Technologies Poised to Keep Asian Carp at Bay, Slowed by Challenges
'The Vine That Ate the South' Heads North
Lionfish, Pythons, and Garlic Mustard -- Oh My!
Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?
Fending off Invasive Species with Science, Education, and a Beer Can
The Ant-Driven Landscape
Invasive Species: They're Here and More on the Way
Science on the SPOT: Preserving the Forest of the Sea
You Say Sweet Potato, I Say New World
Sponsored
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In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"sharolembry":{"type":"authors","id":"6328","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6328","found":true},"name":"Sharol Nelson-Embry","firstName":"Sharol","lastName":"Nelson-Embry","slug":"sharolembry","email":"bobsharol@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Sharol Nelson-Embry is the Supervising Naturalist at the Crab Cove Visitor Center & Aquarium on San Francisco Bay in Alameda. Crab Cove is part of the East Bay Regional Park District, one of the largest and oldest regional park agencies in the nation. She graduated from Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo with a degree in Natural Resources Management and an epiphany that connecting kids with nature was her destiny. She's been rooted in the Bay Area since 1991 after working at nature centers and outdoor science schools around our fair state. She loves the great variety of habitats stretching from the Bay shoreline to the redwoods, lakes, and hills. Sharol enjoys connecting people to nature with articles in local newspapers and online forums.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/sharolembry/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e1d65f00eccde30de75fac778ead552d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sharol Nelson-Embry | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e1d65f00eccde30de75fac778ead552d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e1d65f00eccde30de75fac778ead552d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sharolembry"},"jennifer-skene":{"type":"authors","id":"10200","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10200","found":true},"name":"Jennifer Skene","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Skene","slug":"jennifer-skene","email":"jen@skene.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jennifer Skene develops curriculum on climate change and ocean sciences at the Lawrence Hall of Science and teaches biology and science communication at Mills College and the University of California Berkeley. She has a degree in biology from Brown University and a Ph.D. in Integrative Biology from UC Berkeley. She started working with QUEST in 2008 as an intern. She has written for the Berkeley Science Review and the UC Museum of Paleontology’s Understanding Evolution and Understanding Science websites.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Skene | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jennifer-skene"},"anneglausser":{"type":"authors","id":"10270","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10270","found":true},"name":"Anne Glausser","firstName":"Anne","lastName":"Glausser","slug":"anneglausser","email":"anne.glausser@ideastream.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Anne Glausser is the Coordinating Producer for QUEST Ohio. Before taking on this role, she was WCPN 90.3 FM & WVIZ/PBS ideastream’s health reporter and produced award-winning radio pieces. She’s spent time on both coasts (her college mascot was the banana slug!), but grew up in the Midwest and is happy to be back home. She got started in radio at PRI’s Living on Earth, and has also spent time as a researcher at the Harvard School of Public Health. Anne got her SM from MIT’s Graduate Program in Science Writing.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Anne Glausser | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/anneglausser"},"llaffitte":{"type":"authors","id":"10443","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10443","found":true},"name":"Lucy Laffitte","firstName":"Lucy","lastName":"Laffitte","slug":"llaffitte","email":"llaffitte@unctv.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Lucy B. Laffitte, PhD has been a science communicator and environmental educator for over thirty years. She has produced in-class and on-line instructional design, curriculum development, and certificate programs to a variety of conservation organizations, including the Oregon Museum of Natural History, Tall Timbers Research Station, North Carolina Museum of Natural Science, Salt River Project, New England Wildflower Society, Rachel Carson Institute, and Nicholas School of the Environment. She has published in print and on air—writing a nature column for The Cape Codder and was the founding radio producer for the environmental program the Allegheny Front. She has a bachelor’s degree in natural science, from the University of Oregon, a Master’s in adult education and graphic design and a PhD in environmental resources from North Carolina State University. She has been science education consultant for UNCTV working on QUEST and NC Science Now since April 2013.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f786421b3099140394e99e97ca061fd3?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lucy Laffitte | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f786421b3099140394e99e97ca061fd3?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f786421b3099140394e99e97ca061fd3?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/llaffitte"},"jaugustine":{"type":"authors","id":"10447","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10447","found":true},"name":"Jon Augustine","firstName":"Jon","lastName":"Augustine","slug":"jaugustine","email":"jaugustine@netad.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Associate Producer for QUEST, NET Nebraska.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jon Augustine | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jaugustine"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_65653":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_65653","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"65653","score":null,"sort":[1391007649000]},"guestAuthors":[{"ID":"64479","displayName":"Hannah Weinberger","firstName":"Hannah","lastName":"Weinberger","userLogin":"hannah-weinberger","userEmail":"Hannah.Weinberger@ideastream.org","linkedAccount":"hweinberger","website":"","aim":"","yahooim":"","jabber":"","description":"Hannah Weinberger, a May 2013 graduate of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and native Clevelander, is QUEST Ohio’s jack-of-all-trades intern. Despite majoring in Mandarin Chinese, Hannah developed an interest in journalism that solidified during an internship with CNN. Hannah joined QUEST after completing a writing fellowship with multimedia journalism lab Powering a Nation, in which she investigated water use along the Colorado River. When not chasing down a lead, Hannah plays guitar, explores the Cleveland Metroparks and restrains herself from petting woodland creatures.","userNicename":"hannah-weinberger","type":"guest-author"}],"slug":"technologies-poised-to-keep-asian-carp-at-bay-slowed-by-challenges","title":"Technologies Poised to Keep Asian Carp at Bay, Slowed by Challenges","publishDate":1391007649,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Technologies Poised to Keep Asian Carp at Bay, Slowed by Challenges | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Listening to scientists discuss the challenges presented by invasive Asian carp, you could easily confuse these conversations for war-room strategy sessions. Through a series of verbal exchanges peppered with tactical-grade language and anxiety, the consensus is that methods used to prevent bighead and silver carp from establishing themselves in the Great Lakes have so far been insufficient. While some of the strategies and techniques were innovative, there are questions about whether they were introduced too slowly to be effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Asian carp enter the Great Lakes, the region risks threats to its biodiversity, its $7 billion fishing industry, and the tourism industry dependent upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=3270\">Desperate for solutions\u003c/a>, engineers have dreamed up everything from underwater electroshock barriers, to walls of carbon dioxide bubbles, to chemicals that would kill only carp when ingested. Some have even campaigned for \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/22/asian-carp-antihunger-pro_n_975647.html\">eating the bony fish out of existence\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://research.noaa.gov/News/NewsArchive/LatestNews/TabId/684/ArtMID/1768/ArticleID/10205/Invasive-Fish-Becomes-Nutritious-Dish-for-Haitians-in-Need.aspx\">donating them to the hungry\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Necessity is the mother of invention, right?” says \u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/outreach/extension/tgabriel/\">Tory Gabriel\u003c/a>, fisheries outreach coordinator for \u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/\">Ohio Sea Grant\u003c/a>. “It’s sad we’re at this point where it is so pressing, but we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cleveland.com/nation/index.ssf/2011/08/asian_carp_ruling_appeals_cour.html\">Courts have been ruling against \u003c/a>drastic anti-carp measures for a while, saying that the fish weren’t close enough to the Great Lakes to require them. However, there are indications that some carp may have made it north to Chicago and Lake Erie. A few \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/fisheries/eDNA.html\">eDNA hits\u003c/a> — that is, DNA sifted from water samples — have shown up in places like Sandusky Bay and the Maumee River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, the measures put in place so far throughout the water systems — permeable underwater wire gates and electroshock barriers being the most common — have been deemed insufficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers recently released a 232-page report outlining eight strategies for controlling 13 aquatic nuisance species (ANS), including the carp. The report focused on the Chicago Area Water System (CAWS), where a man-made connection between the Mississippi and Great Lakes water systems presents the easiest pathway for carp into the Great Lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66478\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/CAWS-allbarriers-2250pxw.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-66478 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/CAWS-allbarriers-2250pxw-448x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Chicago Area Waterway System, determined to be the easiest way for Asian carp to enter the Great Lakes. Credit: Greats Lakes Commission.\" width=\"403\" height=\"324\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chicago Area Waterway System, determined to be the easiest way for Asian carp to enter the Great Lakes. Credit: Greats Lakes Commission. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even the least intensive option, a mix of chemical and biological technologies, would require 25 years and as much as a staggering $18 billion to complete, mostly due to costs involved with r\u003ca href=\"http://www.jsonline.com/news/opinion/closing-the-chicago-canal-is-still-the-best-option-for-great-lakes-b99179382z1-239185171.html\">edesigning sewage systems in Chicago\u003c/a>. Risk-reduction estimates at 5, 25, and even 50 years are speckled with asterisks showing that ANS colonies are still likely during earlier stages of construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Twenty-five years is unacceptable,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatlakes.org/Document.Doc?id=1017\">Jared Teutsch\u003c/a> of the Alliance for the Great Lakes, a nonprofit collective of scientists and educators. “We need urgency and a process to move forward quickly to stop the spread of Asian carp and other aquatic invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unfortunate twist, the Army Corps’ long-awaited \u003ca href=\"http://glmris.anl.gov/documents/docs/glmrisreport/GLMRIS_Report.pdf\">Great Lakes and Mississippi River Interbasin Study\u003c/a> (GLMRIS) was released in the wake of \u003ca href=\"http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/Portals/36/docs/projects/ans/docs/Fish-Barge%20Interaction%20and%20DIDSON%20at%20electric%20barriers%20-%2012202013.pdf\">reports from within its own department\u003c/a> that the last line of defense against the carps’ invasion of the Great Lakes — an \u003ca href=\"http://acwi.gov/monitoring/webinars/CAWS_AsianCarp_20111013.pdf\">electric dispersal barrier\u003c/a> at the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in the CAWS — has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleveland.com/outdoors/index.ssf/2013/12/asian_carp_report_due_jan_6_bu.html\">ineffective\u003c/a> at keeping carp at bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Reel Big Problems: Anti-Carp Technology\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Great Lakes residents have watched apprehensively ever since the imported fish began heading north. The carp’s voracious appetite for algae and animal plankton made it an environmentally friendly cleanup tool for dirty fish farms along the Mississippi, but that same appetite makes it lethal to competing native fish species and the lakes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asian carp eat low on the food chain but can weigh up to 100 pounds, outcompeting smaller fish. Worse, there are some indications the invasive fish could \u003ca href=\"http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/downloads/ais/10-750-fs-asian-carp.pdf\">aggravate the harmful algal blooms\u003c/a> that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/battling-the-bloom-lake-erie/\">plague many of the Great Lakes\u003c/a>. Some noxious blue-green algae have protective coatings that allow them to \u003ca href=\"http://seagrant.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/invasive-species/toolkit/asian-carp-factsheet.html\">survive the carps’ digestive process\u003c/a> while accessing nutrients picked up during filter feeding. Bighead and silver carp have no natural predators, and researchers estimate it would only take 10 of these carp to start a spawning population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asian carp \u003ca href=\"http://www.watershedcouncil.org/learn/aquatic%20invasive%20species/asian-carp/detailed-timeline/\">started creeping north\u003c/a> after escaping from fisheries along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers during floods in 1993. Today, Asian carp make up 90 percent of the fish biomass in the Mississippi water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They breed like mosquitos and eat like hogs,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoec.org/contact/kristy-meyer-ms\">Kristy Meyer\u003c/a>, managing director of agricultural and clean water programs for the Ohio Environmental Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of this is good news for Lake Erie, a lake whose history brims with biblically sized algal blooms and that produces \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/ohio/statements/2012/mar/22/marcy-kaptur/rep-marcy-kaptur-says-lake-erie-has-more-native-fi/\">over 50 percent of all Great Lakes game fish\u003c/a> — supporting an \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoec.org/LakeErie\">$11.5 billion tourism industry\u003c/a> and 117,000 jobs in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this, engineers have been encouraged to develop just about any solution to keep carp at bay — or out of one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such solution was the \u003ca href=\"http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20131223/METRO06/312230088\">electric barrier\u003c/a> in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, which was meant to keep Asian carp from swimming through the CAWS and into Lake Michigan. Of the identified 18 points of entry into the Great Lakes, the Army Corps believes the CAWS point is the most critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The barrier consists of three electrodes arranged in a line. These electrodes power a barrier much like an electric fence for dogs. Fish swimming into it receive an electric shock sufficient enough to stun them and keep them out — in theory. According to a report issued by the Army Corps in December, 2013, the barrier is effective against adult carp, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/report-fish-swim-past-electric-barrier-meant-to-block-asian-carp-b99170326z1-237051941.html\">smaller fish of two to four inches long were able to find a loophole.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66449\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1673px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-66449\" title=\"Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp.jpg\" alt=\"AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp\" width=\"1673\" height=\"941\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1673px) 100vw, 1673px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every day, dozens of barges sweep up and down the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal; and when something as large, dense, and metallic as a barge passes through, the “electric fence” is temporarily disrupted. Disruptions have been significant enough that other fish species have been able to swim through the barrier alongside or in the wake of barges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same report notes the electrical field might not even be strong enough to incapacitate fish, despite the fact that its voltage had already been cranked up once before, in 2011. Also, power outages are a concern: an outage in 2012 put the barrier out of commission for 45 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not the first time this kind of technology has failed. In the early 2000s it was used to try to get rid of gobies in the Great Lakes, another invasive aquatic species. But by the time the Army Corps of Engineers erected the barrier’s electrode system, the gobies had already infiltrated the Mississippi water system via Lake Michigan. Due to slow implementation, the barrier was never truly put to the test.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Debating the Best Defense\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>With carp gaining on our best defenses, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2014/01/cleveland_to_corps_get_er_done.html\">many environmentalists are concerned\u003c/a> that the GLMRIS study wasn’t intended to lead to a decision directly, and that it’s still possible that nothing will be done to combat carp at the federal level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The Corps’] task from Congress was just to come up with possible scenarios,” clarifies Christopher Winslow, assistant director of the Ohio Sea Grant program. “So even in the GLMRIS report, all they’re saying is, ‘these seem like logical and feasible approaches.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, already years in the making, leaves room for ambiguity about actual execution of the plans — only 5 percent of each of the eight options has been designed. Meyer worries this will stagnate the construction process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want to see them now say, ‘Okay, well, let’s select [a plan] and do a few more years of the study to make sure that it’s even feasible,’” Meyer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a big risk to take when plans require billions in funding. Still, an appropriate plan may pay off in the long term. Recent studies suggest that controlling the spread of invasive species already present in the Great Lakes can cost \u003ca href=\"http://news.nd.edu/news/29875-new-paper-assigns-dollar-figure-to-cost-from-ship-borne-invasive-species-to-the-great-lakes/\">up to $800 million annually\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just like in medicine — prevention is worth a pound of cure,” Winslow says. “Once they get in here … it might ultimately be less expensive to write that price tag off now than it would be to incur the annual upkeep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists aren’t endorsing irresponsibility, but they do want action, and they worry that now is not the time for strict protocol or evaluation of every possible technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of all the methods presented, the most experimental involves a device called the GLMRIS Lock. Barges traveling between water systems would enter a lock, have all the water with them drained, and then pass into a bed of treated, clean water. It’s also the plan that gives most pause to environmentalists like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/ohio/facesofconservation/john-stark.xml\">John Stark\u003c/a>, freshwater director of the Ohio arm of The Nature Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66475\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/asian-jumping-fish.