Famous African American Scientists & Innovators: Part II
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You can follow him @hupdiggs and at vimeo.com/davidhuppert","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"David Huppert | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/davidhuppert"},"jaugustine":{"type":"authors","id":"10447","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10447","found":true},"name":"Jon Augustine","firstName":"Jon","lastName":"Augustine","slug":"jaugustine","email":"jaugustine@netad.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Associate Producer for QUEST, NET Nebraska.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jon Augustine | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jaugustine"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_60576":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60576","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60576","score":null,"sort":[1391698822000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"searching-for-a-new-perspective-of-an-altered-landscape","title":"Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape","publishDate":1391698822,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>If you’re old enough to have childhood memories, chances are you’re old enough to have witnessed a land use change. Maybe the woods behind your parents’ home has morphed into rows of new houses. Maybe the creek where you caught your first fish now boasts a parking lot for a big box store. Maybe a particularly picturesque farmstead is now a collection of crumbling structures engulfed by overgrown weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These landscape changes come big and small, and often so gradually that they go unnoticed. That said, many long-time residents of the Great Plains can and will tell you this much: where they once saw diverse prairie habitats, they now see cropland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies examining recent rates of grassland, wetland, and shrubland loss in the country’s midsection have revealed head-turning statistics. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593829/#!po=31.2500\">research report\u003c/a> published by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/index.xhtml\">\u003cstrong>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong> (PNAS)\u003c/a> in March 2013 concluded that grassland-to-cropland conversion rates across “significant portions of the US Western Corn Belt” from 2001 to 2011 were similar to rates of rainforest conversion in Brazil, Malaysia, and Indonesia during the 1980s and 1990s (1.0 to 5.4 percent annually).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also suggested that, especially in Nebraska, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=3593829_pnas.1215404110fig04.jpg\">noticeable fraction of the conversion occurs on marginal lands\u003c/a> that are poorly suited for crop production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Culprits, victims, and beneficiaries of this habitat loss are somewhat debatable, but what is uncontestable is the reality that the Great Plains’ landscapes have been drastically altered over the last century and a half. What was once a grassy wilderness is now a vast agro-industrial zone -- a place where the landscape struggles to support both biodiversity and the crop-based commodities that our times demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not news to \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/powell/\">Larkin Powell\u003c/a>, a professor of conservation biology and wildlife ecology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Since his childhood days on a family farm in rural Iowa, Powell has been taking notice of the landscape changes around him -- and how easy it is to forget how things used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66781 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Views of Kearney, Nebraska from the north hill. I’m always looking for evidence of landscape change. The amount of change to our urban areas is significant—especially in the amount of trees in our towns and cities. This series of images followed by a photo I took in 2013 is an effective reminder that Nebraska’s urban areas have grown and changed their landscapes at the same time the rural landscape has changed. (Caption by Larkin Powell. Top two photos: Buffalo County Historical Society Collection. Bottom photo: Larkin Powell.) \" width=\"336\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Buffalo County Historical Society Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We drive around on our landscapes today and we’re only familiar with what we see today,” said Powell, who added, “We can kind of remember what was there last week. There’s this ‘landscape perception’ field of study that suggests that people don’t do well -- in our brains -- of keeping track of little changes that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Powell these often forgettable landscape changes have resulted in big impacts on everything from local biodiversity to human diets to cultural and societal features like architecture, hobbies, and rural populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Powell’s professional research is focused on the behaviors and what he calls the “life history” of prairie wildlife in changing landscapes. And while the data he gathers are useful from a scientific perspective, they don’t always help the public visualize -- or care about -- the tangible impacts of human activities on natural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, more recently, Powell has set off on an effort to gather something else: the collective memories of prairie life. Specifically, he scours county historical societies and the Nebraska State Historical Museum archives for photographs and articles from relatively recent but nonetheless forgotten times. The end result will be a book that “makes people reflect a little bit, at least,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66776\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 327px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66776 \" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1-467x360.jpg\" alt=\"Solomon Butcher photographed many pioneer families in Custer County prior to 1901. I like to look at the objects this family chose to present for the photographer. Were they sending a message to their relatives back East? Did the presence of elk antlers (no longer found in Custer County) tell their family and friends “we’ve got enough to eat”? (Caption by Larkin Powell. Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection.)\" width=\"327\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family portrait from Custer County, Nebraska from sometime before 1901. Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A portrait of homesteaders showing off a stack of elk antlers where elk no longer exist; a photo of a butcher selling pronghorn for Christmas dinners; an image of a farmer installing an irrigation system with his sons; aerial photographs of farmsteads morphing into fields of row crops over time -- together these images become a biography of the landscape over the last 150 years, a recorded history of human pursuits and the way in which they have affected other species on the prairie. The goal is to fill in the gaps of memory loss, to “make cross-connections,” said Powell, between our behaviors and some of their unnoticed repercussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve slowly been converting grasslands to cropland or modifying the way we farm, slowly over time,” he said. “So the question right now is, if that speed of conversion has gone up like statistics suggest, are we close to a tipping point with some of these species?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent flight to the Sandhills of western Nebraska, Powell said he looked out the window of the plane and wondered, “If I were a pheasant or a meadowlark…where would I go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell’s project is coming together under the working title “The Best of Intentions,” which he said he chose because it’s important to acknowledge that people don’t alter the landscape because they have ill intentions for wildlife. It happens, he said, “out of the necessity to meet demands, and out of the desire to support a family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think that sometimes -- as people who are interested in conservation -- we have a tendency to kind of point fingers and say, ‘Why don’t they get it?’” Powell said. “The point of it is, it just happens. It’s not a pointing-fingers book. This is what we’ve done as a society, and there are things that will happen, and this is how our landscape changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell believes that the photographs and stories he has found could help landowners to recall the slow progression of changes that have impacted their land. “You can sit down with somebody and look at what the land looked like on their place and they’ll be like, ‘Yeah, I guess it really has changed more than I thought it did.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will it alter the course of the future? I’m not sure,” said Powell. “But I think it makes us think, at least a little bit, about the impact we can have on the landscape. Learning from the past, learning from our history, looking at our landscape in a new way helps us see a future we might not have thought of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Click a thumbnail below to open a slideshow of photographs and captions from Powell's collection.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery columns=\"2\" link=\"file\" ids=\"66788,66789,66791,66779,66780,66787,66784,66786\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See also:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/21/us/setting-the-table-for-a-fluttering-comeback-with-milkweed.html?_r=0\">A New York Times article with information about monarch butterfly conservation efforts as their food supply diminishes on the prairie.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">This article from Harvest Public Media describing the loss of prairie to agricultural pursuits, and one family's effort to avoid the ethanol boom and save their grassland.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/sports/local/outdoors/grasslands-under-siege-in-the-plains/article_7bcf969e-0fea-59ee-ba77-8ca1c1eb3023.html\">This editorial from Peter Berthelsen of Pheasants Forever published by the Lincoln Journal Star on December 29, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While prairie is converted to cropland at a breakneck pace, one conservation biologist in Nebraska is finding an alternative way to jog the collective memory of the Great Plains landscape. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442704072,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":true,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1185},"headData":{"title":"Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape | KQED","description":"While prairie is converted to cropland at a breakneck pace, one conservation biologist in Nebraska is finding an alternative way to jog the collective memory of the Great Plains landscape. