Are Sleeping Aids Effective or Just A Placebo Effect?
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Jennifer has lived in the San Francisco Bay Area most of her life and she frequently enjoys the eclectic cultural, culinary and outdoor activities available in the area.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/jenniferhuber/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ci>QUEST\u003c/i>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ca897c62a710c0bf8c5f429c89331765?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Huber | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ca897c62a710c0bf8c5f429c89331765?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ca897c62a710c0bf8c5f429c89331765?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jenniferhuber"},"acurry":{"type":"authors","id":"6444","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6444","found":true},"name":"Arwen Curry","firstName":"Arwen","lastName":"Curry","slug":"acurry","email":"acurry@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Arwen Curry is Associate Producer of TV at KQED Science. She comes to KQED from documentary film, and is director of \u003cem>Worlds of Ursula K. Le Guin\u003c/em>, a feature documentary about the influential science fiction writer. She was Associate Producer of the films \u003cem>Regarding Susan Sontag\u003c/em>, \u003cem>American Jerusalem: Jews and the Making of San Francisco\u003c/em>, \u003cem>EAMES: The Architect & The Painter\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Utopia in Four Movements\u003c/em>, and co-produced and directed \u003cem>Stuffed\u003c/em>, a short film about compulsive hoarding. Arwen was editor of the punk magazine \u003cem>Maximum Rock 'n' Roll\u003c/em>, and has been a contributor to Radio Lab and McSweeney’s. She is a Bay Area native and a graduate of the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Arwen Curry | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/acurry"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_17514":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17514","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17514","score":null,"sort":[1415804432000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"catching-up-on-sleep-science","title":"Catching Up on Sleep Science","publishDate":1415804432,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/sheraz-sadiq/\">Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/a> and was updated by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\"> Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/acurry/\">Arwen Curry.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be honest – do you ever brag about how little sleep you get? If so, you’re not alone. Humans are the only species that seems to deliberately deprive themselves of sleep. But if you’ve ever uttered a phrase like “I’ll sleep when I’m dead,” it’s time for a wake-up call, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72675\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/803_SLEEP_polar_bear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/803_SLEEP_polar_bear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Sleep is common to all species that have been studied to date.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sleep is common to all species that have been studied to date.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have long known that adequate sleep is critical for good health. Insufficient sleep \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/expert-answers/lack-of-sleep/faq-20057757\">impairs the immune system\u003c/a>, and is associated with everything from \u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/sleep/\">obesity\u003c/a> to cardiovascular disease, stroke to cancer, depression to schizophrenia and \u003ca href=\"http://news.temple.edu/news/2014-03-18/chronic-sleep-disturbance-might-trigger-onset-alzheimer%E2%80%99s\">Alzheimer’s disease\u003c/a>. Now scientists are several steps closer to knowing how sleep keeps us healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An important clue about sleep’s function surfaced in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n2/full/nn.3303.html\">a 2013 study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/index.html\">Nature Neuroscience\u003c/a> \u003c/em>and conducted at the University of California-Berkeley. The study, by neuroscience professor Matthew Walker and his colleagues, showed that the structural changes the brain experiences as we age damage the quality of deep sleep. This hinders the brain’s ongoing ability to store memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72671\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Matthew_Walker_AC_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72671 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Matthew_Walker_AC_800-264x169.jpg\" alt=\"Professor Matthew Walker runs the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California-Berkeley Photo by Arwen Curry.\" width=\"264\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Matthew Walker runs the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California-Berkeley.