San Francisco Bay Slowly Recovering From Gold Rush Miners' Devastating Legacy
Reporter's Notes: Mercury in the Bay - Part 1
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A soaring gold price is drawing miners back into the Sierra Nevada foothills, in some cases, to the very spots exploited by the original 49ers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is happy to see gold mining return. While some communities are concerned about the environmental costs, others see the chance for a \"greener\" gold rush this time around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48861\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48861\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/DSC00577smaller-424x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miners today, as during the Gold Rush were searching for veins of white quartz with gold inside. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The return is being heralded in Sutter Creek, about 45 miles southeast of Sacramento. Just a few years ago, local resident Dan Boitano was a tour guide there. He led tourists into the empty, underground Lincoln Project Mine. In the late 1840s, miners flooded into these foothills when gold was discovered nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m actually a fifth generation miner in the area,” Boitano says. “My family came here for the Gold Rush.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boitano still works in this mine, but now, he’s mining. Hundreds of feet below ground, in a narrow tunnel, two of his colleagues drill into a solid face of rock. Matt Collins, chief operating officer of Sutter Gold Mining, Inc., looks on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is December’s gold production right here in the palm of my hand,” Collins says, holding out a half an ounce of gold. “This is the first of what we hope will be many, many, many ounces of gold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutter managers hope to produce almost $200 million in gold over the next five years. The company is just starting full-scale production in this web of burrows – tunnels that only get darker and narrower the deeper we go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Remember when they first started mining here, they would have been mining with candles,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48851\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/DSC00536-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miner Steve Ator outside the Lincoln Project Mine in Sutter Creek. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mining was treacherous work for the original 49ers. They used hammers and dynamite in search of what’s just above my head: a vein of white quartz rock with dots of gold. “This one runs for many hundreds of feet,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a slice of the Mother Lode – the most legendary gold deposit in the state. There are two dozen old mines within ten miles of this one. They produced millions of ounces of gold up until World War II, when work was suspended for the war effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After having let the mines flood, the timbers rot, the neglect and the lack of maintenance, it became very expensive to reopen the mines,” says Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mother Lode still holds plenty of gold and with gold prices having steadily risen to around $1,700 dollars an ounce, reopening old mines has become tempting, but not necessarily easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is burdensome. I would say this is one of the toughest regulatory climates there is on the planet,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the Golden State's strict environmental laws spring from the legacy of environmental damage that mining has left behind. Early miners processed gold with toxic mercury, dumping millions of pounds of it into the watershed. Even today, some fish aren’t safe to eat as far downstream as San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today we have to have a much different approach. We have come into a project like this thinking about these potential impacts,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"float: left;margin: 10px\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=MAP&q=select+col2+from+1xqyIz2ipOWGnYFViw8yMZaYc0bKa5eNOxYq6XdA&h=false&lat=39.03838632847035&lng=-120.9582157949219&z=8&t=1&l=col2&y=2&tmplt=2\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"280\" height=\"400\">\u003c/iframe> Those potential impacts are a big issue in another community where a local gold mine is trying to reopen. About two hours north in Nevada City, the San Juan Ridge Mine originally tried to get going in the 1990s, but things didn’t go so well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My wells right around us here in the north Columbia area started to go dry,” says local resident Kurt Lorenz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mine had hit an underground formation full of water. As workers pumped the water out, 14 neighborhood wells dried up. The mine paid for deeper wells to be drilled, but Lorenz says the new wells had poor water quality. The local school, Grizzly Hill Elementary, was told it couldn’t drink the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The solution was the mine started paying for bottled water to be delivered to the school,” Lorenz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mine put in a water treatment plant but Lorenz, who was on the school board at the time, says it was years before the school was using tap water again. In the end, the mine shut down because of the added costs and flagging gold prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the issue is surfacing again because the mine wants to reopen. “We don’t want a repeat of what’s happened in the past,” says the schools current principal, James Berardi. “We can’t take that chance. We don’t want to do it again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t expect the community to take any