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"60576 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60576","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/06/searching-for-a-new-perspective-of-an-altered-landscape/","disqusTitle":"Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape","path":"/quest/60576/searching-for-a-new-perspective-of-an-altered-landscape","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’re old enough to have childhood memories, chances are you’re old enough to have witnessed a land use change. Maybe the woods behind your parents’ home has morphed into rows of new houses. Maybe the creek where you caught your first fish now boasts a parking lot for a big box store. Maybe a particularly picturesque farmstead is now a collection of crumbling structures engulfed by overgrown weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These landscape changes come big and small, and often so gradually that they go unnoticed. That said, many long-time residents of the Great Plains can and will tell you this much: where they once saw diverse prairie habitats, they now see cropland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies examining recent rates of grassland, wetland, and shrubland loss in the country’s midsection have revealed head-turning statistics. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593829/#!po=31.2500\">research report\u003c/a> published by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/index.xhtml\">\u003cstrong>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong> (PNAS)\u003c/a> in March 2013 concluded that grassland-to-cropland conversion rates across “significant portions of the US Western Corn Belt” from 2001 to 2011 were similar to rates of rainforest conversion in Brazil, Malaysia, and Indonesia during the 1980s and 1990s (1.0 to 5.4 percent annually).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also suggested that, especially in Nebraska, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=3593829_pnas.1215404110fig04.jpg\">noticeable fraction of the conversion occurs on marginal lands\u003c/a> that are poorly suited for crop production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Culprits, victims, and beneficiaries of this habitat loss are somewhat debatable, but what is uncontestable is the reality that the Great Plains’ landscapes have been drastically altered over the last century and a half. What was once a grassy wilderness is now a vast agro-industrial zone -- a place where the landscape struggles to support both biodiversity and the crop-based commodities that our times demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not news to \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/powell/\">Larkin Powell\u003c/a>, a professor of conservation biology and wildlife ecology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Since his childhood days on a family farm in rural Iowa, Powell has been taking notice of the landscape changes around him -- and how easy it is to forget how things used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66781 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Views of Kearney, Nebraska from the north hill. I’m always looking for evidence of landscape change. The amount of change to our urban areas is significant—especially in the amount of trees in our towns and cities. This series of images followed by a photo I took in 2013 is an effective reminder that Nebraska’s urban areas have grown and changed their landscapes at the same time the rural landscape has changed. (Caption by Larkin Powell. Top two photos: Buffalo County Historical Society Collection. Bottom photo: Larkin Powell.) \" width=\"336\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Buffalo County Historical Society Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We drive around on our landscapes today and we’re only familiar with what we see today,” said Powell, who added, “We can kind of remember what was there last week. There’s this ‘landscape perception’ field of study that suggests that people don’t do well -- in our brains -- of keeping track of little changes that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Powell these often forgettable landscape changes have resulted in big impacts on everything from local biodiversity to human diets to cultural and societal features like architecture, hobbies, and rural populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Powell’s professional research is focused on the behaviors and what he calls the “life history” of prairie wildlife in changing landscapes. And while the data he gathers are useful from a scientific perspective, they don’t always help the public visualize -- or care about -- the tangible impacts of human activities on natural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, more recently, Powell has set off on an effort to gather something else: the collective memories of prairie life. Specifically, he scours county historical societies and the Nebraska State Historical Museum archives for photographs and articles from relatively recent but nonetheless forgotten times. The end result will be a book that “makes people reflect a little bit, at least,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66776\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 327px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66776 \" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1-467x360.jpg\" alt=\"Solomon Butcher photographed many pioneer families in Custer County prior to 1901. I like to look at the objects this family chose to present for the photographer. Were they sending a message to their relatives back East? Did the presence of elk antlers (no longer found in Custer County) tell their family and friends “we’ve got enough to eat”? (Caption by Larkin Powell. Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection.)\" width=\"327\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family portrait from Custer County, Nebraska from sometime before 1901. Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A portrait of homesteaders showing off a stack of elk antlers where elk no longer exist; a photo of a butcher selling pronghorn for Christmas dinners; an image of a farmer installing an irrigation system with his sons; aerial photographs of farmsteads morphing into fields of row crops over time -- together these images become a biography of the landscape over the last 150 years, a recorded history of human pursuits and the way in which they have affected other species on the prairie. The goal is to fill in the gaps of memory loss, to “make cross-connections,” said Powell, between our behaviors and some of their unnoticed repercussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve slowly been converting grasslands to cropland or modifying the way we farm, slowly over time,” he said. “So the question right now is, if that speed of conversion has gone up like statistics suggest, are we close to a tipping point with some of these species?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent flight to the Sandhills of western Nebraska, Powell said he looked out the window of the plane and wondered, “If I were a pheasant or a meadowlark…where would I go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell’s project is coming together under the working title “The Best of Intentions,” which he said he chose because it’s important to acknowledge that people don’t alter the landscape because they have ill intentions for wildlife. It happens, he said, “out of the necessity to meet demands, and out of the desire to support a family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think that sometimes -- as people who are interested in conservation -- we have a tendency to kind of point fingers and say, ‘Why don’t they get it?’” Powell said. “The point of it is, it just happens. It’s not a pointing-fingers book. This is what we’ve done as a society, and there are things that will happen, and this is how our landscape changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell believes that the photographs and stories he has found could help landowners to recall the slow progression of changes that have impacted their land. “You can sit down with somebody and look at what the land looked like on their place and they’ll be like, ‘Yeah, I guess it really has changed more than I thought it did.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will it alter the course of the future? I’m not sure,” said Powell. “But I think it makes us think, at least a little bit, about the impact we can have on the landscape. Learning from the past, learning from our history, looking at our landscape in a new way helps us see a future we might not have thought of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Click a thumbnail below to open a slideshow of photographs and captions from Powell's collection.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"gallery","attributes":{"named":{"columns":"2","link":"file","ids":"66788,66789,66791,66779,66780,66787,66784,66786","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See also:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/21/us/setting-the-table-for-a-fluttering-comeback-with-milkweed.html?_r=0\">A New York Times article with information about monarch butterfly conservation efforts as their food supply diminishes on the prairie.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">This article from Harvest Public Media describing the loss of prairie to agricultural pursuits, and one family's effort to avoid the ethanol boom and save their grassland.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/sports/local/outdoors/grasslands-under-siege-in-the-plains/article_7bcf969e-0fea-59ee-ba77-8ca1c1eb3023.html\">This editorial from Peter Berthelsen of Pheasants Forever published by the Lincoln Journal Star on December 29, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60576/searching-for-a-new-perspective-of-an-altered-landscape","authors":["10447"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_326","quest_702","quest_733","quest_1023","quest_1073","quest_12269","quest_10353","quest_1374","quest_12594","quest_12591","quest_12590","quest_12586","quest_12588","quest_12596","quest_12593","quest_12511","quest_3929","quest_10388","quest_12595","quest_12589","quest_2187","quest_12587","quest_2349","quest_12354","quest_12592","quest_2844","quest_12598","quest_12597","quest_10511","quest_3155"],"featImg":"quest_66823","label":"quest"},"quest_37081":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_37081","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"37081","score":null,"sort":[1336176029000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-is-california%e2%80%99s-delta","title":"What is California’s Delta?","publishDate":1336176029,"format":"video","headTitle":"California’s Deadlocked Delta | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":11058,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Associate Media Producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/joshua-cassidy/\">Joshua Cassidy\u003c/a> co-produced this video story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re like most Californians, you’ve probably never heard of the Delta or why it’s important to the state’s economy and wildlife. In three minutes, we’ll explain how the Delta is a key part of California’s water supply and why it’s been the focus of a decades-long water battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If you’re like most Californians, you’ve probably never heard of the Delta or why it’s important to the state’s economy and wildlife. In three minutes, we’ll explain how the Delta is a key part of California’s water supply and why it’s been the focus of a decades-long water battle.