Fracking in Urban Oilfields: A New Study Sparks More Debate
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The story segments featured in each show are introduced by on-camera host, environmental journalist \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/pssethi/\">Simran Sethi\u003c/a>. The series also includes half-hour specials that focus on a single topic.\r\n \r\nAll 2013-2014 television programs can be viewed online in their entirety or as individual segments by clicking on the titles and images listed below. The programs are also broadcast in each of our six PBS partner regions including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/north-carolina/\">North Carolina\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\">Ohio\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/nebraska/\">Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northern-california/\">Northern California\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northwest/\">Pacific Northwest\u003c/a>. Check local listings for broadcast dates and times.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"QUEST Staff | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/quest"},"garyhochman":{"type":"authors","id":"10297","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10297","found":true},"name":"Gary Hochman","firstName":"Gary","lastName":"Hochman","slug":"garyhochman","email":"GHochman@netad.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Gary is a senior producer at NET Television. He’s produced documentaries worldwide, bringing science to audiences through TV, the web, museums, and schools. Gary has twice received the American Association for the Advancement of Science Journalism Award. His recent documentary, NOVA: Secrets Beneath The Ice, examines how researchers explore, drill and prospect to detect how Antarctica’s climate history can forecast Earth’s global climate future. His national productions include: NOVA: Ancient Refuge in the Holy Land, NOVA: Buried In Ash, NOVA: Edgerton and His Incredible Seeing Machines, Behind Lab Doors, Jungle Under Glass, Profit the Earth, Sexuality and Aging, and Seeking the Real Jesse James.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","edit_dashboard","edit_posts","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gary Hochman | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2211943d85f3e4fed61c451f70e04239?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/garyhochman"},"meirich":{"type":"authors","id":"10399","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10399","found":true},"name":"Melanie Eirich","firstName":"Melanie","lastName":"Eirich","slug":"meirich","email":"meirich@netNebraska.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Melanie Eirich is the Executive Producer for Interactive and Educational Media at NET. She has been with NET for five years and with the University of Nebraska in the area of Educational Media for over 20 years. Melanie’s expertise is in the area of graphical media and distance educational websites.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7532ee5a63324bdf46bae0a9fb91f8ee?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","edit_published_posts","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Melanie Eirich | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7532ee5a63324bdf46bae0a9fb91f8ee?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7532ee5a63324bdf46bae0a9fb91f8ee?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/meirich"},"kgold":{"type":"authors","id":"10481","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10481","found":true},"name":"Kate Golden","firstName":"Kate","lastName":"Golden","slug":"kgold","email":"kgolden@wisconsinwatch.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Kate Golden, multimedia director and reporter \r\nGolden specializes in environmental stories and data visualizations, and is handy in print, radio, video, photo and online media. She came to the Center from Alaska, where she reported on natural resources and business for the Juneau Empire. Before she got into journalism, Golden spent a year studying lowland gorillas in central Africa and collected oral histories in Zanzibar; she has also worked as a photographer. Her work has appeared in Marketplace, washingtonpost.com, and many an Alaska news outlet. Golden has degrees from Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/034ea7b41c8afb166b88d285bc174f57?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Kate Golden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/034ea7b41c8afb166b88d285bc174f57?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/034ea7b41c8afb166b88d285bc174f57?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/kgold"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_59512":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_59512","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"59512","score":null,"sort":[1420470052000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"skytem-aquifer-mapping","title":"SkyTEM Aquifer Mapping","publishDate":1420470052,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Fill up a glass of water to quench your thirst. Wonder where it comes from? Chances are it’s from underground water sources called aquifers, which provide fresh water for most people on Earth. Unlike highly visible rivers and streams or lakes and ponds, aquifers are beneath the surface, so finding them is tricky\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71469\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Goeke.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71469\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71469 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Goeke-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Goeke\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Nebraska hydrogeologist Jim Goeke shows how a rocky outcrop is a model for understanding an aquifer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But water scientists, like University of Nebraska hydrogeologist Jim Goeke, know where to look for clues to groundwater deposits. Goeke took us to a rocky outcrop along a rural highway to see exposed layers of rock, sand, and gravel. “Aquifers are water-saturated layers of gravels and sands,” he said. “The open spaces between these grains store and transmit water. These outcrops give us an idea of what aquifers look like below the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beneath the Great Plains is one of the world’s largest aquifer systems, stretching from the Dakotas to Texas. Other regions in the U.S. contain a patchwork of aquifers, so locating them is no easy task. And as more states grapple with prolonged drought, it’s become critical for leaders of natural resource districts to map and manage aquifers that provide water for people and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71472\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/DrillingWS.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71472\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71472\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/DrillingWS-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"113\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling core samples is how hydrogeologists map aquifers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, Jim Goeke and his colleagues have had only one practical option to find aquifers. They drill a series of test holes in search of samples of sediments that store and transmit water. “Depending on where you are, you can find sands and gravels and silts and clays,” explained Goeke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71490\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Drill-Core-Samples.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71490\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71490\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Drill-Core-Samples-187x169.jpg\" alt=\"Drill Core Samples\" width=\"150\" height=\"135\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hydrogeologist Jim Goeke examines drill core samples.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At each drill hole, geologists analyze the samples, layer by layer, to map the water-bearing sands and gravels that form aquifers. But drilling is costly and time consuming, so test holes are only drilled every three to six miles. And since they are so far apart, geologists can only estimate the shape of an aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71501\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71501\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71501\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Cannia\" width=\"200\" height=\"113\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Cannia is a geologist for Exploration Resources International.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Jim Cannia, a geologist for Exploration Resources International, “Our method has been analyzing a series of drill holes and using our training and imagination to fill in the dots between sites to define aquifers.” So, getting results from drill surveys may take months or years to complete. That’s been the practice for 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Cannia is meeting with leaders of Nebraska’s Lower Platte South Natural Resources District to use a new option. Cannia’s company is pioneering a high-tech device to detect groundwater reserves that can map aquifers in a matter of days or weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71492\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Rig.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71492\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71492 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Rig-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM Rig\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Technicians prepare the SkyTEM rig for aerial mapping.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new tool is called SkyTEM. It’s an aerial geophysical survey system -- towed by helicopter -- that measures aquifers electronically. SkyTEM uses electromagnetics, a global positioning system, lasers, loggers, and a computer strapped to a giant hexagon-shaped frame. Constructed from nonconductive fiberglass and wood, the frame will not interfere with SkyTEM’s electronics as they probe the ground for electrically conductive layers. Ringing the bottom of the frame is a cable of wound copper wires that acts as a transmitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71474\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-POV1.jpg.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71479\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71474\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-POV1.jpg-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"in flight, the SkyTEM rig electronically maps aquifers. \" width=\"400\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The SkyTEM rig electronically maps aquifers from 100 feet in the air.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the helicopter flies 50 miles per hour, it pulls the SkyTEM rig 100 feet above the ground, traveling back and forth in parallel lines along a predetermined mapped grid. The target for this survey is a 150-square-mile area in southeast Nebraska’s Lower Platte South Natural Resources District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cannia explained that SkyTEM creates precise records by shooting rapid-fire electromagnetic waves, similar to radio signals, into the ground every 9 feet -- to a depth of 900 feet -- all the way to bedrock. “The rocks feel that radio signal and then get a little energy and send energy back out,” said Cannia. “It says, ‘I’m a sandstone’ or ‘I’m a sand and gravel body’ or ‘I’m clay and silt.’ And that’s what we’re mapping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71478\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Radar1.jpg.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71478\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71478 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Radar1.jpg-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SkyTEM sends electromagnetic waves into the ground to map sands and gravels that make up aquifers. Graphic: Scott Beachler/NET Television.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SkyTEM measures electrical conductivity and electrical resistivity. The sand and gravel aquifer materials resist. “So, that’s what we want to see if you want to know where the aquifer is,” he added. But clays and silts are electrically conductive, like putty. Cannia explained, “Not much water gets through putty, so that tells us where the aquifer isn’t. Between those two we map that difference and we make a map of where everything is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along each flight line, the SkyTEM signals are averaged together to produce a virtual borehole that displays in vivid colors. Blue and green mark silts and clays, while yellow and red reveal the sands and gravels that make up aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Grid-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71476\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71476 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Grid-1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM mapping produces colorful displays of aquifers.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SkyTEM mapping produces colorful displays of aquifers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SkyTEM images portray detailed 3-D maps of the area’s geology, showing the size and shape of aquifers, how much water they hold, and whether they're connected to other aquifers or surface water streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71509\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Aquifer-3D-2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71509\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71509\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Aquifer-3D-2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"3-D SkyTEM aquifer map.