\u003cbr> Photo by Arwen Curry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists were already aware of a connection between sleep and memory – now they are developing a working hypothesis about how the mechanism actually works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as though your learning system is like a USB stick,” Walker said. “During the day you’re acquiring lots of information rapidly.” This information is lodged in an area of the brain called the hippocampus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we sleep, this data is exported to “the hard drive of our brain,” a larger storage space called the cortex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we wake up the next day, our USB stick has now been cleared out, so we can start to learn new information anew,” Walker said. “We’ve refreshed our learning capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that we need less sleep as we age is a fallacy, he added. It now appears that the brain is physically unable to achieve the amount of slow-wave, non-rapid-eye-movement sleep needed to consolidate memories as we grow older. By the time we’re 50 years old, non-REM sleep has reduced by half compared to when we were 18 years old. By the time we’re 70, deep sleep is down to about 5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72668\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/402a_sleep_640-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72668 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/402a_sleep_640-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists use electric pulses to copy the rhythm of slow-wave sleep, which declines as we age.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists use electrical pulses to copy the rhythm of slow-wave sleep, which declines as we age.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This research suggests that improving slow-wave sleep, which takes up about a quarter of the night, could slow the decline of memory as we age. Scientists are investigating \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016643289390140L\">ways to use electrical stimulation to improve deep sleep in older people\u003c/a> by attaching electrodes to the scalp to create a mild current that mimics the pattern of slow-wave sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of sleep has traditionally been abstract, but advances in imaging technology now allow scientists to peek inside the sleeping brain. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/index.cfm?id=3956\">a groundbreaking 2013 study\u003c/a>, researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center injected dyes into the brains of sleeping mice, and watched in real-time as the neurons in their brains shrank dramatically by about 60 percent. This increased the spaces between the brain cells, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to easily flow through and cleanse the brain of naturally occurring toxic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72672\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Rochester_Brain_Flushing_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72672 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Rochester_Brain_Flushing_800-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"This photograph shows cerebrospinal fluid (in blue) rinsing toxins from the brain of a sleeping mouse.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photograph shows cerebrospinal fluid (in blue) rinsing toxins from the brain of a sleeping mouse. Photo courtesy of the University of Rochester Medical Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as though you’re sort of walking past one of those delightful posh hotels and during the day there’s lots of dirt that happens on the sidewalk,” said Walker. “And then at night, someone comes out with one of those pressure-jet washers and cleans it all out, so that it’s fresh and functional the next day. That’s exactly what we think is now happening during sleep at night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular note is that chronic sleep deprivation contributes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24887018\">the buildup of a toxic protein called beta-amyloid\u003c/a>, which is a predictor of Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker’s research also suggests strong connections between sleep and creativity and emotional regulation. But with all we’ve learned about sleep, there remains much more to be discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think about it,” said Walker, “we’ve understood the other three main biological drives – eating, drinking and reproducing – for many tens, if not hundreds, of years. But the fourth main biological drive, common across all species that we’ve studied, which is to sleep, remains that quintessential mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear: \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/166553/less-recommended-amount-sleep.aspx\">People are sleeping demonstrably less than they did 70 years ago\u003c/a>. An estimated 70 million Americans suffer from some form of chronic sleep disorder, and 40 percent get less than the recommended amount of sleep – seven and a half to eight hours a night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contributing factors include multi-tasking, the invasion of technology in the bedroom and long commute times, which rob us of precious free hours, Walker said. But the biggest culprit may be our own attitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think where we’re at in modern-day society is a problematic relationship with sleep,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that sleep is fundamentally important at the most basic of biological levels,” he said. “But something strange has happened – sleep has received a stigma. There’s some kind of intonation which suggests that getting sufficient sleep is equivalent to being lazy. We wear this badge of sleep deprivation like some kind of honor emblem on our arm, and that’s profoundly misguided.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408261000\">Forum with Michael Krasny: sleep expert Matthew Walker\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/08/27/sleep-apps-myths-and-more-strategies-for-a-good-nights-rest/\">Sleep Apps, Myths and More: Strategies for a Good Night’s Rest\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201311270930\">Forum with Dave Iverson: sleep therapy as a treatment for depression\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sleep: It’s more important than you might think. Watch the video to see how sleep imprints memories, regulates emotions, and cleanses the brain of toxins. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442634965,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1052},"headData":{"title":"Catching Up on Sleep Science | KQED","description":"Sleep: It’s more important than you might think. Watch the video to see how sleep imprints memories, regulates emotions, and cleanses the brain of toxins. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Catching Up on Sleep Science","datePublished":"2014-11-12T15:00:32.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T03:56:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17514 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/catching-up-on-sleep-science/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/12/catching-up-on-sleep-science/","disqusTitle":"Catching Up on Sleep Science","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HW1HxGJAjqY","source":"Health","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/health/","path":"/quest/17514/catching-up-on-sleep-science","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/sheraz-sadiq/\">Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/a> and was updated by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\"> Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/acurry/\">Arwen Curry.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be honest – do you ever brag about how little sleep you get? If so, you’re not alone. Humans are the only species that seems to deliberately deprive themselves of sleep. But if you’ve ever uttered a phrase like “I’ll sleep when I’m dead,” it’s time for a wake-up call, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72675\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/803_SLEEP_polar_bear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/803_SLEEP_polar_bear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Sleep is common to all species that have been studied to date.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sleep is common to all species that have been studied to date.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have long known that adequate sleep is critical for good health. Insufficient sleep \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/expert-answers/lack-of-sleep/faq-20057757\">impairs the immune system\u003c/a>, and is associated with everything from \u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/sleep/\">obesity\u003c/a> to cardiovascular disease, stroke to cancer, depression to schizophrenia and \u003ca href=\"http://news.temple.edu/news/2014-03-18/chronic-sleep-disturbance-might-trigger-onset-alzheimer%E2%80%99s\">Alzheimer’s disease\u003c/a>. Now scientists are several steps closer to knowing how sleep keeps us healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An important clue about sleep’s function surfaced in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n2/full/nn.3303.html\">a 2013 study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/index.html\">Nature Neuroscience\u003c/a> \u003c/em>and conducted at the University of California-Berkeley. The study, by neuroscience professor Matthew Walker and his colleagues, showed that the structural changes the brain experiences as we age damage the quality of deep sleep. This hinders the brain’s ongoing ability to store memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72671\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Matthew_Walker_AC_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72671 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Matthew_Walker_AC_800-264x169.jpg\" alt=\"Professor Matthew Walker runs the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California-Berkeley Photo by Arwen Curry.\" width=\"264\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Matthew Walker runs the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California-Berkeley.\u003cbr> Photo by Arwen Curry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists were already aware of a connection between sleep and memory – now they are developing a working hypothesis about how the mechanism actually works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as though your learning system is like a USB stick,” Walker said. “During the day you’re acquiring lots of information rapidly.” This information is lodged in an area of the brain called the hippocampus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we sleep, this data is exported to “the hard drive of our brain,” a larger storage space called the cortex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we wake up the next day, our USB stick has now been cleared out, so we can start to learn new information anew,” Walker said. “We’ve refreshed our learning capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that we need less sleep as we age is a fallacy, he added. It now appears that the brain is physically unable to achieve the amount of slow-wave, non-rapid-eye-movement sleep needed to consolidate memories as we grow older. By the time we’re 50 years old, non-REM sleep has reduced by half compared to when we were 18 years old. By the time we’re 70, deep sleep is down to about 5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72668\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/402a_sleep_640-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72668 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/402a_sleep_640-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists use electric pulses to copy the rhythm of slow-wave sleep, which declines as we age.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists use electrical pulses to copy the rhythm of slow-wave sleep, which declines as we age.