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1609886647,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":77},"headData":{"title":"What is California’s Delta? - QUEST","description":"If you’re like most Californians, you’ve probably never heard of the Delta or why it’s important to the state’s economy and wildlife. In three minutes, we’ll explain how the Delta is a key part of California’s water supply and why it’s been the focus of a decades-long water battle.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"37081 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=37081","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/what-is-california%e2%80%99s-delta/","disqusTitle":"What is California’s Delta?","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/1-RkNhNWCAo","path":"/quest/37081/what-is-california%e2%80%99s-delta","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Associate Media Producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/joshua-cassidy/\">Joshua Cassidy\u003c/a> co-produced this video story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re like most Californians, you’ve probably never heard of the Delta or why it’s important to the state’s economy and wildlife. In three minutes, we’ll explain how the Delta is a key part of California’s water supply and why it’s been the focus of a decades-long water battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/37081/what-is-california%e2%80%99s-delta","authors":["239","6219"],"series":["quest_11058"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_11059","quest_11063","quest_797","quest_11062","quest_1103","quest_1374","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2477","quest_11060","quest_11061","quest_3071","quest_3108","quest_11064"],"featImg":"quest_37119","label":"quest_11058"},"quest_26479":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26479","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26479","score":null,"sort":[1320778853000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-night-sky-past-and-present","title":"The Night Sky: Past and Present","publishDate":1320778853,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>[jwvideo id=\"512b_nightsky\" poster_frame=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/nightskymarquee.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nNowadays, all you need is a smartphone, an astronomy app and a clear night to identify the stars and planets that populate the night sky. The days of trying to impress your friends with names of random constellations are behind us. Today’s backyard \u003ca title=\"astronomer\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/amateur-astronomers/\" target=\"_blank\">amateur astronomer\u003c/a> relies more on signal strength than stellar smarts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs the question, how did they do that before cell phones? As the saying goes, behind every good digital astronomy app is an analog photographic plate. Beginning in the mid-19th century, astronomers began utilizing the \u003ca title=\"emulsion\" href=\"http://www.astrophotographer.com/photographer_progress.htm\" target=\"_blank\">art of photographic emulsion\u003c/a> to capture images of celestial objects. For the first time, astronomers were able to etch their discoveries onto thick glass plates ushering in a new era of data analysis that would help unlock the mysteries of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t take my word for it. If it’s \u003ca title=\"einstein\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/21/seeing-relativity-no-bungees-attached/\" target=\"_blank\">good enough for Einstein\u003c/a>, it’s good enough for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photographic plates helped scientists determine the size, distance and composition of celestial objects such as stars, comets, meteors and planets. \u003ca title=\"galileo\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/5115916/How-Galileo-brought-the-stars-down-to-Earth.html\" target=\"_blank\">Galileo Galilei \u003c/a>would be proud. By the early 1990s, the once highly esteemed “analog” plates had fallen out of favor for images captured by new, charged-coupled devices such as digital cameras. Many of the old plates were put on the shelf and stored in basements and barns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PARI to the rescue: \u003ca title=\"pari\" href=\"http://www.pari.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute\u003c/a> (PARI) is a non-profit astronomy, research and education facility located in western North Carolina. PARI scientists recognized the archival value in saving the old astro-photographic plates and created the \u003ca title=\"adpa\" href=\"http://www.pari.edu/library/apda\" target=\"_blank\">Astronomical Photographic Data Archive\u003c/a>, or ADPA, to be housed at PARI’s vast campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recently had the opportunity to visit PARI, poke around their archives and find out why it’s worth saving the old data. What I discovered was that these plates - which a lay-person like me can easily mistake for a dirty windshield {include pic here} – contain a lot data that’s not only historic, but vital to today’s research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During our visit we spoke with scientists from NASA (link to web extra) as well as the \u003ca title=\"esa\" href=\"http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=26\" target=\"_blank\">European Space Agency\u003c/a> who attribute the success of current and future space missions to data gleamed from APDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there is no expiration date on these invaluable snapshots of the night sky. The plate’s spectral images act as a time-stamp for what the night sky looked like before it was polluted with what one NASA scientists described as “space junk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists at PARI compared their collection to the \u003ca title=\"library\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria\" target=\"_blank\">Library of Alexandria\u003c/a>. Science Director Michael Castelaz told me, “If that library hadn’t been destroyed, the knowledge that could have been passed on from the philosophers and the Greeks from three millennia ago would just have benefited us greatly. So I think we’re in the same situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castelaz believes the hidden potential inscribed in the plates have yet to be fully realized. He and his PARI colleagues are stewards of history, preserving the pates for future generations and ensuring that the next Einstein has the resources to turn the world on its axis once again. After all, the proof is in the plates.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For more than 150 years, scientists have captured images of celestial objects scattered across the night sky. The Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute in North Carolina is attempting to save those historical records before they vanish into a black hole. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1326485867,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":570},"headData":{"title":"The Night Sky: Past and Present | KQED","description":"For more than 150 years, scientists have captured images of celestial objects scattered across the night sky. The Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute in North Carolina is attempting to save those historical records before they vanish into a black hole. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"26479 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=26479","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/08/the-night-sky-past-and-present/","disqusTitle":"The Night Sky: Past and Present","path":"/quest/26479/the-night-sky-past-and-present","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[jwvideo id=\"512b_nightsky\" poster_frame=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/nightskymarquee.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nNowadays, all you need is a smartphone, an astronomy app and a clear night to identify the stars and planets that populate the night sky. The days of trying to impress your friends with names of random constellations are behind us. Today’s backyard \u003ca title=\"astronomer\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/amateur-astronomers/\" target=\"_blank\">amateur astronomer\u003c/a> relies more on signal strength than stellar smarts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs the question, how did they do that before cell phones? As the saying goes, behind every good digital astronomy app is an analog photographic plate. Beginning in the mid-19th century, astronomers began utilizing the \u003ca title=\"emulsion\" href=\"http://www.astrophotographer.com/photographer_progress.htm\" target=\"_blank\">art of photographic emulsion\u003c/a> to capture images of celestial objects. For the first time, astronomers were able to etch their discoveries onto thick glass plates ushering in a new era of data analysis that would help unlock the mysteries of the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t take my word for it. If it’s \u003ca title=\"einstein\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/21/seeing-relativity-no-bungees-attached/\" target=\"_blank\">good enough for Einstein\u003c/a>, it’s good enough for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photographic plates helped scientists determine the size, distance and composition of celestial objects such as stars, comets, meteors and planets. \u003ca title=\"galileo\" href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/5115916/How-Galileo-brought-the-stars-down-to-Earth.html\" target=\"_blank\">Galileo Galilei \u003c/a>would be proud. By the early 1990s, the once highly esteemed “analog” plates had fallen out of favor for images captured by new, charged-coupled devices such as digital cameras. Many of the old plates were put on the shelf and stored in basements and barns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PARI to the rescue: \u003ca title=\"pari\" href=\"http://www.pari.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute\u003c/a> (PARI) is a non-profit astronomy, research and education facility located in western North Carolina. PARI scientists recognized the archival value in saving the old astro-photographic plates and created the \u003ca title=\"adpa\" href=\"http://www.pari.edu/library/apda\" target=\"_blank\">Astronomical Photographic Data Archive\u003c/a>, or ADPA, to be housed at PARI’s vast campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recently had the opportunity to visit PARI, poke around their archives and find out why it’s worth saving the old data. What I discovered was that these plates - which a lay-person like me can easily mistake for a dirty windshield {include pic here} – contain a lot data that’s not only historic, but vital to today’s research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During our visit we spoke with scientists from NASA (link to web extra) as well as the \u003ca title=\"esa\" href=\"http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=26\" target=\"_blank\">European Space Agency\u003c/a> who attribute the success of current and future space missions to data gleamed from APDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there is no expiration date on these invaluable snapshots of the night sky. The plate’s spectral images act as a time-stamp for what the night sky looked like before it was polluted with what one NASA scientists described as “space junk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists at PARI compared their collection to the \u003ca title=\"library\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria\" target=\"_blank\">Library of Alexandria\u003c/a>. Science Director Michael Castelaz told me, “If that library hadn’t been destroyed, the knowledge that could have been passed on from the philosophers and the Greeks from three millennia ago would just have benefited us greatly. So I think we’re in the same situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castelaz believes the hidden potential inscribed in the plates have yet to be fully realized. He and his PARI colleagues are stewards of history, preserving the pates for future generations and ensuring that the next Einstein has the resources to turn the world on its axis once again. After all, the proof is in the plates.