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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"christopher-smallwood":{"type":"authors","id":"10205","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10205","found":true},"name":"Christopher Smallwood","firstName":"Christopher","lastName":"Smallwood","slug":"christopher-smallwood","email":"csmallw@berkeley.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Christopher Smallwood is a Graduate Student in Physics at UC Berkeley. He is interested in the nexus between the basic research community and society at large. Originally from the Bavarian-themed tourist town of Leavenworth, WA (yes, real people actually do live there!), he graduated with an A.B. in Physics from Harvard College in 2005, taught fifth grade at Leo Elementary School in South Texas, and has been pursuing his Ph.D. in the Bay Area since the fall of 2007. Currently, he studies experimental condensed matter in the Lanzara Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. His past research interests have included Bose-Einstein condensation, rubidium-based atomic clocks, hydrogen masers, lenses and mirrors, mayflies, mousetrap cars, toothpick bridges, fawn lilies, the slinky, Legos, vinegar and baking soda volcanoes, wolves, choo-choo trains, and the word \"moon.\"","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2d0e1987e4e99007eb08137dc65ebb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Christopher Smallwood | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2d0e1987e4e99007eb08137dc65ebb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2d0e1987e4e99007eb08137dc65ebb?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/christopher-smallwood"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_6859":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6859","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6859","score":null,"sort":[1280422854000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"computer-memory-poised-to-get-shock-therapy","title":"Computer Memory Poised to Get Shock Therapy?","publishDate":1280422854,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/nano300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A hard drive surface as viewed using an electron microscope. Memory is stored magnetically in the pattern of dark and light patches.\u003ca rel=\"cc:attributionURL\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NanoScanHrMFMWD3200BEVT.JPG\">Image from Wikimedia Commons. \u003c/a> / \u003ca rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en%20/\"> CC Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Spanish filmmaker Luis Buñuel once wrote, “You have to begin to lose your memory, if only in bits and pieces, to realize that memory is what makes our lives. Life without memory is no life at all.” The same might be said (albeit with less existential fanfare) of memory in the world of computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the form of bigger hard drives, computer memory has revolutionized our ability to store everything from research articles, to Hollywood films, to cookbooks. Historically these devices have been enabled through the clever manipulation of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Magnetism/magnetismintro.htm\">magnetism\u003c/a>. However, recent advances at UC Berkeley and elsewhere in the development of exciting materials known as multiferroics may be changing that recipe for success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inside of a modern hard drive works by almost exactly the same principles that kitchen magnets exploit when holding a wedding invitation to your fridge. A material with such magnetic (or more technically, \u003cstrong>ferromagnetic\u003c/strong>) properties such as a kitchen magnet is extremely useful because of its directionality. If you place two magnets together head-to-tail they attract, whereas if you flip the top magnet and repeat the process they push each other apart. A computer essentially writes and reads information by flipping little magnetic patches up or down and measuring what happens to another magnet placed on top of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a major difference, however, between the individual size of a magnet on your hard drive and a kitchen magnet. Each computerized bit on a hard drive may be 10 billion times smaller than the size of your thumbnail in area (see the figure above). It is precisely the smallness of these details that enable a computer to remember so much information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, however, scientists have been playing around with more exotic forms of data storage. It turns out that some very specialized materials are not only like to be magnetically ordered, but are also naturally \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/electriccharge.htm\">charged\u003c/a>. That is to say, one side of the material likes to accumulate more \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron\">electrons\u003c/a> than the other side. Charging is a common enough effect in nature. When you rub a balloon against your hair you pull electrons from your hair onto the balloon. The subsequent tingling effect is a direct result of this charging. Thunderclouds exhibit charging when they accumulate massive amounts of electrons at their bases. When the energy is finally released it can result in spectacular shows of \u003ca href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/lightning-interactive/\">lightning\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When charging occurs naturally in a material, scientists say that the material is \u003cstrong>ferroelectric\u003c/strong>. A material that is both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic (or in cases, a variation called antiferromagnetic) is said to be \u003cstrong>multiferroic\u003c/strong>. If properly exploited, these extra properties may be quite useful in technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An experiment published last Sunday in the \u003cem>Nature Materials \u003c/em>by researchers at UC Berkeley showed that electric voltages applied to the multiferroic bismuth ferrite could be used to directly manipulate a nearby material’s magnetic properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephen Wu, the paper’s lead author, explained that this could be an incredible step forward for technology. While people have been able to control magnetism using electricity before, never have they been able to do it in a way that requires no power, and never before have they been able to switch the direction of this magnetism so quickly. Such a development both saves energy and battery life, but also reduces the amount of heat within a system, thereby making it scalable. “You can make a lot of it, it’s static, and you can do it really fast,” said Wu, elaborating that if you could get such a system to work at room temperature, this magic combination of features could revolutionize the computing industry. In some of the most imaginative visions of the future, computers may not even be based on semiconductors or silicon at all, but rather on these new multiferroics and related compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley may need to consider a name change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8778 -122.243\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In recent years, scientists have been playing around with more exotic forms of data storage. It turns out that some very specialized materials are not only like to be magnetically ordered, but are also naturally charged.