\" width=\"350\" height=\"197\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">3-D SkyTEM aquifer map.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When it’s all done,” said Cannia, “you’ll look at a picture sideways through that map and see what geologists always want to see. We want to know what’s real, knowing where we have aquifer material and where we don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes SkyTEM a good alternative to traditional aquifer mapping using drill holes? SkyTEM maps reduce the number of drill holes required to understand an aquifer. And to ensure SkyTEM images are accurate, geologists compare them to existing drill-hole sediment samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time of uncertain climate future, SkyTEM maps are an invaluable asset for natural resource districts, precisely identifying the location of aquifers and helping to manage groundwater use for the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The broadcast version of this story is titled \"Mapping Hidden Waters.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Watch how geologists are using SkyTEM, a flying high-tech rig, to detect and map underground fresh water reserves. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457553627,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1039},"headData":{"title":"SkyTEM Aquifer Mapping | KQED","description":"Watch how geologists are using SkyTEM, a flying high-tech rig, to detect and map underground fresh water reserves. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"SkyTEM Aquifer Mapping","datePublished":"2015-01-05T15:00:52.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T20:00:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"59512 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=59512","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/01/05/skytem-aquifer-mapping/","disqusTitle":"SkyTEM Aquifer Mapping","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DP9nIlAEP8","source":"Geology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/geology/","path":"/quest/59512/skytem-aquifer-mapping","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fill up a glass of water to quench your thirst. Wonder where it comes from? Chances are it’s from underground water sources called aquifers, which provide fresh water for most people on Earth. Unlike highly visible rivers and streams or lakes and ponds, aquifers are beneath the surface, so finding them is tricky\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71469\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Goeke.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71469\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71469 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Goeke-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Goeke\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Nebraska hydrogeologist Jim Goeke shows how a rocky outcrop is a model for understanding an aquifer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But water scientists, like University of Nebraska hydrogeologist Jim Goeke, know where to look for clues to groundwater deposits. Goeke took us to a rocky outcrop along a rural highway to see exposed layers of rock, sand, and gravel. “Aquifers are water-saturated layers of gravels and sands,” he said. “The open spaces between these grains store and transmit water. These outcrops give us an idea of what aquifers look like below the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beneath the Great Plains is one of the world’s largest aquifer systems, stretching from the Dakotas to Texas. Other regions in the U.S. contain a patchwork of aquifers, so locating them is no easy task. And as more states grapple with prolonged drought, it’s become critical for leaders of natural resource districts to map and manage aquifers that provide water for people and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71472\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/DrillingWS.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71472\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71472\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/DrillingWS-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"113\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling core samples is how hydrogeologists map aquifers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, Jim Goeke and his colleagues have had only one practical option to find aquifers. They drill a series of test holes in search of samples of sediments that store and transmit water. “Depending on where you are, you can find sands and gravels and silts and clays,” explained Goeke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71490\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Drill-Core-Samples.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71490\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71490\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Drill-Core-Samples-187x169.jpg\" alt=\"Drill Core Samples\" width=\"150\" height=\"135\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hydrogeologist Jim Goeke examines drill core samples.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At each drill hole, geologists analyze the samples, layer by layer, to map the water-bearing sands and gravels that form aquifers. But drilling is costly and time consuming, so test holes are only drilled every three to six miles. And since they are so far apart, geologists can only estimate the shape of an aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71501\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71501\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71501\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Cannia\" width=\"200\" height=\"113\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Cannia is a geologist for Exploration Resources International.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Jim Cannia, a geologist for Exploration Resources International, “Our method has been analyzing a series of drill holes and using our training and imagination to fill in the dots between sites to define aquifers.” So, getting results from drill surveys may take months or years to complete. That’s been the practice for 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Cannia is meeting with leaders of Nebraska’s Lower Platte South Natural Resources District to use a new option. Cannia’s company is pioneering a high-tech device to detect groundwater reserves that can map aquifers in a matter of days or weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71492\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Rig.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71492\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71492 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Rig-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM Rig\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Technicians prepare the SkyTEM rig for aerial mapping.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new tool is called SkyTEM. It’s an aerial geophysical survey system -- towed by helicopter -- that measures aquifers electronically. SkyTEM uses electromagnetics, a global positioning system, lasers, loggers, and a computer strapped to a giant hexagon-shaped frame. Constructed from nonconductive fiberglass and wood, the frame will not interfere with SkyTEM’s electronics as they probe the ground for electrically conductive layers. Ringing the bottom of the frame is a cable of wound copper wires that acts as a transmitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71474\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-POV1.jpg.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71479\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71474\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-POV1.jpg-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"in flight, the SkyTEM rig electronically maps aquifers. \" width=\"400\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The SkyTEM rig electronically maps aquifers from 100 feet in the air.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the helicopter flies 50 miles per hour, it pulls the SkyTEM rig 100 feet above the ground, traveling back and forth in parallel lines along a predetermined mapped grid. The target for this survey is a 150-square-mile area in southeast Nebraska’s Lower Platte South Natural Resources District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cannia explained that SkyTEM creates precise records by shooting rapid-fire electromagnetic waves, similar to radio signals, into the ground every 9 feet -- to a depth of 900 feet -- all the way to bedrock. “The rocks feel that radio signal and then get a little energy and send energy back out,” said Cannia. “It says, ‘I’m a sandstone’ or ‘I’m a sand and gravel body’ or ‘I’m clay and silt.’ And that’s what we’re mapping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71478\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Radar1.jpg.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71478\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71478 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Radar1.jpg-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SkyTEM sends electromagnetic waves into the ground to map sands and gravels that make up aquifers. Graphic: Scott Beachler/NET Television.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SkyTEM measures electrical conductivity and electrical resistivity. The sand and gravel aquifer materials resist. “So, that’s what we want to see if you want to know where the aquifer is,” he added. But clays and silts are electrically conductive, like putty. Cannia explained, “Not much water gets through putty, so that tells us where the aquifer isn’t. Between those two we map that difference and we make a map of where everything is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along each flight line, the SkyTEM signals are averaged together to produce a virtual borehole that displays in vivid colors. Blue and green mark silts and clays, while yellow and red reveal the sands and gravels that make up aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Grid-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71476\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71476 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Grid-1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM mapping produces colorful displays of aquifers.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SkyTEM mapping produces colorful displays of aquifers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SkyTEM images portray detailed 3-D maps of the area’s geology, showing the size and shape of aquifers, how much water they hold, and whether they're connected to other aquifers or surface water streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71509\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Aquifer-3D-2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71509\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71509\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Aquifer-3D-2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"3-D SkyTEM aquifer map.\" width=\"350\" height=\"197\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">3-D SkyTEM aquifer map.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When it’s all done,” said Cannia, “you’ll look at a picture sideways through that map and see what geologists always want to see. We want to know what’s real, knowing where we have aquifer material and where we don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes SkyTEM a good alternative to traditional aquifer mapping using drill holes? SkyTEM maps reduce the number of drill holes required to understand an aquifer. And to ensure SkyTEM images are accurate, geologists compare them to existing drill-hole sediment samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time of uncertain climate future, SkyTEM maps are an invaluable asset for natural resource districts, precisely identifying the location of aquifers and helping to manage groundwater use for the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The broadcast version of this story is titled \"Mapping Hidden Waters.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/59512/skytem-aquifer-mapping","authors":["10297"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_11856","quest_12941","quest_12939","quest_12927","quest_12269","quest_12938","quest_1278","quest_12928","quest_12929","quest_12926","quest_12930","quest_12354","quest_12940","quest_12925","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_71510","label":"source_quest_59512"},"quest_68592":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_68592","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"68592","score":null,"sort":[1395844209000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-is-an-aquifer-2","title":"What Is An Aquifer?","publishDate":1395844209,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone\" src=\"http://imgdev.unl.edu/aquifer/what_is_an_aquifer_640_wide.