraft—or more correctly, at night, an aircraft's wing and fuselage lights—can appear as more than a single point of light, and these lights can bear color. Typical aircraft (commercial and private alike) have a lighting configuration in common: green for starboard, red for port, and blinking white at wingtips, tailtop, and tailtip. And if they're heading directly at you with their landing lights on, they may appear to flare up and barely move at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shape the wing and fuselage-lights form (what kind of triangle or diamond they make) depends on the style of aircraft (where the wingtips are relative to the tail, etc.), but I'd say green, red, and flashing white are a dead giveaway for an airplane (or a flying saucer trying to look like one.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Military aircraft can look unusual, depending on what they are and what kind of maneuvers they're on. They can even fly without lights on at all. In Flagstaff, Arizona, I once saw a simple triangle of steady, white lights fly over and have always assumed it was a stealth fighter on night maneuvers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteors and meteorites (bits of interplanetary metal and rock that burn up in our atmosphere, or that are large enough to hit the ground before burning up completely, respectively) also have their hallmark behaviors and appearances. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fainter ones will appear white, while brighter ones can show some color—blue, green, orange, depending on their composition and how hot they get. Most leave smooth, straight streaks, but some can exhibit \"flame-like\" raggedness, like long luminous gashes in the night. Some can even explode. But all of them move very fast, lasting only a couple seconds or typically less, yet crossing a good portion of sky in the process. You'll only see an airplane moving that fast if it passes thirty feet over your head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If none of this helps you sort out what you've seen aloft, \u003ca href=\"http://i41.tinypic.com/2m6l3td.jpg\" title=\"Guide to Identifying UFOs\" target=\"_blank\">try this chart\u003c/a>. And remember, if you're not sure what it is, it doesn't hurt to smile and make no aggressive moves…. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/35359/ufo-lgm-omg-what-is-that-thing-in-the-sky","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_10986","quest_1799","quest_1800","quest_1994","quest_2216","quest_2511","quest_10987","quest_2775","quest_3027","quest_10985","quest_10984"],"featImg":"quest_35367","label":"quest"},"quest_26677":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26677","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26677","score":null,"sort":[1320422429000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"asteroid-2005-yu55-scores-three-points","title":"Asteroid 2005 YU55 Scores!","publishDate":1320422429,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26681\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/04/asteroid-2005-yu55-scores-three-points/asteroid20100429-640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26681\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\" title=\"Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26681\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Radar image taken in 2010 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On November 8th at 3:28 PM PST the asteroid \"2005 YU55\" will pass by the Earth at a distance of just over 200,000 miles, or about 40,000 miles within the Moon's orbit. This is a relatively close pass for an asteroid, like a football-stadium-sized football making a field goal through the posts of the Earth and the Moon. Fortunately for us, there will be no touchdown….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At about 1,300 feet across, this roughly spherical, charcoal-black space rock would give us quite a wallop if it were to hit the Earth. A bit larger than a typical football stadium (including a bit of the parking lot), if this asteroid were to strike Earth's ocean a powerful tsunami result, and if it struck land, a city-sized hole in the ground. Not to mention a lot of fireworks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, the asteroid's trajectory is well known, and poses no threat to us (at this time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids and comets that can come close to the Earth—\u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news171.html\">Near Earth Objects\u003c/a>, or NEOs—have been a concern to life on Earth since it began. From the end of the \"era of heavy bombardment,\" when the young Earth endured frequent impacts by asteroids and comets, large and small, debris leftover from the formation of our Solar System still meets up on occasion with our planet. Craters from past large impacts can be found today, camouflaged by millennia or eons of erosion, sedimentation, and tectonic activity—Earth's scar-healing processes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crater left by a 10-mile-sized asteroid (that would be the stadium, parking lot, and the surrounding major metropolitan area) believed to have contributed to the demise of the dinosaurs lies hidden and buried at the tip of the Yucatan Peninsula: the \u003ca href=\"http://miac.uqac.ca/MIAC/chicxulub.htm\">Chicxulub crater\u003c/a>. (No, Chicxulub is not an all-women car service station….) Other craters masquerade as round lakes and other landscape sculptures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some are quite candidly impact craters, like \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.meteorcrater.com/\" title=\"Meteor Crater, Arizona\">Meteor Crater\u003c/a>\" near Winslow Arizona. When I was in the Peace Corps in Cameroon, my house was 2 kilometers from a round lake that is apparently a meteorite crater. (That's Lake Ejagham; \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?q=lake+ejagham,+cameroon&hl=en&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=43.25835,71.894531&vpsrc=0&hnear=Ejagham+Lake&t=h&z=12\" title=\"Lake Ejagham, Cameroon\">check it out\u003c/a> at 5.750000 degrees north latitude and 8.987778 degrees east longitude.) Lake Ejagham is about a kilometer in diameter and 60 meters deep (not counting sediment infill). The meteorite that created it wasn't nearly that big—probably the size of a very small house….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine an object the size of asteroid 2005 YU55 striking Earth, land or sea. It wouldn't cause our demise—except for unfortunate bystanders—but it would create havoc around ground zero. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though 2005 YU55 will not hit the Earth on November 8, all NEOs that pass that close (within the Moon's orbit) are considered near misses, and are scrutinized by the \"eyes of the Earth\": radio dishes and optical telescopes across the planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chabot's own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/asteroid-search.htm\" title=\"Chabot Asteroid Search Program\">NEO observing team\u003c/a> will aim the eye of our 36-inch telescope, Nellie, on the asteroid and measure its trajectory, contributing to our knowledge of this particular NEO's orbit and improving our ability to predict its future passes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, it's a mere field goal. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On November 8th, at 3:28 PM PST, the asteroid \"2005 YU55\" will pass by the Earth at a distance of just over 200,000 miles, or about 40,000 miles within the Moon's orbit. Fortunately, the asteroid's trajectory is well known, and poses no threat to us (at this time).","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371060041,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":560},"headData":{"title":"Asteroid 2005 YU55 Scores! | KQED","description":"On November 8th, at 3:28 PM PST, the asteroid "2005 YU55" will pass by the Earth at a distance of just over 200,000 miles, or about 40,000 miles within the Moon's orbit. Fortunately, the asteroid's trajectory is well known, and poses no threat to us (at this time).","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"26677 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=26677","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/04/asteroid-2005-yu55-scores-three-points/","disqusTitle":"Asteroid 2005 YU55 Scores!","path":"/quest/26677/asteroid-2005-yu55-scores-three-points","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26681\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/04/asteroid-2005-yu55-scores-three-points/asteroid20100429-640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26681\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\" title=\"Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26681\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Radar image taken in 2010 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On November 8th at 3:28 PM PST the asteroid \"2005 YU55\" will pass by the Earth at a distance of just over 200,000 miles, or about 40,000 miles within the Moon's orbit. This is a relatively close pass for an asteroid, like a football-stadium-sized football making a field goal through the posts of the Earth and the Moon. Fortunately for us, there will be no touchdown….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At about 1,300 feet across, this roughly spherical, charcoal-black space rock would give us quite a wallop if it were to hit the Earth. A bit larger than a typical football stadium (including a bit of the parking lot), if this asteroid were to strike Earth's ocean a powerful tsunami result, and if it struck land, a city-sized hole in the ground. Not to mention a lot of fireworks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, the asteroid's trajectory is well known, and poses no threat to us (at this time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids and comets that can come close to the Earth—\u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news171.html\">Near Earth Objects\u003c/a>, or NEOs—have been a concern to life on Earth since it began. From the end of the \"era of heavy bombardment,\" when the young Earth endured frequent impacts by asteroids and comets, large and small, debris leftover from the formation of our Solar System still meets up on occasion with our planet. Craters from past large impacts can be found today, camouflaged by millennia or eons of erosion, sedimentation, and tectonic activity—Earth's scar-healing processes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crater left by a 10-mile-sized asteroid (that would be the stadium, parking lot, and the surrounding major metropolitan area) believed to have contributed to the demise of the dinosaurs lies hidden and buried at the tip of the Yucatan Peninsula: the \u003ca href=\"http://miac.uqac.ca/MIAC/chicxulub.htm\">Chicxulub crater\u003c/a>. (No, Chicxulub is not an all-women car service station….) Other craters masquerade as round lakes and other landscape sculptures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some are quite candidly impact craters, like \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.meteorcrater.com/\" title=\"Meteor Crater, Arizona\">Meteor Crater\u003c/a>\" near Winslow Arizona. When I was in the Peace Corps in Cameroon, my house was 2 kilometers from a round lake that is apparently a meteorite crater. (That's Lake Ejagham; \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?q=lake+ejagham,+cameroon&hl=en&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=43.25835,71.894531&vpsrc=0&hnear=Ejagham+Lake&t=h&z=12\" title=\"Lake Ejagham, Cameroon\">check it out\u003c/a> at 5.750000 degrees north latitude and 8.987778 degrees east longitude.) Lake Ejagham is about a kilometer in diameter and 60 meters deep (not counting sediment infill). The meteorite that created it wasn't nearly that big—probably the size of a very small house….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine an object the size of asteroid 2005 YU55 striking Earth, land or sea. It wouldn't cause our demise—except for unfortunate bystanders—but it would create havoc around ground zero. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though 2005 YU55 will not hit the Earth on November 8, all NEOs that pass that close (within the Moon's orbit) are considered near misses, and are scrutinized by the \"eyes of the Earth\": radio dishes and optical telescopes across the planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chabot's own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/asteroid-search.htm\" title=\"Chabot Asteroid Search Program\">NEO observing team\u003c/a> will aim the eye of our 36-inch telescope, Nellie, on the asteroid and measure its trajectory, contributing to our knowledge of this particular NEO's orbit and improving our ability to predict its future passes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, it's a mere field goal. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26677/asteroid-2005-yu55-scores-three-points","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_10390","quest_233","quest_544","quest_10391","quest_722","quest_10392","quest_1799","quest_1800","quest_1957","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_26681","label":"quest"},"quest_9644":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_9644","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"9644","score":null,"sort":[1287756045000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"flashes-in-the-night","title":"Flashes in the Night","publishDate":1287756045,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/2850080974_1c2daeb0e7.gif\">\u003cem>Wide-angle, long exposure of a meteor shower.