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-66475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/asian-jumping-fish-420x360.jpg\" alt=\"Incredibly bony heavy, Asian carp have been known to injure boaters and waterskiiers when they jump from the water. Credit: Louisville USACE.\" width=\"336\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Incredibly bony heavy, Asian carp have been known to injure boaters and water skiers when they jump from the water. Credit: Louisville USACE.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“My concern is, when you read the description of what they would have to do and the system that would supply it, it seems to me there’s all kinds of areas where that system could potentially fail,” Stark says. Between dependence on electricity, the prospect of mixing treatment chemicals incorrectly, and pipes breaking, Stark doesn’t see the lock as a sustainable choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Building Barriers that Work\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Two solutions proposed in the GLMRIS report reflect the calls of activists and some scientists by including a sought-after mechanism: complete division of the Mississippi and Great Lakes water systems at critical entry points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not even just for Asian carp — you want to separate these two basins as much as possible for all invasives, ones that are there now and ones that might be in the future,” Tory Gabriel of Ohio Sea Grant says. “But ideally the best thing would be to physically separate the two watersheds, like they were naturally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While technological prototypes abound, hydrologic separation calls for a simple earthen-and-concrete barrier built up between water systems. Locks, bubble jets, and electroshock barriers offer possibilities of migration, but it’s pretty hard to swim through solid ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barriers are much more sustainable and less involved than other suggested technologies, says The Nature Conservancy’s John Stark. They aren’t simple to build, but they don’t require as much upkeep or engineering as pipe systems and treatment plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trick with the barrier itself is that they’ll have to physically move cargo from one side of the barrier to the other, and potentially boats,” Stark says. “Nothing is going to be absolutely 100 percent, but this [hydrologic] barrier’s probably as close as you can get.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to complete hydrologic separation in the CAWS — the most critical entry point between the Mississippi and Great Lakes — Chicago would have to \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2014/01/century-later-expensive-lesson-reversing-chicago-river/8069/\">redirect its entire septic and water system \u003c/a>back toward Lake Michigan. The only reason the two water systems connect at all is because the city redirected the flow a century ago for septic purposes. But with significant shipping interest in the city today, it has been difficult to pass barrier legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s easy to say that you could just go in and physically separate any water that connects the two basins, …but it’s never that easy,” Winslow says. “There’s always conflict of interest and different user groups, and money’s always an issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one thing is clear: while people debate the pros and cons of creating new barriers, Asian carp continue to barrel through existing ones.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In response to the major threats posed to the Great Lakes by invasive Asian carp, engineers have developed devices to keep them out, but delays in deciding how to implement them might give the fish an edge.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1694194542,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":2018},"headData":{"title":"Technologies Poised to Keep Asian Carp at Bay, Slowed by Challenges | KQED","description":"In response to the major threats posed to the Great Lakes by invasive Asian carp, engineers have developed devices to keep them out, but delays in deciding how to implement them might give the fish an edge.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Technologies Poised to Keep Asian Carp at Bay, Slowed by Challenges","datePublished":"2014-01-29T15:00:49.000Z","dateModified":"2023-09-08T17:35:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/65653/technologies-poised-to-keep-asian-carp-at-bay-slowed-by-challenges","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Listening to scientists discuss the challenges presented by invasive Asian carp, you could easily confuse these conversations for war-room strategy sessions. Through a series of verbal exchanges peppered with tactical-grade language and anxiety, the consensus is that methods used to prevent bighead and silver carp from establishing themselves in the Great Lakes have so far been insufficient. While some of the strategies and techniques were innovative, there are questions about whether they were introduced too slowly to be effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Asian carp enter the Great Lakes, the region risks threats to its biodiversity, its $7 billion fishing industry, and the tourism industry dependent upon it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=3270\">Desperate for solutions\u003c/a>, engineers have dreamed up everything from underwater electroshock barriers, to walls of carbon dioxide bubbles, to chemicals that would kill only carp when ingested. Some have even campaigned for \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/22/asian-carp-antihunger-pro_n_975647.html\">eating the bony fish out of existence\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://research.noaa.gov/News/NewsArchive/LatestNews/TabId/684/ArtMID/1768/ArticleID/10205/Invasive-Fish-Becomes-Nutritious-Dish-for-Haitians-in-Need.aspx\">donating them to the hungry\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Necessity is the mother of invention, right?” says \u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/outreach/extension/tgabriel/\">Tory Gabriel\u003c/a>, fisheries outreach coordinator for \u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/\">Ohio Sea Grant\u003c/a>. “It’s sad we’re at this point where it is so pressing, but we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cleveland.com/nation/index.ssf/2011/08/asian_carp_ruling_appeals_cour.html\">Courts have been ruling against \u003c/a>drastic anti-carp measures for a while, saying that the fish weren’t close enough to the Great Lakes to require them. However, there are indications that some carp may have made it north to Chicago and Lake Erie. A few \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/fisheries/eDNA.html\">eDNA hits\u003c/a> — that is, DNA sifted from water samples — have shown up in places like Sandusky Bay and the Maumee River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, the measures put in place so far throughout the water systems — permeable underwater wire gates and electroshock barriers being the most common — have been deemed insufficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers recently released a 232-page report outlining eight strategies for controlling 13 aquatic nuisance species (ANS), including the carp. The report focused on the Chicago Area Water System (CAWS), where a man-made connection between the Mississippi and Great Lakes water systems presents the easiest pathway for carp into the Great Lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66478\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/CAWS-allbarriers-2250pxw.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-66478 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/CAWS-allbarriers-2250pxw-448x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Chicago Area Waterway System, determined to be the easiest way for Asian carp to enter the Great Lakes. Credit: Greats Lakes Commission.\" width=\"403\" height=\"324\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chicago Area Waterway System, determined to be the easiest way for Asian carp to enter the Great Lakes. Credit: Greats Lakes Commission. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even the least intensive option, a mix of chemical and biological technologies, would require 25 years and as much as a staggering $18 billion to complete, mostly due to costs involved with r\u003ca href=\"http://www.jsonline.com/news/opinion/closing-the-chicago-canal-is-still-the-best-option-for-great-lakes-b99179382z1-239185171.html\">edesigning sewage systems in Chicago\u003c/a>. Risk-reduction estimates at 5, 25, and even 50 years are speckled with asterisks showing that ANS colonies are still likely during earlier stages of construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Twenty-five years is unacceptable,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatlakes.org/Document.Doc?id=1017\">Jared Teutsch\u003c/a> of the Alliance for the Great Lakes, a nonprofit collective of scientists and educators. “We need urgency and a process to move forward quickly to stop the spread of Asian carp and other aquatic invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unfortunate twist, the Army Corps’ long-awaited \u003ca href=\"http://glmris.anl.gov/documents/docs/glmrisreport/GLMRIS_Report.pdf\">Great Lakes and Mississippi River Interbasin Study\u003c/a> (GLMRIS) was released in the wake of \u003ca href=\"http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/Portals/36/docs/projects/ans/docs/Fish-Barge%20Interaction%20and%20DIDSON%20at%20electric%20barriers%20-%2012202013.pdf\">reports from within its own department\u003c/a> that the last line of defense against the carps’ invasion of the Great Lakes — an \u003ca href=\"http://acwi.gov/monitoring/webinars/CAWS_AsianCarp_20111013.pdf\">electric dispersal barrier\u003c/a> at the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in the CAWS — has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleveland.com/outdoors/index.ssf/2013/12/asian_carp_report_due_jan_6_bu.html\">ineffective\u003c/a> at keeping carp at bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Reel Big Problems: Anti-Carp Technology\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Great Lakes residents have watched apprehensively ever since the imported fish began heading north. The carp’s voracious appetite for algae and animal plankton made it an environmentally friendly cleanup tool for dirty fish farms along the Mississippi, but that same appetite makes it lethal to competing native fish species and the lakes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asian carp eat low on the food chain but can weigh up to 100 pounds, outcompeting smaller fish. Worse, there are some indications the invasive fish could \u003ca href=\"http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/downloads/ais/10-750-fs-asian-carp.pdf\">aggravate the harmful algal blooms\u003c/a> that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/battling-the-bloom-lake-erie/\">plague many of the Great Lakes\u003c/a>. Some noxious blue-green algae have protective coatings that allow them to \u003ca href=\"http://seagrant.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/invasive-species/toolkit/asian-carp-factsheet.html\">survive the carps’ digestive process\u003c/a> while accessing nutrients picked up during filter feeding. Bighead and silver carp have no natural predators, and researchers estimate it would only take 10 of these carp to start a spawning population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asian carp \u003ca href=\"http://www.watershedcouncil.org/learn/aquatic%20invasive%20species/asian-carp/detailed-timeline/\">started creeping north\u003c/a> after escaping from fisheries along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers during floods in 1993. Today, Asian carp make up 90 percent of the fish biomass in the Mississippi water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They breed like mosquitos and eat like hogs,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoec.org/contact/kristy-meyer-ms\">Kristy Meyer\u003c/a>, managing director of agricultural and clean water programs for the Ohio Environmental Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of this is good news for Lake Erie, a lake whose history brims with biblically sized algal blooms and that produces \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/ohio/statements/2012/mar/22/marcy-kaptur/rep-marcy-kaptur-says-lake-erie-has-more-native-fi/\">over 50 percent of all Great Lakes game fish\u003c/a> — supporting an \u003ca href=\"http://www.theoec.org/LakeErie\">$11.5 billion tourism industry\u003c/a> and 117,000 jobs in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this, engineers have been encouraged to develop just about any solution to keep carp at bay — or out of one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such solution was the \u003ca href=\"http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20131223/METRO06/312230088\">electric barrier\u003c/a> in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, which was meant to keep Asian carp from swimming through the CAWS and into Lake Michigan. Of the identified 18 points of entry into the Great Lakes, the Army Corps believes the CAWS point is the most critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The barrier consists of three electrodes arranged in a line. These electrodes power a barrier much like an electric fence for dogs. Fish swimming into it receive an electric shock sufficient enough to stun them and keep them out — in theory. According to a report issued by the Army Corps in December, 2013, the barrier is effective against adult carp, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/report-fish-swim-past-electric-barrier-meant-to-block-asian-carp-b99170326z1-237051941.html\">smaller fish of two to four inches long were able to find a loophole.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66449\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1673px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-66449\" title=\"Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp.jpg\" alt=\"AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp\" width=\"1673\" height=\"941\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/AbsolutelyFinalHannahCarp-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1673px) 100vw, 1673px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every day, dozens of barges sweep up and down the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal; and when something as large, dense, and metallic as a barge passes through, the “electric fence” is temporarily disrupted. Disruptions have been significant enough that other fish species have been able to swim through the barrier alongside or in the wake of barges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same report notes the electrical field might not even be strong enough to incapacitate fish, despite the fact that its voltage had already been cranked up once before, in 2011. Also, power outages are a concern: an outage in 2012 put the barrier out of commission for 45 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not the first time this kind of technology has failed. In the early 2000s it was used to try to get rid of gobies in the Great Lakes, another invasive aquatic species. But by the time the Army Corps of Engineers erected the barrier’s electrode system, the gobies had already infiltrated the Mississippi water system via Lake Michigan. Due to slow implementation, the barrier was never truly put to the test.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Debating the Best Defense\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>With carp gaining on our best defenses, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2014/01/cleveland_to_corps_get_er_done.html\">many environmentalists are concerned\u003c/a> that the GLMRIS study wasn’t intended to lead to a decision directly, and that it’s still possible that nothing will be done to combat carp at the federal level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The Corps’] task from Congress was just to come up with possible scenarios,” clarifies Christopher Winslow, assistant director of the Ohio Sea Grant program. “So even in the GLMRIS report, all they’re saying is, ‘these seem like logical and feasible approaches.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report, already years in the making, leaves room for ambiguity about actual execution of the plans — only 5 percent of each of the eight options has been designed. Meyer worries this will stagnate the construction process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want to see them now say, ‘Okay, well, let’s select [a plan] and do a few more years of the study to make sure that it’s even feasible,’” Meyer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a big risk to take when plans require billions in funding. Still, an appropriate plan may pay off in the long term. Recent studies suggest that controlling the spread of invasive species already present in the Great Lakes can cost \u003ca href=\"http://news.nd.edu/news/29875-new-paper-assigns-dollar-figure-to-cost-from-ship-borne-invasive-species-to-the-great-lakes/\">up to $800 million annually\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just like in medicine — prevention is worth a pound of cure,” Winslow says. “Once they get in here … it might ultimately be less expensive to write that price tag off now than it would be to incur the annual upkeep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists aren’t endorsing irresponsibility, but they do want action, and they worry that now is not the time for strict protocol or evaluation of every possible technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of all the methods presented, the most experimental involves a device called the GLMRIS Lock. Barges traveling between water systems would enter a lock, have all the water with them drained, and then pass into a bed of treated, clean water. It’s also the plan that gives most pause to environmentalists like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/ohio/facesofconservation/john-stark.xml\">John Stark\u003c/a>, freshwater director of the Ohio arm of The Nature Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66475\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/asian-jumping-fish.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-66475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/asian-jumping-fish-420x360.jpg\" alt=\"Incredibly bony heavy, Asian carp have been known to injure boaters and waterskiiers when they jump from the water. Credit: Louisville USACE.\" width=\"336\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Incredibly bony heavy, Asian carp have been known to injure boaters and water skiers when they jump from the water. Credit: Louisville USACE.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“My concern is, when you read the description of what they would have to do and the system that would supply it, it seems to me there’s all kinds of areas where that system could potentially fail,” Stark says. Between dependence on electricity, the prospect of mixing treatment chemicals incorrectly, and pipes breaking, Stark doesn’t see the lock as a sustainable choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Building Barriers that Work\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Two solutions proposed in the GLMRIS report reflect the calls of activists and some scientists by including a sought-after mechanism: complete division of the Mississippi and Great Lakes water systems at critical entry points.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not even just for Asian carp — you want to separate these two basins as much as possible for all invasives, ones that are there now and ones that might be in the future,” Tory Gabriel of Ohio Sea Grant says. “But ideally the best thing would be to physically separate the two watersheds, like they were naturally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While technological prototypes abound, hydrologic separation calls for a simple earthen-and-concrete barrier built up between water systems. Locks, bubble jets, and electroshock barriers offer possibilities of migration, but it’s pretty hard to swim through solid ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barriers are much more sustainable and less involved than other suggested technologies, says The Nature Conservancy’s John Stark. They aren’t simple to build, but they don’t require as much upkeep or engineering as pipe systems and treatment plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trick with the barrier itself is that they’ll have to physically move cargo from one side of the barrier to the other, and potentially boats,” Stark says. “Nothing is going to be absolutely 100 percent, but this [hydrologic] barrier’s probably as close as you can get.