significant risks for the benefit of my operation,” says Tim Callaway, CEO of San Juan Mining Corporation. He says the risks are lower this time because the mine will use better surveying and engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Callaway knows it’s a tough sell in this community, but points to the economy. “What this project offers is really high-paying jobs,” he says. “There are very, very few industries or jobs in rural communities.” The decision will ultimately be up to Nevada County, which is doing an environmental review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this adds up to an interesting moment for gold in California, says Izzy Martin of the non-profit Sierra Fund. There are environmental risks, she says, because not all counties are equipped to do thorough reviews of proposed mines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Martin also sees an opportunity. “Gold mining around the world is heart-breaking to think about,” she says. “People use really toxic chemicals. There’s no doubt that if we could open a mine in California that met our environmental quality act standards, our clean water acts standards, it would be the cleanest, greenest gold in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin wants to see \"green\" gold standards set up in California that would enable consumer labeling. Responsible mining, she says, has the potential to give gold an entirely new legacy in the state. A handful of other proposed mines are hoping to join that legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/slideshow/mining-goldrush/_files/iframe.html?noscale=620x533\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"620\" height=\"533\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's not the frenzy of 1849, but gold mining is quietly making a comeback in California. While some communities are concerned about the environmental costs, others see the chance for a \"greener\" gold rush.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450496126,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz","http://www.kqed.org/assets/slideshow/mining-goldrush/_files/iframe.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1091},"headData":{"title":"In Historic Gold Country, Old Mines Get New Life | KQED","description":"It's not the frenzy of 1849, but gold mining is quietly making a comeback in California. While some communities are concerned about the environmental costs, others see the chance for a "greener" gold rush.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"In Historic Gold Country, Old Mines Get New Life","datePublished":"2013-01-19T03:23:46.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T03:35:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"48802 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=48802","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/18/in-historic-gold-country-old-mines-get-new-life/","disqusTitle":"In Historic Gold Country, Old Mines Get New Life","source":"Engineering","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/engineering/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/01/20130121science.mp3","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/48802/in-historic-gold-country-old-mines-get-new-life","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's not the frenzy of 1849, but gold mining is quietly making a comeback in California. A soaring gold price is drawing miners back into the Sierra Nevada foothills, in some cases, to the very spots exploited by the original 49ers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is happy to see gold mining return. While some communities are concerned about the environmental costs, others see the chance for a \"greener\" gold rush this time around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48861\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48861\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/DSC00577smaller-424x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miners today, as during the Gold Rush were searching for veins of white quartz with gold inside. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The return is being heralded in Sutter Creek, about 45 miles southeast of Sacramento. Just a few years ago, local resident Dan Boitano was a tour guide there. He led tourists into the empty, underground Lincoln Project Mine. In the late 1840s, miners flooded into these foothills when gold was discovered nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m actually a fifth generation miner in the area,” Boitano says. “My family came here for the Gold Rush.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boitano still works in this mine, but now, he’s mining. Hundreds of feet below ground, in a narrow tunnel, two of his colleagues drill into a solid face of rock. Matt Collins, chief operating officer of Sutter Gold Mining, Inc., looks on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is December’s gold production right here in the palm of my hand,” Collins says, holding out a half an ounce of gold. “This is the first of what we hope will be many, many, many ounces of gold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutter managers hope to produce almost $200 million in gold over the next five years. The company is just starting full-scale production in this web of burrows – tunnels that only get darker and narrower the deeper we go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Remember when they first started mining here, they would have been mining with candles,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48851\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/DSC00536-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miner Steve Ator outside the Lincoln Project Mine in Sutter Creek. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mining was treacherous work for the original 49ers. They used hammers and dynamite in search of what’s just above my head: a vein of white quartz rock with dots of gold. “This one runs for many hundreds of feet,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a slice of the Mother Lode – the most legendary gold deposit in the state. There are two dozen old mines within ten miles of this one. They produced millions of ounces of gold up until World War II, when work was suspended for the war effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After having let the mines flood, the timbers rot, the neglect and the lack of maintenance, it became very expensive to reopen the mines,” says Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mother Lode still holds plenty of gold and with gold prices having steadily risen to around $1,700 dollars an ounce, reopening old mines has become tempting, but not necessarily easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is burdensome. I would say this is one of the toughest regulatory climates there is on the planet,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the Golden State's strict environmental laws spring from the legacy of environmental damage that mining has left behind. Early miners processed gold with toxic mercury, dumping millions of pounds of it into the watershed. Even today, some fish aren’t safe to eat as far downstream as San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today we have to have a much different approach. We have come into a project like this thinking about these potential impacts,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"float: left;margin: 10px\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=MAP&q=select+col2+from+1xqyIz2ipOWGnYFViw8yMZaYc0bKa5eNOxYq6XdA&h=false&lat=39.03838632847035&lng=-120.9582157949219&z=8&t=1&l=col2&y=2&tmplt=2\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"280\" height=\"400\">\u003c/iframe> Those potential impacts are a big issue in another community where a local gold mine is trying to reopen. About two hours north in Nevada City, the San Juan Ridge Mine originally tried to get going in the 1990s, but things didn’t go so well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My wells right around us here in the north Columbia area started to go dry,” says local resident Kurt Lorenz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mine had hit an underground formation full of water. As workers pumped the water out, 14 neighborhood wells dried up. The mine paid for deeper wells to be drilled, but Lorenz says the new wells had poor water quality. The local school, Grizzly Hill Elementary, was told it couldn’t drink the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The solution was the mine started paying for bottled water to be delivered to the school,” Lorenz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mine put in a water treatment plant but Lorenz, who was on the school board at the time, says it was years before the school was using tap water again. In the end, the mine shut down because of the added costs and flagging gold prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the issue is surfacing again because the mine wants to reopen. “We don’t want a repeat of what’s happened in the past,” says the schools current principal, James Berardi. “We can’t take that chance. We don’t want to do it again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t expect the community to take any significant risks for the benefit of my operation,” says Tim Callaway, CEO of San Juan Mining Corporation. He says the risks are lower this time because the mine will use better surveying and engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Callaway knows it’s a tough sell in this community, but points to the economy. “What this project offers is really high-paying jobs,” he says. “There are very, very few industries or jobs in rural communities.” The decision will ultimately be up to Nevada County, which is doing an environmental review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this adds up to an interesting moment for gold in California, says Izzy Martin of the non-profit Sierra Fund. There are environmental risks, she says, because not all counties are equipped to do thorough reviews of proposed mines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Martin also sees an opportunity. “Gold mining around the world is heart-breaking to think about,” she says. “People use really toxic chemicals. There’s no doubt that if we could open a mine in California that met our environmental quality act standards, our clean water acts standards, it would be the cleanest, greenest gold in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin wants to see \"green\" gold standards set up in California that would enable consumer labeling. Responsible mining, she says, has the potential to give gold an entirely new legacy in the state. A handful of other proposed mines are hoping to join that legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/slideshow/mining-goldrush/_files/iframe.html?noscale=620x533\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"620\" height=\"533\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48802/in-historic-gold-country-old-mines-get-new-life","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_1232","quest_1233","quest_1278","quest_11686","quest_11194","quest_1791","quest_1834","quest_13203","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_48898","label":"source_quest_48802"},"quest_48585":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48585","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48585","score":null,"sort":[1357948877000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-stars-go-for-the-gold","title":"The Stars Go For the Gold","publishDate":1357948877,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48587\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/11/the-stars-go-for-the-gold/starsgoforgold/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48587\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold.jpg\" alt=\"The Stars Go For Gold\" title=\"The Stars Go For Gold\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48587\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Stars Go For Gold\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The middle-aged adage that we are made from stardust, made popular by Carl Sagan back in the 1970s, pops up in my thoughts now and then. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm looking at my wedding ring right now, feeling the weight of this bit of gold and using it as a mental peephole back in time, to before our solar system even existed. Though most of the chemical elements that make up the Earth and the solar system at large have similar long lineage, coming from the mixture of gases in the interstellar cloud that the sun and planets condensed from, the atoms of gold have a special distinction. These atoms, as well as other atomic nuclei heavier than the element iron, could only have been forged in the core of a super massive star at the end of its life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a long winded way of saying, \"Cool! And I get to wear that stuff around my finger!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast-rewinding a bit, about 13.7 billion years to when the universe began with a \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/\" title=\"The Big Bang\" target=\"_blank\">Big Bang\u003c/a>, the first, and for a while only, chemical elements to form out of the seething, expanding ball of energy that was our early universe were hydrogen and helium—and relatively small amounts of lithium and beryllium. Though we're still working out what exactly energy and matter are, we've known for some time now that they are interchangeable: matter can be converted into energy and from energy can come matter -- subatomic particles, like protons, neutrons, electrons, and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the early universe was a vast expanding ball of super-hot, hot hydrogen and helium gas. What next? Still no gold to be found anywhere, even where you find it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What came next were stars and galaxies —- though we're still working out which came first (a variation on the chicken and egg problem). Did galaxies begin as vast condensing swirls of hydrogen and helium, possibly aided by the gravitational forces of primordial super-massive black holes? Did stars then condense within this concentrated gas environment? Or did stars form first in smaller clusters and groups which over time were assembled into galaxies? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's relevant here is that the stars did begin to form, condensing from gases into tighter and denser blobs, until finally the pressure at their cores was high enough for the process of \u003ca href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/nucleo.html\" title=\"Nucleosynthesis\" target=\"_blank\">nuclear fusion\u003c/a> to take place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, hydrogen atoms fused to form heavier hydrogen isotopes like deuterium and tritium, and those isotopes fused to make helium atoms, adding to the universe's inventory of the latter while using up some of the former. Each time nuclei are fused a bit of energy is released in the process, the energy source that powers a star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, further magic at the cores of stars worked to forge nuclei that had never existed before, like carbon, sulfur, magnesium, and iron. Each time the core of a star would run out of a fusionable fuel it would begin to collapse under its own gravity, thus increasing its core pressure and enabling it to fuse heavier nuclei into even heavier ones—in effect burning the \"ashes\" of the fuel it had burned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most massive stars —- more massive than our sun -- would eventually build up a core of iron and go no further. A star can only re-burn atomic \"ashes\" as long as it can release some energy in the process. But fusion of iron into heavier elements does not release energy; instead it requires energy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a point of crisis, the massive iron core of the old super-massive star suddenly has no more fuel to burn, and collapses. And this is when the doomed star suddenly finds a source of energy with which to fuse its stubborn iron into heavier elements: its own powerful gravitation, which draws the core together and raises the internal temperature and pressure to enormous levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the star explodes as a supernova, blasting into space its outer layers of lighter chemicals as well as the iron, gold, uranium, and other heavy elements it has newly fused. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make a long story short, those materials mixed with the interstellar clouds from which our sun and the planets formed, providing the materials necessary to make planets like Earth possible. And, of course, the gold that now makes up my wedding ring. How cool is that?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The middle-aged adage that we are made from stardust, made popular by Carl Sagan back in the 1970s, pops up in my thoughts now and then. Not just pretty words; it's the literal truth!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998141,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":741},"headData":{"title":"The Stars Go For the Gold | KQED","description":"The middle-aged adage that we are made from stardust, made popular by Carl Sagan back in the 1970s, pops up in my thoughts now and then. Not just pretty words; it's the literal truth!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Stars Go For the Gold","datePublished":"2013-01-12T00:01:17.