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"4437\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a pdf version of the Aquifer Infographic click \u003ca title=\"What is an Aquifer PDF visual resource\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/downloads/2014/03/what_is_an_aquifer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquifers are bodies of saturated rock and sediment through which water can move, and they provide 99% of our groundwater. Humans rely on aquifers for most of our drinking water. However, we are not only depleting this supply but are its biggest polluters as well. This infographic provides facts and illustrations to explain the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This infographic is part of a four-part educational series on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\">\u003cstrong>Ground Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Production Credits:\u003cbr>\nProducer: Scott Leigh\u003cbr>\nExecutive Producer: Melanie Eirich\u003cbr>\nGraphic Designer: Lisa Craig\u003cbr>\nContributing Producer for QUEST Nebraska: Gary Hochman\u003cbr>\nEducational Review: Anica Brown\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-Discussion Questions for Aquifers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How would you describe an aquifer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why are aquifers important?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is it possible for an aquifer to run dry? Why or why not?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Which state in the U.S. do you think uses the most groundwater and why?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Discussion for Aquifers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why are aquifers important to us?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How does water get into an aquifer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What type of aquifer is the Ogallala (High Plains) Aquifer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>All of the water on the earth is suitable for drinking. True or False?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-Discussion Questions for Aquifers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Is an aquifer the same as an underground lake or river? Why or why not?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are the two types of aquifers? Describe them and how the water is stored or found in each.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some ways that an aquifer can be depleted, contaminated, and replenished?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the result when water is pumped faster from a well than the aquifer near the well can be recharged?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are groundwater monitoring wells and why are they important?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS Groundwater Information\" href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/aquiferbasics/\" target=\"_blank\">Aquifer Basics\u003c/a>,\u003cstrong> USGS - \u003c/strong>A page from the USGS Groundwater Information series on their website.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"National Geographic\" href=\"http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/aquifer/?ar_a=1\" target=\"_blank\">National Geographic Education: Aquifer\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>National Geographic\u003c/strong> - A very basic look at the “anatomy” of an aquifer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"University of Nebraska School of Natural Resources Maps\" href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/data/water/groundwatermaps.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Ground-Level Changes in Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Natural Resources - \u003c/strong>Maps, maps, maps from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln’s School of Natural Resources! These are large, downloadable maps in different formats comparing groundwater levels during different periods of time.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"NET Documentary on the Price of Water\" href=\"http://netnebraska.org/basic-page/television/price-water\" target=\"_blank\">The Price of Water\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>NET -\u003c/strong>An NET Television documentary with segments on the Ogallala Aquifer, groundwater and tap water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tapping unsustainable groundwater stores for agricultural production in the \u003ca title=\"PNAS\" href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/08/14/1220351110\" target=\"_blank\">High Plains Aquifer\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>PNAS -\u003c/strong>This page provides an extended abstract for the 2013 article (based on four years of research) that created an outpouring of concern when the authors’ argued that “agriculture is tapping the High Plains Aquifer beyond natural replenishment rates to grow irrigated crops and livestock.” The abstract page links to the full text of the original article.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"The Washington Post article on Ground Water\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/12/how-long-before-the-midwest-runs-out-of-water/\" target=\"_blank\">How long before the Great Plains run out of water?\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>The Washington Post - \u003c/strong>A Washington Post article based on a recent major study of the Ogallala Aquifer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"The New York Times Op Ed piece on aquifers\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/01/opinion/polluting-the-ogallala-aquifer.html?_r=1&\" target=\"_blank\">Running Dry on the Great Plains\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>The New York Times - \u003c/strong>A New York Times Op-Ed piece claiming that the aquifer is being wasted and polluted.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth’s mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geoscience processes. MS-ESS2 Earth’s Systems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: The Role of Water in Earth’s Surface Processes: Water continually cycles among land, ocean, and atmosphere via transpiration, evaporation, condensation and crystallization, and precipitation, as well as downhill flows on land. MS - ESS2.C\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Developing and Using Models, Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions & Engaging in Argument from Evidence.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This Infographic dissects an aquifer to help demonstrate the role of an aquifer in our everyday lives and why we rely on this body of water. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443828396,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":605},"headData":{"title":"What Is An Aquifer? | KQED","description":"This Infographic dissects an aquifer to help demonstrate the role of an aquifer in our everyday lives and why we rely on this body of water. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What Is An Aquifer?","datePublished":"2014-03-26T14:30:09.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T23:26:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"68592 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=68592","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/26/what-is-an-aquifer-2/","disqusTitle":"What Is An Aquifer?","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/68592/what-is-an-aquifer-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone\" src=\"http://imgdev.unl.edu/aquifer/what_is_an_aquifer_640_wide.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"4437\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a pdf version of the Aquifer Infographic click \u003ca title=\"What is an Aquifer PDF visual resource\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/downloads/2014/03/what_is_an_aquifer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aquifers are bodies of saturated rock and sediment through which water can move, and they provide 99% of our groundwater. Humans rely on aquifers for most of our drinking water. However, we are not only depleting this supply but are its biggest polluters as well. This infographic provides facts and illustrations to explain the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This infographic is part of a four-part educational series on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\">\u003cstrong>Ground Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Production Credits:\u003cbr>\nProducer: Scott Leigh\u003cbr>\nExecutive Producer: Melanie Eirich\u003cbr>\nGraphic Designer: Lisa Craig\u003cbr>\nContributing Producer for QUEST Nebraska: Gary Hochman\u003cbr>\nEducational Review: Anica Brown\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-Discussion Questions for Aquifers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How would you describe an aquifer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why are aquifers important?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is it possible for an aquifer to run dry? Why or why not?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Which state in the U.S. do you think uses the most groundwater and why?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Discussion for Aquifers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why are aquifers important to us?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How does water get into an aquifer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What type of aquifer is the Ogallala (High Plains) Aquifer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>All of the water on the earth is suitable for drinking. True or False?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-Discussion Questions for Aquifers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Is an aquifer the same as an underground lake or river? Why or why not?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are the two types of aquifers? Describe them and how the water is stored or found in each.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some ways that an aquifer can be depleted, contaminated, and replenished?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the result when water is pumped faster from a well than the aquifer near the well can be recharged?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are groundwater monitoring wells and why are they important?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS Groundwater Information\" href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/aquiferbasics/\" target=\"_blank\">Aquifer Basics\u003c/a>,\u003cstrong> USGS - \u003c/strong>A page from the USGS Groundwater Information series on their website.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"National Geographic\" href=\"http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/aquifer/?ar_a=1\" target=\"_blank\">National Geographic Education: Aquifer\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>National Geographic\u003c/strong> - A very basic look at the “anatomy” of an aquifer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"University of Nebraska School of Natural Resources Maps\" href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/data/water/groundwatermaps.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Ground-Level Changes in Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Natural Resources - \u003c/strong>Maps, maps, maps from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln’s School of Natural Resources! These are large, downloadable maps in different formats comparing groundwater levels during different periods of time.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"NET Documentary on the Price of Water\" href=\"http://netnebraska.org/basic-page/television/price-water\" target=\"_blank\">The Price of Water\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>NET -\u003c/strong>An NET Television documentary with segments on the Ogallala Aquifer, groundwater and tap water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tapping unsustainable groundwater stores for agricultural production in the \u003ca title=\"PNAS\" href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/08/14/1220351110\" target=\"_blank\">High Plains Aquifer\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>PNAS -\u003c/strong>This page provides an extended abstract for the 2013 article (based on four years of research) that created an outpouring of concern when the authors’ argued that “agriculture is tapping the High Plains Aquifer beyond natural replenishment rates to grow irrigated crops and livestock.” The abstract page links to the full text of the original article.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"The Washington Post article on Ground Water\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/12/how-long-before-the-midwest-runs-out-of-water/\" target=\"_blank\">How long before the Great Plains run out of water?\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>The Washington Post - \u003c/strong>A Washington Post article based on a recent major study of the Ogallala Aquifer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"The New York Times Op Ed piece on aquifers\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/01/opinion/polluting-the-ogallala-aquifer.html?_r=1&\" target=\"_blank\">Running Dry on the Great Plains\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>The New York Times - \u003c/strong>A New York Times Op-Ed piece claiming that the aquifer is being wasted and polluted.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth’s mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geoscience processes. MS-ESS2 Earth’s Systems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: The Role of Water in Earth’s Surface Processes: Water continually cycles among land, ocean, and atmosphere via transpiration, evaporation, condensation and crystallization, and precipitation, as well as downhill flows on land. MS - ESS2.C\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Developing and Using Models, Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions & Engaging in Argument from Evidence.