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to complete hydrologic separation in the CAWS — the most critical entry point between the Mississippi and Great Lakes — Chicago would have to \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlanticcities.com/politics/2014/01/century-later-expensive-lesson-reversing-chicago-river/8069/\">redirect its entire septic and water system \u003c/a>back toward Lake Michigan. The only reason the two water systems connect at all is because the city redirected the flow a century ago for septic purposes. But with significant shipping interest in the city today, it has been difficult to pass barrier legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s easy to say that you could just go in and physically separate any water that connects the two basins, …but it’s never that easy,” Winslow says. “There’s always conflict of interest and different user groups, and money’s always an issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one thing is clear: while people debate the pros and cons of creating new barriers, Asian carp continue to barrel through existing ones.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/65653/technologies-poised-to-keep-asian-carp-at-bay-slowed-by-challenges","authors":["64479"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_10200","quest_326","quest_12269","quest_12577","quest_12576","quest_10327","quest_1489","quest_12098","quest_10429","quest_12575"],"label":"source_quest_65653"},"quest_60182":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60182","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60182","score":null,"sort":[1385737239000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-vine-that-ate-the-south-heads-north","title":"'The Vine That Ate the South' Heads North","publishDate":1385737239,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/kudzu/Stream/kudzu+11.19+with+intro+and+funder+mp3.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64034\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-64034\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg\" alt=\"Kudzu is an invasive vine that's prevalent in the South, but now many Northern states have it as well. This is a patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kudzu is an invasive vine that's prevalent in the South, but now many Northern states have it as well. This is a patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Say the word “kudzu” to anyone from the South and they’ll probably know what you’re talking about. That’s because in states like Georgia and Alabama the invasive vine known as kudzu covers roadsides, chokes forests, brings down power lines, and blankets entire buildings. It’s made its way into country songs, becoming a metaphor for clingy love.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudzu’s twined itself into Southern culture, but it’s a big environmental headache, causing crop and property damage and loss of biodiversity. And now the vine’s coming north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2781.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64040\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2781-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Kudzu was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kudzu was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s even made it to northeast Ohio, where people didn’t expect it would survive the harsh winters. I went to check out one rogue patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, near Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this rundown urban lot, the vine has worked its way up the power line and along the fencing and onto the nearby business and over the trees clear to people’s homes. Kudzu’s all over here -- just a sea of green in this gravel parking lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quite an eyeful. Amy Stone, with the Ohio State University Extension invasive species team, said this spot and others like it worry her because kudzu’s an aggressive, invasive, non-native species that’s caused a lot of grief down South. “It’s also known as the ‘vine that swallowed the South,’ or the ‘vine that ate the South.’ And so just imagine this kind of on steroids everywhere,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64038\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kudzu-in-Chesapeake-OH-Credit-Eric-Boyda.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kudzu-in-Chesapeake-OH-Credit-Eric-Boyda-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"In southern Ohio, kudzu stands take over whole hillsides, like this one in Chesapeake, OH. Credit: Eric Boyda, \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In Southern Ohio, kudzu stands take over whole hillsides, like this one in Chesapeake, OH. Credit: Eric Boyda,\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers aren’t entirely sure why the vine is extending its northern reach, but many attribute it to\u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/climate_change_information_kit/items/288.php\"> warmer winters from climate change.\u003c/a> “We thought maybe it wouldn’t be hardy here,” said Stone. But due to changing weather conditions and a longer growing season, she said we may be able to see flowering and seeding of the vine, which would spread it even faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm\">Kudzu\u003c/a> can grow a foot a day -- up to 60 feet a season. It throws down roots everywhere it can, working its way into cracks and crevices on buildings, even collapsing whole barns and buckling power lines. Ohio recently joined \u003ca href=\"http://appalachianohioweeds.org/?s=kudzu\">14 other states\u003c/a> in adding kudzu to the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://codes.ohio.gov/oac/901%3A5-37\">noxious weed list\u003c/a>. Stone said all the Southern states have it and it’s working its way up north. “I think there’s even been some established sites in Maine, up the East Coast and all the way through the Midwest,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funny thing is, farmers were told to plant kudzu back in the ’30s to control erosion. We learned quickly this was bad advice, said Stone. “What we found out is there’s just no stopping kudzu,” she said. It’s got a pretty purple flower and was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental. People still see it and coo, take a cutting, and unknowingly unleash the beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the kudzu patch in the Cleveland parking lot, Stone and I wade into the kudzu to check out the vine’s progression. Below the sea of green, bits of purple pop up -- the flower. And pollinators have been busy -- we find furry seed pods all over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64042\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2819.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64042\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2819-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Once the kudzu flower is pollinated, it develops seedpods which further enable its spread.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Once the kudzu flower is pollinated, it develops seed pods which further enable its spread.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is not good. Now the vine can be spread not only by ground but by wind or animal. “Wherever it drops off would be another start of kudzu,” said Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with kudzu comes problems. It drives out native plants, swallows trees whole and kills them, causes structural damage, and is bad for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudzu brings kudzu bugs, which also like to eat soybeans, and the vine plays host to the crop disease \u003ca href=\"http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/Basidiomycetes/Pages/SoybeanRust.aspx\">soybean rust\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we were milling around, a neighbor came over, introduced himself as George Nelson, and asked me a good question, “Well, are you gonna have them clean it up?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once kudzu’s got a foothold in a place, it takes a whole lot of money and perseverance to clean it up. Stone said herbicides are the most effective way to take down the vine. Goats have also been tried as a means of control. “If you don’t get every little piece of it, it will be back,” said Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 304px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/USDA-kudzu-map.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/USDA-kudzu-map-304x253.png\" alt=\"Many states now host the invasive kudzu vine. Credit: USDA's PLANTS database\" width=\"304\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many states now host the invasive kudzu vine. Credit: USDA's PLANTS database\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to the man’s point, who is going to clean this up?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out someone offered, way back when kudzu was first discovered here in early 2000. “Through our conservation outreach program, I would have done it and I still would,” said Jim Bissell, a botanist with the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. He estimates it’d take nearly $10,000 to clean this up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Problem is, Bissell couldn’t find a taker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Property owners didn’t want to get their hands dirty, so he let it drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I gave him a site update, though, and told him about the seed pods, it got his attention. “They didn’t have seed pods when I looked at it, so that could be a change already,” he said, “so that’s kind of frightening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make a long story short, Bissell is now reviving efforts to get this spot cleaned up, but the road ahead is all the more weedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" target=\"_blank\">Jean O’Malley\u003c/a> contributed to the reporting of this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The invasive vine known as kudzu has twined itself into Southern culture, but it’s a big environmental headache, causing crop and property damage and loss of biodiversity. And now the vine’s coming north. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442954751,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1033},"headData":{"title":"'The Vine That Ate the South' Heads North | KQED","description":"The invasive vine known as kudzu has twined itself into Southern culture, but it’s a big environmental headache, causing crop and property damage and loss of biodiversity. And now the vine’s coming north. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"'The Vine That Ate the South' Heads North","datePublished":"2013-11-29T15:00:39.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-22T20:45:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"60182 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60182","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/29/the-vine-that-ate-the-south-heads-north/","disqusTitle":"'The Vine That Ate the South' Heads North","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/60182/the-vine-that-ate-the-south-heads-north","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/kudzu/Stream/kudzu+11.19+with+intro+and+funder+mp3.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/kudzu/Stream/kudzu+11.19+with+intro+and+funder+mp3.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64034\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-64034\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg\" alt=\"Kudzu is an invasive vine that's prevalent in the South, but now many Northern states have it as well. This is a patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Pic1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kudzu is an invasive vine that's prevalent in the South, but now many Northern states have it as well. This is a patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Say the word “kudzu” to anyone from the South and they’ll probably know what you’re talking about. That’s because in states like Georgia and Alabama the invasive vine known as kudzu covers roadsides, chokes forests, brings down power lines, and blankets entire buildings. It’s made its way into country songs, becoming a metaphor for clingy love.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudzu’s twined itself into Southern culture, but it’s a big environmental headache, causing crop and property damage and loss of biodiversity. And now the vine’s coming north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2781.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64040\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2781-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Kudzu was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kudzu was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s even made it to northeast Ohio, where people didn’t expect it would survive the harsh winters. I went to check out one rogue patch in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland, near Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this rundown urban lot, the vine has worked its way up the power line and along the fencing and onto the nearby business and over the trees clear to people’s homes. Kudzu’s all over here -- just a sea of green in this gravel parking lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quite an eyeful. Amy Stone, with the Ohio State University Extension invasive species team, said this spot and others like it worry her because kudzu’s an aggressive, invasive, non-native species that’s caused a lot of grief down South. “It’s also known as the ‘vine that swallowed the South,’ or the ‘vine that ate the South.’ And so just imagine this kind of on steroids everywhere,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64038\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kudzu-in-Chesapeake-OH-Credit-Eric-Boyda.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kudzu-in-Chesapeake-OH-Credit-Eric-Boyda-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"In southern Ohio, kudzu stands take over whole hillsides, like this one in Chesapeake, OH. Credit: Eric Boyda, \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In Southern Ohio, kudzu stands take over whole hillsides, like this one in Chesapeake, OH. Credit: Eric Boyda,\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers aren’t entirely sure why the vine is extending its northern reach, but many attribute it to\u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/climate_change_information_kit/items/288.php\"> warmer winters from climate change.\u003c/a> “We thought maybe it wouldn’t be hardy here,” said Stone. But due to changing weather conditions and a longer growing season, she said we may be able to see flowering and seeding of the vine, which would spread it even faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm\">Kudzu\u003c/a> can grow a foot a day -- up to 60 feet a season. It throws down roots everywhere it can, working its way into cracks and crevices on buildings, even collapsing whole barns and buckling power lines. Ohio recently joined \u003ca href=\"http://appalachianohioweeds.org/?s=kudzu\">14 other states\u003c/a> in adding kudzu to the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://codes.ohio.gov/oac/901%3A5-37\">noxious weed list\u003c/a>. Stone said all the Southern states have it and it’s working its way up north. “I think there’s even been some established sites in Maine, up the East Coast and all the way through the Midwest,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funny thing is, farmers were told to plant kudzu back in the ’30s to control erosion. We learned quickly this was bad advice, said Stone. “What we found out is there’s just no stopping kudzu,” she said. It’s got a pretty purple flower and was originally brought over from Asia as an ornamental. People still see it and coo, take a cutting, and unknowingly unleash the beast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the kudzu patch in the Cleveland parking lot, Stone and I wade into the kudzu to check out the vine’s progression. Below the sea of green, bits of purple pop up -- the flower. And pollinators have been busy -- we find furry seed pods all over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64042\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2819.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64042\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_2819-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Once the kudzu flower is pollinated, it develops seedpods which further enable its spread.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Once the kudzu flower is pollinated, it develops seed pods which further enable its spread.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is not good. Now the vine can be spread not only by ground but by wind or animal. “Wherever it drops off would be another start of kudzu,” said Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with kudzu comes problems. It drives out native plants, swallows trees whole and kills them, causes structural damage, and is bad for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudzu brings kudzu bugs, which also like to eat soybeans, and the vine plays host to the crop disease \u003ca href=\"http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/Basidiomycetes/Pages/SoybeanRust.aspx\">soybean rust\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we were milling around, a neighbor came over, introduced himself as George Nelson, and asked me a good question, “Well, are you gonna have them clean it up?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once kudzu’s got a foothold in a place, it takes a whole lot of money and perseverance to clean it up. Stone said herbicides are the most effective way to take down the vine. Goats have also been tried as a means of control. “If you don’t get every little piece of it, it will be back,” said Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 304px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/USDA-kudzu-map.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64037\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/USDA-kudzu-map-304x253.png\" alt=\"Many states now host the invasive kudzu vine. Credit: USDA's PLANTS database\" width=\"304\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many states now host the invasive kudzu vine. Credit: USDA's PLANTS database\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But to the man’s point, who is going to clean this up?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turns out someone offered, way back when kudzu was first discovered here in early 2000. “Through our conservation outreach program, I would have done it and I still would,” said Jim Bissell, a botanist with the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. He estimates it’d take nearly $10,000 to clean this up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Problem is, Bissell couldn’t find a taker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Property owners didn’t want to get their hands dirty, so he let it drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I gave him a site update, though, and told him about the seed pods, it got his attention. “They didn’t have seed pods when I looked at it, so that could be a change already,” he said, “so that’s kind of frightening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make a long story short, Bissell is now reviving efforts to get this spot cleaned up, but the road ahead is all the more weedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" target=\"_blank\">Jean O’Malley\u003c/a> contributed to the reporting of this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60182/the-vine-that-ate-the-south-heads-north","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_12021","quest_12269","quest_10327","quest_1489","quest_12445","quest_12098","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10429","quest_12212"],"featImg":"quest_64034","label":"source_quest_60182"},"quest_57945":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_57945","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"57945","score":null,"sort":[1381932057000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lionfish-pythons-and-garlic-mustard-oh-my","title":"Lionfish, Pythons, and Garlic Mustard -- Oh My!","publishDate":1381932057,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/banner_python-16x91.