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:49:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"48585 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=48585","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/11/the-stars-go-for-the-gold/","disqusTitle":"The Stars Go For the Gold","path":"/quest/48585/the-stars-go-for-the-gold","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48587\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/11/the-stars-go-for-the-gold/starsgoforgold/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48587\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold.jpg\" alt=\"The Stars Go For Gold\" title=\"The Stars Go For Gold\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48587\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/starsgoforgold-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Stars Go For Gold\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The middle-aged adage that we are made from stardust, made popular by Carl Sagan back in the 1970s, pops up in my thoughts now and then. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm looking at my wedding ring right now, feeling the weight of this bit of gold and using it as a mental peephole back in time, to before our solar system even existed. Though most of the chemical elements that make up the Earth and the solar system at large have similar long lineage, coming from the mixture of gases in the interstellar cloud that the sun and planets condensed from, the atoms of gold have a special distinction. These atoms, as well as other atomic nuclei heavier than the element iron, could only have been forged in the core of a super massive star at the end of its life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a long winded way of saying, \"Cool! And I get to wear that stuff around my finger!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast-rewinding a bit, about 13.7 billion years to when the universe began with a \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang/\" title=\"The Big Bang\" target=\"_blank\">Big Bang\u003c/a>, the first, and for a while only, chemical elements to form out of the seething, expanding ball of energy that was our early universe were hydrogen and helium—and relatively small amounts of lithium and beryllium. Though we're still working out what exactly energy and matter are, we've known for some time now that they are interchangeable: matter can be converted into energy and from energy can come matter -- subatomic particles, like protons, neutrons, electrons, and the like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the early universe was a vast expanding ball of super-hot, hot hydrogen and helium gas. What next? Still no gold to be found anywhere, even where you find it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What came next were stars and galaxies —- though we're still working out which came first (a variation on the chicken and egg problem). Did galaxies begin as vast condensing swirls of hydrogen and helium, possibly aided by the gravitational forces of primordial super-massive black holes? Did stars then condense within this concentrated gas environment? Or did stars form first in smaller clusters and groups which over time were assembled into galaxies? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's relevant here is that the stars did begin to form, condensing from gases into tighter and denser blobs, until finally the pressure at their cores was high enough for the process of \u003ca href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/nucleo.html\" title=\"Nucleosynthesis\" target=\"_blank\">nuclear fusion\u003c/a> to take place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, hydrogen atoms fused to form heavier hydrogen isotopes like deuterium and tritium, and those isotopes fused to make helium atoms, adding to the universe's inventory of the latter while using up some of the former. Each time nuclei are fused a bit of energy is released in the process, the energy source that powers a star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, further magic at the cores of stars worked to forge nuclei that had never existed before, like carbon, sulfur, magnesium, and iron. Each time the core of a star would run out of a fusionable fuel it would begin to collapse under its own gravity, thus increasing its core pressure and enabling it to fuse heavier nuclei into even heavier ones—in effect burning the \"ashes\" of the fuel it had burned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most massive stars —- more massive than our sun -- would eventually build up a core of iron and go no further. A star can only re-burn atomic \"ashes\" as long as it can release some energy in the process. But fusion of iron into heavier elements does not release energy; instead it requires energy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a point of crisis, the massive iron core of the old super-massive star suddenly has no more fuel to burn, and collapses. And this is when the doomed star suddenly finds a source of energy with which to fuse its stubborn iron into heavier elements: its own powerful gravitation, which draws the core together and raises the internal temperature and pressure to enormous levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the star explodes as a supernova, blasting into space its outer layers of lighter chemicals as well as the iron, gold, uranium, and other heavy elements it has newly fused. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make a long story short, those materials mixed with the interstellar clouds from which our sun and the planets formed, providing the materials necessary to make planets like Earth possible. And, of course, the gold that now makes up my wedding ring. How cool is that?