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/68592/what-is-an-aquifer-2","authors":["10399"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_11856","quest_12763","quest_12767","quest_1278","quest_12761","quest_12065","quest_12063","quest_12762","quest_12765","quest_12354","quest_12766","quest_12764"],"collections":["quest_12824"],"featImg":"quest_68646","label":"source_quest_68592"},"quest_68667":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_68667","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"68667","score":null,"sort":[1395843602000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"groundwater-beneath-the-surface","title":"Groundwater, Beneath the Surface","publishDate":1395843602,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>This lighthearted animation takes us beneath the surface to see groundwater in action. Watch anthropomorphized drops of groundwater travel through this system. A smiling character with a shovel digs us down to the water table, allowing us to flow through the water cycle and thus making the process much easier to understand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This animation is part of a four-part educational series on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\">\u003cstrong>Ground Water\u003c/strong>.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-Discussion Questions for Ground Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is water called beneath the surface?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some dangers facing aquifers and groundwater?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-Discussion Questions for Ground Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why is groundwater so vital to us?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How does the water cycle operate?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Name as many parts of the water cycle as you can and describe the function of each.\u003cbr>\nPossible activity: Draw a water cycle with as many parts as you can to show how they all interact, and then replay the animation to check and fill in the rest.\u003cbr>\nCompare groundwater to aquifers. How are they alike and how are they different?\u003cbr>\nHow are aquifers replenished or depleted?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS kids activities\" href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle-kids-adv.html\" target=\"_blank\">Interactive Water Cycle Graphic\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>USGS -\u003c/strong> A fun interactive water cycle diagram that describes the moving and changing forms for water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS Water Science School \" href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/edu/sc1.html\" target=\"_blank\">The USGS Water Science School\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>USGS\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> -\u003c/strong>Educational activity on how much water it takes to grow a hamburger.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"National Groundwater Association, Groundwater Facts\" href=\"http://www.ngwa.org/Fundamentals/use/Pages/Groundwater-facts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Groundwater Facts\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>National Groundwater Association - \u003c/strong>53 Billion Gallons a day used for agriculture: \"Irrigation accounts for the largest use of groundwater in the United States. Some 53.5 billion gallons of groundwater are used daily for agricultural irrigation from 407,923 wells.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, history and information\" href=\"http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.wat.018\" target=\"_blank\">Size of High Plains Aquifer\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Encyclopedia of the Great Plains\u003c/strong> - History and information on the Ogallala Aquifer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"National Geographic, groundwater interactions & resources\" href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/freshwater-101-interactive/\" target=\"_blank\">A Fresh Water Story\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>National Geographic - \u003c/strong>Fun interactions on groundwater, surface water and other related resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth’s mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geoscience processes. MS - ESS2, Earth & Science Systems: Earth's Systems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: The Role of Water in Earth’s Surface Processes Water continually cycles among land, ocean, and atmosphere via transpiration, evaporation, condensation and crystallization, and precipitation, as well as downhill flows on land. MS - ESS2.C\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"View this animation that dives inside an aquifer and beneath the surface to see groundwater in action.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450484662,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":389},"headData":{"title":"Groundwater, Beneath the Surface | KQED","description":"View this animation that dives inside an aquifer and beneath the surface to see groundwater in action.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Groundwater, Beneath the Surface","datePublished":"2014-03-26T14:20:02.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T00:24:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"68667 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=68667","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/26/groundwater-beneath-the-surface/","disqusTitle":"Groundwater, Beneath the Surface","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNWAerr_xEE","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/68667/groundwater-beneath-the-surface","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This lighthearted animation takes us beneath the surface to see groundwater in action. Watch anthropomorphized drops of groundwater travel through this system. A smiling character with a shovel digs us down to the water table, allowing us to flow through the water cycle and thus making the process much easier to understand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This animation is part of a four-part educational series on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\">\u003cstrong>Ground Water\u003c/strong>.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-Discussion Questions for Ground Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is water called beneath the surface?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some dangers facing aquifers and groundwater?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-Discussion Questions for Ground Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why is groundwater so vital to us?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How does the water cycle operate?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Name as many parts of the water cycle as you can and describe the function of each.\u003cbr>\nPossible activity: Draw a water cycle with as many parts as you can to show how they all interact, and then replay the animation to check and fill in the rest.\u003cbr>\nCompare groundwater to aquifers. How are they alike and how are they different?\u003cbr>\nHow are aquifers replenished or depleted?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS kids activities\" href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle-kids-adv.html\" target=\"_blank\">Interactive Water Cycle Graphic\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>USGS -\u003c/strong> A fun interactive water cycle diagram that describes the moving and changing forms for water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS Water Science School \" href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/edu/sc1.html\" target=\"_blank\">The USGS Water Science School\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>USGS\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> -\u003c/strong>Educational activity on how much water it takes to grow a hamburger.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"National Groundwater Association, Groundwater Facts\" href=\"http://www.ngwa.org/Fundamentals/use/Pages/Groundwater-facts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Groundwater Facts\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>National Groundwater Association - \u003c/strong>53 Billion Gallons a day used for agriculture: \"Irrigation accounts for the largest use of groundwater in the United States. Some 53.5 billion gallons of groundwater are used daily for agricultural irrigation from 407,923 wells.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, history and information\" href=\"http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.wat.018\" target=\"_blank\">Size of High Plains Aquifer\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Encyclopedia of the Great Plains\u003c/strong> - History and information on the Ogallala Aquifer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"National Geographic, groundwater interactions & resources\" href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/freshwater-101-interactive/\" target=\"_blank\">A Fresh Water Story\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>National Geographic - \u003c/strong>Fun interactions on groundwater, surface water and other related resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth’s mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geoscience processes. MS - ESS2, Earth & Science Systems: Earth's Systems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: The Role of Water in Earth’s Surface Processes Water continually cycles among land, ocean, and atmosphere via transpiration, evaporation, condensation and crystallization, and precipitation, as well as downhill flows on land. MS - ESS2.C\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/68667/groundwater-beneath-the-surface","authors":["10399"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_11856","quest_12748","quest_12749","quest_1278","quest_12761","quest_12065","quest_12063","quest_12762","quest_12354","quest_10016","quest_10179","quest_12747","quest_2766","quest_12640","quest_12746","quest_10806","quest_12745"],"collections":["quest_12824"],"featImg":"quest_68773","label":"source_quest_68667"},"quest_68677":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_68677","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"68677","score":null,"sort":[1395843049000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-groundwater-term-game","title":"The Groundwater Term Game","publishDate":1395843049,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://imgdev.unl.edu/groundwater_game/\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Groundwater Game tests your knowledge of major terms used to describe parts of the aquifer systems, from groundwater to permeability to saturated zone. Drag and drop the correct term into a sentence to make it accurate and to match the illustration. Can you score 12 out of 12?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This animation is part of a four-part educational series on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\">\u003cstrong>Ground Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Production Credits:\u003cbr>\nProducer: Abram Lueders\u003cbr>\nExecutive Producer: Melanie Eirich\u003cbr>\nGraphic Designer: Lisa Craig\u003cbr>\nContributing Producer for QUEST Nebraska: Gary Hochman\u003cbr>\nEducational Review: Anica Brown\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-Discussion\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Come up with a list of all the terms you can think of that relate to water, both terms you have just learned and terms you already knew, like rain, snow, stream, etc. Divide them into terms above ground and terms below ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Focus Discussion\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Describe a water cycle with as many parts as you can.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you didn’t get all terms correctly defined in this game, go back to the first two explainers to review and then try this game again with the goal of getting 100% correct!\u003cbr>\nDiscuss the terms that were new to you in this game. How did you decide how to match them to a definition?\u003cbr>\nIf you’ve drawn a water cycle, fit the new terms from this game into your drawing. How do you think the new terms affect the water cycle?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS Information on Groundwater\" href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/ofr93-643/\" target=\"_blank\">What is Groundwater\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>USGS - \u003c/strong>An informative website on Groundwater processes, terms and general information.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Dr. Waters information and terms for Surface Water and Groundwater\" href=\"http://www.drwaters.org/?itemCategory=34143&siteid=300&priorId=0\" target=\"_blank\">Surface water and Groundwater\u003c/a>. Are they connected? \u003cstrong>Dr. Waters -\u003c/strong>Information and terms on Surface Water and Groundwater.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"UNL Water Center website\" href=\"http://watercenter.unl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Nebraska Water Center and Water News\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>University of Nebraska, Water Center - \u003c/strong>A wealth of water related articles for Nebraska and nationwide.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Science Daily\" href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/water/\" target=\"_blank\">Science Daily Water News\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Science Daily website - \u003c/strong>News and information on water.