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26479/the-night-sky-past-and-present","authors":["10296"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_10358","quest_10359","quest_243","quest_13192","quest_1374","quest_3351","quest_10298","quest_10357","quest_2141","quest_10356","quest_2349","quest_3290","quest_2532","quest_10360","quest_10363"],"featImg":"quest_26590","label":"quest"},"quest_13629":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_13629","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"13629","score":null,"sort":[1302205915000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Alum Rock Park","publishDate":1302205915,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrocksig2.jpg\" alt=\"hot springs\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Mineral springs, fresh air, and a cross-section of South Bay history—not to mention its rocks—are all on display at Alum Rock Park. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sjparks.org/regional/alumrock.asp\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a> occupies the small, steep valley of Penitencia Creek carved into the hills east of San Jose. The city has owned it since 1872, when it became California's first city park. For a generation it was a major regional attraction for its warm mineral springs and the entertainment complex surrounding them, of which only traces remain today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today it's a great place to get away from the city's hustle while pretending you're still at the office (except on Mondays, when it's closed). But if you put away the phone and pay attention to your surroundings, Alum Rock Park can show you some of San Jose's deep history and the Bay Area's rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If nothing else, the park provides good views to the west over the Santa Clara Valley from its higher trails. You can choose from a warm south-facing slope and a cool north-facing one, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockview2.jpg\" alt=\"santa clara valley view\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have a look at the geologic map of the area (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">USGS Open-File Map 98-795\u003c/a>) below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockmap2.png\" alt=\"alum rock park geologic map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penitencia Creek comes downhill from the right center and exits on the lower left. The park entrance is right at the edge of bedrock (Kbc, conglomerate of the Berryessa Formation), and the uppermost parking area is at the Tcc (Claremont Formation) mark. Hiking trails run along both sides of the creek giving you a good look at all the rock units from the park entrance to the Briones Formation (Tbr) on the right. Let's see some, starting with the conglomerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockcong2.jpg\" alt=\"conglomerate\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This very coarse grained rock and its related sandstone in the Berryessa Formation are part of the Great Valley Sequence, thick beds of sedimentary rock built up while the Sierra Nevada was intruding all that granite, back around 100 million years ago in Cretaceous time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behind the boulder is Eagle Rock, which corresponds to the pinkish blob surrounded by landslides to the right of the \"Kbc\" label. You can climb up there or stroll through the other outcrop labeled Jbk. The rock itself is well-traveled volcanic material that has been permeated and altered by hot mineralizing fluids. Here's a chunk of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alum-rock2.jpg\" alt=\"alum rock\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large outcrop along the creek gives the park its name. An early visitor mistook the whitish crust on these rocks as alum, which would have been a nice find at the time. It's actually sulfate minerals, but the name stuck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther upstream, just past the visitor center, is where the mineral spring zone begins. On the geologic map, it corresponds to the exposure of Claremont Formation (Tcc), a belt of ribbon chert of Miocene age (about 10 million years) familiar in the East Bay Hills. Here the chert is dark with organic matter and its beds are upturned almost to vertical. That combination of chemistry and structure has given rise to warm upwellings of chemically interesting groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrocksprings2.jpg\" alt=\"alum rock springs\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are more than 20 different springs here, each with a nice stone housing. The ones I dipped my fingers into were bathtub-warm, and the water is sulfur-scented. A hundred years ago Alum Rock Park was a big health spa, with a rail line direct from downtown. That was when the stonework was done. You can see where seepage has built up cones of minerals on the lower wall. All of the springs issue from the Claremont chert—here's a closeup of the chert and the mineral crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumchert2.jpg\" alt=\"chert and crust\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all that excitement you may want to continue upstream, into the structurally overlying and younger Briones Formation. This set of rocks is coarser grained than the Claremont, deposited nearer to shore. The other way to look at it is that the shoreline grew closer to this spot as geologic time progressed. This is a well-scrubbed outcrop in the stream bed that shows its bedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumbrionescrop2.jpg\" alt=\"briones formation\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the Briones are so full of fossils that the rock is best described as shell hash. You'll see this same stone at Lime Ridge in Walnut Creek and other places in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumbrioneshash2.jpg\" alt=\"shell hash\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole belt of rocks lies in the zone where the Hayward fault merges with the Calaveras fault. On the map above, the Calaveras runs down the right edge of the Briones Formation, between the Calaveras and Anderson Reservoirs. The Hayward fault formally ends a few miles northwest, but the many smaller faults marked as heavy lines are of the same ilk and reflect the same tectonics. Friction along the faults may account for the warmth of the springs, just one more way that the deep Earth affects us in our region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also check out QUEST's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/alum-rock-exploration\">Alum Rock Science Hike\u003c/a> for more info.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.397 -121.798\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A hundred years ago Alum Rock Park was a big health spa, with a rail line direct from downtown to the warm mineral springs. Today the springs still run among the upturned rocks between the Hayward and Calaveras faults.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1311134621,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":818},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Alum Rock Park | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"13629 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=13629","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Alum Rock Park","path":"/quest/13629/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrocksig2.jpg\" alt=\"hot springs\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Mineral springs, fresh air, and a cross-section of South Bay history—not to mention its rocks—are all on display at Alum Rock Park. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sjparks.org/regional/alumrock.asp\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a> occupies the small, steep valley of Penitencia Creek carved into the hills east of San Jose. The city has owned it since 1872, when it became California's first city park. For a generation it was a major regional attraction for its warm mineral springs and the entertainment complex surrounding them, of which only traces remain today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today it's a great place to get away from the city's hustle while pretending you're still at the office (except on Mondays, when it's closed). But if you put away the phone and pay attention to your surroundings, Alum Rock Park can show you some of San Jose's deep history and the Bay Area's rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If nothing else, the park provides good views to the west over the Santa Clara Valley from its higher trails. You can choose from a warm south-facing slope and a cool north-facing one, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockview2.jpg\" alt=\"santa clara valley view\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have a look at the geologic map of the area (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">USGS Open-File Map 98-795\u003c/a>) below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockmap2.png\" alt=\"alum rock park geologic map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penitencia Creek comes downhill from the right center and exits on the lower left. The park entrance is right at the edge of bedrock (Kbc, conglomerate of the Berryessa Formation), and the uppermost parking area is at the Tcc (Claremont Formation) mark. Hiking trails run along both sides of the creek giving you a good look at all the rock units from the park entrance to the Briones Formation (Tbr) on the right. Let's see some, starting with the conglomerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockcong2.jpg\" alt=\"conglomerate\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This very coarse grained rock and its related sandstone in the Berryessa Formation are part of the Great Valley Sequence, thick beds of sedimentary rock built up while the Sierra Nevada was intruding all that granite, back around 100 million years ago in Cretaceous time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behind the boulder is Eagle Rock, which corresponds to the pinkish blob surrounded by landslides to the right of the \"Kbc\" label. You can climb up there or stroll through the other outcrop labeled Jbk. The rock itself is well-traveled volcanic material that has been permeated and altered by hot mineralizing fluids. Here's a chunk of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alum-rock2.jpg\" alt=\"alum rock\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large outcrop along the creek gives the park its name. An early visitor mistook the whitish crust on these rocks as alum, which would have been a nice find at the time. It's actually sulfate minerals, but the name stuck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther upstream, just past the visitor center, is where the mineral spring zone begins. On the geologic map, it corresponds to the exposure of Claremont Formation (Tcc), a belt of ribbon chert of Miocene age (about 10 million years) familiar in the East Bay Hills. Here the chert is dark with organic matter and its beds are upturned almost to vertical. That combination of chemistry and structure has given rise to warm upwellings of chemically interesting groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrocksprings2.jpg\" alt=\"alum rock springs\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are more than 20 different springs here, each with a nice stone housing. The ones I dipped my fingers into were bathtub-warm, and the water is sulfur-scented. A hundred years ago Alum Rock Park was a big health spa, with a rail line direct from downtown. That was when the stonework was done. You can see where seepage has built up cones of minerals on the lower wall. All of the springs issue from the Claremont chert—here's a closeup of the chert and the mineral crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumchert2.jpg\" alt=\"chert and crust\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all that excitement you may want to continue upstream, into the structurally overlying and younger Briones Formation. This set of rocks is coarser grained than the Claremont, deposited nearer to shore. The other way to look at it is that the shoreline grew closer to this spot as geologic time progressed. This is a well-scrubbed outcrop in the stream bed that shows its bedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumbrionescrop2.jpg\" alt=\"briones formation\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the Briones are so full of fossils that the rock is best described as shell hash. You'll see this same stone at Lime Ridge in Walnut Creek and other places in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumbrioneshash2.jpg\" alt=\"shell hash\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole belt of rocks lies in the zone where the Hayward fault merges with the Calaveras fault. On the map above, the Calaveras runs down the right edge of the Briones Formation, between the Calaveras and Anderson Reservoirs. The Hayward fault formally ends a few miles northwest, but the many smaller faults marked as heavy lines are of the same ilk and reflect the same tectonics. Friction along the faults may account for the warmth of the springs, just one more way that the deep Earth affects us in our region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also check out QUEST's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/alum-rock-exploration\">Alum Rock Science Hike\u003c/a> for more info.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.397 -121.798\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/13629/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3454","quest_3492","quest_3507","quest_3528","quest_3535","quest_3405","quest_1325","quest_1374","quest_3669","quest_2493","quest_3800"],"featImg":"quest_13638","label":"quest"},"quest_8920":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_8920","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"8920","score":null,"sort":[1285860609000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"landfill-and-liquefaction","title":"Landfill and Liquefaction","publishDate":1285860609,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/SF-from-TP.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/SF-from-TP.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"208\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it may not be obvious at first glance, the bay side of San Francisco is largely artificial. The huge increase in population associated with the California Gold Rush of the mid 1800s resulted in San Francisco becoming \u003cem>the\u003c/em> major port on the west coast. In some cases, people seeking riches in the Sierra Nevada headed off to the mountains and simply abandoned their ships in San Francisco. Some of these ships ended up being used as landfill and, year after year, the shoreline along the northern and eastern sides of the city was modified. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area where Market Street meets the Embarcadero was among the earliest areas to be extended into the bay, but landfill -- a combination of sediment dredged from the bay with rubble -- continued to be used to create new \"land\" for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map below* shows this modification quite nicely. Original creeks and streams are in blue, marshes in aqua-green, and modern landfill in pink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org/creeks/SFTopoCreeks.html\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8921\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/TopoSFCreeks-cropped1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"599\" height=\"457\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I like about this map is how the pink landfill areas highlight the old shoreline. Note where the original creeks and marshlands met the bay. What is now a relatively straight shoreline was once very irregular with several natural embayments. Mission Bay was once an actual bay. I find it fascinating to picture the city in this way -- the way it was a little over a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The areas that are now landfill are important to consider not just as interesting history, but also in the context of earthquake hazards. Last week I discussed \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/09/23/earthquake-preparedness-in-the-bay-area-2/\">Bay Area seismic hazard preparedness\u003c/a> and an important component of getting ready is to learn about how different types of land respond to the shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/susceptibility.html\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8937\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/usgs-liquefaction-susceptibility.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"614\" height=\"381\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map above** was produced by the USGS and shows the \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/susceptibility.html\">liquefaction hazard\u003c/a> -- red is very high hazard, orange is high, yellow moderate, green low, and no color is very low. \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/aboutliq.html\">Liquefaction\u003c/a> is essentially when loose sediment behaves like a fluid when shaken, which can result is serious damage to buildings and houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note the correspondence between the red areas on the liquefaction hazard map with the map showing where landfill and old marshes are. While it may seem like solid ground when you are walking or driving on the street it's important to remember that the fill underneath is quite loose compared to actual bedrock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">~\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>* This great map, and many more, can be found at the website for the Oakland Museum of California: \u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org\">http://museumca.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>** See the entire zoomable map, learn more about liquefaction hazard, and how the USGS made this map \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/susceptibility.html\">here\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.760564217910726 -122.40723038557917\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Although it may not be obvious at first glance, the bay side of San Francisco is largely artificial.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1285860609,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":435},"headData":{"title":"Landfill and Liquefaction | KQED","description":"Although it may not be obvious at first glance, the bay side of San Francisco is largely artificial.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"8920 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=8920","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/09/30/landfill-and-liquefaction/","disqusTitle":"Landfill and Liquefaction","path":"/quest/8920/landfill-and-liquefaction","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/SF-from-TP.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/SF-from-TP.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"208\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it may not be obvious at first glance, the bay side of San Francisco is largely artificial. The huge increase in population associated with the California Gold Rush of the mid 1800s resulted in San Francisco becoming \u003cem>the\u003c/em> major port on the west coast. In some cases, people seeking riches in the Sierra Nevada headed off to the mountains and simply abandoned their ships in San Francisco. Some of these ships ended up being used as landfill and, year after year, the shoreline along the northern and eastern sides of the city was modified. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area where Market Street meets the Embarcadero was among the earliest areas to be extended into the bay, but landfill -- a combination of sediment dredged from the bay with rubble -- continued to be used to create new \"land\" for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map below* shows this modification quite nicely. Original creeks and streams are in blue, marshes in aqua-green, and modern landfill in pink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org/creeks/SFTopoCreeks.html\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8921\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/TopoSFCreeks-cropped1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"599\" height=\"457\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I like about this map is how the pink landfill areas highlight the old shoreline. Note where the original creeks and marshlands met the bay. What is now a relatively straight shoreline was once very irregular with several natural embayments. Mission Bay was once an actual bay. I find it fascinating to picture the city in this way -- the way it was a little over a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The areas that are now landfill are important to consider not just as interesting history, but also in the context of earthquake hazards. Last week I discussed \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/09/23/earthquake-preparedness-in-the-bay-area-2/\">Bay Area seismic hazard preparedness\u003c/a> and an important component of getting ready is to learn about how different types of land respond to the shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/susceptibility.html\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-8937\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/usgs-liquefaction-susceptibility.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"614\" height=\"381\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map above** was produced by the USGS and shows the \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/susceptibility.html\">liquefaction hazard\u003c/a> -- red is very high hazard, orange is high, yellow moderate, green low, and no color is very low. \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/aboutliq.html\">Liquefaction\u003c/a> is essentially when loose sediment behaves like a fluid when shaken, which can result is serious damage to buildings and houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note the correspondence between the red areas on the liquefaction hazard map with the map showing where landfill and old marshes are. While it may seem like solid ground when you are walking or driving on the street it's important to remember that the fill underneath is quite loose compared to actual bedrock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">~\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>* This great map, and many more, can be found at the website for the Oakland Museum of California: \u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org\">http://museumca.