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48585/the-stars-go-for-the-gold","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_316","quest_544","quest_1232","quest_11565","quest_13202","quest_2780","quest_2837"],"label":"quest"},"quest_38812":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_38812","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"38812","score":null,"sort":[1338326415000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fire-and-ore-humanitys-love-affair-with-metal","title":"Fire and Ore: Humanity’s Love Affair With Metal","publishDate":1338326415,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/29/fire-and-ore-humanity%e2%80%99s-love-affair-with-metal/maker_faire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38813\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/maker_faire-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Maker Faire 2012 by Inkyhack\" title=\"maker_faire\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38813\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>May is Maker Month. As it draws to a close, the artists, scientists and engineers who call themselves \"makers\" look back with pride on their creations, many of which were showcased at last weekend's \u003ca href=\"http://makerfaire.com/\" title=\"Maker Faire\">Maker Faire\u003c/a> in San Mateo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The modern maker movement is young; \u003ca href=\"http://makezine.com/magazine/\" title=\"Make Magazine\">MAKE magazine\u003c/a> began in 2005, the Maker Faire in 2006. But the maker urge is as old as humanity, and many modern maker hobbies were once major technological advances: tanning and weaving, brewing and baking, paper-making and printing. One particular pastime, metalworking, was such a powerful force in human history that we named several \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ages_of_Man\">Ages of Man\u003c/a> after key elements. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We tend to think of metalworking advances in engineering terms: harder weapons, stronger bridges. But the very first objects to be built out of metal were not tools, but decorations. Somewhere in the uncatalogued days of prehistory, humans began to make jewelry out of gold. It's the easiest metal to work--pure gold nuggets need no smelting and are soft enough to work with simple tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gold, however, is the only metal that can be found readily in native form (meaning a lump of nothing but gold). Tin and lead, copper and iron--these all occur predominantly as minerals (meaning they're mixed with oxygen or sulfur or other annoying stuff). In order to get pure metal out of a mineral, you have to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting\" title=\"Wikipedia: Smelting\">smelt it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38815\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/29/fire-and-ore-humanity%e2%80%99s-love-affair-with-metal/773px-tva_phosphate_smelting_furnace/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38815\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/773px-TVA_phosphate_smelting_furnace-325x253.jpg\" alt=\"1942 smelting furnace.\" title=\"773px-TVA_phosphate_smelting_furnace\" width=\"325\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38815\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">1942 smelting furnace. Not the way the ancients did it.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Somehow, humans figured out smelting well before writing, which frustrates archaeologists and totally amazes me. Writing seems like an obvious invention. You pick up a stick and scratch a message in the dirt to tell your friends which way you went hunting. But smelting is like alchemy, like magic. (Then again, I'm a writer, not a smelter.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metalworking historians point out that certain aspects of smelting could have been discovered by accident. One day you heat up some rocks in the campfire, and tin or lead flows out. Other rocks, placed in a much hotter pottery kiln, yield copper. And once you've got copper, you've pretty much got bronze--an alloy of copper and arsenic or tin--because these metals can occur as natural impurities in the copper. Anyway, accidents or no, my hat is fully off to the ancients who figured out how to smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days the metal we use, from pieces of airplane to blades in a blender, is largely worked by factory robots. But human metal makers are alive and well. Like the first metalworkers of prehistory, their work tends toward the artistic rather than the purely functional. If you're interested in joining their ranks, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thecrucible.org\" title=\"The Crucible\">The Crucible\u003c/a> in San Francisco is offering a discount for the rest of Maker Month (that's tomorrow and Thursday) on all their classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/29/fire-and-ore-humanity%e2%80%99s-love-affair-with-metal/crucible_class/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38814\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/crucible_class.jpg\" alt=\"The Crucible's forging class\" title=\"crucible_class\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38814\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/crucible_class.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/crucible_class-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"May is Maker Month. But the maker urge is as old as humanity, and many modern maker hobbies were once major technological advances: tanning and weaving, brewing and baking, paper-making, printing and metalworking.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443825202,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":473},"headData":{"title":"Fire and Ore: Humanity’s Love Affair With Metal | KQED","description":"May is Maker Month. But the maker urge is as old as humanity, and many modern maker hobbies were once major technological advances: tanning and weaving, brewing and baking, paper-making, printing and metalworking.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fire and Ore: Humanity’s Love Affair With Metal","datePublished":"2012-05-29T21:20:15.