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth’s materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. MS - ESS2, Earth & Science Systems: Earth's Systems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Water continually cycles among land, ocean, and atmosphere via transpiration, evaporation, condensation and crystallization, and precipitation, as well as downhill flows on land. MS - ESS2.C. Humans depend on Earth’s land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, fresh water, and biosphere resources are limited, and many are not renewable or replaceable over human lifetimes. MS - ESS3.A, Natural Resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Developing and Using Models.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Play the fun interactive game to check your groundwater knowledge! ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443828401,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://imgdev.unl.edu/groundwater_game/"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":430},"headData":{"title":"The Groundwater Term Game | KQED","description":"Play the fun interactive game to check your groundwater knowledge! ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Groundwater Term Game","datePublished":"2014-03-26T14:10:49.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T23:26:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"68677 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=68677","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/26/the-groundwater-term-game/","disqusTitle":"The Groundwater Term Game","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/68677/the-groundwater-term-game","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://imgdev.unl.edu/groundwater_game/\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Groundwater Game tests your knowledge of major terms used to describe parts of the aquifer systems, from groundwater to permeability to saturated zone. Drag and drop the correct term into a sentence to make it accurate and to match the illustration. Can you score 12 out of 12?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This animation is part of a four-part educational series on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\">\u003cstrong>Ground Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Production Credits:\u003cbr>\nProducer: Abram Lueders\u003cbr>\nExecutive Producer: Melanie Eirich\u003cbr>\nGraphic Designer: Lisa Craig\u003cbr>\nContributing Producer for QUEST Nebraska: Gary Hochman\u003cbr>\nEducational Review: Anica Brown\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-Discussion\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Come up with a list of all the terms you can think of that relate to water, both terms you have just learned and terms you already knew, like rain, snow, stream, etc. Divide them into terms above ground and terms below ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Focus Discussion\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Describe a water cycle with as many parts as you can.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you didn’t get all terms correctly defined in this game, go back to the first two explainers to review and then try this game again with the goal of getting 100% correct!\u003cbr>\nDiscuss the terms that were new to you in this game. How did you decide how to match them to a definition?\u003cbr>\nIf you’ve drawn a water cycle, fit the new terms from this game into your drawing. How do you think the new terms affect the water cycle?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS Information on Groundwater\" href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/ofr93-643/\" target=\"_blank\">What is Groundwater\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>USGS - \u003c/strong>An informative website on Groundwater processes, terms and general information.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Dr. Waters information and terms for Surface Water and Groundwater\" href=\"http://www.drwaters.org/?itemCategory=34143&siteid=300&priorId=0\" target=\"_blank\">Surface water and Groundwater\u003c/a>. Are they connected? \u003cstrong>Dr. Waters -\u003c/strong>Information and terms on Surface Water and Groundwater.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"UNL Water Center website\" href=\"http://watercenter.unl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Nebraska Water Center and Water News\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>University of Nebraska, Water Center - \u003c/strong>A wealth of water related articles for Nebraska and nationwide.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Science Daily\" href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/water/\" target=\"_blank\">Science Daily Water News\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Science Daily website - \u003c/strong>News and information on water.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth’s materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. MS - ESS2, Earth & Science Systems: Earth's Systems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Water continually cycles among land, ocean, and atmosphere via transpiration, evaporation, condensation and crystallization, and precipitation, as well as downhill flows on land. MS - ESS2.C. Humans depend on Earth’s land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, fresh water, and biosphere resources are limited, and many are not renewable or replaceable over human lifetimes. MS - ESS3.A, Natural Resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Developing and Using Models.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/68677/the-groundwater-term-game","authors":["10399"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_11856","quest_12748","quest_12749","quest_1278","quest_12065","quest_12063","quest_12752","quest_12750","quest_12354","quest_10016","quest_10179","quest_12754","quest_2766","quest_12640","quest_12746","quest_12753","quest_12755","quest_12751"],"collections":["quest_12824"],"featImg":"quest_68764","label":"source_quest_68677"},"quest_68684":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_68684","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"68684","score":null,"sort":[1395842405000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-cost-of-water","title":"The Cost of Water","publishDate":1395842405,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://imgdev.unl.edu/cost_of_water_slideshow/vertical\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This slideshow is part of a four-part educational series on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\">\u003cstrong>Ground Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-Discussion\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Does water seem like a free resource to you? How many ways can you think of that water actually has costs?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Focus Discussion Question\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are the different costs of tap water and bottled water?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Make a table with two columns, one for Benefits and one for Challenges. How many of each can you think of for using bottled water?\u003cbr>\nHow much responsibility do we owe future generations to keep our planet clean?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Business Insider article on Bottled Water Costs\" href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/bottled-water-costs-2000x-more-than-tap-2013-7\" target=\"_blank\">Bottled Water Costs 2000x More Than Tap\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Business Insider \u003c/strong>- A summary of facts about bottled water consumption and what it costs consumers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Choice Online article on the high price of water\" href=\"http://www.choice.com.au/reviews-and-tests/food-and-health/food-and-drink/beverages/bottled-water.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">The High Costs of Bottled Water\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Choice Online - \u003c/strong>Drop for drop, bottled water costs about 2000 times more than tap water, so what are we paying for? This article provides an Australian perspective on bottled water vs. tap water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"City of Lincoln, Nebraska Water Quality website\" href=\"https://www.lincoln.ne.gov/city/pworks/water/quality.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Water Quality: The Lincoln, Nebraska Water System\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>City of Lincoln, Nebraska: Water Quality - \u003c/strong>A short article on how a typical municipality attempts to insure high quality for our drinking water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"American Water Works Association, drinking water regulations\" href=\"http://www.awwa.org/legislation-regulation/regulations/drinking-water-regulation.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">The American Water Works Association: Drinking Water Regulations\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>American Water Works Association - \u003c/strong>An overview of how tap water is regulated.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Tapped the Movie from Atlas Films\" href=\"http://www.tappedthemovie.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Tapped: The Movie\u003c/a>,\u003cstrong> Atlas Films - \u003c/strong>This documentary answers the question, “Is access to clean drinking water a basic human right, or a commodity that should be bought and sold like any other article of commerce?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and per-capita consumption of natural resources impact Earth’s systems. MS - ESS.3, Earth and Human Activity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Humans depend on Earth’s land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, fresh water, and biosphere resources are limited, and many are not renewable or replaceable over human lifetimes. ESS3.A, Natural Resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Engaging in Argument from Evidence.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Bottled water costs more than you think! Click through the slideshow to see a comparison of costs. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1485196864,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://imgdev.unl.edu/cost_of_water_slideshow/vertical"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":334},"headData":{"title":"The Cost of Water | KQED","description":"Bottled water costs more than you think! Click through the slideshow to see a comparison of costs. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Cost of Water","datePublished":"2014-03-26T14:00:05.000Z","dateModified":"2017-01-23T18:41:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"68684 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=68684","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/26/the-cost-of-water/","disqusTitle":"The Cost of Water","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/68684/the-cost-of-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://imgdev.unl.edu/cost_of_water_slideshow/vertical\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This slideshow is part of a four-part educational series on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\">\u003cstrong>Ground Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-Discussion\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Does water seem like a free resource to you? How many ways can you think of that water actually has costs?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Focus Discussion Question\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are the different costs of tap water and bottled water?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Make a table with two columns, one for Benefits and one for Challenges. How many of each can you think of for using bottled water?\u003cbr>\nHow much responsibility do we owe future generations to keep our planet clean?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Business Insider article on Bottled Water Costs\" href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/bottled-water-costs-2000x-more-than-tap-2013-7\" target=\"_blank\">Bottled Water Costs 2000x More Than Tap\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Business Insider \u003c/strong>- A summary of facts about bottled water consumption and what it costs consumers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Choice Online article on the high price of water\" href=\"http://www.choice.com.au/reviews-and-tests/food-and-health/food-and-drink/beverages/bottled-water.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">The High Costs of Bottled Water\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Choice Online - \u003c/strong>Drop for drop, bottled water costs about 2000 times more than tap water, so what are we paying for? This article provides an Australian perspective on bottled water vs. tap water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"City of Lincoln, Nebraska Water Quality website\" href=\"https://www.lincoln.ne.gov/city/pworks/water/quality.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Water Quality: The Lincoln, Nebraska Water System\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>City of Lincoln, Nebraska: Water Quality - \u003c/strong>A short article on how a typical municipality attempts to insure high quality for our drinking water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"American Water Works Association, drinking water regulations\" href=\"http://www.awwa.org/legislation-regulation/regulations/drinking-water-regulation.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">The American Water Works Association: Drinking Water Regulations\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>American Water Works Association - \u003c/strong>An overview of how tap water is regulated.