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316925439,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":693},"headData":{"title":"Computer Memory Poised to Get Shock Therapy? | KQED","description":"In recent years, scientists have been playing around with more exotic forms of data storage. It turns out that some very specialized materials are not only like to be magnetically ordered, but are also naturally charged.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Computer Memory Poised to Get Shock Therapy?","datePublished":"2010-07-29T17:00:54.000Z","dateModified":"2011-09-25T04:37:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"6859 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/07/29/computer-memory-poised-to-get-shock-therapy/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/29/computer-memory-poised-to-get-shock-therapy/","disqusTitle":"Computer Memory Poised to Get Shock Therapy?","path":"/quest/6859/computer-memory-poised-to-get-shock-therapy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/nano300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A hard drive surface as viewed using an electron microscope. Memory is stored magnetically in the pattern of dark and light patches.\u003ca rel=\"cc:attributionURL\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NanoScanHrMFMWD3200BEVT.JPG\">Image from Wikimedia Commons. \u003c/a> / \u003ca rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en%20/\"> CC Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Spanish filmmaker Luis Buñuel once wrote, “You have to begin to lose your memory, if only in bits and pieces, to realize that memory is what makes our lives. Life without memory is no life at all.” The same might be said (albeit with less existential fanfare) of memory in the world of computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the form of bigger hard drives, computer memory has revolutionized our ability to store everything from research articles, to Hollywood films, to cookbooks. Historically these devices have been enabled through the clever manipulation of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Magnetism/magnetismintro.htm\">magnetism\u003c/a>. However, recent advances at UC Berkeley and elsewhere in the development of exciting materials known as multiferroics may be changing that recipe for success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inside of a modern hard drive works by almost exactly the same principles that kitchen magnets exploit when holding a wedding invitation to your fridge. A material with such magnetic (or more technically, \u003cstrong>ferromagnetic\u003c/strong>) properties such as a kitchen magnet is extremely useful because of its directionality. If you place two magnets together head-to-tail they attract, whereas if you flip the top magnet and repeat the process they push each other apart. A computer essentially writes and reads information by flipping little magnetic patches up or down and measuring what happens to another magnet placed on top of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a major difference, however, between the individual size of a magnet on your hard drive and a kitchen magnet. Each computerized bit on a hard drive may be 10 billion times smaller than the size of your thumbnail in area (see the figure above). It is precisely the smallness of these details that enable a computer to remember so much information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, however, scientists have been playing around with more exotic forms of data storage. It turns out that some very specialized materials are not only like to be magnetically ordered, but are also naturally \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/electriccharge.htm\">charged\u003c/a>. That is to say, one side of the material likes to accumulate more \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron\">electrons\u003c/a> than the other side. Charging is a common enough effect in nature. When you rub a balloon against your hair you pull electrons from your hair onto the balloon. The subsequent tingling effect is a direct result of this charging. Thunderclouds exhibit charging when they accumulate massive amounts of electrons at their bases. When the energy is finally released it can result in spectacular shows of \u003ca href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/lightning-interactive/\">lightning\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When charging occurs naturally in a material, scientists say that the material is \u003cstrong>ferroelectric\u003c/strong>. A material that is both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic (or in cases, a variation called antiferromagnetic) is said to be \u003cstrong>multiferroic\u003c/strong>. If properly exploited, these extra properties may be quite useful in technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An experiment published last Sunday in the \u003cem>Nature Materials \u003c/em>by researchers at UC Berkeley showed that electric voltages applied to the multiferroic bismuth ferrite could be used to directly manipulate a nearby material’s magnetic properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephen Wu, the paper’s lead author, explained that this could be an incredible step forward for technology. While people have been able to control magnetism using electricity before, never have they been able to do it in a way that requires no power, and never before have they been able to switch the direction of this magnetism so quickly. Such a development both saves energy and battery life, but also reduces the amount of heat within a system, thereby making it scalable. “You can make a lot of it, it’s static, and you can do it really fast,” said