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>** See the entire zoomable map, learn more about liquefaction hazard, and how the USGS made this map \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/susceptibility.html\">here\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.760564217910726 -122.40723038557917\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/8920/landfill-and-liquefaction","authors":["10171"],"tags":["quest_907","quest_13200","quest_1374","quest_1605","quest_2486","quest_2491"],"label":"quest"},"quest_19855":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_19855","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"19855","score":null,"sort":[1248553522000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"web-extra-farallon-islands-history-timeline","title":"Web Extra: Farallon Islands History Timeline","publishDate":1248553522,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13211,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>The Farallon Islands, precariously perched just a few miles from the edge of the North American continental shelf, are home to an incredible array of wildlife, from tiny Auklets to Great White Sharks, The islands have played a surprising role in the cultural, economic, and technological development of the city of San Francisco. This timeline outlines the landmark events between Sir Francis Drake's landing in 1579 and the present day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Farallon Islands, precariously perched just a few miles from the edge of the North American continental shelf, are home to an incredible array of wildlife, from tiny Auklets to Great White Sharks, The islands have played a surprising role in the cultural, economic, and technological development of the city of San Francisco. This timeline outlines the landmark events between Sir Francis Drake's landing in 1579 and the present day.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1310157674,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":73},"headData":{"title":"Web Extra: Farallon Islands History Timeline | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"19855 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=slideshows&p=19855","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/25/web-extra-farallon-islands-history-timeline/","disqusTitle":"Web Extra: Farallon Islands History Timeline","path":"/quest/19855/web-extra-farallon-islands-history-timeline","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Farallon Islands, precariously perched just a few miles from the edge of the North American continental shelf, are home to an incredible array of wildlife, from tiny Auklets to Great White Sharks, The islands have played a surprising role in the cultural, economic, and technological development of the city of San Francisco. This timeline outlines the landmark events between Sir Francis Drake's landing in 1579 and the present day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/19855/web-extra-farallon-islands-history-timeline","authors":["10207"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_438","quest_3309","quest_1069","quest_1233","quest_1374","quest_3307","quest_13202","quest_2486","quest_2658","quest_9717"],"collections":["quest_13211"],"featImg":"quest_19859","label":"quest_13211"},"quest_2942":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2942","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2942","score":null,"sort":[1247155204000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-bridge-rising","title":"Bay Bridge Rising","publishDate":1247155204,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/proposedsanfranciscobaybridge2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem> Sketch drawing of the proposed San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (1913) from Overland Monthly, April 1913.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Bridge will be closed from September 3rd at 8:00 p.m. until the 8th at 5:00 a.m. During these 105 hours, Caltrans will perform an \"essential and unprecedented construction feat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there was a lot I didn't know about the Bay Bridge. Its official name, for example is not the Bay Bridge. It's \"The James 'Sunny Jim' Rolph Bridge,\" after the California Governor who died in 1934, two years before the bridge opened (The Golden Gate Bridge opened 6 months later). Around 280,000 vehicles traverse the bridge every day—nearly $7 in bridge tolls per second; The Yerba Buena Tunnel that connects the eastern and western segments is the world's largest diameter bore tunnel; Much of the eastern span is supported by old growth Douglas Firs, driven into firm mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As construction grows increasingly noticeable, the new eastern section rising out of the bay, more people are wondering: How will it attach? What happens to the old bridge? What's with the retrofit of the western suspension? And what is this unprecedented feat of construction happening over Labor Day weekend?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The construction website, \u003ca href=\"http://baybridge360.org\">baybridge360\u003c/a>, just received a Webby award in the Government category, and is worth a visit. Videos and slide shows are overlaid on a satellite image of the bay and provide answers to these and other engineering questions. There's a bit of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_McClure\">Troy McClure\u003c/a> style narration, epic synthesizer for the construction scenes, and techno pop for the fast-forward time lapse photography. At one point, the “Governator” dons a pair of terminator sunglasses for a ceremonial blowtorching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new site may be sleek, but some of the most interesting information is buried in the old stalwart: \u003ca href=\"http://baybridgeinfo.org\">baybridgeinfo.org\u003c/a>. The western span's retrofitting, completed in 2004, added some 17 million pounds of structural steel, and included new rollers between the roadway and the bridge supports. The new eastern segment (slated for rebuilding since a section collapsed in the 1989 Loma-Prieta earthquake) will include the world's longest Self-Anchored Suspension (SAS) bridge, connected to a pier-supported \"Skyway\" (elevated roadway over a mile of mudflats), sloping down to the \"Oakland Touchdown.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2,047-foot asymmetric SAS will be supported by a single steel tower, embedded in rock, rising 525 feet above sea level. While most suspension bridges use a pair of cables, the new SAS employs a single cable, anchored on the east side, wrapped over and around the tower, and down to the west. The Skyway is supported by a set of steel pipes, driven 300 feet into deep bay mud by a massive hydraulic hammer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amidst the construction clamor, considerable attention is afforded to local wildlife. Dense columns of air bubbles helped dissipate shockwaves from the hammering to ease construction-related stress on local fish. For the birds, platforms under the new east span provide cormorant nesting habitat, and the crew is building a 500 square-foot island for the pleasure of the snowy egret and ruddy turnstone. And at the Oakland touchdown, a turbidity-controlling curtain was installed to protect eelgrass, which in turn serves as a filter, improving water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So consider all this next time you lament the $4 bridge toll. The original 1936 toll, collected in both directions, works out to over $20 in 2009 dollars. The bridge is scheduled for completion in late 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.804556 -122.3711\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Bay Bridge construction and engineering brought to life by the award winning website baybridge360.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1247155204,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":592},"headData":{"title":"Bay Bridge Rising | KQED","description":"Bay Bridge construction and engineering brought to life by the award winning website baybridge360.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"2942 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2942","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/09/bay-bridge-rising/","disqusTitle":"Bay Bridge Rising","path":"/quest/2942/bay-bridge-rising","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/proposedsanfranciscobaybridge2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem> Sketch drawing of the proposed San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (1913) from Overland Monthly, April 1913.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Bridge will be closed from September 3rd at 8:00 p.m. until the 8th at 5:00 a.m. During these 105 hours, Caltrans will perform an \"essential and unprecedented construction feat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there was a lot I didn't know about the Bay Bridge. Its official name, for example is not the Bay Bridge. It's \"The James 'Sunny Jim' Rolph Bridge,\" after the California Governor who died in 1934, two years before the bridge opened (The Golden Gate Bridge opened 6 months later). Around 280,000 vehicles traverse the bridge every day—nearly $7 in bridge tolls per second; The Yerba Buena Tunnel that connects the eastern and western segments is the world's largest diameter bore tunnel; Much of the eastern span is supported by old growth Douglas Firs, driven into firm mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As construction grows increasingly noticeable, the new eastern section rising out of the bay, more people are wondering: How will it attach? What happens to the old bridge? What's with the retrofit of the western suspension? And what is this unprecedented feat of construction happening over Labor Day weekend?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The construction website, \u003ca href=\"http://baybridge360.org\">baybridge360\u003c/a>, just received a Webby award in the Government category, and is worth a visit. Videos and slide shows are overlaid on a satellite image of the bay and provide answers to these and other engineering questions. There's a bit of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_McClure\">Troy McClure\u003c/a> style narration, epic synthesizer for the construction scenes, and techno pop for the fast-forward time lapse photography. At one point, the “Governator” dons a pair of terminator sunglasses for a ceremonial blowtorching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new site may be sleek, but some of the most interesting information is buried in the old stalwart: \u003ca href=\"http://baybridgeinfo.org\">baybridgeinfo.org\u003c/a>. The western span's retrofitting, completed in 2004, added some 17 million pounds of structural steel, and included new rollers between the roadway and the bridge supports. The new eastern segment (slated for rebuilding since a section collapsed in the 1989 Loma-Prieta earthquake) will include the world's longest Self-Anchored Suspension (SAS) bridge, connected to a pier-supported \"Skyway\" (elevated roadway over a mile of mudflats), sloping down to the \"Oakland Touchdown.