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Tapped the Movie from Atlas Films\" href=\"http://www.tappedthemovie.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Tapped: The Movie\u003c/a>,\u003cstrong> Atlas Films - \u003c/strong>This documentary answers the question, “Is access to clean drinking water a basic human right, or a commodity that should be bought and sold like any other article of commerce?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and per-capita consumption of natural resources impact Earth’s systems. MS - ESS.3, Earth and Human Activity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Humans depend on Earth’s land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, fresh water, and biosphere resources are limited, and many are not renewable or replaceable over human lifetimes. ESS3.A, Natural Resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Engaging in Argument from Evidence.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/68684/the-cost-of-water","authors":["10399"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13198","quest_12768","quest_1278","quest_12065","quest_12063","quest_12354","quest_2408","quest_12756","quest_12020"],"collections":["quest_12824"],"featImg":"quest_68771","label":"source_quest_68684"},"quest_62758":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_62758","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"62758","score":null,"sort":[1383663600000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"quest-television-americas-energy-future","title":"QUEST TV: America’s Energy Future","publishDate":1383663600,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Episode Description\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>From fossil fuels to renewables, the race is on to find better ways to manage and maximize our energy sources. Tour a massive solar farm in California, investigate the impacts of fracking on Ohio’s groundwater supplies, and join Missouri university students as they compete to build the most energy-efficient house in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Segment Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Watch the full 1/2 hour television episode above or watch individual segments and read accompanying articles on the following pages:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening/\">Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/\">Going Off The Grid: Competition Spurs Innovations in Solar Home Design\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Tour a solar energy farm, investigate fracking, and explore new energy-efficient home designs in this television episode.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457565485,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":108},"headData":{"title":"QUEST TV: America’s Energy Future | KQED","description":"Tour a solar energy farm, investigate fracking, and explore new energy-efficient home designs in this television episode.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"QUEST TV: America’s Energy Future","datePublished":"2013-11-05T15:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:18:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"62758 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=62758","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/05/quest-television-americas-energy-future/","disqusTitle":"QUEST TV: America’s Energy Future","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5fOZgPkxWA","path":"/quest/62758/quest-television-americas-energy-future","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Episode Description\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>From fossil fuels to renewables, the race is on to find better ways to manage and maximize our energy sources. Tour a massive solar farm in California, investigate the impacts of fracking on Ohio’s groundwater supplies, and join Missouri university students as they compete to build the most energy-efficient house in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Segment Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Watch the full 1/2 hour television episode above or watch individual segments and read accompanying articles on the following pages:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening/\">Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/\">Going Off The Grid: Competition Spurs Innovations in Solar Home Design\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/62758/quest-television-americas-energy-future","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_984","quest_987","quest_1134","quest_10978","quest_12269","quest_1263","quest_1278","quest_12387","quest_2270","quest_2349","quest_12354","quest_13","quest_10429","quest_2409","quest_2693","quest_2698","quest_2701","quest_2714","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_63122","label":"quest"},"quest_58818":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_58818","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"58818","score":null,"sort":[1378821638000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"groundwater-wars-potatoes-versus-trout","title":"Groundwater Wars: Potatoes versus Trout","publishDate":1378821638,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60065\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/13-09-10-QUEST-Groundwater-Wars-Long-Lake-no-wake-sign_640px-edited.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-60065\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/13-09-10-QUEST-Groundwater-Wars-Long-Lake-no-wake-sign_640px-edited.jpg\" alt=\"13-09-10 QUEST Groundwater Wars - Long-Lake-no-wake-sign_640px edited\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/13-09-10-QUEST-Groundwater-Wars-Long-Lake-no-wake-sign_640px-edited.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/13-09-10-QUEST-Groundwater-Wars-Long-Lake-no-wake-sign_640px-edited-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boat launch at Long Lake, near Plainfield, no longer reaches the water. In Wisconsin's Central Sands, some lakes and streams have lowered or dried up in recent years as the number of high-capacity wells has mushroomed, largely for irrigation. Kate Golden/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a state with about 15,000 lakes and more than a quadrillion gallons of groundwater, it's hard to believe that water could ever be in short supply. But across central Wisconsin, in a region known as the Central Sands, residents have watched water levels in lakes and small streams drop for years. Experts say the culprit is largely the burgeoning number of high-capacity wells, primarily for irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some, the question is this: Who needs the water more — the potato plants or the trout?\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“We view ourselves as good guys, we’re raising the food, we’re getting dirty doing it, we listen to cowboy songs on the radio, how can we be to blame for anything? It’s not easy confronting that we just might be the bull in the china shop.”\u003c/em> — Justin Isherwood, a Central Wisconsin vegetable grower with about a dozen high-capacity wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporters Kate Prengaman and Kate Golden from the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism cover the story; \u003ca href=\"http://www.wisconsinwatch.org/projects/groundwater-concerns/\">Water war pits Wisconsin farms against fish\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/CentralSands_wells3.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/CentralSands_wells3.gif\" alt=\"CentralSands_wells3\" width=\"450\" height=\"401\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The number of high capacity wells in the Central Sands area of Wisconsin has significantly increased since 1963.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":" In a state with more than a quadrillion gallons of groundwater, central Wisconsin residents have watched water levels in streams and lakes drop for years-- where did the water go?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1379617586,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":249},"headData":{"title":"Groundwater Wars: Potatoes versus Trout | KQED","description":" In a state with more than a quadrillion gallons of groundwater, central Wisconsin residents have watched water levels in streams and lakes drop for years-- where did the water go?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Groundwater Wars: Potatoes versus Trout","datePublished":"2013-09-10T14:00:38.000Z","dateModified":"2013-09-19T19:06:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"58818 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=58818","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/10/groundwater-wars-potatoes-versus-trout/","disqusTitle":"Groundwater Wars: Potatoes versus Trout","path":"/quest/58818/groundwater-wars-potatoes-versus-trout","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60065\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/13-09-10-QUEST-Groundwater-Wars-Long-Lake-no-wake-sign_640px-edited.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-60065\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/13-09-10-QUEST-Groundwater-Wars-Long-Lake-no-wake-sign_640px-edited.jpg\" alt=\"13-09-10 QUEST Groundwater Wars - Long-Lake-no-wake-sign_640px edited\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/13-09-10-QUEST-Groundwater-Wars-Long-Lake-no-wake-sign_640px-edited.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/13-09-10-QUEST-Groundwater-Wars-Long-Lake-no-wake-sign_640px-edited-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boat launch at Long Lake, near Plainfield, no longer reaches the water. In Wisconsin's Central Sands, some lakes and streams have lowered or dried up in recent years as the number of high-capacity wells has mushroomed, largely for irrigation. Kate Golden/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a state with about 15,000 lakes and more than a quadrillion gallons of groundwater, it's hard to believe that water could ever be in short supply. But across central Wisconsin, in a region known as the Central Sands, residents have watched water levels in lakes and small streams drop for years. Experts say the culprit is largely the burgeoning number of high-capacity wells, primarily for irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some, the question is this: Who needs the water more — the potato plants or the trout?\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“We view ourselves as good guys, we’re raising the food, we’re getting dirty doing it, we listen to cowboy songs on the radio, how can we be to blame for anything? It’s not easy confronting that we just might be the bull in the china shop.”\u003c/em> — Justin Isherwood, a Central Wisconsin vegetable grower with about a dozen high-capacity wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporters Kate Prengaman and Kate Golden from the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism cover the story; \u003ca href=\"http://www.wisconsinwatch.org/projects/groundwater-concerns/\">Water war pits Wisconsin farms against fish\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/CentralSands_wells3.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/CentralSands_wells3.gif\" alt=\"CentralSands_wells3\" width=\"450\" height=\"401\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The number of high capacity wells in the Central Sands area of Wisconsin has significantly increased since 1963.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/58818/groundwater-wars-potatoes-versus-trout","authors":["10481"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_12199","quest_12269","quest_1278","quest_12200","quest_1503","quest_1603","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3292","quest_12201","quest_10416","quest_12202","quest_10339"],"featImg":"quest_60065","label":"quest"},"quest_48802":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48802","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48802","score":null,"sort":[1358565826000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-historic-gold-country-old-mines-get-new-life","title":"In Historic Gold Country, Old Mines Get New Life","publishDate":1358565826,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It's not the frenzy of 1849, but gold mining is quietly making a comeback in California. A soaring gold price is drawing miners back into the Sierra Nevada foothills, in some cases, to the very spots exploited by the original 49ers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is happy to see gold mining return. While some communities are concerned about the environmental costs, others see the chance for a \"greener\" gold rush this time around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48861\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48861\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/DSC00577smaller-424x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miners today, as during the Gold Rush were searching for veins of white quartz with gold inside. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The return is being heralded in Sutter Creek, about 45 miles southeast of Sacramento. Just a few years ago, local resident Dan Boitano was a tour guide there. He led tourists into the empty, underground Lincoln Project Mine. In the late 1840s, miners flooded into these foothills when gold was discovered nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m actually a fifth generation miner in the area,” Boitano says. “My family came here for the Gold Rush.