Wu, elaborating that if you could get such a system to work at room temperature, this magic combination of features could revolutionize the computing industry. In some of the most imaginative visions of the future, computers may not even be based on semiconductors or silicon at all, but rather on these new multiferroics and related compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon Valley may need to consider a name change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8778 -122.243\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6859/computer-memory-poised-to-get-shock-therapy","authors":["10205"],"categories":["quest_8"],"tags":["quest_676","quest_954","quest_959","quest_13199","quest_1086","quest_1087","quest_1313","quest_1712","quest_1716","quest_1788","quest_1892"],"label":"quest"},"quest_5392":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5392","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5392","score":null,"sort":[1269624488000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sun-earth-day-magnetic-magic","title":"Sun-Earth Day: Magnetic Magic","publishDate":1269624488,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/magnet_iron_filings.jpg\">\u003cem>Iron filings reveal the pattern of a magnet's invisible force field.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Saturday, March 20th, was not only Vernal Equinox, but the annual \u003ca href=\"http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2010/index.php\">Sun-Earth Day\u003c/a>: a NASA-promoted effort around the country to focus attention on the special connections between the Sun and the Earth. This year's theme: Magnetic Storms!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That gave me a lot to work with—Sun-Earth Day usually does, but the more opportunity to create hands-on experiences for our visitors, the better, and when it comes to curious natural phenomena, magnetism is a fertile subject for all sorts of seemingly magical fun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, I turned Chabot's Chemistry/Physics classroom into a public magnetism laboratory, giving visitors a chance to learn, or relearn, some of the basics of magnets, as well as to connect the tabletop experiments to phenomena that take place on enormous scales on the Sun and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First was \u003cem>magnetic polarity\u003c/em>: playing with a set of magnets, visitors got a feel for the behavior of magnetic poles—N and S—and how opposite poles attract and like poles repel. (It's always fun to feel the pull of attraction between two magnets, but there's something extraordinary about feeling the push of repulsion—your mind just expects to see little bumpers on the magnets, but there's seemingly nothing there!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceweathercenter.org/our_protective_shield/01/01.html\">Earth itself is a giant magnet\u003c/a>, as most of us know—but what many of the adults found surprising and intriguing is the polarity of Earth's magnetic field. Using small magnetic compasses, we sought out the Earth's magnetic poles: north and south. By taking careful notice of which type of magnetic pole the compass needle ends pointed to, the fact that the magnetic pole of the Earth up near the geographic north pole is a south—or 'S'—magnetic pole was revealed! This is why in physics we are often careful to refer to magnetic poles as 'S' and 'N', not south and north, to avoid confusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At another station, visitors made their own compasses by magnetizing an iron nail stuck through a Styrofoam packing peanut and floating it in a bowl of water. Darned if that floating nail didn't stubbornly turn to point in the same direction, no matter what direction we tried to turn it!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Station 3 was about mapping the invisible magnetic force field surrounding various magnets. Human eyes cannot see magnetic fields—but they are there and have an influence. I had constructed magnetic field mapping devices for this purpose: used CD jewel cases, with paper labeling removed, filled with a sprinkling of iron filings. When shaken gently back and forth—as if panning for gold—the iron filings align and connect in gritty little strings and conform to the pattern of the magnetic field. The strong field converging at the two poles of a magnet were boldly evident, but also to be seen were the more tenuous curls of field lines arcing through the space around the magnet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patterns formed by the filings were very similar to the patterns seen in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hinode/solar_022.html\">images of sunspots \u003c/a>we compared them to. On the Sun, it is not iron filings that \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/hinode.htm\">trace the invisible magnetic fields\u003c/a> for us to see, but hot, electrically charged gas, or plasma (mostly hydrogen and helium, but also traces of calcium, iron, and other elements). Electric charges (electrons and ionized atomic nuclei) are \u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceweathercenter.org/amazing_plasmas/01/magnetobowling.html\">strongly affected by magnetic\u003c/a> fields when they move through them. Numerous \u003ca href=\"http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime-images.html\">ultraviolet images\u003c/a> of the Sun were available on computer screens around the lab for visitors to compare the magnetic patterns and shapes to. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We had more: building an electromagnet from wire, an iron nail, and a battery. This demonstrates how magnetic fields are created by moving electric charge—in the electrically conductive wire of the electromagnet, in the circulation of electrical current inside the Earth's iron core, and in the motions of plasma on the Sun. It's all moving electricity, friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also conducted \"Magnetic Yacht Races\": pushing, via the repulsion of like poles, a floating, magnetized 'yacht' across a pond of water. The challenge of steering and propelling the yachts led to some interesting yacht designs; certain configurations of packing peanuts and iron nails proved easier to maneuver and accelerate than others. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy Sun Earth Day 2010! I wonder what we'll be doing next year….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Saturday, March 20th, was not only Vernal Equinox, but the annual Sun-Earth Day: a NASA-promoted effort around the country to focus attention on the special connections between the Sun and the Earth. This year's theme: magnetism!