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\"I was visiting my parents, and around ten o'clock I went outside to take a look at the stars, looked straight up—and I saw a strange flash of light. Did I see a UFO?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I get this kind of question on occasion. This time, however, the situation is different. I didn't get this comment via email, or the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/ask-a-scientist-astronomer.htm\">Ask a Scientist \u003c/a>link on Chabot's website, or by phone. The UFO witness in question was, in fact, myself….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before I go on, I'd like to say that I believe there is probably an explanation for what I saw that doesn't require the existence of extraterrestrial spacecraft. In fact, I don't feel that an extraterrestrial spacecraft is even a good candidate to account for what I saw—so throw it on the list of candidates if you wish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My parents live in Oroville: it was a nice dark, crystal-clear sky on the evening of October 9th. I was gazing almost directly overhead, in the midst of the constellation of \u003ca href=\"http://www.stargazing.net/david/constel/skymaps/oct.html\">Pegasus\u003c/a>—the Great Square, just east of the Summer Triangle, about where the nose of Delphinius the Dolphin is pointing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, suddenly, I saw a star-like pinpoint of light flash into existence, and then out again, gone in the time it takes a star to twinkle once (maybe a half second or less). Wondering if it was a high altitude airplane's head or tail light or a satellite turning and flashing in the sunlight high above, I kept watching, expanding my area of focus to keep it in sight as it moved. But, not only did I find it had not moved much when the flash did reoccur, it in fact had not moved at all: the same point in the sky, not far from a pair of stars in Pegasus, issued the same quick, star-like flash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now quite intrigued, I glued my eyes on Pegasus. In the next five minutes or so, I saw five or six more flashes. A couple times they were in the exact same spot as the first two, but in other cases they appeared in different parts of Pegasus, though not far from original location; all of the flashes occurred in an area of the sky smaller than my fist held at arm's length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then followed my usual process of trying to eliminate suspects. It wasn't an airplane with a flashing tail light or wing lights (at least, not one behaving conventionally): the flashes were not at regular intervals, and did not fall upon a discernible line or arc as the plane moved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not a low-altitude satellite: Even more than airplanes, these must travel along a line--so even the ones that appear because they have a reflective surface (like a solar panel) and are \u003ca href=\"http://www.satobs.org/tumble/tumbleintro.html\">flashing us as they rotate \u003c/a>will appear as a string of flashes, not a cluster of flashes of random brightness and with random and repeating positions. What I saw more resembled the flash pattern of a cloud of broken glass fragments falling in sunlight, almost like glitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.satobs.org/iridium.html#iridium\">Iridium satellites \u003c/a>exhibit flashes as they turn in the Sun—you can even find out when and \u003ca href=\"http://www.heavens-above.com/iridium.asp?Dur=7&lat=0&lng=0&loc=Unspecified&alt=0&tz=CET\">where they are going to occur\u003c/a>. But Iridium flares occur as a single, relatively slow flash, with evident motion, and they don't occur in clusters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very high altitude satellites—those far enough from Earth as to appear motionless—are too far away to normally be visible to the eye. But what about a rotating high altitude satellite with reflective surfaces? Maybe...but again, why a cluster of them? What conditions would make this possibility ripe?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this left me with, at least on my short list, are point meteors: ones that fly directly toward you and so appear as a point-like flash rather than a moving streak. In fact, while I was waiting for more flashes, I noticed two meteors streak away to the north that actually started their flashy flights right in Pegasus. There was even a meteor shower that was just past its peak: the \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=3-Ik5VrGtdIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false\">Draconids\u003c/a>, aka the Giacominids. The two I saw were traveling more toward Draco, and not away from it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coincidence? Well, to draw on one of my favorite quotes, \"I believe that coincidences go on all the time. But I don't trust coincidences.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they were point meteors, then I witnessed a highly improbably event: six or seven of them within a five minute span, and from a spot on the sky that was not currently the radiant point of any annual meteor shower. What was it, then? A new meteor shower? Less than likely considering the time of night and the apparent radiant point—but I won't strike it from my list. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Believe me, I wish I had an answer for you. \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomyguru.com/phenomena.html\">Others have reported\u003c/a> very similar observations, but also don't have a definitive answer. One thing is for certain: in the future, I will answer other people's questions about \"what was that thing I saw in the sky?\" with a somewhat more sympathetic predisposition….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"\"I was visiting my parents, and around ten o'clock I went outside to take a look at the stars, looked straight up—and I saw a strange flash of light. Did I see a UFO?\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371075886,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":879},"headData":{"title":"Flashes in the Night | KQED","description":""I was visiting my parents, and around ten o'clock I went outside to take a look at the stars, looked straight up—and I saw a strange flash of light. Did I see a UFO?"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"9644 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=9644","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/22/flashes-in-the-night/","disqusTitle":"Flashes in the Night","path":"/quest/9644/flashes-in-the-night","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/2850080974_1c2daeb0e7.gif\">\u003cem>Wide-angle, long exposure of a meteor shower.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\"I was visiting my parents, and around ten o'clock I went outside to take a look at the stars, looked straight up—and I saw a strange flash of light. Did I see a UFO?