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boitano still works in this mine, but now, he’s mining. Hundreds of feet below ground, in a narrow tunnel, two of his colleagues drill into a solid face of rock. Matt Collins, chief operating officer of Sutter Gold Mining, Inc., looks on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is December’s gold production right here in the palm of my hand,” Collins says, holding out a half an ounce of gold. “This is the first of what we hope will be many, many, many ounces of gold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutter managers hope to produce almost $200 million in gold over the next five years. The company is just starting full-scale production in this web of burrows – tunnels that only get darker and narrower the deeper we go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Remember when they first started mining here, they would have been mining with candles,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48851\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/DSC00536-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miner Steve Ator outside the Lincoln Project Mine in Sutter Creek. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mining was treacherous work for the original 49ers. They used hammers and dynamite in search of what’s just above my head: a vein of white quartz rock with dots of gold. “This one runs for many hundreds of feet,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a slice of the Mother Lode – the most legendary gold deposit in the state. There are two dozen old mines within ten miles of this one. They produced millions of ounces of gold up until World War II, when work was suspended for the war effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After having let the mines flood, the timbers rot, the neglect and the lack of maintenance, it became very expensive to reopen the mines,” says Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mother Lode still holds plenty of gold and with gold prices having steadily risen to around $1,700 dollars an ounce, reopening old mines has become tempting, but not necessarily easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is burdensome. I would say this is one of the toughest regulatory climates there is on the planet,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the Golden State's strict environmental laws spring from the legacy of environmental damage that mining has left behind. Early miners processed gold with toxic mercury, dumping millions of pounds of it into the watershed. Even today, some fish aren’t safe to eat as far downstream as San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today we have to have a much different approach. We have come into a project like this thinking about these potential impacts,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"float: left;margin: 10px\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=MAP&q=select+col2+from+1xqyIz2ipOWGnYFViw8yMZaYc0bKa5eNOxYq6XdA&h=false&lat=39.03838632847035&lng=-120.9582157949219&z=8&t=1&l=col2&y=2&tmplt=2\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"280\" height=\"400\">\u003c/iframe> Those potential impacts are a big issue in another community where a local gold mine is trying to reopen. About two hours north in Nevada City, the San Juan Ridge Mine originally tried to get going in the 1990s, but things didn’t go so well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My wells right around us here in the north Columbia area started to go dry,” says local resident Kurt Lorenz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mine had hit an underground formation full of water. As workers pumped the water out, 14 neighborhood wells dried up. The mine paid for deeper wells to be drilled, but Lorenz says the new wells had poor water quality. The local school, Grizzly Hill Elementary, was told it couldn’t drink the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The solution was the mine started paying for bottled water to be delivered to the school,” Lorenz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mine put in a water treatment plant but Lorenz, who was on the school board at the time, says it was years before the school was using tap water again. In the end, the mine shut down because of the added costs and flagging gold prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the issue is surfacing again because the mine wants to reopen. “We don’t want a repeat of what’s happened in the past,” says the schools current principal, James Berardi. “We can’t take that chance. We don’t want to do it again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t expect the community to take any significant risks for the benefit of my operation,” says Tim Callaway, CEO of San Juan Mining Corporation. He says the risks are lower this time because the mine will use better surveying and engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Callaway knows it’s a tough sell in this community, but points to the economy. “What this project offers is really high-paying jobs,” he says. “There are very, very few industries or jobs in rural communities.” The decision will ultimately be up to Nevada County, which is doing an environmental review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this adds up to an interesting moment for gold in California, says Izzy Martin of the non-profit Sierra Fund. There are environmental risks, she says, because not all counties are equipped to do thorough reviews of proposed mines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Martin also sees an opportunity. “Gold mining around the world is heart-breaking to think about,” she says. “People use really toxic chemicals. There’s no doubt that if we could open a mine in California that met our environmental quality act standards, our clean water acts standards, it would be the cleanest, greenest gold in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin wants to see \"green\" gold standards set up in California that would enable consumer labeling. Responsible mining, she says, has the potential to give gold an entirely new legacy in the state. A handful of other proposed mines are hoping to join that legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/slideshow/mining-goldrush/_files/iframe.html?noscale=620x533\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"620\" height=\"533\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's not the frenzy of 1849, but gold mining is quietly making a comeback in California. While some communities are concerned about the environmental costs, others see the chance for a \"greener\" gold rush.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450496126,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz","http://www.kqed.org/assets/slideshow/mining-goldrush/_files/iframe.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1091},"headData":{"title":"In Historic Gold Country, Old Mines Get New Life | KQED","description":"It's not the frenzy of 1849, but gold mining is quietly making a comeback in California. While some communities are concerned about the environmental costs, others see the chance for a "greener" gold rush.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"In Historic Gold Country, Old Mines Get New Life","datePublished":"2013-01-19T03:23:46.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T03:35:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"48802 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=48802","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/18/in-historic-gold-country-old-mines-get-new-life/","disqusTitle":"In Historic Gold Country, Old Mines Get New Life","source":"Engineering","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/engineering/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/01/20130121science.mp3","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/48802/in-historic-gold-country-old-mines-get-new-life","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's not the frenzy of 1849, but gold mining is quietly making a comeback in California. A soaring gold price is drawing miners back into the Sierra Nevada foothills, in some cases, to the very spots exploited by the original 49ers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is happy to see gold mining return. While some communities are concerned about the environmental costs, others see the chance for a \"greener\" gold rush this time around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48861\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48861\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/DSC00577smaller-424x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miners today, as during the Gold Rush were searching for veins of white quartz with gold inside. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The return is being heralded in Sutter Creek, about 45 miles southeast of Sacramento. Just a few years ago, local resident Dan Boitano was a tour guide there. He led tourists into the empty, underground Lincoln Project Mine. In the late 1840s, miners flooded into these foothills when gold was discovered nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m actually a fifth generation miner in the area,” Boitano says. “My family came here for the Gold Rush.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boitano still works in this mine, but now, he’s mining. Hundreds of feet below ground, in a narrow tunnel, two of his colleagues drill into a solid face of rock. Matt Collins, chief operating officer of Sutter Gold Mining, Inc., looks on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is December’s gold production right here in the palm of my hand,” Collins says, holding out a half an ounce of gold. “This is the first of what we hope will be many, many, many ounces of gold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutter managers hope to produce almost $200 million in gold over the next five years. The company is just starting full-scale production in this web of burrows – tunnels that only get darker and narrower the deeper we go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Remember when they first started mining here, they would have been mining with candles,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48851\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/DSC00536-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miner Steve Ator outside the Lincoln Project Mine in Sutter Creek. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mining was treacherous work for the original 49ers. They used hammers and dynamite in search of what’s just above my head: a vein of white quartz rock with dots of gold. “This one runs for many hundreds of feet,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a slice of the Mother Lode – the most legendary gold deposit in the state. There are two dozen old mines within ten miles of this one. They produced millions of ounces of gold up until World War II, when work was suspended for the war effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After having let the mines flood, the timbers rot, the neglect and the lack of maintenance, it became very expensive to reopen the mines,” says Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mother Lode still holds plenty of gold and with gold prices having steadily risen to around $1,700 dollars an ounce, reopening old mines has become tempting, but not necessarily easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is burdensome. I would say this is one of the toughest regulatory climates there is on the planet,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the Golden State's strict environmental laws spring from the legacy of environmental damage that mining has left behind. Early miners processed gold with toxic mercury, dumping millions of pounds of it into the watershed. Even today, some fish aren’t safe to eat as far downstream as San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today we have to have a much different approach. We have come into a project like this thinking about these potential impacts,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"float: left;margin: 10px\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=MAP&q=select+col2+from+1xqyIz2ipOWGnYFViw8yMZaYc0bKa5eNOxYq6XdA&h=false&lat=39.03838632847035&lng=-120.9582157949219&z=8&t=1&l=col2&y=2&tmplt=2\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"280\" height=\"400\">\u003c/iframe> Those potential impacts are a big issue in another community where a local gold mine is trying to reopen. About two hours north in Nevada City, the San Juan Ridge Mine originally tried to get going in the 1990s, but things didn’t go so well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My wells right around us here in the north Columbia area started to go dry,” says local resident Kurt Lorenz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mine had hit an underground formation full of water. As workers pumped the water out, 14 neighborhood wells dried up. The mine paid for deeper wells to be drilled, but Lorenz says the new wells had poor water quality. The local school, Grizzly Hill Elementary, was told it couldn’t drink the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The solution was the mine started paying for bottled water to be delivered to the school,” Lorenz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mine put in a water treatment plant but Lorenz, who was on the school board at the time, says it was years before the school was using tap water again. In the end, the mine shut down because of the added costs and flagging gold prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the issue is surfacing again because the mine wants to reopen. “We don’t want a repeat of what’s happened in the past,” says the schools current principal, James Berardi. “We can’t take that chance. We don’t want to do it again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t expect the community to take any significant risks for the benefit of my operation,” says Tim Callaway, CEO of San Juan Mining Corporation. He says the risks are lower this time because the mine will use better surveying and engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Callaway knows it’s