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61223 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/banner_python-16x91-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"This invasive Burmese pythons was found in the Florida Everglades in the spring of 2012. Stretching 17 feet, 7 inches, she broke the records for length—7 feet, 7 inches—and the number of eggs she contained—87. Photo courtesy USGS. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This invasive Burmese python found in the Florida Everglades in 2012 broke records for length at 17 feet, 7 inches, and for the number of eggs she contained—87. Photo courtesy of USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The list of “America’s \u003cem>Least\u003c/em> Wanted” keeps growing. Garlic mustard was listed in 1991, red lionfish in 2000, and Burmese pythons in 2004. These three organisms join a long list of alien invaders to the Americas that began (according to the written record) with the arrival of the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. While many of us might find things to enjoy about aliens -- like the \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/31158841\">murmurations\u003c/a> of starlings, the fragrance of honeysuckle, or the Godzilla-like kudzu caricatures in our landscape -- ecologists are not amused. In fact, they're worried, wondering if the latest least-wanteds might be capable of triggering a cascading ecological collapse on a scale that will be visible in the future rock formations of our time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concept of a cascading collapse, when a minor incident unexpectedly triggers a major calamity, is not unique to the natural world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61220\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Networkfailure.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-61220 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Networkfailure-227x253.gif\" alt=\"Networkfailure\" width=\"315\" height=\"401\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to see animated GIF. \u003cbr>Ecologists worry that niches are like electrical junctions, where the loss of one could halt energy flow and collapse the entire ecosystem. Courtesy of Stickulator via Wikipedia.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The summer of 2013 marked the 10-year anniversary of the\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/08/14/210620446/10-years-after-the-blackout-how-has-the-power-grid-changed\"> cascading collapse of the Northeast power grid.\u003c/a> A simple spot of contact between a drooping power line and a tree branch in Walton, Ohio, was able to halt all electrical activity across eight states because a software bug kept an alarm system from working. It took an hour for the first unnoticed failure to trigger a second, and 40 minutes for the second to trigger an additional 15 failures. It took another 28 minutes for officials to begin cutting ties to the flailing system in Ohio, but by then it was too late. Three minutes later, railroads, traffic, television, cell phones, air conditioning, and industry from Ontario to Philadelphia went silent. It took less than three hours to put 50 million people in the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could invasive species like lionfish, pythons, and garlic mustard trigger a similar kind environmental “blackout”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61225\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/lionfish1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61225 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/lionfish1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Invasive Lionfish feed on practically anything that swims and can easily devour the young of important commercial fish species, such as snapper, grouper and sea bass. Photo courtesy NOAA. \" width=\"330\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lionfish are snapping up anything that swims reducing commercial fish species such as snapper, grouper and sea bass by 70%. Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Red lionfish are dazzling, clothed in vibrant contrasting colors and armed with 13 neurotoxin-tipped spines. They add majesty to any home aquarium. But since lionfish were inadvertently released into the wild, they have spread from the tropical reefs off Florida to the temperate reefs off North Carolina. Vacuuming up lobsters, crabs, shrimp, wrasses, bogies, juvenile snapper, and juvenile grouper, they decimate the reef’s herbivores and leave the seaweed unchecked. Unbridled seaweed then flourishes and smothers the coral animals. Stifled corals eventually die and the physical structure of the reef community crumbles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61222\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/gator_python-permission.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61222 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/gator_python-permission-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Pythons are strangling herbivores, omnivores, insectivores, and even top carnivores like the American alligator. Photo courtesy USGS. \" width=\"330\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pythons are strangling herbivores, omnivores, insectivores, and even top carnivores like the American alligator. Photo courtesy of USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burmese pythons sport an invisibility cloak of muted colors, come equipped with multiple rows of small, sharp teeth, and pack 150 pounds of muscle into a 21-foot ribbon of constricting skill. They impress the heck out of family and friends when draped across shoulders, but when they are inadvertently released into the Everglades they find a habitat they can plunder. Stomach analysis has revealed evidence of consumed mice, cotton rats, wrens, rabbits, squirrels, ibises, little blue herons, deer, bobcat, opossum, raccoon, and alligators. Pythons are squeezing the life out of the entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61475\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/garlic_mustard-permission-bl.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/garlic_mustard-permission-bl.jpg\" alt=\"Garlic mustard is crowding out the seedlings of the next generation of trees near a stream bank in Illinois. Photo courtesy of Adam Davis, University of Illinois. \" width=\"330\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garlic mustard is crowding out the seedlings of the next generation of trees near a stream bank in Illinois. Photo courtesy of Adam Davis, University of Illinois.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Garlic mustard lives most of its two-year life in low, tight bunches of overlapping heart-shaped leaves. First collected in Long Island in 1868, it was thought settlers brought it from Europe for medicinal purposes. During its second spring it bolts, blooms, and sets hundreds of seeds. Thriving in low light, stinking of garlic, and distasteful to deer, garlic mustard smothers moss, ferns, flowers, and the seedlings of future pine, oak, maple, hickory, ash, and beech trees. Once established, the odiferous oils repel the beneficial fungi in the soil that ensure the regeneration of oaks, maples, and beeches in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yikes! Is there an app for that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is nothing intrinsically evil about lionfish, pythons, and garlic mustard. A close look at their life histories reveals they have several generalist characteristics like humans -- prolific reproduction, broad food and terrain tolerances, and wide dispersal mechanisms. In their home habitats where these organisms evolved, they are kept in check by a host of competitors, predators, pests, or diseases with which they coevolved. It is only when they travel to new continents without those restraining relationships that havoc is wreaked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is a post-Silent Spring, GMO-wary, sustainability-minded, globalized invasive species like us supposed to do to check these “pests”? Crop dust with poisons? Import diseases? Bioengineer infertility?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/03/age-of-man/kolbert-text\">anthropocene\u003c/a> -- the Age of Man -- where all the ecosystems are transforming, the temperatures are above average, and all the decisions are ours to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Across America, invasive species are destroying ecosystems faster than ecologists can find solutions. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1381177435,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":880},"headData":{"title":"Lionfish, Pythons, and Garlic Mustard -- Oh My! | KQED","description":"Across America, invasive species are destroying ecosystems faster than ecologists can find solutions. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Lionfish, Pythons, and Garlic Mustard -- Oh My!","datePublished":"2013-10-16T14:00:57.000Z","dateModified":"2013-10-07T20:23:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"57945 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=57945","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/16/lionfish-pythons-and-garlic-mustard-oh-my/","disqusTitle":"Lionfish, Pythons, and Garlic Mustard -- Oh My!","path":"/quest/57945/lionfish-pythons-and-garlic-mustard-oh-my","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61223\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/banner_python-16x91.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61223 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/banner_python-16x91-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"This invasive Burmese pythons was found in the Florida Everglades in the spring of 2012. Stretching 17 feet, 7 inches, she broke the records for length—7 feet, 7 inches—and the number of eggs she contained—87. Photo courtesy USGS. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This invasive Burmese python found in the Florida Everglades in 2012 broke records for length at 17 feet, 7 inches, and for the number of eggs she contained—87. Photo courtesy of USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The list of “America’s \u003cem>Least\u003c/em> Wanted” keeps growing. Garlic mustard was listed in 1991, red lionfish in 2000, and Burmese pythons in 2004. These three organisms join a long list of alien invaders to the Americas that began (according to the written record) with the arrival of the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. While many of us might find things to enjoy about aliens -- like the \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/31158841\">murmurations\u003c/a> of starlings, the fragrance of honeysuckle, or the Godzilla-like kudzu caricatures in our landscape -- ecologists are not amused. In fact, they're worried, wondering if the latest least-wanteds might be capable of triggering a cascading ecological collapse on a scale that will be visible in the future rock formations of our time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concept of a cascading collapse, when a minor incident unexpectedly triggers a major calamity, is not unique to the natural world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61220\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Networkfailure.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-61220 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Networkfailure-227x253.gif\" alt=\"Networkfailure\" width=\"315\" height=\"401\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to see animated GIF. \u003cbr>Ecologists worry that niches are like electrical junctions, where the loss of one could halt energy flow and collapse the entire ecosystem. Courtesy of Stickulator via Wikipedia.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The summer of 2013 marked the 10-year anniversary of the\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/08/14/210620446/10-years-after-the-blackout-how-has-the-power-grid-changed\"> cascading collapse of the Northeast power grid.\u003c/a> A simple spot of contact between a drooping power line and a tree branch in Walton, Ohio, was able to halt all electrical activity across eight states because a software bug kept an alarm system from working. It took an hour for the first unnoticed failure to trigger a second, and 40 minutes for the second to trigger an additional 15 failures. It took another 28 minutes for officials to begin cutting ties to the flailing system in Ohio, but by then it was too late. Three minutes later, railroads, traffic, television, cell phones, air conditioning, and industry from Ontario to Philadelphia went silent. It took less than three hours to put 50 million people in the dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could invasive species like lionfish, pythons, and garlic mustard trigger a similar kind environmental “blackout”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61225\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/lionfish1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61225 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/lionfish1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Invasive Lionfish feed on practically anything that swims and can easily devour the young of important commercial fish species, such as snapper, grouper and sea bass. Photo courtesy NOAA. \" width=\"330\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lionfish are snapping up anything that swims reducing commercial fish species such as snapper, grouper and sea bass by 70%. Photo courtesy of NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Red lionfish are dazzling, clothed in vibrant contrasting colors and armed with 13 neurotoxin-tipped spines. They add majesty to any home aquarium. But since lionfish were inadvertently released into the wild, they have spread from the tropical reefs off Florida to the temperate reefs off North Carolina. Vacuuming up lobsters, crabs, shrimp, wrasses, bogies, juvenile snapper, and juvenile grouper, they decimate the reef’s herbivores and leave the seaweed unchecked. Unbridled seaweed then flourishes and smothers the coral animals. Stifled corals eventually die and the physical structure of the reef community crumbles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61222\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/gator_python-permission.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61222 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/gator_python-permission-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Pythons are strangling herbivores, omnivores, insectivores, and even top carnivores like the American alligator. Photo courtesy USGS. \" width=\"330\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pythons are strangling herbivores, omnivores, insectivores, and even top carnivores like the American alligator. Photo courtesy of USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burmese pythons sport an invisibility cloak of muted colors, come equipped with multiple rows of small, sharp teeth, and pack 150 pounds of muscle into a 21-foot ribbon of constricting skill. They impress the heck out of family and friends when draped across shoulders, but when they are inadvertently released into the Everglades they find a habitat they can plunder. Stomach analysis has revealed evidence of consumed mice, cotton rats, wrens, rabbits, squirrels, ibises, little blue herons, deer, bobcat, opossum, raccoon, and alligators. Pythons are squeezing the life out of the entire food web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61475\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/garlic_mustard-permission-bl.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/garlic_mustard-permission-bl.jpg\" alt=\"Garlic mustard is crowding out the seedlings of the next generation of trees near a stream bank in Illinois. Photo courtesy of Adam Davis, University of Illinois. \" width=\"330\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garlic mustard is crowding out the seedlings of the next generation of trees near a stream bank in Illinois. Photo courtesy of Adam Davis, University of Illinois.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Garlic mustard lives most of its two-year life in low, tight bunches of overlapping heart-shaped leaves. First collected in Long Island in 1868, it was thought settlers brought it from Europe for medicinal purposes. During its second spring it bolts, blooms, and sets hundreds of seeds. Thriving in low light, stinking of garlic, and distasteful to deer, garlic mustard smothers moss, ferns, flowers, and the seedlings of future pine, oak, maple, hickory, ash, and beech trees. Once established, the odiferous oils repel the beneficial fungi in the soil that ensure the regeneration of oaks, maples, and beeches in the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yikes! Is there an app for that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is nothing intrinsically evil about lionfish, pythons, and garlic mustard. A close look at their life histories reveals they have several generalist characteristics like humans -- prolific reproduction, broad food and terrain tolerances, and wide dispersal mechanisms. In their home habitats where these organisms evolved, they are kept in check by a host of competitors, predators, pests, or diseases with which they coevolved. It is only when they travel to new continents without those restraining relationships that havoc is wreaked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is a post-Silent Spring, GMO-wary, sustainability-minded, globalized invasive species like us supposed to do to check these “pests”? Crop dust with poisons? Import diseases? Bioengineer infertility?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/03/age-of-man/kolbert-text\">anthropocene\u003c/a> -- the Age of Man -- where all the ecosystems are transforming, the temperatures are above average, and all the decisions are ours to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/57945/lionfish-pythons-and-garlic-mustard-oh-my","authors":["10443"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_12302","quest_12269","quest_12303","quest_1489","quest_2349","quest_3290","quest_12301","quest_10363"],"featImg":"quest_61936","label":"quest"},"quest_60697":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60697","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60697","score":null,"sort":[1381759204000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lake-tahoe-can-we-save-it","title":"Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?","publishDate":1381759204,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST Sustainability Science – TV series | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":11767,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Lake Tahoe’s famously blue waters – which make it the clearest lake of its size in the United States – attract three million visitors to California and Nevada each year. But decades of development, and now climate change, threaten this national treasure. This QUEST half-hour documentary takes you behind the scenes with the scientists working to keep the lake pristine and protect it for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lake Tahoe isn’t the only body of water that comes to mind when we think about America’s most treasured lakes. The Great Lakes, an interconnected set of five lakes which include lakes Erie, Superior, Huron, Michigan and Ontario, hold 18% of the water on the face of the Earth. Both Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes face environmental challenges, but are differently equipped to handle them because of their particular characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Similarities between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Potable Water Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62237\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tahoe dam\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe delivers millions of gallons of water every day for residents and farmers along the Truckee River. The Tahoe dam was built in 1909. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both the Great Lakes and Lake Tahoe provide potable water to surrounding populations, though at very different scales. The Great Lakes deliver 43 billion gallons per day, hundreds of times more than Lake Tahoe. Lake Michigan alone provides drinking water to 12 million residents. Around three quarters of the water taken from the Great Lakes is used to cool down power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Climate Change Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Warmer temperatures are nice for visitors, like these at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor, in Nevada. But they could lead the lake to move away from its famous indigo blue and more towards green. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes are warming up, just like all lakes around the world. “We’ve had some summers where the surface temperature is very, very warm, compared to 20, 25 years ago,” said Brant Allen, of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. Although it’s nice for visitors, heat encourages the growth of microscopic algae that scatter the light off the lake’s surface and make it appear cloudy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up north, intense spring rains that washed fertilizer into Lake Erie, coupled with a warm summer, contributed to a 2011 algae bloom that covered the surface of the lake’s western basin with a bright green scum. “All of the factors that happened in 2011 are the types of factors that we expect to see more commonly in the future,” said Anna Michalak, a Great Lakes researcher at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Invasive Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Quagga mussels attached to pipes in Lake Mead\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quagga mussels clog pipes, like these in Nevada's Lake Mead. Authorities are working hard to keep the mussels out of Lake Tahoe. Photo: National Park Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Zebra mussels and quagga mussels have invaded the Great Lakes, damaging sport fisheries and clogging intake pipes with their hard shells, to the tune of $1 billion per year. The mussels have hitched rides out west on recreational boats. But so far they haven’t reached Lake Tahoe, and authorities there are fighting hard to keep them out by inspecting every boat before it goes into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At first, I thought the public would be very resistant to the idea of paying fees for boat inspections,” said Geoff Schladow, director of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. “But the more people I talk to, they’re very accepting of the need for it.” Lake Tahoe is already dealing with \u003ca title=\"Information on Asian clams on UC Davis TERC's page\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">the invasive Asian clam\u003c/a>, which produces algae mats that wash up on its beaches, and an aquatic plant called milfoil, which sticks to boats’ propellers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Differences between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Depth v. Width\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62228\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62228\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\" alt=\"Eagle Falls over Emerald Bay\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The water pouring into Lake Tahoe doesn't carry many of the nutrients that algae feed on. This is one of the reasons why the lake is so clear. Eagle Falls flows into Emerald Bay, one of Lake Tahoe's most iconic spots on the California side of the lake. Photo: Gabriela Quirós / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is the eleventh \u003cem>deepest \u003c/em>lake in the world. Lake Erie is the tenth \u003cem>largest \u003c/em>lake in the world. At its deepest point, Lake Tahoe plunges to 1,645 feet – which makes it deeper than the Empire State building is tall. And this depth helps the lake stay clear, since its 39 trillion gallons of water are able to dilute the tiny dirt particles and nitrogen and phosphorus that threaten its transparency. By contrast, Lake Erie’s deepest point is only about 200 feet deep. With less water to dilute the nutrients that algae feed off, \u003ca title=\"Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie \" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/battling-the-bloom-lake-erie/\">Lake Erie is particularly vulnerable to algae blooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Watershed Size\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is fortunate in that its watershed is small and the soil around it is relatively nutrient-poor. The 63 rivers that feed Lake Tahoe travel through an area about the size of the lake itself. Most lakes have watersheds many times bigger, which give tributaries more of a chance to pick up pollutants as they flow towards the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Farmers Fight Back Against Toxic Algal Blooms\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/farmers-fight-back-against-toxic-algal-blooms/\">Lake Erie has suffered from a steady flow of phosphorus from agriculture\u003c/a>, which has contributed to bad algae blooms. Corn is planted widely in the Plains – partly to produce ethanol for use as a biofuel – and requires a lot of fertilizer. “The national biofuels program is what’s pushing more corn production,” said Stanford scientist Anna Michalak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62224\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\" alt=\"Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake. Brad Kohler watches as workers install a channel and sediment trap at the bottom of his driveway in Tahoe City, California. When it rains, this mechanism will trap dirt particles. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To keep their watersheds from becoming sources of pollutants, authorities at Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes have efforts underway to prevent dirt from running into nearby rivers (Tahoe), and reduce the amount of fertilizer used on crops (Great Lakes).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">University of California-Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center (TERC)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Tahoe Boat Inspections\" href=\"http://tahoeboatinspections.com/welcome-to-tahoe-boat-inspections/\">Tahoe Boat Inspections\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Go behind the scenes with the scientists working to keep Lake Tahoe pristine and protect it for generations to come.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457564813,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":1040},"headData":{"title":"Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It? | KQED","description":"Go behind the scenes with the scientists working to keep Lake Tahoe pristine and protect it for generations to come.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?","datePublished":"2013-10-14T14:00:04.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:06:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"60697 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60697","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/14/lake-tahoe-can-we-save-it/","disqusTitle":"Lake Tahoe: Can We Save It?","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_cWUC__0Vg","path":"/quest/60697/lake-tahoe-can-we-save-it","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lake Tahoe’s famously blue waters – which make it the clearest lake of its size in the United States – attract three million visitors to California and Nevada each year. But decades of development, and now climate change, threaten this national treasure. This QUEST half-hour documentary takes you behind the scenes with the scientists working to keep the lake pristine and protect it for generations to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lake Tahoe isn’t the only body of water that comes to mind when we think about America’s most treasured lakes. The Great Lakes, an interconnected set of five lakes which include lakes Erie, Superior, Huron, Michigan and Ontario, hold 18% of the water on the face of the Earth. Both Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes face environmental challenges, but are differently equipped to handle them because of their particular characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Similarities between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Potable Water Sources\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62237\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tahoe-dam-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tahoe dam\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe delivers millions of gallons of water every day for residents and farmers along the Truckee River. The Tahoe dam was built in 1909. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both the Great Lakes and Lake Tahoe provide potable water to surrounding populations, though at very different scales. The Great Lakes deliver 43 billion gallons per day, hundreds of times more than Lake Tahoe. Lake Michigan alone provides drinking water to 12 million residents. Around three quarters of the water taken from the Great Lakes is used to cool down power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Climate Change Impacts\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Beach-scene-at-Lake-Tahoe-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Warmer temperatures are nice for visitors, like these at Lake Tahoe's Sand Harbor, in Nevada. But they could lead the lake to move away from its famous indigo blue and more towards green. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes are warming up, just like all lakes around the world. “We’ve had some summers where the surface temperature is very, very warm, compared to 20, 25 years ago,” said Brant Allen, of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. Although it’s nice for visitors, heat encourages the growth of microscopic algae that scatter the light off the lake’s surface and make it appear cloudy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up north, intense spring rains that washed fertilizer into Lake Erie, coupled with a warm summer, contributed to a 2011 algae bloom that covered the surface of the lake’s western basin with a bright green scum. “All of the factors that happened in 2011 are the types of factors that we expect to see more commonly in the future,” said Anna Michalak, a Great Lakes researcher at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Invasive Species\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/NPS_mussels_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Quagga mussels attached to pipes in Lake Mead\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Quagga mussels clog pipes, like these in Nevada's Lake Mead. Authorities are working hard to keep the mussels out of Lake Tahoe. Photo: National Park Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Zebra mussels and quagga mussels have invaded the Great Lakes, damaging sport fisheries and clogging intake pipes with their hard shells, to the tune of $1 billion per year. The mussels have hitched rides out west on recreational boats. But so far they haven’t reached Lake Tahoe, and authorities there are fighting hard to keep them out by inspecting every boat before it goes into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At first, I thought the public would be very resistant to the idea of paying fees for boat inspections,” said Geoff Schladow, director of the University of California-Davis’ Tahoe Environmental Research Center. “But the more people I talk to, they’re very accepting of the need for it.” Lake Tahoe is already dealing with \u003ca title=\"Information on Asian clams on UC Davis TERC's page\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/research/aquaticinvasives.html\">the invasive Asian clam\u003c/a>, which produces algae mats that wash up on its beaches, and an aquatic plant called milfoil, which sticks to boats’ propellers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Differences between Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Depth v. Width\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62228\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62228\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg\" alt=\"Eagle Falls over Emerald Bay\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Eagle-Falls-over-Emerald-Bay-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The water pouring into Lake Tahoe doesn't carry many of the nutrients that algae feed on. This is one of the reasons why the lake is so clear. Eagle Falls flows into Emerald Bay, one of Lake Tahoe's most iconic spots on the California side of the lake. Photo: Gabriela Quirós / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is the eleventh \u003cem>deepest \u003c/em>lake in the world. Lake Erie is the tenth \u003cem>largest \u003c/em>lake in the world. At its deepest point, Lake Tahoe plunges to 1,645 feet – which makes it deeper than the Empire State building is tall. And this depth helps the lake stay clear, since its 39 trillion gallons of water are able to dilute the tiny dirt particles and nitrogen and phosphorus that threaten its transparency. By contrast, Lake Erie’s deepest point is only about 200 feet deep. With less water to dilute the nutrients that algae feed off, \u003ca title=\"Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie \" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/battling-the-bloom-lake-erie/\">Lake Erie is particularly vulnerable to algae blooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Watershed Size\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is fortunate in that its watershed is small and the soil around it is relatively nutrient-poor. The 63 rivers that feed Lake Tahoe travel through an area about the size of the lake itself. Most lakes have watersheds many times bigger, which give tributaries more of a chance to pick up pollutants as they flow towards the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Farmers Fight Back Against Toxic Algal Blooms\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/farmers-fight-back-against-toxic-algal-blooms/\">Lake Erie has suffered from a steady flow of phosphorus from agriculture\u003c/a>, which has contributed to bad algae blooms. Corn is planted widely in the Plains – partly to produce ethanol for use as a biofuel – and requires a lot of fertilizer. “The national biofuels program is what’s pushing more corn production,” said Stanford scientist Anna Michalak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62224\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg\" alt=\"Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/BMP-installation-at-Brad-Kohler-home-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homeowners around Lake Tahoe are required to keep dirt from flowing into the lake. Brad Kohler watches as workers install a channel and sediment trap at the bottom of his driveway in Tahoe City, California. When it rains, this mechanism will trap dirt particles. Photo: Arwen Curry / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To keep their watersheds from becoming sources of pollutants, authorities at Lake Tahoe and the Great Lakes have efforts underway to prevent dirt from running into nearby rivers (Tahoe), and reduce the amount of fertilizer used on crops (Great Lakes).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">University of California-Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center (TERC)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Tahoe Boat Inspections\" href=\"http://tahoeboatinspections.com/welcome-to-tahoe-boat-inspections/\">Tahoe Boat Inspections\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60697/lake-tahoe-can-we-save-it","authors":["6186"],"series":["quest_11767"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_438","quest_621","quest_12269","quest_10201","quest_1489","quest_3351","quest_10174","quest_12331","quest_12334","quest_12330","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_12333","quest_12335","quest_2893","quest_12332","quest_3022","quest_3071","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_62263","label":"quest_11767"},"quest_55622":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_55622","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"55622","score":null,"sort":[1379340019000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fending-off-invasive-species-with-science-education-and-a-beer-can","title":"Fending off Invasive Species with Science, Education, and a Beer Can","publishDate":1379340019,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59531\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59531\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"081913buschlitecloseup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The zebra mussel that was found on a beer can in an Omaha lake in 2010.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It probably isn’t the only empty beer can to have found its way to the floor of Zorinsky Lake in Omaha, Nebraska, and it probably won’t be the last. But in the story of a domestic battle that has had wide-ranging ecological and economic consequences, it is certainly the most significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addison Krebs, the Omaha Boy Scout who found the beer can on November 9, 2010, quickly became a hero to local biologists, ecologists, and water recreation enthusiasts -- not just because of his efforts to clean the lake of litter but also because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.omaha.com/article/20101125/NEWS01/711249794\">what he discovered in the process\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attached to the top rim of the beer can was the first zebra mussel ever found in a publicly accessible Nebraska lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relentlessly efficient breeders, zebra mussels have been spreading from the Great Lakes to waterways in eastern states and throughout the Rust Belt since 1986. Over the last decade they have steadily encroached upon the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" \" style=\"border: 10px;margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 15px\" src=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"355\" height=\"242\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/\">US Geological Survey\u003c/a> map shows annual distribution of confirmed zebra and quagga mussel occurences in United States waters between 1986 and 2011. Click on the image to view an enlarged version.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Officials quickly reacted to Krebs’s discovery, draining the lake and freezing out any remaining threat. In the three years since (and despite exploding populations in the neighboring states of Kansas, Missouri, and Iowa), no established zebra mussel populations have been found within Nebraska’s borders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fabled, mussel-sporting beer can from Omaha is now a trophy of sorts at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Nebraska-Invasive-Species-Project/356557141125\">Nebraska Invasive Species Project\u003c/a> headquarters at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The project works to increase public awareness of invasive species, which fosters the possibility of early detection and rapid eradication like that accomplished at \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=zorinsky+lake+omaha+ne&ll=41.22005,-96.161785&spn=0.056103,0.131922&client=safari&oe=UTF-8&hnear=Zorinsky+Lake&gl=us&t=h&z=14\">Zorinsky Lake\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodney Verhoeff coordinated the project during Nebraska’s spring and summer boating season of 2013. He says that when future generations reflect on the health and stability of native ecosystems, current efforts to control invasive species like zebra mussels will be a part of our generation’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we’re in this age of information, we know better. So, given the fact that we’ve done the research and have the knowledge, I’d say we have the responsibility, even the obligation, to do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s at stake if we don’t? Lots of money, for one thing. Unchecked populations of mussels can quickly colonize the insides of pipes and attach to the hard surfaces of water-based infrastructures, problems that potentially cost millions of dollars to fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the real victims are the native species that normally support functional, productive ecosystems. Verhoeff warns that an invasive species like the zebra mussel can throw off an entire ecosystem’s balance, or “biological homeostasis.” One of his biggest concerns is that even the professionals who pay close attention to the intricacies of ecosystems don’t know all the consequences of an invasive species running wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60251\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60251 \" style=\"border: 1px solid orange;margin-top: 25px;margin-bottom: 5px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe-640x360.gif\" alt=\"shoe\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A shoe encrusted by quagga mussels--a relative to the zebra mussel--at the Nebraska Invasive Species Project headquarters. Quagga mussels behave similarly to zebra mussels and are another a major concern in the United States. See \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/current_zm_quag_map.jpg\">this USGS map\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you take something so complex, like a web, and you pluck one little part out, you think it has no impact, but it could have huge, huge impacts elsewhere,” Verhoeff explains. “So, it’s much better to take a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides public education, the Nebraska Invasive Species Project takes a proactive approach by regularly gathering water samples from Nebraska lakes and searching for microscopic zebra mussel veligers (the zebra mussel’s larval stage). Evidence of veligers would trigger a rapid and thorough response at the lake from which it was pulled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None have been found yet, but with so many nearby lakes impacted and the relatively low levels of state-funded resources available to fight these invasives, it’s hard to imagine that Nebraska’s streak of luck will last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verhoeff wants to see an expanded state policy, such as mandatory boat inspections like \u003ca href=\"http://wildlife.state.co.us/Fishing/Management/MandatoryBoatInspections/Pages/MandatoryBoatInspections.aspx\">those implemented in Colorado\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says there is great support for that because, “people on the water understand that this is a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some are economically driven and some are recreationally driven because they know what this could do to our fisheries,” he says. “And then there’s another group that just understands that it’s our job to be good stewards of the environment, that it’s our obligation to take care of these natural communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" link=\"file\" ids=\"60213,60211,60214,60212,60216,60217\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How an alert Boy Scout, hard working biologists, and continued vigilance have helped one Great Plains state remain free of invasive zebra mussels -- for now. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1379541208,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":true,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":825},"headData":{"title":"Fending off Invasive Species with Science, Education, and a Beer Can | KQED","description":"How an alert Boy Scout, hard working biologists, and continued vigilance have helped one Great Plains state remain free of invasive zebra mussels -- for now. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fending off Invasive Species with Science, Education, and a Beer Can","datePublished":"2013-09-16T14:00:19.000Z","dateModified":"2013-09-18T21:53:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"55622 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=55622","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/16/fending-off-invasive-species-with-science-education-and-a-beer-can/","disqusTitle":"Fending off Invasive Species with Science, Education, and a Beer Can","path":"/quest/55622/fending-off-invasive-species-with-science-education-and-a-beer-can","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59531\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59531\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/081913buschlitecloseup-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"081913buschlitecloseup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The zebra mussel that was found on a beer can in an Omaha lake in 2010.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It probably isn’t the only empty beer can to have found its way to the floor of Zorinsky Lake in Omaha, Nebraska, and it probably won’t be the last. But in the story of a domestic battle that has had wide-ranging ecological and economic consequences, it is certainly the most significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addison Krebs, the Omaha Boy Scout who found the beer can on November 9, 2010, quickly became a hero to local biologists, ecologists, and water recreation enthusiasts -- not just because of his efforts to clean the lake of litter but also because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.omaha.com/article/20101125/NEWS01/711249794\">what he discovered in the process\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attached to the top rim of the beer can was the first zebra mussel ever found in a publicly accessible Nebraska lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Relentlessly efficient breeders, zebra mussels have been spreading from the Great Lakes to waterways in eastern states and throughout the Rust Belt since 1986. Over the last decade they have steadily encroached upon the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" \" style=\"border: 10px;margin-top: 5px;margin-bottom: 15px\" src=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/zebraquaggamapanimation.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"355\" height=\"242\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/\">US Geological Survey\u003c/a> map shows annual distribution of confirmed zebra and quagga mussel occurences in United States waters between 1986 and 2011. Click on the image to view an enlarged version.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Officials quickly reacted to Krebs’s discovery, draining the lake and freezing out any remaining threat. In the three years since (and despite exploding populations in the neighboring states of Kansas, Missouri, and Iowa), no established zebra mussel populations have been found within Nebraska’s borders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fabled, mussel-sporting beer can from Omaha is now a trophy of sorts at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Nebraska-Invasive-Species-Project/356557141125\">Nebraska Invasive Species Project\u003c/a> headquarters at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The project works to increase public awareness of invasive species, which fosters the possibility of early detection and rapid eradication like that accomplished at \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?q=zorinsky+lake+omaha+ne&ll=41.22005,-96.161785&spn=0.056103,0.131922&client=safari&oe=UTF-8&hnear=Zorinsky+Lake&gl=us&t=h&z=14\">Zorinsky Lake\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodney Verhoeff coordinated the project during Nebraska’s spring and summer boating season of 2013. He says that when future generations reflect on the health and stability of native ecosystems, current efforts to control invasive species like zebra mussels will be a part of our generation’s legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we’re in this age of information, we know better. So, given the fact that we’ve done the research and have the knowledge, I’d say we have the responsibility, even the obligation, to do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s at stake if we don’t? Lots of money, for one thing. Unchecked populations of mussels can quickly colonize the insides of pipes and attach to the hard surfaces of water-based infrastructures, problems that potentially cost millions of dollars to fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the real victims are the native species that normally support functional, productive ecosystems. Verhoeff warns that an invasive species like the zebra mussel can throw off an entire ecosystem’s balance, or “biological homeostasis.” One of his biggest concerns is that even the professionals who pay close attention to the intricacies of ecosystems don’t know all the consequences of an invasive species running wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60251\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe.gif\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60251 \" style=\"border: 1px solid orange;margin-top: 25px;margin-bottom: 5px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/shoe-640x360.gif\" alt=\"shoe\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A shoe encrusted by quagga mussels--a relative to the zebra mussel--at the Nebraska Invasive Species Project headquarters. Quagga mussels behave similarly to zebra mussels and are another a major concern in the United States. See \u003ca href=\"http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/maps/current_zm_quag_map.jpg\">this USGS map\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you take something so complex, like a web, and you pluck one little part out, you think it has no impact, but it could have huge, huge impacts elsewhere,” Verhoeff explains. “So, it’s much better to take a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides public education, the Nebraska Invasive Species Project takes a proactive approach by regularly gathering water samples from Nebraska lakes and searching for microscopic zebra mussel veligers (the zebra mussel’s larval stage). Evidence of veligers would trigger a rapid and thorough response at the lake from which it was pulled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None have been found yet, but with so many nearby lakes impacted and the relatively low levels of state-funded resources available to fight these invasives, it’s hard to imagine that Nebraska’s streak of luck will last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verhoeff wants to see an expanded state policy, such as mandatory boat inspections like \u003ca href=\"http://wildlife.state.co.us/Fishing/Management/MandatoryBoatInspections/Pages/MandatoryBoatInspections.aspx\">those implemented in Colorado\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says there is great support for that because, “people on the water understand that this is a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some are economically driven and some are recreationally driven because they know what this could do to our fisheries,” he says. “And then there’s another group that just understands that it’s our job to be good stewards of the environment, that it’s our obligation to take care of these natural communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"gallery","attributes":{"named":{"type":"slideshow","link":"file","ids":"60213,60211,60214,60212,60216,60217","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/55622/fending-off-invasive-species-with-science-education-and-a-beer-can","authors":["10447"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_12242","quest_326","quest_12248","quest_12243","quest_684","quest_13196","quest_1103","quest_12269","quest_12246","quest_1489","quest_3930","quest_9933","quest_12245","quest_3289","quest_12244","quest_2530","quest_12060","quest_10511","quest_12247","quest_12241"],"featImg":"quest_60368","label":"quest"},"quest_51001":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_51001","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"51001","score":null,"sort":[1363289725000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-ant-driven-landscape","title":"The Ant-Driven Landscape","publishDate":1363289725,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In this part of California we may thank our lucky stars for being free of \u003ca href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/python.shtml\">Burmese pythons\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loxosceles_reclusa_range.png\">brown recluse spiders\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=11059&page=6\">Africanized honeybees\u003c/a>. But during the last few decades, while most of us weren't paying attention, much of California was taken over by ants from Argentina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Argentine ants, \u003ci>Linepithema humile\u003c/i>, love the environment of our homes and gardens. The soil is watered regularly, there's warmth nearby in the winter, and it almost never floods. The species is aggressive, and unlike most ants they don't fight each other's colonies. Recent research suggests that even though they're genetically diverse, Argentine ants always smell the same to each other, so undistracted by internal wars they combine forces and simply overwhelm most other ant species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But our different kinds of native ants are crucial members of the local ecosystem. Some eat corpses, while others scavenge the ground for dead plant matter. Some live like farmers, cultivating certain fungus species by feeding them plant materials. Some depend on specific plants, which benefit from the attention. (KQED has a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/interactive-map-ants-of-the-bay-area/\">cool gallery of Bay Area native ant species\u003c/a> and their lifeways.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Argentine ants move in, all of those specialized services are handicapped or disappear. There's plenty of reading out there about the effect of these ants on ecosystems, but as a geologist I wonder about their effect on \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/glossaryofgeology/g/defbioturbation.htm\">bioturbation\u003c/a>, the processes by which living things stir the soil. Ground-dwelling animals have profound effects on soil: the way it breathes, circulates water and cycles nutrients. Ants and worms are the most important of these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the various ant species, Argentine ants are small and their nests are shallow. That means, for instance, they're not capable of building the piles of coarse sand and gravel, brought up from meters below the ground, that desert red ants made in this example from Nevada. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51002\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/the-ant-driven-landscape/anthill/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51002\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51002\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fortunately Argentine ants have trouble where it's dry and cold, so gold prospectors in the Mojave can continue their practice of sampling buried rocks from anthills. But around here, how does the soil respond when the deep-digging ant species are gone? I also wonder about the various bee species that dig holes in the ground, like these ones I spotted on a San Mateo County seacliff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/the-ant-driven-landscape/bees/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51003\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees.jpg\" alt=\"bees\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-51003\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists learn more about invasive species, it's clear that no matter wherever they live, people need to raise their game and learn defensive practices: call it eco-hygeine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the earthworms of Minnesota. Did you know that in Minnesota and much of its neighboring states there aren't any native earthworms? Since the ice age glaciers melted, some 10,000 years ago, the earthworms haven't managed to crawl north fast enough, and the forests there are adapted to worm-free soils that consist of raw glacier sediment with a thick layer of organic matter on top. Worms eat all that stuff and dig it into the dirt. That's why we love them in most places, but in Minnesota the worms brought in with nursery plants and baitworms thrown away during fishing trips are ruining the woods. Up there, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/soil.html\">Great Lakes Worm Watch\u003c/a> is trying to raise consciousness and fight the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around here, we have to think more about our ants. At Stanford University's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve they've been \u003ca href=\"http://jrbp.stanford.edu/db/projects/project_display.php?project_id=56\">monitoring the Argentine ant invasion\u003c/a> and are learning what limits them: cold, dry ground and ant species with strong defenses. Volunteers all over the Bay Area can act locally by gathering data through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/citizen_science/ants/\">Bay Area Ant Survey\u003c/a>, coordinated by the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been a lot of talk lately about \"Anthropocene time,\" a name for the geological time period that includes the present and future. It represents a concept I might call the human-driven planet: our actions and influences have become as important as natural forces in governing the planetary environment. The root \"anthropo-\" refers to human causes, but for teaching purposes it may be better just to look down at our feet and think \"ant-\" instead. Because humans brought the invaders here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, Argentine ants are well controlled with \u003ca href=\"http://insects.about.com/od/HouseholdPests/a/How-To-Make-And-Use-Homemade-Ant-Baits.htm\">boric acid bait\u003c/a>. I've had lasting success with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ps.uci.edu/~tomba/ants/\">this simple method\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Invasive ant species have powerful—and poorly known—effects on a region's soil.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1363979861,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":713},"headData":{"title":"The Ant-Driven Landscape | KQED","description":"Invasive ant species have powerful—and poorly known—effects on a region's soil.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Ant-Driven Landscape","datePublished":"2013-03-14T19:35:25.000Z","dateModified":"2013-03-22T19:17:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"51001 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=51001","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/the-ant-driven-landscape/","disqusTitle":"The Ant-Driven Landscape","path":"/quest/51001/the-ant-driven-landscape","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In this part of California we may thank our lucky stars for being free of \u003ca href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/python.shtml\">Burmese pythons\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loxosceles_reclusa_range.png\">brown recluse spiders\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=11059&page=6\">Africanized honeybees\u003c/a>. But during the last few decades, while most of us weren't paying attention, much of California was taken over by ants from Argentina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Argentine ants, \u003ci>Linepithema humile\u003c/i>, love the environment of our homes and gardens. The soil is watered regularly, there's warmth nearby in the winter, and it almost never floods. The species is aggressive, and unlike most ants they don't fight each other's colonies. Recent research suggests that even though they're genetically diverse, Argentine ants always smell the same to each other, so undistracted by internal wars they combine forces and simply overwhelm most other ant species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But our different kinds of native ants are crucial members of the local ecosystem. Some eat corpses, while others scavenge the ground for dead plant matter. Some live like farmers, cultivating certain fungus species by feeding them plant materials. Some depend on specific plants, which benefit from the attention. (KQED has a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/interactive-map-ants-of-the-bay-area/\">cool gallery of Bay Area native ant species\u003c/a> and their lifeways.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Argentine ants move in, all of those specialized services are handicapped or disappear. There's plenty of reading out there about the effect of these ants on ecosystems, but as a geologist I wonder about their effect on \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/glossaryofgeology/g/defbioturbation.htm\">bioturbation\u003c/a>, the processes by which living things stir the soil. Ground-dwelling animals have profound effects on soil: the way it breathes, circulates water and cycles nutrients. Ants and worms are the most important of these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the various ant species, Argentine ants are small and their nests are shallow. That means, for instance, they're not capable of building the piles of coarse sand and gravel, brought up from meters below the ground, that desert red ants made in this example from Nevada. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51002\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/the-ant-driven-landscape/anthill/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51002\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51002\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/anthill-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fortunately Argentine ants have trouble where it's dry and cold, so gold prospectors in the Mojave can continue their practice of sampling buried rocks from anthills. But around here, how does the soil respond when the deep-digging ant species are gone? I also wonder about the various bee species that dig holes in the ground, like these ones I spotted on a San Mateo County seacliff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/14/the-ant-driven-landscape/bees/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51003\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees.jpg\" alt=\"bees\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-51003\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bees-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists learn more about invasive species, it's clear that no matter wherever they live, people need to raise their game and learn defensive practices: call it eco-hygeine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the earthworms of Minnesota. Did you know that in Minnesota and much of its neighboring states there aren't any native earthworms? Since the ice age glaciers melted, some 10,000 years ago, the earthworms haven't managed to crawl north fast enough, and the forests there are adapted to worm-free soils that consist of raw glacier sediment with a thick layer of organic matter on top. Worms eat all that stuff and dig it into the dirt. That's why we love them in most places, but in Minnesota the worms brought in with nursery plants and baitworms thrown away during fishing trips are ruining the woods. Up there, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/soil.html\">Great Lakes Worm Watch\u003c/a> is trying to raise consciousness and fight the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around here, we have to think more about our ants. At Stanford University's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve they've been \u003ca href=\"http://jrbp.stanford.edu/db/projects/project_display.php?project_id=56\">monitoring the Argentine ant invasion\u003c/a> and are learning what limits them: cold, dry ground and ant species with strong defenses. Volunteers all over the Bay Area can act locally by gathering data through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/citizen_science/ants/\">Bay Area Ant Survey\u003c/a>, coordinated by the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been a lot of talk lately about \"Anthropocene time,\" a name for the geological time period that includes the present and future. It represents a concept I might call the human-driven planet: our actions and influences have become as important as natural forces in governing the planetary environment. The root \"anthropo-\" refers to human causes, but for teaching purposes it may be better just to look down at our feet and think \"ant-\" instead. Because humans brought the invaders here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, Argentine ants are well controlled with \u003ca href=\"http://insects.about.com/od/HouseholdPests/a/How-To-Make-And-Use-Homemade-Ant-Baits.htm\">boric acid bait\u003c/a>. I've had lasting success with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ps.uci.edu/~tomba/ants/\">this simple method\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51001/the-ant-driven-landscape","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_184","quest_11843","quest_451","quest_1489","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_51002","label":"quest"},"quest_50085":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_50085","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"50085","score":null,"sort":[1362153634000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"invasive-species-theyre-here-and-more-on-the-way","title":"Invasive Species: They're Here and More on the Way","publishDate":1362153634,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50086\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu-e1362080975290.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50086\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu-e1362080975290.jpg\" alt=\"Invasive red-crested cardinals, though beautiful, are serious problems for native Hawaiian birds. Image by Tony Fox\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu-e1362080975290.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu-e1362080975290-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Invasive red-crested cardinals, though beautiful, are serious problems for native Hawaiian birds. Image by \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Tony Fox\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"The state of our birds is a measurable indicator of how well we are doing as stewards of our environment, and the signal is clear. Greater bird conservation efforts are needed to realize the vision of a nation sustained economically, biologically and spiritually by abundant natural resources and spectacular wildlife in perpetuity.\" \u003ca title=\"State of the Birds 2011\" href=\"http://www.stateofthebirds.org/newsroom/KeyMessages2011.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">State of the Birds, 2011, USA \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve just returned from a trip to Maui where I enjoyed the tropical climate, warm ocean and amazing wildlife from \u003ca title=\"humpback whales\" href=\"http://wildhawaii.org/marinelife/whales.html\" target=\"_blank\">humpback whales\u003c/a> to \u003ca title=\"sea turtles of Hawaii\" href=\"http://wildhawaii.org/marinelife/turtles.html\" target=\"_blank\">sea turtles\u003c/a> to \u003ca title=\"Migration study of Pacific golden plovers\" href=\"http://www.humanecapture.com/wp-content/uploads/Golden-Plovers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Pacific golden plovers\u003c/a>. The whales and plovers perform similar migratory paths, moving from their wintering grounds in the areas around Hawaii northward each summer to Alaska and the Arctic Circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I found troubling, though, were the throngs of birds that swarmed the urban areas. They were exotic and beautiful, but almost to a species, they were all non-native and considered invasive. The native bird species of each Hawaiian island hover on the brink of extinction. They’re having a hard time adapting to the many environmental pressures introduced plant species, which are changing their native habitat. There’s also competition from the introduced animal species as well as predation from them, both on the adult birds as well as their young. Ants and rats are particular problems for nesting young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50087\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/invasive-species-theyre-here-and-more-on-the-way/palila/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50087\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50087\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Palila.jpg\" alt=\"Native Hawaiian birds, like the palila, are endangered from the many pressures non-native species put on their populations. Image by\" width=\"250\" height=\"215\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Native Hawaiian birds, like the palila, are endangered from the many pressures non-native species put on their populations. Image courtesy of the \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palila.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">USGS\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hawaiian Islands stand as examples and cautionary tales for our care of the mainland native bird species and their habitats. In our global economy, we are doing a good job of not only transporting goods around the world, but unintentionally transporting problematic species, too. There have been intentional introductions as well. \u003ca title=\"Scientific American, Starling and house sparrow introductions\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=call-of-the-reviled\" target=\"_blank\">Starlings and house sparrows arrived here\u003c/a> with someone’s capricious intention of bringing the birds of Shakespeare to New York’s Central Park. By the 1950's, they’d spread from coast to coast with repercussions for native birds throughout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though invasive species may seem like too great a problem for individuals to tackle, there are steps we can take to make a difference. You can join a crew of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/getinvolved/volunteer\" target=\"_blank\">volunteers\u003c/a> to pull invasive plants in the regional parks. You can also log your sightings of invasive species on the \u003ca title=\"NIIS website\" href=\"http://www.niiss.org/cwis438/websites/niiss/home.php?WebSiteID=1\" target=\"_blank\">National Institute of Invasive Species Science\u003c/a> website by following instructions on their \u003ca title=\"Citizen Science brochure, NIISS\" href=\"http://www.niiss.org/WebContent/cwis438/download_files/Users%20Guide%20Cit%20Sci%20Brochure%20v1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Citizen Science initiative\u003c/a>. I noticed that there weren’t any sightings listed for the San Francisco Bay Area. List in the comments below if you have suggestions for how folks can get involved or if you’ve noticed other invasive plants or animals that are problems in our area. Here’s a list of websites with information regarding \u003ca title=\"Invasive Species information\" href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/unitedstates/ca.shtml#.US7kXxnyvPE\" target=\"_blank\">invasive species in our area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50088\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/invasive-species-theyre-here-and-more-on-the-way/toulouse_-_sturnus_vulgaris_-_2012-02-26_-_3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50088\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50088\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Toulouse_-_Sturnus_vulgaris_-_2012-02-26_-_3-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"European starlings are found throughout North America and can be traced back to a successful introduction to Central Park in the late 1800s. Photo by Pierre Sims\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">European starlings are found throughout North America and can be traced back to a successful introduction to Central Park in the late 1800s. Photo by \u003ca title=\"Wikimedia, Pierre Selim's Eurpoean starling\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toulouse_-_Sturnus_vulgaris_-_2012-02-26_-_3.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Pierre Selim\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Invasive species are here and more are on the way! Find out about the problems and some possible solutions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366753229,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":530},"headData":{"title":"Invasive Species: They're Here and More on the Way | KQED","description":"Invasive species are here and more are on the way! Find out about the problems and some possible solutions.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Invasive Species: They're Here and More on the Way","datePublished":"2013-03-01T16:00:34.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T21:40:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"50085 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=50085","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/invasive-species-theyre-here-and-more-on-the-way/","disqusTitle":"Invasive Species: They're Here and More on the Way","path":"/quest/50085/invasive-species-theyre-here-and-more-on-the-way","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50086\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu-e1362080975290.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50086\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu-e1362080975290.jpg\" alt=\"Invasive red-crested cardinals, though beautiful, are serious problems for native Hawaiian birds. Image by Tony Fox\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu-e1362080975290.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu-e1362080975290-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Invasive red-crested cardinals, though beautiful, are serious problems for native Hawaiian birds. Image by \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red-crested_cardinal_-_Oahu.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Tony Fox\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"The state of our birds is a measurable indicator of how well we are doing as stewards of our environment, and the signal is clear. Greater bird conservation efforts are needed to realize the vision of a nation sustained economically, biologically and spiritually by abundant natural resources and spectacular wildlife in perpetuity.\" \u003ca title=\"State of the Birds 2011\" href=\"http://www.stateofthebirds.org/newsroom/KeyMessages2011.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">State of the Birds, 2011, USA \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve just returned from a trip to Maui where I enjoyed the tropical climate, warm ocean and amazing wildlife from \u003ca title=\"humpback whales\" href=\"http://wildhawaii.org/marinelife/whales.html\" target=\"_blank\">humpback whales\u003c/a> to \u003ca title=\"sea turtles of Hawaii\" href=\"http://wildhawaii.org/marinelife/turtles.html\" target=\"_blank\">sea turtles\u003c/a> to \u003ca title=\"Migration study of Pacific golden plovers\" href=\"http://www.humanecapture.com/wp-content/uploads/Golden-Plovers.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Pacific golden plovers\u003c/a>. The whales and plovers perform similar migratory paths, moving from their wintering grounds in the areas around Hawaii northward each summer to Alaska and the Arctic Circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I found troubling, though, were the throngs of birds that swarmed the urban areas. They were exotic and beautiful, but almost to a species, they were all non-native and considered invasive. The native bird species of each Hawaiian island hover on the brink of extinction. They’re having a hard time adapting to the many environmental pressures introduced plant species, which are changing their native habitat. There’s also competition from the introduced animal species as well as predation from them, both on the adult birds as well as their young. Ants and rats are particular problems for nesting young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50087\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/invasive-species-theyre-here-and-more-on-the-way/palila/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50087\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50087\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Palila.jpg\" alt=\"Native Hawaiian birds, like the palila, are endangered from the many pressures non-native species put on their populations. Image by\" width=\"250\" height=\"215\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Native Hawaiian birds, like the palila, are endangered from the many pressures non-native species put on their populations. Image courtesy of the \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palila.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">USGS\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hawaiian Islands stand as examples and cautionary tales for our care of the mainland native bird species and their habitats. In our global economy, we are doing a good job of not only transporting goods around the world, but unintentionally transporting problematic species, too. There have been intentional introductions as well. \u003ca title=\"Scientific American, Starling and house sparrow introductions\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=call-of-the-reviled\" target=\"_blank\">Starlings and house sparrows arrived here\u003c/a> with someone’s capricious intention of bringing the birds of Shakespeare to New York’s Central Park. By the 1950's, they’d spread from coast to coast with repercussions for native birds throughout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though invasive species may seem like too great a problem for individuals to tackle, there are steps we can take to make a difference. You can join a crew of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/getinvolved/volunteer\" target=\"_blank\">volunteers\u003c/a> to pull invasive plants in the regional parks. You can also log your sightings of invasive species on the \u003ca title=\"NIIS website\" href=\"http://www.niiss.org/cwis438/websites/niiss/home.php?WebSiteID=1\" target=\"_blank\">National Institute of Invasive Species Science\u003c/a> website by following instructions on their \u003ca title=\"Citizen Science brochure, NIISS\" href=\"http://www.niiss.org/WebContent/cwis438/download_files/Users%20Guide%20Cit%20Sci%20Brochure%20v1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Citizen Science initiative\u003c/a>. I noticed that there weren’t any sightings listed for the San Francisco Bay Area. List in the comments below if you have suggestions for how folks can get involved or if you’ve noticed other invasive plants or animals that are problems in our area. Here’s a list of websites with information regarding \u003ca title=\"Invasive Species information\" href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/unitedstates/ca.shtml#.US7kXxnyvPE\" target=\"_blank\">invasive species in our area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50088\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/invasive-species-theyre-here-and-more-on-the-way/toulouse_-_sturnus_vulgaris_-_2012-02-26_-_3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50088\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-50088\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Toulouse_-_Sturnus_vulgaris_-_2012-02-26_-_3-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"European starlings are found throughout North America and can be traced back to a successful introduction to Central Park in the late 1800s. Photo by Pierre Sims\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">European starlings are found throughout North America and can be traced back to a successful introduction to Central Park in the late 1800s. Photo by \u003ca title=\"Wikimedia, Pierre Selim's Eurpoean starling\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toulouse_-_Sturnus_vulgaris_-_2012-02-26_-_3.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Pierre Selim\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50085/invasive-species-theyre-here-and-more-on-the-way","authors":["6328"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_11794","quest_609","quest_1489","quest_11795","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_50086","label":"quest"},"quest_48954":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48954","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48954","score":null,"sort":[1360103727000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-on-the-spot-preserving-the-forest-of-the-sea","title":"Science on the SPOT: Preserving the Forest of the Sea","publishDate":1360103727,"format":"video","headTitle":"Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3296,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\"Walking down the stacks, you almost feel like you’re in \u003cem>Indiana Jones\u003c/em> looking for the final resting place of the Ark of the Covenant,\" said Kathy Ann Miller, PhD, a curator and seaweed expert as she led me down a long, nondescript corridor flanked by row upon row of one of the greatest seaweed collections in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48996\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48996\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"University Herbarium, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/uc/\" target=\"_blank\">The University Herbarium\u003c/a>, which is tucked into the basement of the largest building on campus at UC Berkeley, just past a fearsome skeleton of a \u003cem>T. Rex\u003c/em> dinosaur, is a plant museum which contains more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, dating to the time of the U.S. Civil War. During my first visit to the museum last autumn, I was struck by Kathy Ann Miller's enthusiasm and warmth, especially when describing her herbarium \"home\" and its red, green and brown-hued precious occupants whom she has cherished for over 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honestly, I hadn't given much thought to seaweed before I produced this story. But a few minutes with Kathy Ann Miller can open one's eyes to the bountiful gifts these multicellular algae bestow to their marine neighbors and terrestrial admirers. Seaweeds are like \"the forest of the sea\", providing habitat to fish, crabs and other marine life and their photosynthetic activity helps generate the oxygen we breathe. Also, compounds such as agar in their cell walls are used in foods such as ice cream, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (think \"age-defying\" skin creams). But to really appreciate seaweeds on a level which transcends words and facts, I needed to experience seaweeds at a tactile, almost ineffable, sensory level. Happy to oblige, Miller emerged from the stacks, grinning from ear to ear with specimens of dried seaweed pressed onto paper or placed in boxes and painstakingly organized atop shelves labeled with the names of countries and regions from which they were collected decades, even a century, ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My image of a seaweed - uprooted, splayed, frayed and trampled upon by bare feet and salty waves - gave way to a riot of colors, textures and bizarre shapes that made me wonder at times if I was looking at a branch of stony coral or a nest stitched together by a bird taking its architectural inspiration from Cubism. Also, not all seaweeds are green, even though they all contain the green-colored chlorophyll pigment which is essential for their photosynthetic conversion of sunlight into food. That's because in the case of red and brown seaweeds, other pigments mask the coloration of the chlorophyll pigment. Even when preserved and dried for a century or more, the colors in the seaweeds can still captivate, reminiscent of stained glass illuminated by the sun's rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48993\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48993\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from California. Larger and more three-dimensional species of seaweed, such as this one, are stored in boxes on the shelves at the herbarium. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from Alaska. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Found on all continents, seaweeds are far from endangered. Nonetheless, like other marine organisms, seaweeds are also vulnerable to acidification and warming temperatures, two major consequences of climate change. Additionally, the loss of habitat from human activity and development, and the arrival of invasive species from cargo ships crisscrossing the globe, make this a turbulent time for seaweeds near and far. \"I think we’re going to find that seaweed ranges are going to change, and that southern seaweeds will be moving further north as warming happens,\" said Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48995\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48995\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, with the click of a mouse and high-speed internet access, seaweed scientists around the world will be able to more quickly and methodically study the impact of climate change on large swathes of seaweeds archived at the herbarium. Funded by a grant she submitted to the National Science Foundation, in 2011, Miller and her team began taking high-resolution photographs of nearly 80,000 specimens of seaweed collected from the west coast of North America. Undergraduate work-study students have been invaluable to this project, photographing up to 400 specimens a day. With the seaweeds now digitized, Miller and her fellow curator, Andrew Doran, are completing a massive online database which features a Google map indicating the location of each specimen's collection, the date it was collected and the gorgeous photograph of the seaweed, digitally transformed into thousands of pixels. It's a captivating blend of history and modern technology, as the elegantly swooping, India-inked names of seaweed hunters come into focus beneath the translucent marine algae plucked and preserved from the wild shores of California, Oregon, Washington and points farther north many decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48997\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48997\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\" alt=\"Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reflecting on the importance of creating this digital inventory from the fragile seaweeds \"sleeping in their cases\", Miller told me, \"without really knowing what we have in our holdings, how can we apply the lessons of the past and the hard work of all those who’ve come before us to understand what we have today and where we’re going in the future?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully, the seaweeds of the west coast will prove that they can adapt to the crash of tomorrow's waves, as daunting and unpredictable as they may be.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"UC Berkeley's University Herbarium boasts one of the largest and oldest collections of seaweed in the United States. Herbarium curator Kathy Ann Miller is leading a massive project to preserve digitally nearly 80,000 specimens of west coast seaweed.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457563008,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":932},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: Preserving the Forest of the Sea | KQED","description":"UC Berkeley's University Herbarium boasts one of the largest and oldest collections of seaweed in the United States. Herbarium curator Kathy Ann Miller is leading a massive project to preserve digitally nearly 80,000 specimens of west coast seaweed.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science on the SPOT: Preserving the Forest of the Sea","datePublished":"2013-02-05T22:35:27.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T22:36:48.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"48954 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=48954","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/05/science-on-the-spot-preserving-the-forest-of-the-sea/","disqusTitle":"Science on the SPOT: Preserving the Forest of the Sea","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oB8Kl2SCeQw","path":"/quest/48954/science-on-the-spot-preserving-the-forest-of-the-sea","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\"Walking down the stacks, you almost feel like you’re in \u003cem>Indiana Jones\u003c/em> looking for the final resting place of the Ark of the Covenant,\" said Kathy Ann Miller, PhD, a curator and seaweed expert as she led me down a long, nondescript corridor flanked by row upon row of one of the greatest seaweed collections in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48996\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48996\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"University Herbarium, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/uc/\" target=\"_blank\">The University Herbarium\u003c/a>, which is tucked into the basement of the largest building on campus at UC Berkeley, just past a fearsome skeleton of a \u003cem>T. Rex\u003c/em> dinosaur, is a plant museum which contains more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, dating to the time of the U.S. Civil War. During my first visit to the museum last autumn, I was struck by Kathy Ann Miller's enthusiasm and warmth, especially when describing her herbarium \"home\" and its red, green and brown-hued precious occupants whom she has cherished for over 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honestly, I hadn't given much thought to seaweed before I produced this story. But a few minutes with Kathy Ann Miller can open one's eyes to the bountiful gifts these multicellular algae bestow to their marine neighbors and terrestrial admirers. Seaweeds are like \"the forest of the sea\", providing habitat to fish, crabs and other marine life and their photosynthetic activity helps generate the oxygen we breathe. Also, compounds such as agar in their cell walls are used in foods such as ice cream, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (think \"age-defying\" skin creams). But to really appreciate seaweeds on a level which transcends words and facts, I needed to experience seaweeds at a tactile, almost ineffable, sensory level. Happy to oblige, Miller emerged from the stacks, grinning from ear to ear with specimens of dried seaweed pressed onto paper or placed in boxes and painstakingly organized atop shelves labeled with the names of countries and regions from which they were collected decades, even a century, ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My image of a seaweed - uprooted, splayed, frayed and trampled upon by bare feet and salty waves - gave way to a riot of colors, textures and bizarre shapes that made me wonder at times if I was looking at a branch of stony coral or a nest stitched together by a bird taking its architectural inspiration from Cubism. Also, not all seaweeds are green, even though they all contain the green-colored chlorophyll pigment which is essential for their photosynthetic conversion of sunlight into food. That's because in the case of red and brown seaweeds, other pigments mask the coloration of the chlorophyll pigment. Even when preserved and dried for a century or more, the colors in the seaweeds can still captivate, reminiscent of stained glass illuminated by the sun's rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48993\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48993\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from California. Larger and more three-dimensional species of seaweed, such as this one, are stored in boxes on the shelves at the herbarium. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from Alaska. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Found on all continents, seaweeds are far from endangered. Nonetheless, like other marine organisms, seaweeds are also vulnerable to acidification and warming temperatures, two major consequences of climate change. Additionally, the loss of habitat from human activity and development, and the arrival of invasive species from cargo ships crisscrossing the globe, make this a turbulent time for seaweeds near and far. \"I think we’re going to find that seaweed ranges are going to change, and that southern seaweeds will be moving further north as warming happens,\" said Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48995\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48995\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, with the click of a mouse and high-speed internet access, seaweed scientists around the world will be able to more quickly and methodically study the impact of climate change on large swathes of seaweeds archived at the herbarium. Funded by a grant she submitted to the National Science Foundation, in 2011, Miller and her team began taking high-resolution photographs of nearly 80,000 specimens of seaweed collected from the west coast of North America. Undergraduate work-study students have been invaluable to this project, photographing up to 400 specimens a day. With the seaweeds now digitized, Miller and her fellow curator, Andrew Doran, are completing a massive online database which features a Google map indicating the location of each specimen's collection, the date it was collected and the gorgeous photograph of the seaweed, digitally transformed into thousands of pixels. It's a captivating blend of history and modern technology, as the elegantly swooping, India-inked names of seaweed hunters come into focus beneath the translucent marine algae plucked and preserved from the wild shores of California, Oregon, Washington and points farther north many decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48997\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48997\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\" alt=\"Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reflecting on the importance of creating this digital inventory from the fragile seaweeds \"sleeping in their cases\", Miller told me, \"without really knowing what we have in our holdings, how can we apply the lessons of the past and the hard work of all those who’ve come before us to understand what we have today and where we’re going in the future?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully, the seaweeds of the west coast will prove that they can adapt to the crash of tomorrow's waves, as daunting and unpredictable as they may be.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48954/science-on-the-spot-preserving-the-forest-of-the-sea","authors":["6176"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_621","quest_11694","quest_1489","quest_11693","quest_11692","quest_13","quest_11695","quest_3320","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_48987","label":"quest_3296"},"quest_27650":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27650","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27650","score":null,"sort":[1321892974000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"you-say-sweet-potato-i-say-new-world","title":"You Say Sweet Potato, I Say New World","publishDate":1321892974,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3354,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/sweetpotatopie.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/sweetpotatopie-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sweetpotatopie\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27652\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you fill your grocery cart with food for Thanksgiving, pause for a minute and think about where that food came from. I don’t mean is it local or organic or hormone/pesticide /gluten-free—I mean is it Old World or New World? On what continent did that food evolve?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the age of exploration, Europe was called the Old World, along with its continental neighbors in the Eastern Hemisphere, Africa and Asia. The Americas, North and South, were the New World. Australia is sometimes lumped with the New World, too. This is a geographical and historical division. But the Old World/New World distinction also speaks to the biology of the regions. Organisms that originated on one continent are different from those that evolved halfway around the world. And for the most part, living things—animals, plants, microbes—didn’t travel from one hemisphere to the other without human help. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sweet potato/yam mash-up is my favorite example of an Old World/New World confusion. Sweet potatoes originated in Central or South America, and are the starch-filled roots of plants related to morning glories. Yams, however, are \u003ca href=\"http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/hil-23-a.html\" target=\"_blank\">completely different\u003c/a>. They originated in Africa, and are actually the stem tissue of a monocot plant. Most of what we see labeled as “yams” in our grocery stores are actually sweet potatoes. The common name confusion started centuries ago, when African slaves brought the name—but not the vegetable—to the Americas with them. Yams don’t grow in temperate North America; they need a tropical climate, like Africa, Asia, or the Caribbean (where they’ve been imported). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So let’s go through your grocery cart. Your soon-to-be-mashed potatoes? New World—they originated in South America. (And the Irish Potato Famine occurred long after potatoes were imported to Europe.) The corn in your cornmeal stuffing originated in the New World, too. Your turkey is from the New World, but the soy in your tofurkey is native to Asia. And the \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/21/111121fa_fact_seabrook\" target=\"_blank\">apple\u003c/a> in your apple pie is not at all American—it originated in Europe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/zoofood/zoofoods.html\" target=\"_blank\">Many foods\u003c/a> have moved across the ocean. This mixing of culinary components and cultures is definitely something to be thankful for. (Invasive plants and animals—and diseases—that have crisscrossed continents are something else entirely.) This Thanksgiving weekend, I plan to read the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/1493-Uncovering-World-Columbus-Created/dp/0307265722/\" target=\"_blank\">1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created\u003c/a>. Author Charles C. Mann writes about the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_Exchange\" target=\"_blank\">Columbian Exchange\u003c/a>—the movement of plants, animals, and people from one hemisphere to the other. I’ll read it while enjoying a cup of coffee (Old World—Africa) and some leftover pecan pie (New World—North America). \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As you fill your grocery cart with food for Thanksgiving, pause for a minute and think about where that food came from. I don’t mean is it local or organic or hormone/pesticide /gluten-free—I mean is it Old World or New World? On what continent did that food evolve? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1321892974,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":467},"headData":{"title":"You Say Sweet Potato, I Say New World | KQED","description":"As you fill your grocery cart with food for Thanksgiving, pause for a minute and think about where that food came from. I don’t mean is it local or organic or hormone/pesticide /gluten-free—I mean is it Old World or New World? On what continent did that food evolve? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"You Say Sweet Potato, I Say New World","datePublished":"2011-11-21T16:29:34.000Z","dateModified":"2011-11-21T16:29:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"27650 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=27650","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/21/you-say-sweet-potato-i-say-new-world/","disqusTitle":"You Say Sweet Potato, I Say New World","path":"/quest/27650/you-say-sweet-potato-i-say-new-world","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/sweetpotatopie.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/sweetpotatopie-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sweetpotatopie\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27652\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you fill your grocery cart with food for Thanksgiving, pause for a minute and think about where that food came from. I don’t mean is it local or organic or hormone/pesticide /gluten-free—I mean is it Old World or New World? On what continent did that food evolve?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the age of exploration, Europe was called the Old World, along with its continental neighbors in the Eastern Hemisphere, Africa and Asia. The Americas, North and South, were the New World. Australia is sometimes lumped with the New World, too. This is a geographical and historical division. But the Old World/New World distinction also speaks to the biology of the regions. Organisms that originated on one continent are different from those that evolved halfway around the world. And for the most part, living things—animals, plants, microbes—didn’t travel from one hemisphere to the other without human help. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sweet potato/yam mash-up is my favorite example of an Old World/New World confusion. Sweet potatoes originated in Central or South America, and are the starch-filled roots of plants related to morning glories. Yams, however, are \u003ca href=\"http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/hil-23-a.html\" target=\"_blank\">completely different\u003c/a>. They originated in Africa, and are actually the stem tissue of a monocot plant. Most of what we see labeled as “yams” in our grocery stores are actually sweet potatoes. The common name confusion started centuries ago, when African slaves brought the name—but not the vegetable—to the Americas with them. Yams don’t grow in temperate North America; they need a tropical climate, like Africa, Asia, or the Caribbean (where they’ve been imported). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So let’s go through your grocery cart. Your soon-to-be-mashed potatoes? New World—they originated in South America. (And the Irish Potato Famine occurred long after potatoes were imported to Europe.) The corn in your cornmeal stuffing originated in the New World, too. Your turkey is from the New World, but the soy in your tofurkey is native to Asia. And the \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/21/111121fa_fact_seabrook\" target=\"_blank\">apple\u003c/a> in your apple pie is not at all American—it originated in Europe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/zoofood/zoofoods.html\" target=\"_blank\">Many foods\u003c/a> have moved across the ocean. This mixing of culinary components and cultures is definitely something to be thankful for. (Invasive plants and animals—and diseases—that have crisscrossed continents are something else entirely.) This Thanksgiving weekend, I plan to read the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/1493-Uncovering-World-Columbus-Created/dp/0307265722/\" target=\"_blank\">1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created\u003c/a>. Author Charles C. Mann writes about the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_Exchange\" target=\"_blank\">Columbian Exchange\u003c/a>—the movement of plants, animals, and people from one hemisphere to the other. I’ll read it while enjoying a cup of coffee (Old World—Africa) and some leftover pecan pie (New World—North America). \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27650/you-say-sweet-potato-i-say-new-world","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_10481","quest_1122","quest_1489","quest_10480","quest_10479","quest_13202","quest_2912"],"collections":["quest_3354"],"featImg":"quest_27652","label":"quest_3354"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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