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This research suggests that improving slow-wave sleep, which takes up about a quarter of the night, could slow the decline of memory as we age. Scientists are investigating \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016643289390140L\">ways to use electrical stimulation to improve deep sleep in older people\u003c/a> by attaching electrodes to the scalp to create a mild current that mimics the pattern of slow-wave sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of sleep has traditionally been abstract, but advances in imaging technology now allow scientists to peek inside the sleeping brain. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/index.cfm?id=3956\">a groundbreaking 2013 study\u003c/a>, researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center injected dyes into the brains of sleeping mice, and watched in real-time as the neurons in their brains shrank dramatically by about 60 percent. This increased the spaces between the brain cells, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to easily flow through and cleanse the brain of naturally occurring toxic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72672\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Rochester_Brain_Flushing_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72672 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Rochester_Brain_Flushing_800-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"This photograph shows cerebrospinal fluid (in blue) rinsing toxins from the brain of a sleeping mouse.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photograph shows cerebrospinal fluid (in blue) rinsing toxins from the brain of a sleeping mouse. Photo courtesy of the University of Rochester Medical Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as though you’re sort of walking past one of those delightful posh hotels and during the day there’s lots of dirt that happens on the sidewalk,” said Walker. “And then at night, someone comes out with one of those pressure-jet washers and cleans it all out, so that it’s fresh and functional the next day. That’s exactly what we think is now happening during sleep at night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular note is that chronic sleep deprivation contributes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24887018\">the buildup of a toxic protein called beta-amyloid\u003c/a>, which is a predictor of Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker’s research also suggests strong connections between sleep and creativity and emotional regulation. But with all we’ve learned about sleep, there remains much more to be discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think about it,” said Walker, “we’ve understood the other three main biological drives – eating, drinking and reproducing – for many tens, if not hundreds, of years. But the fourth main biological drive, common across all species that we’ve studied, which is to sleep, remains that quintessential mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear: \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/166553/less-recommended-amount-sleep.aspx\">People are sleeping demonstrably less than they did 70 years ago\u003c/a>. An estimated 70 million Americans suffer from some form of chronic sleep disorder, and 40 percent get less than the recommended amount of sleep – seven and a half to eight hours a night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contributing factors include multi-tasking, the invasion of technology in the bedroom and long commute times, which rob us of precious free hours, Walker said. But the biggest culprit may be our own attitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think where we’re at in modern-day society is a problematic relationship with sleep,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that sleep is fundamentally important at the most basic of biological levels,” he said. “But something strange has happened – sleep has received a stigma. There’s some kind of intonation which suggests that getting sufficient sleep is equivalent to being lazy. We wear this badge of sleep deprivation like some kind of honor emblem on our arm, and that’s profoundly misguided.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408261000\">Forum with Michael Krasny: sleep expert Matthew Walker\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/08/27/sleep-apps-myths-and-more-strategies-for-a-good-nights-rest/\">Sleep Apps, Myths and More: Strategies for a Good Night’s Rest\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201311270930\">Forum with Dave Iverson: sleep therapy as a treatment for depression\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17514/catching-up-on-sleep-science","authors":["6444"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_83","quest_135","quest_13038","quest_13048","quest_13044","quest_423","quest_13042","quest_13045","quest_13047","quest_13052","quest_13050","quest_13040","quest_13046","quest_12269","quest_13201","quest_13035","quest_1451","quest_11723","quest_10537","quest_1788","quest_13039","quest_13036","quest_1916","quest_13041","quest_9816","quest_13037","quest_2031","quest_13","quest_10538","quest_2655","quest_13034","quest_13051","quest_2893","quest_3021","quest_12094","quest_13043","quest_3071","quest_13049"],"featImg":"quest_72659","label":"source_quest_17514"},"quest_49411":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_49411","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"49411","score":null,"sort":[1361203217000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"are-sleeping-aids-effective-or-just-a-placebo-effect","title":"Are Sleeping Aids Effective or Just A Placebo Effect?","publishDate":1361203217,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49415\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SleepingBeauty_Wiros_640x3601.