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2,047-foot asymmetric SAS will be supported by a single steel tower, embedded in rock, rising 525 feet above sea level. While most suspension bridges use a pair of cables, the new SAS employs a single cable, anchored on the east side, wrapped over and around the tower, and down to the west. The Skyway is supported by a set of steel pipes, driven 300 feet into deep bay mud by a massive hydraulic hammer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amidst the construction clamor, considerable attention is afforded to local wildlife. Dense columns of air bubbles helped dissipate shockwaves from the hammering to ease construction-related stress on local fish. For the birds, platforms under the new east span provide cormorant nesting habitat, and the crew is building a 500 square-foot island for the pleasure of the snowy egret and ruddy turnstone. And at the Oakland touchdown, a turbidity-controlling curtain was installed to protect eelgrass, which in turn serves as a filter, improving water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So consider all this next time you lament the $4 bridge toll. The original 1936 toll, collected in both directions, works out to over $20 in 2009 dollars. The bridge is scheduled for completion in late 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.804556 -122.3711\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2942/bay-bridge-rising","authors":["10207"],"categories":["quest_8"],"tags":["quest_285","quest_287","quest_685","quest_13197","quest_1374","quest_2024","quest_2486"],"label":"quest"},"quest_1963":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_1963","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"1963","score":null,"sort":[1238802712000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"an-optimistic-look-forward-at-energy-policy","title":"An Optimistic Look Forward at Energy Policy","publishDate":1238802712,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/04/25.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>This 1928 home in Albemarle County, Virginia recently\u003cbr>\nunderwent a renovation through the EarthCraft Virginia\u003cbr>\nexisting homes renovation program. After the renovation,\u003cbr>\nelectricity use dropped by 24% and energy costs dropped\u003cbr>\nby 42%.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.homeenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Home Energy Magazine\u003c/a> is celebrating its 25th anniversary with a special May/June issue. We're taking the opportunity to look back at the past several decades of energy policy in America, and look ahead to what may come. Here's a sneak preview of some of what we're thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alan Meier, Senior Executive Editor, and Steve Greenberg, Technical Editor, among others, lived through the first energy crisis precipitated by the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis\" target=\"_blank\">Arab oil embargo in 1973\u003c/a> and its aftermath. They remember the sudden interest in energy efficiency and renewable energy; the proliferation of solar water heaters on the roofs of homes that broke down quickly, had no one trained to fix them, and have become rusted monuments to the best of intentions gone wrong; the sudden and short lived gain in the average car’s fuel efficiency. They also recall some major successes: the huge and lasting increase in appliance efficiency, especially refrigerators; the success of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Star program\u003c/a>; and California’s progressive \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/\" target=\"_blank\">Title 24 building standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alan, in a yet-to-be-published editorial, has been musing on what will happen after the billions of dollars from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.recovery.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)\u003c/a> have been spent on building and retrofitting more efficient and sustainable buildings. Will it be the same three steps forward, two steps back pattern that we’ve seen before? Not so, according to Alan, if we:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>require third-party evaluation and certification that buildings and appliances perform as well as they were designed to perform;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>make sure that we retrofit homes to be more efficient before we install expensive, but sexy, solar electric panels on the roof;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>aggressively target middle and upper-middle class homes for energy retrofits and not just low-income homes; and\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>train the people to do the work described above well, and consistently.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Steve came up with some powerful images to stimulate our thinking about the future of energy efficiency:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We've been on a ramp with a rather gradual (and usually upward, with notable exceptions) slope. Suddenly the ramp gets so steep it looks like a wall. If we make it to the new, much higher level, what does the terrain look like? Do we go off a cliff, completing a boom and bust cycle the likes of which we've never seen? Or is there a reasonable ramp down to a sustainable level?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I lived through the lines for gasoline, though I couldn’t yet drive. I've observed the resulting interest in miles per gallon instead of horsepower; the return to a horsepower-mentality; and the recent switch back to a concern about miles per gallon. My family had a great experience with our new-fangled heat pump in the early 70s. My Dad, an engineer and all-around handy man, first got me interested in how houses and cars work during that time. I guess I vote for a steep, but not impossible ramp up in efficiency, followed by a less intense, slow and gradual climb that continues for a long time, with sudden jumps due to new, undreamed of (or only just dreamed of) technology. The pressure will come from high energy prices and people starting to feel the real effects of global warming and unhealthy air. I don't think these things will change anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Home Energy Magazine looks back at the past several decades of energy policy in America, and looks ahead to what may come. Here's a sneak preview of some of what we're thinking.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367348702,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":597},"headData":{"title":"An Optimistic Look Forward at Energy Policy | KQED","description":"Home Energy Magazine looks back at the past several decades of energy policy in America, and looks ahead to what may come. Here's a sneak preview of some of what we're thinking.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"1963 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=1963","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/03/an-optimistic-look-forward-at-energy-policy/","disqusTitle":"An Optimistic Look Forward at Energy Policy","path":"/quest/1963/an-optimistic-look-forward-at-energy-policy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/04/25.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>This 1928 home in Albemarle County, Virginia recently\u003cbr>\nunderwent a renovation through the EarthCraft Virginia\u003cbr>\nexisting homes renovation program. After the renovation,\u003cbr>\nelectricity use dropped by 24% and energy costs dropped\u003cbr>\nby 42%.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.homeenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Home Energy Magazine\u003c/a> is celebrating its 25th anniversary with a special May/June issue. We're taking the opportunity to look back at the past several decades of energy policy in America, and look ahead to what may come. Here's a sneak preview of some of what we're thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alan Meier, Senior Executive Editor, and Steve Greenberg, Technical Editor, among others, lived through the first energy crisis precipitated by the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis\" target=\"_blank\">Arab oil embargo in 1973\u003c/a> and its aftermath. They remember the sudden interest in energy efficiency and renewable energy; the proliferation of solar water heaters on the roofs of homes that broke down quickly, had no one trained to fix them, and have become rusted monuments to the best of intentions gone wrong; the sudden and short lived gain in the average car’s fuel efficiency. They also recall some major successes: the huge and lasting increase in appliance efficiency, especially refrigerators; the success of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Star program\u003c/a>; and California’s progressive \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/\" target=\"_blank\">Title 24 building standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alan, in a yet-to-be-published editorial, has been musing on what will happen after the billions of dollars from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.recovery.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)\u003c/a> have been spent on building and retrofitting more efficient and sustainable buildings. Will it be the same three steps forward, two steps back pattern that we’ve seen before? Not so, according to Alan, if we:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>require third-party evaluation and certification that buildings and appliances perform as well as they were designed to perform;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>make sure that we retrofit homes to be more efficient before we install expensive, but sexy, solar electric panels on the roof;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>aggressively target middle and upper-middle class homes for energy retrofits and not just low-income homes; and\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>train the people to do the work described above well, and consistently.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Steve came up with some powerful images to stimulate our thinking about the future of energy efficiency:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We've been on a ramp with a rather gradual (and usually upward, with notable exceptions) slope. Suddenly the ramp gets so steep it looks like a wall. If we make it to the new, much higher level, what does the terrain look like? Do we go off a cliff, completing a boom and bust cycle the likes of which we've never seen? Or is there a reasonable ramp down to a sustainable level?