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T22:33:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"38812 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=38812","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/29/fire-and-ore-humanitys-love-affair-with-metal/","disqusTitle":"Fire and Ore: Humanity’s Love Affair With Metal","WpOldSlug":"fire-and-ore-humanity%e2%80%99s-love-affair-with-metal","path":"/quest/38812/fire-and-ore-humanitys-love-affair-with-metal","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/29/fire-and-ore-humanity%e2%80%99s-love-affair-with-metal/maker_faire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38813\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/maker_faire-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Maker Faire 2012 by Inkyhack\" title=\"maker_faire\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38813\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>May is Maker Month. As it draws to a close, the artists, scientists and engineers who call themselves \"makers\" look back with pride on their creations, many of which were showcased at last weekend's \u003ca href=\"http://makerfaire.com/\" title=\"Maker Faire\">Maker Faire\u003c/a> in San Mateo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The modern maker movement is young; \u003ca href=\"http://makezine.com/magazine/\" title=\"Make Magazine\">MAKE magazine\u003c/a> began in 2005, the Maker Faire in 2006. But the maker urge is as old as humanity, and many modern maker hobbies were once major technological advances: tanning and weaving, brewing and baking, paper-making and printing. One particular pastime, metalworking, was such a powerful force in human history that we named several \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ages_of_Man\">Ages of Man\u003c/a> after key elements. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We tend to think of metalworking advances in engineering terms: harder weapons, stronger bridges. But the very first objects to be built out of metal were not tools, but decorations. Somewhere in the uncatalogued days of prehistory, humans began to make jewelry out of gold. It's the easiest metal to work--pure gold nuggets need no smelting and are soft enough to work with simple tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gold, however, is the only metal that can be found readily in native form (meaning a lump of nothing but gold). Tin and lead, copper and iron--these all occur predominantly as minerals (meaning they're mixed with oxygen or sulfur or other annoying stuff). In order to get pure metal out of a mineral, you have to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting\" title=\"Wikipedia: Smelting\">smelt it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38815\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/29/fire-and-ore-humanity%e2%80%99s-love-affair-with-metal/773px-tva_phosphate_smelting_furnace/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38815\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/773px-TVA_phosphate_smelting_furnace-325x253.jpg\" alt=\"1942 smelting furnace.\" title=\"773px-TVA_phosphate_smelting_furnace\" width=\"325\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38815\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">1942 smelting furnace. Not the way the ancients did it.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Somehow, humans figured out smelting well before writing, which frustrates archaeologists and totally amazes me. Writing seems like an obvious invention. You pick up a stick and scratch a message in the dirt to tell your friends which way you went hunting. But smelting is like alchemy, like magic. (Then again, I'm a writer, not a smelter.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metalworking historians point out that certain aspects of smelting could have been discovered by accident. One day you heat up some rocks in the campfire, and tin or lead flows out. Other rocks, placed in a much hotter pottery kiln, yield copper. And once you've got copper, you've pretty much got bronze--an alloy of copper and arsenic or tin--because these metals can occur as natural impurities in the copper. Anyway, accidents or no, my hat is fully off to the ancients who figured out how to smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days the metal we use, from pieces of airplane to blades in a blender, is largely worked by factory robots. But human metal makers are alive and well. Like the first metalworkers of prehistory, their work tends toward the artistic rather than the purely functional. If you're interested in joining their ranks, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thecrucible.org\" title=\"The Crucible\">The Crucible\u003c/a> in San Francisco is offering a discount for the rest of Maker Month (that's tomorrow and Thursday) on all their classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/29/fire-and-ore-humanity%e2%80%99s-love-affair-with-metal/crucible_class/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38814\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/crucible_class.jpg\" alt=\"The Crucible's forging class\" title=\"crucible_class\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38814\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/crucible_class.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/crucible_class-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/38812/fire-and-ore-humanitys-love-affair-with-metal","authors":["6324"],"categories":["quest_8"],"tags":["quest_1232","quest_3351","quest_3645","quest_11159","quest_11156","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_11158","quest_11157"],"featImg":"quest_38814","label":"quest"},"quest_10428":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10428","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10428","score":null,"sort":[1290110233000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"gold-rush-sediment-in-the-san-francisco-bay","title":"San Francisco Bay Slowly Recovering From Gold Rush Miners' Devastating Legacy","publishDate":1290110233,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ruhl1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Suspended Sediment Concentration in the San Francisco Bay, USGS. Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ruhl1.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger version of the image.