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SleepingBeauty_Wiros_640x3601.jpg\" alt=\"photograph of woman laying in bed.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49415\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SleepingBeauty_Wiros_640x3601.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SleepingBeauty_Wiros_640x3601-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph courtesy of Wiros via a Creative Commons license.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You lay in bed, tossing and turning. Your body is completely exhausted, but your mind is racing with the day’s activities. Or worse yet, you’re stressing out about all the things on your to-do list for tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insomnia has become a major health concern worldwide with about \u003ca href=\"http://www.prweb.com/releases/sleeping_pills/sleeping_tablets/prweb4318034.htm\" title=\"article quoting the prevalence of sleeping pill usage\">15% of the global population\u003c/a> seeking relief with sleeping pills or tranquilizers. In the United States, about \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304567604576454102061138630.html\" title=\"Wall Street Journal article on sleeping pills usage in US\">60 million prescriptions\u003c/a> for sleeping pills are issued each year and usage has continued to grow particularly for 20-45 year olds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most commonly prescribed type of sleeping pill is non-benzodiazepines, also called z-drugs — zaleplon (Sonata), zolpidem (Ambien), zopiclone (Imovane), and eszopiclone (Lunesta). These z-drugs stimulate the activity of a neurotransmitter (gamma-aminobutyric acid) to help slow the brain down and facilitate sleep. However, a recent scientific journal article has raised some concerns about using z-drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Harvard Medical School, the University of Connecticut and the University of London performed a quantitative statistical analysis (meta-analysis) of 13 studies on the effectiveness of z-drugs and their associated placebo response. They selected only randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials, which means that neither the 4378 participants nor the researchers knew who was given the drug and who the placebo. The researchers obtained the data from the US Food and Drug Administration, using both published and unpublished trials submitted as part of the drug approval process in order to avoid “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20181324\" title=\"article that explains publication bias\">publication bias\u003c/a>.” Their research \u003ca href=\"http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e8343\" title=\"British Medical Journal article on sleeping pills and placebo effect\">results were published\u003c/a> in the British Medical Journal on December 17, 2012. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This large, well-designed study found that z-drugs helped participants fall asleep more quickly, as measured subjectively by the participants and by equipment in a sleep lab. This was particularly true for younger, female participants. However, half the effect of the drug was found to be due to a placebo response. Specifically, participants on average fell asleep in the lab only 22 minutes faster if taking the z-drug compared to the placebo. This has raised concern on whether the benefits of taking z-drugs are worth the risk of adverse side effects, which include daytime fatigue, memory loss, problems with balance, dependency and an \u003ca href=\"http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000850.full\" title=\"British Medical Journal article on increased mortality associated with sleeping pills\">associated risk of an earlier death\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research found that both the drug effect and the placebo response were small and of “questionable clinical importance.” However, when the two were put together, taking a z-drug allowed participants on average to fall asleep 42 minutes faster than if they hadn’t taken a pill. This may help explain why many users are strong proponents of their z-drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, how quickly you fall asleep is only one symptom of insomnia. Other important measures are the total sleep time, number of awakenings, sleep quality and time spent awake after sleep onset. Although the study looked at these other outcomes, unfortunately there was insufficient data to make firm conclusions on these factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully there will be further research to analyze the effectiveness of z-drugs on all aspects affecting sleep quality. In addition, the demonstrated importance of the placebo response suggests that more attention should be directed at psychological interventions for insomnia.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Insomnia has become a major health concern worldwide. In the US, 60 million prescriptions for sleeping pills are issued each year and non-benzodiazepines are the most commonly prescribed type. However, recent scientific journal articles have raised concerns about using these sleep aids.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1362707184,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":544},"headData":{"title":"Are Sleeping Aids Effective or Just A Placebo Effect? | KQED","description":"Insomnia has become a major health concern worldwide. In the US, 60 million prescriptions for sleeping pills are issued each year and non-benzodiazepines are the most commonly prescribed type. However, recent scientific journal articles have raised concerns about using these sleep aids.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Are Sleeping Aids Effective or Just A Placebo Effect?","datePublished":"2013-02-18T16:00:17.000Z","dateModified":"2013-03-08T01:46:24.