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I lived through the lines for gasoline, though I couldn’t yet drive. I've observed the resulting interest in miles per gallon instead of horsepower; the return to a horsepower-mentality; and the recent switch back to a concern about miles per gallon. My family had a great experience with our new-fangled heat pump in the early 70s. My Dad, an engineer and all-around handy man, first got me interested in how houses and cars work during that time. I guess I vote for a steep, but not impossible ramp up in efficiency, followed by a less intense, slow and gradual climb that continues for a long time, with sudden jumps due to new, undreamed of (or only just dreamed of) technology. The pressure will come from high energy prices and people starting to feel the real effects of global warming and unhealthy air. I don't think these things will change anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/1963/an-optimistic-look-forward-at-energy-policy","authors":["10175"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_193","quest_213","quest_684","quest_730","quest_922","quest_937","quest_969","quest_984","quest_1176","quest_1262","quest_1374","quest_1381","quest_2057","quest_2251"],"label":"quest"},"quest_430":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_430","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"430","score":null,"sort":[1203536922000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"famous-african-american-scientists-innovators-part-ii","title":"Famous African American Scientists & Innovators: Part II","publishDate":1203536922,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>America might be on the pinnacle of a great change--namely having the first black President of the United States. The democratic primary race is still competitive between Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama. I was just in Washington, DC, over the President’s Day weekend and it was truly inspiring to see the support for Mr. Obama amongst people who before were apathetic to the political system. One friend felt that for the first time she was “not just voting for the lesser of two evils.” Yet, inspiring change is not uncommon in African American history. In continuance of the Famous African American Scientists blog in January, below are three more noteworthy and prominent African American pioneers in science and technology. Although their names might not be famous, their work continues to mold the way we live our lives today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/williamscat1.jpg\" align=\"left\">\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Hale_Williams\">Dr. Daniel Hale Williams\u003c/a> (1856 – 1931)\u003cbr>\nPhysician\u003cbr>\nWilliams was born in Pennsylvania. He helped support his family after his father died when he was nine. At first, he worked as a shoemaker’s apprentice. Then as a teenager, he learned to cut hair and became a barber. While working as a barber, he met Dr. Henry Palmer, who later became the Surgeon General of Wisconsin. Dr. Palmer took Daniel on as a medical apprentice; and helped him gain acceptance to medical school. Dr. Daniel Hale Williams graduated with his medical degree in 1883. Disillusioned with the second-class care for African Americans, he founded the Provident Hospital in Chicago in 1891, the first African American-owned hospital in the United States. He made history at Provident Hospital by performing the first successful open heart surgery in 1893. His patient James Cornish, injured from a knife wound, fully recovered and lived for another twenty years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/percycat.jpg\" align=\"right\">\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Julian\">Percy L. Julian\u003c/a> (1899 – 1975)\u003cbr>\nChemist\u003cbr>\nAlabama-born Julian held a bachelor's degree from DePauw University. He was unable to procure a chemistry Ph.D. from Harvard University because of discrimination, and left after receiving a master's degree. He later received a Ph.D. from the University of Vienna in 1931. He became a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants. He gained over 130 chemical patents in his lifetime. The most notable patent was for the production of cortisone. For his contributions to medicine, he became the fist African American chemist inducted in the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/realmmcoy1.jpg\" align=\"left\">\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_McCoy\">Elijah McCoy\u003c/a> (1844 – 1929)\u003cbr>\nInventor\u003cbr>\nThe son of escaped slaves from Kentucky, McCoy was born in Canada and educated in Scotland. Settling in Detroit, Michigan, he invented a lubricator for steam engines. It was patented in 1872. Lubricators were a boon for railroads. Trains could run faster with less need to stop for lubrication and maintenance, thus improving profit lines. McCoy improved on the lubricator design over his lifetime as well as amassing over 50 other patents. Lacking the revenue to manufacture his own lubricators, he sold the patents to employers until 1920 when he was able to open Elijah McCoy Manufacturing Company. It is still disputed today if the phrase “The real McCoy” was derived to compare McCoy lubricators to generic and inferior copies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_cata.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Cat Aboudara\u003c/strong> is the Special Projects Manager at \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> and works in the public programs division. The Academy is a wonderful fit for her because of her curiosity about the natural world and her experience in working with native California wildlife.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7734\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.454\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1203536922,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":584},"headData":{"title":"Famous African American Scientists & Innovators: Part II | KQED","description":"America might be on the pinnacle of a great change--namely having the first black President of the United States. The democratic primary race is still competitive between Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama. I was just in Washington, DC, over the President’s Day weekend and it was truly inspiring to see the support for Mr. Obama","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"430 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/02/20/famous-african-american-scientists-innovators-part-ii/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/20/famous-african-american-scientists-innovators-part-ii/","disqusTitle":"Famous African American Scientists & Innovators: Part II","path":"/quest/430/famous-african-american-scientists-innovators-part-ii","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>America might be on the pinnacle of a great change--namely having the first black President of the United States. The democratic primary race is still competitive between Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama. I was just in Washington, DC, over the President’s Day weekend and it was truly inspiring to see the support for Mr. Obama amongst people who before were apathetic to the political system. One friend felt that for the first time she was “not just voting for the lesser of two evils.” Yet, inspiring change is not uncommon in African American history. In continuance of the Famous African American Scientists blog in January, below are three more noteworthy and prominent African American pioneers in science and technology. Although their names might not be famous, their work continues to mold the way we live our lives today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/williamscat1.jpg\" align=\"left\">\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Hale_Williams\">Dr. Daniel Hale Williams\u003c/a> (1856 – 1931)\u003cbr>\nPhysician\u003cbr>\nWilliams was born in Pennsylvania. He helped support his family after his father died when he was nine. At first, he worked as a shoemaker’s apprentice. Then as a teenager, he learned to cut hair and became a barber. While working as a barber, he met Dr. Henry Palmer, who later became the Surgeon General of Wisconsin. Dr. Palmer took Daniel on as a medical apprentice; and helped him gain acceptance to medical school. Dr. Daniel Hale Williams graduated with his medical degree in 1883. Disillusioned with the second-class care for African Americans, he founded the Provident Hospital in Chicago in 1891, the first African American-owned hospital in the United States. He made history at Provident Hospital by performing the first successful open heart surgery in 1893. His patient James Cornish, injured from a knife wound, fully recovered and lived for another twenty years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/percycat.jpg\" align=\"right\">\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Julian\">Percy L. Julian\u003c/a> (1899 – 1975)\u003cbr>\nChemist\u003cbr>\nAlabama-born Julian held a bachelor's degree from DePauw University. He was unable to procure a chemistry Ph.D. from Harvard University because of discrimination, and left after receiving a master's degree. He later received a Ph.D. from the University of Vienna in 1931. He became a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants. He gained over 130 chemical patents in his lifetime. The most notable patent was for the production of cortisone. For his contributions to medicine, he became the fist African American chemist inducted in the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/realmmcoy1.jpg\" align=\"left\">\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_McCoy\">Elijah McCoy\u003c/a> (1844 – 1929)\u003cbr>\nInventor\u003cbr>\nThe son of escaped slaves from Kentucky, McCoy was born in Canada and educated in Scotland. Settling in Detroit, Michigan, he invented a lubricator for steam engines. It was patented in 1872. Lubricators were a boon for railroads. Trains could run faster with less need to stop for lubrication and maintenance, thus improving profit lines. McCoy improved on the lubricator design over his lifetime as well as amassing over 50 other patents. Lacking the revenue to manufacture his own lubricators, he sold the patents to employers until 1920 when he was able to open Elijah McCoy Manufacturing Company. It is still disputed today if the phrase “The real McCoy” was derived to compare McCoy lubricators to generic and inferior copies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_cata.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Cat Aboudara\u003c/strong> is the Special Projects Manager at \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> and works in the public programs division. The Academy is a wonderful fit for her because of her curiosity about the natural world and her experience in working with native California wildlife.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7734\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.454\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/430/famous-african-american-scientists-innovators-part-ii","authors":["10173"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_8","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_78","quest_764","quest_965","quest_1374","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_2154","quest_2349","quest_2530"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ATC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/07/commonwealthclub.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Consider-This_3000_V3-copy-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/06/forum-logo-900x900tile-1.gif","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/FreshAir_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. 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No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/insideEurope.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. 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We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/mindshift2021-tile-3000x3000-1-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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