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I get this kind of question on occasion. This time, however, the situation is different. I didn't get this comment via email, or the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/ask-a-scientist-astronomer.htm\">Ask a Scientist \u003c/a>link on Chabot's website, or by phone. The UFO witness in question was, in fact, myself….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before I go on, I'd like to say that I believe there is probably an explanation for what I saw that doesn't require the existence of extraterrestrial spacecraft. In fact, I don't feel that an extraterrestrial spacecraft is even a good candidate to account for what I saw—so throw it on the list of candidates if you wish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My parents live in Oroville: it was a nice dark, crystal-clear sky on the evening of October 9th. I was gazing almost directly overhead, in the midst of the constellation of \u003ca href=\"http://www.stargazing.net/david/constel/skymaps/oct.html\">Pegasus\u003c/a>—the Great Square, just east of the Summer Triangle, about where the nose of Delphinius the Dolphin is pointing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, suddenly, I saw a star-like pinpoint of light flash into existence, and then out again, gone in the time it takes a star to twinkle once (maybe a half second or less). Wondering if it was a high altitude airplane's head or tail light or a satellite turning and flashing in the sunlight high above, I kept watching, expanding my area of focus to keep it in sight as it moved. But, not only did I find it had not moved much when the flash did reoccur, it in fact had not moved at all: the same point in the sky, not far from a pair of stars in Pegasus, issued the same quick, star-like flash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now quite intrigued, I glued my eyes on Pegasus. In the next five minutes or so, I saw five or six more flashes. A couple times they were in the exact same spot as the first two, but in other cases they appeared in different parts of Pegasus, though not far from original location; all of the flashes occurred in an area of the sky smaller than my fist held at arm's length.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then followed my usual process of trying to eliminate suspects. It wasn't an airplane with a flashing tail light or wing lights (at least, not one behaving conventionally): the flashes were not at regular intervals, and did not fall upon a discernible line or arc as the plane moved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not a low-altitude satellite: Even more than airplanes, these must travel along a line--so even the ones that appear because they have a reflective surface (like a solar panel) and are \u003ca href=\"http://www.satobs.org/tumble/tumbleintro.html\">flashing us as they rotate \u003c/a>will appear as a string of flashes, not a cluster of flashes of random brightness and with random and repeating positions. What I saw more resembled the flash pattern of a cloud of broken glass fragments falling in sunlight, almost like glitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.satobs.org/iridium.html#iridium\">Iridium satellites \u003c/a>exhibit flashes as they turn in the Sun—you can even find out when and \u003ca href=\"http://www.heavens-above.com/iridium.asp?Dur=7&lat=0&lng=0&loc=Unspecified&alt=0&tz=CET\">where they are going to occur\u003c/a>. But Iridium flares occur as a single, relatively slow flash, with evident motion, and they don't occur in clusters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very high altitude satellites—those far enough from Earth as to appear motionless—are too far away to normally be visible to the eye. But what about a rotating high altitude satellite with reflective surfaces? Maybe...but again, why a cluster of them? What conditions would make this possibility ripe?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this left me with, at least on my short list, are point meteors: ones that fly directly toward you and so appear as a point-like flash rather than a moving streak. In fact, while I was waiting for more flashes, I noticed two meteors streak away to the north that actually started their flashy flights right in Pegasus. There was even a meteor shower that was just past its peak: the \u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=3-Ik5VrGtdIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false\">Draconids\u003c/a>, aka the Giacominids. The two I saw were traveling more toward Draco, and not away from it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coincidence? Well, to draw on one of my favorite quotes, \"I believe that coincidences go on all the time. But I don't trust coincidences.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they were point meteors, then I witnessed a highly improbably event: six or seven of them within a five minute span, and from a spot on the sky that was not currently the radiant point of any annual meteor shower. What was it, then? A new meteor shower? Less than likely considering the time of night and the apparent radiant point—but I won't strike it from my list. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Believe me, I wish I had an answer for you. \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomyguru.com/phenomena.html\">Others have reported\u003c/a> very similar observations, but also don't have a definitive answer. One thing is for certain: in the future, I will answer other people's questions about \"what was that thing I saw in the sky?\" with a somewhat more sympathetic predisposition….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/9644/flashes-in-the-night","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_1502","quest_1799","quest_2146","quest_2244","quest_2511","quest_2624"],"label":"quest"},"quest_7255":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_7255","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"7255","score":null,"sort":[1281716635000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"panning-for-starstuff","title":"Panning for Starstuff","publishDate":1281716635,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/1833-leonid-shower-depiction.jpg\">\u003cem>An 1833 depiction of the Leonid Meteor Shower\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Whenever a sizeable \u003ca href=\"http://stardate.org/nightsky/meteors/\">meteor shower \u003c/a>comes around—such as the annual Perseid show, peaking on the night of August 12/13—my attention is drawn to the notion of space dust, and star stuff, and Earthly versus cosmic provenance for what may otherwise be considered, mundanely, dust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year at this time, Earth plows through a belt of dust left behind by the periodic passage of comet \u003ca href=\"http://www.oarval.org/section3_16.htm\">Swift-Tuttle\u003c/a>, causing a significant bump in the number of meteors that might be seen. We usually think of shooting stars—meteors—as bits of dust or small pebbles that fly into Earth's atmosphere at high speed and are vaporized in a blaze of glory by their flight of friction. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reality, it's the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-causes-a-meteor-show\">Earth running into the dust specks\u003c/a>, not the other way around. It's a bit like a car on a freeway speeding through a cloud of insects, if you think of the windshield as the Earth's atmosphere and the smears and streaks of \"bug guts\" as the flashy demise of meteors. Earth's orbital speed is about 18 miles per second, which explains the fast and fiery trajectory of shooting stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what happens to the material in the meteor after its luminous tail fades? Well, what do you think? It's a trail of dust high in the atmosphere: eventually, it is pulled to Earth, like any other dust particles, and settles down around us, invisibly, to become part of the landscape, and part of the air we breathe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much meteor dust, as well as larger lumps of meteorite that strike the Earth's surface before completely burning up, is there? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not known absolutely how much meteoritic dust bathes our world every day, and estimates range widely depending on how the calculation is done, but one (maybe conservative) figure I found is 40,000 metric tonnes per year—about 110 metric tonnes per day. This estimate is for the total amount of material falling on Earth from space, be it in the form of the largest meteorites that occasionally collide with the ground or the continual \"rain\" of the tiniest micrometeorites that aren't even large enough to register a tail visible to our eyes. All of it. (And, as I said, only one estimate.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now let the slicing and dicing of that number begin!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>40,000 metric tonnes is about the weight of one hundred fully loaded Boeing 747-400 jumbo jets, or about an eighth the weight of the Empire State Building, or about 48,000 1967-model Volkswagen Beetles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if that amount of material were distributed evenly around the world, how much of it would fall on, say, one typical city block? (I'll assume a city block is a tenth of a mile square—or 1/100 of a square mile.) Given Earth's total surface area of about 197 million square miles, and 100 city blocks in each square mile, that gives 19.7 billion city blocks. Dividing 40,000 metric tonnes by 19.7 billion city blocks yields an astounding…2 grams of material per city block…per year…. Conveniently, that's the weight of half a sugar cube, so is easy to visualize…but not so impressive a figure after all. Guess I won't be panning for meteor dust anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about over time? Assuming the same rate of meteor-dust fall, since the dawn of civilization my city block will have received 14 kilograms of the stuff—enough to fill a bucket or two…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, ultimately, ALL of the material that the Earth is composed of (all 5.97 billion trillion metric tonnes of it) originally \"fell to Earth\" from the protosolar nebula, which the entire Solar System formed from. (I had to throw that in to end this blog with something a little more impressive than a couple bucketfuls of dust.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"40,000 metric tonnes of material fall to Earth every year. How long can this go on?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371076289,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":678},"headData":{"title":"Panning for Starstuff | KQED","description":"40,000 metric tonnes of material fall to Earth every year. How long can this go on?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"7255 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=7255","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/13/panning-for-starstuff/","disqusTitle":"Panning for Starstuff","path":"/quest/7255/panning-for-starstuff","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/1833-leonid-shower-depiction.jpg\">\u003cem>An 1833 depiction of the Leonid Meteor Shower\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Whenever a sizeable \u003ca href=\"http://stardate.org/nightsky/meteors/\">meteor shower \u003c/a>comes around—such as the annual Perseid show, peaking on the night of August 12/13—my attention is drawn to the notion of space dust, and star stuff, and Earthly versus cosmic provenance for what may otherwise be considered, mundanely, dust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year at this time, Earth plows through a belt of dust left behind by the periodic passage of comet \u003ca href=\"http://www.oarval.org/section3_16.htm\">Swift-Tuttle\u003c/a>, causing a significant bump in the number of meteors that might be seen. We usually think of shooting stars—meteors—as bits of dust or small pebbles that fly into Earth's atmosphere at high speed and are vaporized in a blaze of glory by their flight of friction. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In reality, it's the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-causes-a-meteor-show\">Earth running into the dust specks\u003c/a>, not the other way around. It's a bit like a car on a freeway speeding through a cloud of insects, if you think of the windshield as the Earth's atmosphere and the smears and streaks of \"bug guts\" as the flashy demise of meteors. Earth's orbital speed is about 18 miles per second, which explains the fast and fiery trajectory of shooting stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what happens to the material in the meteor after its luminous tail fades? Well, what do you think? It's a trail of dust high in the atmosphere: eventually, it is pulled to Earth, like any other dust particles, and settles down around us, invisibly, to become part of the landscape, and part of the air we breathe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much meteor dust, as well as larger lumps of meteorite that strike the Earth's surface before completely burning up, is there? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not known absolutely how much meteoritic dust bathes our world every day, and estimates range widely depending on how the calculation is done, but one (maybe conservative) figure I found is 40,000 metric tonnes per year—about 110 metric tonnes per day. This estimate is for the total amount of material falling on Earth from space, be it in the form of the largest meteorites that occasionally collide with the ground or the continual \"rain\" of the tiniest micrometeorites that aren't even large enough to register a tail visible to our eyes. All of it. (And, as I said, only one estimate.