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"49411 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=49411","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/18/are-sleeping-aids-effective-or-just-a-placebo-effect/","disqusTitle":"Are Sleeping Aids Effective or Just A Placebo Effect?","path":"/quest/49411/are-sleeping-aids-effective-or-just-a-placebo-effect","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49415\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SleepingBeauty_Wiros_640x3601.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SleepingBeauty_Wiros_640x3601.jpg\" alt=\"photograph of woman laying in bed.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49415\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SleepingBeauty_Wiros_640x3601.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SleepingBeauty_Wiros_640x3601-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph courtesy of Wiros via a Creative Commons license.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You lay in bed, tossing and turning. Your body is completely exhausted, but your mind is racing with the day’s activities. Or worse yet, you’re stressing out about all the things on your to-do list for tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insomnia has become a major health concern worldwide with about \u003ca href=\"http://www.prweb.com/releases/sleeping_pills/sleeping_tablets/prweb4318034.htm\" title=\"article quoting the prevalence of sleeping pill usage\">15% of the global population\u003c/a> seeking relief with sleeping pills or tranquilizers. In the United States, about \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304567604576454102061138630.html\" title=\"Wall Street Journal article on sleeping pills usage in US\">60 million prescriptions\u003c/a> for sleeping pills are issued each year and usage has continued to grow particularly for 20-45 year olds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most commonly prescribed type of sleeping pill is non-benzodiazepines, also called z-drugs — zaleplon (Sonata), zolpidem (Ambien), zopiclone (Imovane), and eszopiclone (Lunesta). These z-drugs stimulate the activity of a neurotransmitter (gamma-aminobutyric acid) to help slow the brain down and facilitate sleep. However, a recent scientific journal article has raised some concerns about using z-drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Harvard Medical School, the University of Connecticut and the University of London performed a quantitative statistical analysis (meta-analysis) of 13 studies on the effectiveness of z-drugs and their associated placebo response. They selected only randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials, which means that neither the 4378 participants nor the researchers knew who was given the drug and who the placebo. The researchers obtained the data from the US Food and Drug Administration, using both published and unpublished trials submitted as part of the drug approval process in order to avoid “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20181324\" title=\"article that explains publication bias\">publication bias\u003c/a>.” Their research \u003ca href=\"http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e8343\" title=\"British Medical Journal article on sleeping pills and placebo effect\">results were published\u003c/a> in the British Medical Journal on December 17, 2012. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This large, well-designed study found that z-drugs helped participants fall asleep more quickly, as measured subjectively by the participants and by equipment in a sleep lab. This was particularly true for younger, female participants. However, half the effect of the drug was found to be due to a placebo response. Specifically, participants on average fell asleep in the lab only 22 minutes faster if taking the z-drug compared to the placebo. This has raised concern on whether the benefits of taking z-drugs are worth the risk of adverse side effects, which include daytime fatigue, memory loss, problems with balance, dependency and an \u003ca href=\"http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000850.full\" title=\"British Medical Journal article on increased mortality associated with sleeping pills\">associated risk of an earlier death\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research found that both the drug effect and the placebo response were small and of “questionable clinical importance.” However, when the two were put together, taking a z-drug allowed participants on average to fall asleep 42 minutes faster than if they hadn’t taken a pill. This may help explain why many users are strong proponents of their z-drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, how quickly you fall asleep is only one symptom of insomnia. Other important measures are the total sleep time, number of awakenings, sleep quality and time spent awake after sleep onset. Although the study looked at these other outcomes, unfortunately there was insufficient data to make firm conclusions on these factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully there will be further research to analyze the effectiveness of z-drugs on all aspects affecting sleep quality. In addition, the demonstrated importance of the placebo response suggests that more attention should be directed at psychological interventions for insomnia.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49411/are-sleeping-aids-effective-or-just-a-placebo-effect","authors":["6360"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_11723","quest_11722","quest_11724","quest_13202","quest_11720","quest_11721"],"featImg":"quest_49415","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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