a tough sell in this community, but points to the economy. “What this project offers is really high-paying jobs,” he says. “There are very, very few industries or jobs in rural communities.” The decision will ultimately be up to Nevada County, which is doing an environmental review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this adds up to an interesting moment for gold in California, says Izzy Martin of the non-profit Sierra Fund. There are environmental risks, she says, because not all counties are equipped to do thorough reviews of proposed mines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Martin also sees an opportunity. “Gold mining around the world is heart-breaking to think about,” she says. “People use really toxic chemicals. There’s no doubt that if we could open a mine in California that met our environmental quality act standards, our clean water acts standards, it would be the cleanest, greenest gold in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin wants to see \"green\" gold standards set up in California that would enable consumer labeling. Responsible mining, she says, has the potential to give gold an entirely new legacy in the state. A handful of other proposed mines are hoping to join that legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/slideshow/mining-goldrush/_files/iframe.html?noscale=620x533\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"620\" height=\"533\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48802/in-historic-gold-country-old-mines-get-new-life","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_1232","quest_1233","quest_1278","quest_11686","quest_11194","quest_1791","quest_1834","quest_13203","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_48898","label":"source_quest_48802"},"quest_45984":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_45984","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"45984","score":null,"sort":[1349985144000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fracking-in-urban-oilfields","title":"Fracking in Urban Oilfields: A New Study Sparks More Debate","publishDate":1349985144,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45985\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/11/fracking-in-urban-oilfields/inglewoodfrack/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45985\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/inglewoodfrack-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"inglewoodfrack\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45985\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oilfields can be as clean as any other kind of mining if the operators are careful—and there's the rub. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week a consultant's report basically stated that hydraulic fracturing in one of the country's largest urban oilfields is not harmful. The study will arouse lots of comment by proponents and opponents of \"fracking,\" but both sides will find limited support for their arguments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oilfield in question is the Inglewood field, which has been drilling and pumping in the Baldwin Hills, in Southern California, for 82 years as the cities of Los Angeles County engulfed the country around it on all sides. Now it's flanked by the 10 and 405 freeways and overlooks Culver City, east of Santa Monica. It makes a good test case for the future, because oil and gas producers will not disappear as cities expand around them. Both parties will need to learn how to cooperate. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Baldwin Hills Community Standards District is a set of regulations recently created by Los Angeles County that governs operations in the Inglewood field. Part of a lawsuit settlement obliged the field's current operator, Plains Exploration & Production Company or PXP, to carry out a study of its most advanced fracking technology. The final report from that study was released to the public yesterday and can be \u003ca href=\"http://www.inglewoodoilfield.com/fracturing-study/\">downloaded from inglewoodoilfield.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking is a set of oilfield techniques in which rock is gently shattered and grit washed into the resulting microcracks. The grit holds the cracks open allowing oil and gas to be pumped out. For the study, PXP tested two varieties of fracking on each of two vertical wells in the Inglewood field: \"high-volume\" and \"high-rate gravel pack\" techniques. Both are appropriate for the extremely fine grained shale rock that fracking is designed for. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally, everyone at PXP was on their best behavior for these tests, going by the book in every respect. As a result, and to no one's surprise, the wells were properly sealed, the petroleum-producing zone (7500 feet below the fresh groundwater of the Los Angeles basin) did not contaminate anything, no earthquakes were triggered, the ground did not shift by a millimeter, the noise and pollution were insignificant, and no public-health impact was detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is par for the course, and should have been expected. California is a mature petroleum producer, for once not part of the gold rush for shale oil that is stirring up controversy in the Northeast and Midwest. The problem in California is the combination of lax operations and lax oversight, leaving us at the mercy of notorious incidents and high rhetoric. The Inglewood field study does not exonerate the industry (whose response is \"of course they should say it's OK\"), nor should it reduce the vigilance of fracking opponents (whose response to the study is \"of course they would say it's OK\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I did find it a bit odd that the peer reviewers of the study were both geologists who were educated in the East and practice in the East. But perhaps that was a smart step, because the eastern states are hotbeds of fracking and public anxiety too. The reviewers would not be strangers to that. And their \"peer reviewer comment letter\" mentions a long process of give-and-take in clarifying the study report that must have benefited from not being overly familiar with the Los Angeles oil patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Natural Resources Defense Council, which participated in the lawsuit that led to this study, \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/dnagami/long-awaited_study_of_fracking.html\">issued a measured response on its blog\u003c/a>. Food and Water Watch declared the study \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/pressreleases/fox-guarding-henhouse-not-surprisingly-pxp-study-finds-no-harm-from-fracking-at-inglewood-oil-field/\">an example of shill science at its worst\u003c/a>.\" Uprising Radio \u003ca href=\"http://uprisingradio.org/home/2012/10/10/in-absence-of-regulation-local-and-state-level-fracking-found-to-be-widespread/\">was undeterred\u003c/a> in noting that the state has no regulations for fracking. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/\">This is true, and awkward\u003c/a>, but state rules are in the works that should start to help turn mutual suspicion to watchful coexistence. Perhaps this study will inform those regulations.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A rigorous study shows that fracking is unharmful when the stakes are high. Not much should be made of it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1351578694,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":662},"headData":{"title":"Fracking in Urban Oilfields: A New Study Sparks More Debate | KQED","description":"A rigorous study shows that fracking is unharmful when the stakes are high. Not much should be made of it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fracking in Urban Oilfields: A New Study Sparks More Debate","datePublished":"2012-10-11T19:52:24.000Z","dateModified":"2012-10-30T06:31:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"45984 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=45984","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/11/fracking-in-urban-oilfields/","disqusTitle":"Fracking in Urban Oilfields: A New Study Sparks More Debate","WpOldSlug":"fracking-in-the-city","path":"/quest/45984/fracking-in-urban-oilfields","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45985\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/11/fracking-in-urban-oilfields/inglewoodfrack/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45985\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/inglewoodfrack-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"inglewoodfrack\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45985\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oilfields can be as clean as any other kind of mining if the operators are careful—and there's the rub. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week a consultant's report basically stated that hydraulic fracturing in one of the country's largest urban oilfields is not harmful. The study will arouse lots of comment by proponents and opponents of \"fracking,\" but both sides will find limited support for their arguments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oilfield in question is the Inglewood field, which has been drilling and pumping in the Baldwin Hills, in Southern California, for 82 years as the cities of Los Angeles County engulfed the country around it on all sides. Now it's flanked by the 10 and 405 freeways and overlooks Culver City, east of Santa Monica. It makes a good test case for the future, because oil and gas producers will not disappear as cities expand around them. Both parties will need to learn how to cooperate. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Baldwin Hills Community Standards District is a set of regulations recently created by Los Angeles County that governs operations in the Inglewood field. Part of a lawsuit settlement obliged the field's current operator, Plains Exploration & Production Company or PXP, to carry out a study of its most advanced fracking technology. The final report from that study was released to the public yesterday and can be \u003ca href=\"http://www.inglewoodoilfield.com/fracturing-study/\">downloaded from inglewoodoilfield.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking is a set of oilfield techniques in which rock is gently shattered and grit washed into the resulting microcracks. The grit holds the cracks open allowing oil and gas to be pumped out. For the study, PXP tested two varieties of fracking on each of two vertical wells in the Inglewood field: \"high-volume\" and \"high-rate gravel pack\" techniques. Both are appropriate for the extremely fine grained shale rock that fracking is designed for. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally, everyone at PXP was on their best behavior for these tests, going by the book in every respect. As a result, and to no one's surprise, the wells were properly sealed, the petroleum-producing zone (7500 feet below the fresh groundwater of the Los Angeles basin) did not contaminate anything, no earthquakes were triggered, the ground did not shift by a millimeter, the noise and pollution were insignificant, and no public-health impact was detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is par for the course, and should have been expected. California is a mature petroleum producer, for once not part of the gold rush for shale oil that is stirring up controversy in the Northeast and Midwest. The problem in California is the combination of lax operations and lax oversight, leaving us at the mercy of notorious incidents and high rhetoric. The Inglewood field study does not exonerate the industry (whose response is \"of course they should say it's OK\"), nor should it reduce the vigilance of fracking opponents (whose response to the study is \"of course they would say it's OK\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I did find it a bit odd that the peer reviewers of the study were both geologists who were educated in the East and practice in the East. But perhaps that was a smart step, because the eastern states are hotbeds of fracking and public anxiety too. The reviewers would not be strangers to that. And their \"peer reviewer comment letter\" mentions a long process of give-and-take in clarifying the study report that must have benefited from not being overly familiar with the Los Angeles oil patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Natural Resources Defense Council, which participated in the lawsuit that led to this study, \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/dnagami/long-awaited_study_of_fracking.html\">issued a measured response on its blog\u003c/a>. Food and Water Watch declared the study \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/pressreleases/fox-guarding-henhouse-not-surprisingly-pxp-study-finds-no-harm-from-fracking-at-inglewood-oil-field/\">an example of shill science at its worst\u003c/a>.\" Uprising Radio \u003ca href=\"http://uprisingradio.org/home/2012/10/10/in-absence-of-regulation-local-and-state-level-fracking-found-to-be-widespread/\">was undeterred\u003c/a> in noting that the state has no regulations for fracking. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/12/fracking-in-california-any-cause-for-concern/\">This is true, and awkward\u003c/a>, but state rules are in the works that should start to help turn mutual suspicion to watchful coexistence. Perhaps this study will inform those regulations.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/45984/fracking-in-urban-oilfields","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10978","quest_1278","quest_9804","quest_2057","quest_2257","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_45985","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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