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now let the slicing and dicing of that number begin!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>40,000 metric tonnes is about the weight of one hundred fully loaded Boeing 747-400 jumbo jets, or about an eighth the weight of the Empire State Building, or about 48,000 1967-model Volkswagen Beetles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if that amount of material were distributed evenly around the world, how much of it would fall on, say, one typical city block? (I'll assume a city block is a tenth of a mile square—or 1/100 of a square mile.) Given Earth's total surface area of about 197 million square miles, and 100 city blocks in each square mile, that gives 19.7 billion city blocks. Dividing 40,000 metric tonnes by 19.7 billion city blocks yields an astounding…2 grams of material per city block…per year…. Conveniently, that's the weight of half a sugar cube, so is easy to visualize…but not so impressive a figure after all. Guess I won't be panning for meteor dust anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about over time? Assuming the same rate of meteor-dust fall, since the dawn of civilization my city block will have received 14 kilograms of the stuff—enough to fill a bucket or two…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, ultimately, ALL of the material that the Earth is composed of (all 5.97 billion trillion metric tonnes of it) originally \"fell to Earth\" from the protosolar nebula, which the entire Solar System formed from. (I had to throw that in to end this blog with something a little more impressive than a couple bucketfuls of dust.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/7255/panning-for-starstuff","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_1799","quest_1800","quest_2158","quest_2159"],"label":"quest"},"quest_6175":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6175","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6175","score":null,"sort":[1276883386000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-night-to-be-out-under-the-stars%e2%80%a6and-planets%e2%80%a6and-moon%e2%80%a6and-meteors%e2%80%a6","title":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and Planets…and Moon…and Meteors….","publishDate":1276883386,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/06/Copy-of-aug12conjunction.jpg\">\u003cem>August 12 2010 conjunction of Venus, Mars, Saturn, with Moon and Mercury\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't usually blog about things going on in the sky, unless those goings on are things we witness through telescopes or robotic space probes—things that can't be seen with the unaided eye. I thought I'd make an exception in this case. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark your calendars for August 12th—and cross your fingers that the weather is clear that evening. Then, plan to be in a spot where you can have an unobstructed view of the western horizon. Check your calendar frequently to remind yourself, and when the date draws near, set your alarm clock….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, what I'm going on about here is an upcoming \"conjunction\" of objects that will be at its stunning best on this evening. The players: \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/venus.asp\">Venus\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/mars.asp\">Mars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/saturn-BDrelling.asp\">Saturn\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/transit_of_mercury.asp\">Mercury\u003c/a>, and our own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/moon-ph082804.asp\">Moon\u003c/a>, performing together as an ensemble for a limited engagement, on the stage of the western horizon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now (as of mid June), Saturn (high in the south in Virgo), Mars (in the southwest in Leo, near the bright star Regulus), and Venus (that really stupendously bright thing that will give you second-hand sunburn if you're not careful--low on the western horizon, next to the twin stars of Castor and Pollux, in Gemini) are all strung out in a long, well-spaced line, as if queuing up for some great performance. But, as time goes forward, these three will gradually move closer and closer to each other, gathering toward the western twilight. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around early to mid August, these three will be in a quite compact little group, at one point forming a nice little triangle. But on August 12, not only will they be in about their tightest grouping of this conjunction, they will be joined by the thin crescent of the Moon, just past the New phase, and that Mercurial planet—what else? Mercury—in one amazing gathering of luminaries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not the end of the world, or a time of great change—at least, not a time of great change CAUSED by the conjunction--but it is a rare and beautiful alignment of celestial bodies that we don't get to see more than once every few years. Hence, I'm blogging about it so you don't miss it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this celestial stage act were not reward enough for those who find beauty in nature's rare and wondrous events, August 12th is also the peak of the Perseid Meteor Shower, the most reliable of the annual meteor showers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, no excuses: make a plan, put together a nocturnal picnic, search a spot from where you can view the western horizon, and, if you can one, that's away from city lights as much as possible (to make it easier to see those meteors). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and planets…and Moon…and meteors….","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371076898,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":487},"headData":{"title":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and Planets…and Moon…and Meteors…. | KQED","description":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and planets…and Moon…and meteors….","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"6175 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=6175","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/06/18/a-night-to-be-out-under-the-stars%e2%80%a6and-planets%e2%80%a6and-moon%e2%80%a6and-meteors%e2%80%a6/","disqusTitle":"A Night to be Out Under the Stars…and Planets…and Moon…and Meteors….","path":"/quest/6175/a-night-to-be-out-under-the-stars%e2%80%a6and-planets%e2%80%a6and-moon%e2%80%a6and-meteors%e2%80%a6","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/06/Copy-of-aug12conjunction.jpg\">\u003cem>August 12 2010 conjunction of Venus, Mars, Saturn, with Moon and Mercury\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't usually blog about things going on in the sky, unless those goings on are things we witness through telescopes or robotic space probes—things that can't be seen with the unaided eye. I thought I'd make an exception in this case. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark your calendars for August 12th—and cross your fingers that the weather is clear that evening. Then, plan to be in a spot where you can have an unobstructed view of the western horizon. Check your calendar frequently to remind yourself, and when the date draws near, set your alarm clock….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, what I'm going on about here is an upcoming \"conjunction\" of objects that will be at its stunning best on this evening. The players: \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/venus.asp\">Venus\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/mars.asp\">Mars\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/rachel/astrophotos/captions/saturn-BDrelling.asp\">Saturn\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/transit_of_mercury.asp\">Mercury\u003c/a>, and our own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/leah/astrophotos/captions/moon-ph082804.asp\">Moon\u003c/a>, performing together as an ensemble for a limited engagement, on the stage of the western horizon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now (as of mid June), Saturn (high in the south in Virgo), Mars (in the southwest in Leo, near the bright star Regulus), and Venus (that really stupendously bright thing that will give you second-hand sunburn if you're not careful--low on the western horizon, next to the twin stars of Castor and Pollux, in Gemini) are all strung out in a long, well-spaced line, as if queuing up for some great performance. But, as time goes forward, these three will gradually move closer and closer to each other, gathering toward the western twilight. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around early to mid August, these three will be in a quite compact little group, at one point forming a nice little triangle. But on August 12, not only will they be in about their tightest grouping of this conjunction, they will be joined by the thin crescent of the Moon, just past the New phase, and that Mercurial planet—what else? Mercury—in one amazing gathering of luminaries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not the end of the world, or a time of great change—at least, not a time of great change CAUSED by the conjunction--but it is a rare and beautiful alignment of celestial bodies that we don't get to see more than once every few years. Hence, I'm blogging about it so you don't miss it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this celestial stage act were not reward enough for those who find beauty in nature's rare and wondrous events, August 12th is also the peak of the Perseid Meteor Shower, the most reliable of the annual meteor showers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, no excuses: make a plan, put together a nocturnal picnic, search a spot from where you can view the western horizon, and, if you can one, that's away from city lights as much as possible (to make it easier to see those meteors). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6175/a-night-to-be-out-under-the-stars%e2%80%a6and-planets%e2%80%a6and-moon%e2%80%a6and-meteors%e2%80%a6","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_545","quest_1799","quest_1870","quest_2216","quest_2775"],"label":"quest"},"quest_359":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_359","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"359","score":null,"sort":[1200526254000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"near-mars-object","title":"Near Mars Object","publishDate":1200526254,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/victoria_crater_mro.jpg\">\u003cem>Victoria Crater on Mars, similar in size to the crater the\u003cbr>\nnear-Mars asteroid 2007 WD 5 would have produced.\u003cbr>\nCredit: NASA/Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility that a sizable asteroid would strike the planet Mars on January 30th temporarily raised the excitement level in the astronomical community to a pretty high level in the last couple of months. We were even toying with the idea of having a 3:00 AM Mars Bashing Party at Chabot that morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point astronomers had given odds of 1 in 25 that asteroid 2007 WD 5, newly discovered in November, would collide with Mars--which are astronomically great odds for this sort of thing. Alas, further observations refined our knowledge of the big rock’s trajectory, and the probability declined, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2007-152\">hitting rock bottom (0.0%) by January 9th\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why blog about a non-event? I see it as an opportunity to talk about big rocks bashing planets in general--specifically, the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we haven't witnessed an event like this one (a big impact on a solid, Earth-like planet), we have examined the remains of past events, on Earth as well as other planets and moons—such as the hole in the Arizona desert called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.meteorcrater.com/index.php\">Meteor Crater\u003c/a>,\" an impact basin roughly the size of what might have been gouged out on Mars by 2007 WD 5. And compared to the asteroid that is believed to have caused the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/SIC/impact_cratering/Chicxulub/Chicx_title.html\">extinction of the dinosaurs\u003c/a>, the Meteor Crater impact was a pipsqueak!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smaller objects hit the Earth, or its atmosphere, all the time: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nineplanets.org/meteorites.html\">meteors and meteorites\u003c/a>. Fortunately we haven’t experienced a larger impact for a very long time. There was a significant impact of some kind in 1908, \u003ca href=\"http://www.psi.edu/projects/siberia/siberia.html\">over Siberia\u003c/a>--but luckily that wasn't a major catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the possibility of a big impact on Earth is something to take seriously. NASA certainly does. They even have a program for it: the \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Near Earth Object Program\u003c/a>, whose goal is to detect and track Near Earth Objects (NEOs) in order to warn of those that might eventually collide with the Earth. A NEO is defined as an asteroid or comet whose orbit carries it close to Earth. The program searches for NEOs that are 1 kilometer in size or larger--objects that would cause catastrophic local devastation and \"severe global consequences.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thus far, over 5,000 NEOs have been found, almost 800 of them 1 kilometer across or larger--and it is expected that there are plenty more out there that we haven't found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, is this a good idea? Do we really want to know that the end of the world is going to occur on such and such a date in the near future--or would it be better not to know, living our daily lives in blissful ignorance right up to the last, Earth-shattering day?