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371077269,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":743},"headData":{"title":"Sun-Earth Day: Magnetic Magic | KQED","description":"Saturday, March 20th, was not only Vernal Equinox, but the annual Sun-Earth Day: a NASA-promoted effort around the country to focus attention on the special connections between the Sun and the Earth. This year's theme: magnetism!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Sun-Earth Day: Magnetic Magic","datePublished":"2010-03-26T17:28:08.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T22:47:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"5392 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=5392","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/03/26/sun-earth-day-magnetic-magic/","disqusTitle":"Sun-Earth Day: Magnetic Magic","path":"/quest/5392/sun-earth-day-magnetic-magic","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/magnet_iron_filings.jpg\">\u003cem>Iron filings reveal the pattern of a magnet's invisible force field.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Saturday, March 20th, was not only Vernal Equinox, but the annual \u003ca href=\"http://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2010/index.php\">Sun-Earth Day\u003c/a>: a NASA-promoted effort around the country to focus attention on the special connections between the Sun and the Earth. This year's theme: Magnetic Storms!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That gave me a lot to work with—Sun-Earth Day usually does, but the more opportunity to create hands-on experiences for our visitors, the better, and when it comes to curious natural phenomena, magnetism is a fertile subject for all sorts of seemingly magical fun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, I turned Chabot's Chemistry/Physics classroom into a public magnetism laboratory, giving visitors a chance to learn, or relearn, some of the basics of magnets, as well as to connect the tabletop experiments to phenomena that take place on enormous scales on the Sun and the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First was \u003cem>magnetic polarity\u003c/em>: playing with a set of magnets, visitors got a feel for the behavior of magnetic poles—N and S—and how opposite poles attract and like poles repel. (It's always fun to feel the pull of attraction between two magnets, but there's something extraordinary about feeling the push of repulsion—your mind just expects to see little bumpers on the magnets, but there's seemingly nothing there!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceweathercenter.org/our_protective_shield/01/01.html\">Earth itself is a giant magnet\u003c/a>, as most of us know—but what many of the adults found surprising and intriguing is the polarity of Earth's magnetic field. Using small magnetic compasses, we sought out the Earth's magnetic poles: north and south. By taking careful notice of which type of magnetic pole the compass needle ends pointed to, the fact that the magnetic pole of the Earth up near the geographic north pole is a south—or 'S'—magnetic pole was revealed! This is why in physics we are often careful to refer to magnetic poles as 'S' and 'N', not south and north, to avoid confusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At another station, visitors made their own compasses by magnetizing an iron nail stuck through a Styrofoam packing peanut and floating it in a bowl of water. Darned if that floating nail didn't stubbornly turn to point in the same direction, no matter what direction we tried to turn it!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Station 3 was about mapping the invisible magnetic force field surrounding various magnets. Human eyes cannot see magnetic fields—but they are there and have an influence. I had constructed magnetic field mapping devices for this purpose: used CD jewel cases, with paper labeling removed, filled with a sprinkling of iron filings. When shaken gently back and forth—as if panning for gold—the iron filings align and connect in gritty little strings and conform to the pattern of the magnetic field. The strong field converging at the two poles of a magnet were boldly evident, but also to be seen were the more tenuous curls of field lines arcing through the space around the magnet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patterns formed by the filings were very similar to the patterns seen in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hinode/solar_022.html\">images of sunspots \u003c/a>we compared them to. On the Sun, it is not iron filings that \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/hinode.htm\">trace the invisible magnetic fields\u003c/a> for us to see, but hot, electrically charged gas, or plasma (mostly hydrogen and helium, but also traces of calcium, iron, and other elements). Electric charges (electrons and ionized atomic nuclei) are \u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceweathercenter.org/amazing_plasmas/01/magnetobowling.html\">strongly affected by magnetic\u003c/a> fields when they move through them. Numerous \u003ca href=\"http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime-images.html\">ultraviolet images\u003c/a> of the Sun were available on computer screens around the lab for visitors to compare the magnetic patterns and shapes to. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We had more: building an electromagnet from wire, an iron nail, and a battery. This demonstrates how magnetic fields are created by moving electric charge—in the electrically conductive wire of the electromagnet, in the circulation of electrical current inside the Earth's iron core, and in the motions of plasma on the Sun. It's all moving electricity, friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also conducted \"Magnetic Yacht Races\": pushing, via the repulsion of like poles, a floating, magnetized 'yacht' across a pond of water. The challenge of steering and propelling the yachts led to some interesting yacht designs; certain configurations of packing peanuts and iron nails proved easier to maneuver and accelerate than others. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy Sun Earth Day 2010! I wonder what we'll be doing next year….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5392/sun-earth-day-magnetic-magic","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_674","quest_902","quest_955","quest_1712","quest_1716","quest_1718","quest_1918","quest_2221","quest_2827"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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