A replica of "Lupe the Mammoth". The bones of this juvenile Columbian mammoth were found along the Guadalupe River.

"This has been my first experience working with the Children's Discovery Museum, or any other museum, in developing an exhibit," says Kaitlin Maguire, graduate student at the UC Museum of Paleontology.

She's been working with the Children's Discovery Museum (CDM), for the past two years as a consultant for their upcoming exhibit, Mammoth Discovery!, that opens on Saturday, June 11th. The exhibit features a replica of the full skeleton of a juvenile Columbian mammoth, Lupe, named after the Guadalupe River where she was found.

"I was brought in to provide the content about mammoths and the history of San Jose during the Ice Age. And so my role has been providing information to the staff here so that they could create the exhibits. That includes little things like what was the vegetation like during the Pleistocene to how old Lupe was, how big [she] was. And also helping with brainstorming to fabrication."

Kaitlin also led the staff on three trips to give them an idea of how a paleontologist works in the field.Two of the excursions spanned the coast from San Francisco to Santa Cruz, where they examined invertebrate fossils, such as shells, and also vertebrate fossils, such as whales and seals and sea lions. They also traveled to Del Puerto Canyon for their third field trip, where they studied terrestrial deposits, or land deposits, that contained fish and plant material. "On each of these field trips, I showed the staff the tools that I use: hammers, picks, notebooks. I also taught them the geology of the area, so they understood the rocks that they were looking at. And I taught them about the animals that they were looking at. In addition, I showed them the proper way to collect a fossil, proper way to document it. Basically everything from start to finish."

She's learned quite a lot from her experiences of working with CDM. "It’s been an incredible experience to understand how an exhibit is built from the brainstorming phase all the way through to fabrication, and the amount of thought to detail, the amount of testing that’s required. I will never go to a museum again and not think twice about the amount of work that went behind building that exhibit. I also have a really, a great appreciation for this museum in keeping everything accurate and unique and true to the story that this mammoth provides us and really staying true to the evidence that is provided by the mammoth and creating a wonderful experience for the children."

Watch "Science on the SPOT: Lupe the Mammoth Comes to Life" on QUEST.

QUEST on KQED Public Media.

Note: In the video, Kaitlin says Lupe is between 2-3 years old. To clarify, "She's older than 2 or 3 years old but probably not older than 10. Paleontologists are not sure of her exact age but do know that she was a juvenile."

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One of California's most distinctive and mysterious bodies
of rock is well exposed at Shell Beach, north of Bodega Bay
in Sonoma County. All photos by Andrew Alden.

A big swatch of the Coast Range is a set of rocks that once baffled generations of California geologists. It's a dog's breakfast of different things, most of them familiar in the region, mixed together with no pattern that anyone could make sense of. The geologists who explored California were no slouches, but all they could do was to map these suites of rocks in a catch-all category called Franciscan melange.

Around 1970 the new theory of plate tectonics found just the place for Franciscan melange, and Shell Beach is just the place to ponder and admire it. I've made several visits there and don't recall any shells—maybe a better name for it is Melange Beach. And right nearby is another mystery from the ice ages. For anyone into geology, Shell Beach is a great workout.

Melange, we now know, is what happens to rocks in subduction zones, which is where one tectonic plate plunges beneath another. Before the San Andreas fault began carrying coastal California sideways to the north, the plate west of us was being subducted directly eastward against North America. (A remnant, called the Juan de Fuca plate, is still doing that off the Pacific Northwest.) Rocks and sediments caught between the plates were mixed and tumbled like snow in front of a snowplow. And that's what melange represents, and that's how the Franciscan got so scrambled. Shell Beach shows us the whole range of the Franciscan in one compact site.

First let's get oriented on the geologic map (from U.S. Geological Survey map MF-2402).

At the top, the Russian River enters the sea at Jenner. Shell Beach is due south of the "Qt" symbol, part of Sonoma Coast State Beach. You can also see it from offshore on the California Coastal Records Project site. "Qt" stands for Quaternary terraces, which I told you about down at Pebble Beach. Up here there are only two terraces mapped, but subtle signs indicate more of them higher up. "KJfs" stands for Cretaceous-Jurassic Franciscan sandstone, but it includes a large share of melange. The tiny orange dot represents Mammoth Rock, which we'll talk about later. Here's the view from the terrace looking south. That's Bodega Head in the farthest distance.

The cliffs are all melange. Most of it is a shale and sandstone matrix that has been thoroughly disrupted by tectonic mixing. The sea stacks out in the water are chunks of hard rock within the melange that have resisted erosion. Where these crop out of our rounded oak-dotted hillsides, the local geologists call them knockers. But resistant blocks occur in all sizes, both larger and smaller.

The stairs down to Shell Beach pass by a big greenish body of serpentinite, our state rock, in the gully. It's worth a detour to inspect them. This soft rock type doesn't form knockers. (I should remind you that all collecting or defacing of rocks is prohibited in this state park.) The beach is small, with dark sand and not much of it, and the coast is cool and breezy—not a place for surfing, picnics or volleyball. What's special about it is the range of rock colors in one place. I'll give you a small sample.

The palette does cluster around green and blue. Greenstone, shown below, is ancient seafloor lava that has been changed by time and pressure, but not enough to hide its original pillow shapes.

Chert is a flinty rock that acquires subtle translucent colors, setting off its waxy luster, during subduction.