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, whatever your philosophical approach to that question might be, there is a practical side to the NEO Program. If we can predict a NEO collision with enough advance warning, there may be something we can do to avert \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster\">disaster\u003c/a>. For example, we could send Bruce Willis out to destroy it... .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seriously, though, NASA is \u003ca href=\"http://www.freelists.org/archives/fmo/03-2007/msg00001.html\">working on methods\u003c/a> of diverting the course of a NEO, possibly with a spaceship that acts as a sort of tug boat, gently nudging the NEO off course far enough in advance of the impact to make it eventually miss the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, however, Mars 1, asteroid 0. The Martians are quite relieved... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8768\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.251\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080976,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":612},"headData":{"title":"Near Mars Object | KQED","description":"Victoria Crater on Mars, similar in size to the crater the near-Mars asteroid 2007 WD 5 would have produced. Credit: NASA/Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter The possibility that a sizable asteroid would strike the planet Mars on January 30th temporarily raised the excitement level in the astronomical community to a pretty high level in the last couple","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"359 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/01/16/near-mars-object/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/16/near-mars-object/","disqusTitle":"Near Mars Object","path":"/quest/359/near-mars-object","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/victoria_crater_mro.jpg\">\u003cem>Victoria Crater on Mars, similar in size to the crater the\u003cbr>\nnear-Mars asteroid 2007 WD 5 would have produced.\u003cbr>\nCredit: NASA/Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility that a sizable asteroid would strike the planet Mars on January 30th temporarily raised the excitement level in the astronomical community to a pretty high level in the last couple of months. We were even toying with the idea of having a 3:00 AM Mars Bashing Party at Chabot that morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point astronomers had given odds of 1 in 25 that asteroid 2007 WD 5, newly discovered in November, would collide with Mars--which are astronomically great odds for this sort of thing. Alas, further observations refined our knowledge of the big rock’s trajectory, and the probability declined, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2007-152\">hitting rock bottom (0.0%) by January 9th\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why blog about a non-event? I see it as an opportunity to talk about big rocks bashing planets in general--specifically, the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we haven't witnessed an event like this one (a big impact on a solid, Earth-like planet), we have examined the remains of past events, on Earth as well as other planets and moons—such as the hole in the Arizona desert called \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.meteorcrater.com/index.php\">Meteor Crater\u003c/a>,\" an impact basin roughly the size of what might have been gouged out on Mars by 2007 WD 5. And compared to the asteroid that is believed to have caused the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/SIC/impact_cratering/Chicxulub/Chicx_title.html\">extinction of the dinosaurs\u003c/a>, the Meteor Crater impact was a pipsqueak!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smaller objects hit the Earth, or its atmosphere, all the time: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nineplanets.org/meteorites.html\">meteors and meteorites\u003c/a>. Fortunately we haven’t experienced a larger impact for a very long time. There was a significant impact of some kind in 1908, \u003ca href=\"http://www.psi.edu/projects/siberia/siberia.html\">over Siberia\u003c/a>--but luckily that wasn't a major catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the possibility of a big impact on Earth is something to take seriously. NASA certainly does. They even have a program for it: the \u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Near Earth Object Program\u003c/a>, whose goal is to detect and track Near Earth Objects (NEOs) in order to warn of those that might eventually collide with the Earth. A NEO is defined as an asteroid or comet whose orbit carries it close to Earth. The program searches for NEOs that are 1 kilometer in size or larger--objects that would cause catastrophic local devastation and \"severe global consequences.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thus far, over 5,000 NEOs have been found, almost 800 of them 1 kilometer across or larger--and it is expected that there are plenty more out there that we haven't found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, is this a good idea? Do we really want to know that the end of the world is going to occur on such and such a date in the near future--or would it be better not to know, living our daily lives in blissful ignorance right up to the last, Earth-shattering day?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, whatever your philosophical approach to that question might be, there is a practical side to the NEO Program. If we can predict a NEO collision with enough advance warning, there may be something we can do to avert \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster\">disaster\u003c/a>. For example, we could send Bruce Willis out to destroy it... .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seriously, though, NASA is \u003ca href=\"http://www.freelists.org/archives/fmo/03-2007/msg00001.html\">working on methods\u003c/a> of diverting the course of a NEO, possibly with a spaceship that acts as a sort of tug boat, gently nudging the NEO off course far enough in advance of the impact to make it eventually miss the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, however, Mars 1, asteroid 0. The Martians are quite relieved... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.8768\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.251\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/359/near-mars-object","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_233","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_1751","quest_1799","quest_1918","quest_2349","quest_2530","quest_3070"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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