What excites geologists, and may catch your eye, is that Shell Beach also exposes the soft matrix rocks that held and polished these boulders during subduction. Matrix is seldom seen elsewhere because it quickly turns to soil or washes away. In addition to all these is eye candy, things you just want to turn into background images or jigsaw puzzles.

If you have time, take the trail north from the beach toward these two ancient sea stacks. The first, Mammoth Rock, is in the center and the second behind it to the right is Sunset Rocks. Some 125,000 years ago, these stood among the waves and endured until the land rose and the sea fell away.

The stacks are a mixture of rock types that is largely blueschist, a tough stone formed by high-pressure metamorphism. At Shell Beach, chunks of it extend the palette all the way to indigo. The second stack has a real treat—polished spots that have been interpreted as marks left by ice age mammoths that used the rock as rubbing posts, just as cattle do today. KQED showed you these in its Ice Age Bay Area series in 2008.

I have presented more detail about the polish here and more about the rocks here.

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There is something about these rocks that draws you in. Maybe it's the way they jut out of the ground? Or perhaps it's the "Stonehenge" way they form an enclosed circle? Or maybe it's just a nice place to get out of the wind? Whatever it is, they seem to pull you towards them. And once you are there, they almost call out to be touched. The rocks, long known as the "Sunset Boulders," have attracted rock climbers for years. I've climbed these rocks before. But like so many other people, I had no idea I was touching history.

During the Pleistocene, 10 to 20,000 years ago, this place was very different than it is today, inhabited by massive mega-fauna; bigger elephants, lions, bears and wolves, than we see today. While those big animals went extinct thousands of years ago, they left their mark on this place.

Looking around these rocks it is easy for me to imagine the herds of Columbian Mammoths lumbering from the nearby wallow to rub against the boulders. I can picture huge herds of camel and horse grazing nearby. Yes, those animals evolved here in North America and then crossed into Asia where they thrived and survived. Weaving my way between the boulders, I can imagine how the predators could have used these rocks as an ambush site. I envision a huge saber-tooth cat slinking between the craggy rocks, looking to pounce on an unwary bison. I can see the prides of American Lion, similar but much larger than African Lions, basking on the tabletop boulders after a big kill. I can also picture the ultimate predator making their campsite here when that first hunting party foraged deeper inland. Yes, humans were here too. And I'm sure the same pull these rocks have today existed back then.

This seems like a sacred place to me. Sacred to history. So when you visit these rocks think about those who came before you. Think about the mammoth and the bison and the camel and the horse. Think about the lions, tigers, bears and wolves. And think about those first people. Tread lightly and respect this wonderful place. With care, these rocks will be here long after we all become part of history.

Special thanks to the San Diego Natural History Museum for contributing artwork and HD video to our story. Also, to see more artistic representations of Pleistocene mega fauna, by the artists who contributed to our segment, see:

Laura Cunningham's artwork

Artwork of Joseph Venus

William Stout's wonderful murals

Watch the Ice Age Bay Area television story online.

Maybe a clone of this guy will wander the Earth one day.A new study shows that scientists can clone a mouse that has been dead and frozen for 16 years. If they can apply what they've learned to a mammoth that has been dead and frozen for over 10,000 years, then maybe my kids can ride a mammoth one day. Or at least my grandkids can.

You Need More than DNA to Clone

Cloning isn't as simple as was shown in Jurassic Park. You can't take DNA and make a clone from it. Instead, you need an intact nucleus. And ideally, an intact nucleus in an intact cell.

The nucleus is where DNA is kept in our cells. The DNA is stored and packaged there in a way that only Mother Nature can do (for now). We can’t take our 6 feet of DNA and cram it into the tiny space of the nucleus.

Cloning 101.As I said, right now cloning uses intact cells. Here's how it works:

1) Take a cell from the animal to be cloned
2) Remove the nucleus from an egg (this is called an enucleated egg)
3) Fuse the two cells and let it divide a few times in a Petri dish
4) Implant the growing embryo into a surrogate mother
5) If everything goes well, a clone is born

This procedure requires living intact cells to be used. The problem with a frozen animal cell is that it is dead and ice crystals have torn it apart. It is not possible to fuse a beat up dead cell with an enucleated egg.

Cloning Using Frozen Cells

What the researchers in this new study did was change the protocol a bit. Instead of fusing two cells, they harvested nuclei from the frozen cells and injected them directly into the enucleated egg.

When they tried to clone the mouse that had been frozen for 16 years this way, it didn't work. But they managed to get 4 clones by adding an extra step. What they did was to make embryonic stem (ES) cells from the frozen mouse and use those cells to make a clone.

Basically they cloned the mouse but then instead of putting the embryo into a surrogate mother, they harvested its ES cells. Then they used the nuclei from these cells to create a clone in the usual way.

So we can now clone a long frozen mouse. The next step will be to try to clone an extinct animal like a mammoth.

Cloning a Mammoth is Trickier than a Mouse

Mammoth cloning will be no walk in the park. First off, we don’t have any mammoth eggs or cells to use. We'll have to use elephant ones. Hopefully, elephant eggs and/or cells will be compatible with a mammoth's nucleus. ( But there is some concern they they might not be compatible.)

Second, elephants are a lot harder to work with than mice. The experiments in this study used thousands of eggs to get a few clones. I don’t know enough about elephant biology but it seems like you'd need a lot of elephants to get that many eggs.

But this is definitely the first step in resurrecting long dead animals. For now we'll have to focus on the frozen ones. Maybe in the future researchers can figure out how to clone animals stored in formaldehyde. Or from pelts. Then we can start reviving species we humans have managed to kill off over the years.

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