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the gold extracted from the Sierra foothills during the Gold Rush was in placer deposits. That is, it was mixed with the rest of the sediment naturally eroding from the mountainside. Flecks of gold have a greater density than almost all the other particles and, thus, can be concentrated through natural water movement. A similar process is seen when you go to the beach. When the mixture of minerals and waves are just right you might notice darker grains of sand creating streaks or patches in the wet sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miners had to devise ways to extract the gold because it was still a minor component even in rich placer deposits. Methods like panning and simple equipment like sluice boxes were used with moving water to enhance the natural mineral separation process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When all this relatively easy-to-get gold was extracted from the streams and rivers prospectors turned to \u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org/goldrush/fever19-hy.html\">hydraulic mining\u003c/a> to obtain the riches. Hydraulic mining was the process of using high-powered water canons to artificially erode gold-bearing hills made of sedimentary deposits. These sedimentary deposits were ancient stream beds that contained gold in placer deposits much like the modern streams did. Essentially, hydraulic mining eroded ancient river sediment from the hillside and diverted the material into the modern river where miners then extracted the gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/800px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10430\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/800px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/800px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor1.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/800px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor1-400x264.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unsurprisingly, the activity of hydraulic mining devastated the local environment. The landscape was scarred and the mountain streams choked with gravel and sediment. And the effects weren't just local. These rivers and streams flowed into the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/12/geologic-context-and-history-of-the-san-joaquin-river/\">San Joaquin River\u003c/a> and Sacramento River and deposited some of this sediment in the Central Valley causing flooding and navigation problems. Some of the finer sediment was transported even further, to the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects of hydraulic mining practices are still measurable in the Bay today. Geologists from the USGS are studying the amount of sediment the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta delivers to the Bay and are finding that the Gold Rush-induced sediment levels \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128113664\">might be diminishing\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #800000\">\u003cem>\"[USGS geologist David Schoellhamer] says all the extra sediment has finally worked its way past the Golden Gate. The bay's water is about 30 percent clearer than it was 10 years ago.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is taken many decades for this complex sediment delivery system to reach a new equilibrium. However, the readjustment of the estuary to these 'new' conditions might create new problems:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #800000\">\u003cem>\"Less sediment in the bay could spell trouble if scientists' predictions about rising sea levels come to pass. These delicate tidal marshes could be inundated over the next century.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I find fascinating, yet also extremely challenging, is how the choices we've made as a civilization over the decades and centuries combine and sum to create the issues we face right now. There are no simple answers. Regardless of how well-intentioned some environmental programs may be there will always be some uncertainty about how natural systems respond. Continuing scientific research of these systems will reduce that uncertainty and inform policy decisions of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #333333\">\u003cem>Images: (1) \u003ca href=\"http://ca.water.usgs.gov/sfbay/sedtrans/\">California Water Science Center\u003c/a>; (2) \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor.jpg\">Wikipedia\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"USGS geologists are finding that Gold Rush-induced sediment levels in the San Francisco bay might be diminishing.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316650215,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":539},"headData":{"title":"San Francisco Bay Slowly Recovering From Gold Rush Miners' Devastating Legacy | KQED","description":"USGS geologists are finding that Gold Rush-induced sediment levels in the San Francisco bay might be diminishing.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"San Francisco Bay Slowly Recovering From Gold Rush Miners' Devastating Legacy","datePublished":"2010-11-18T19:57:13.000Z","dateModified":"2011-09-22T00:10:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"10428 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=10428","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/18/gold-rush-sediment-in-the-san-francisco-bay/","disqusTitle":"San Francisco Bay Slowly Recovering From Gold Rush Miners' Devastating Legacy","path":"/quest/10428/gold-rush-sediment-in-the-san-francisco-bay","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ruhl1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Suspended Sediment Concentration in the San Francisco Bay, USGS. Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ruhl1.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger version of the image.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the gold extracted from the Sierra foothills during the Gold Rush was in placer deposits. That is, it was mixed with the rest of the sediment naturally eroding from the mountainside. Flecks of gold have a greater density than almost all the other particles and, thus, can be concentrated through natural water movement. A similar process is seen when you go to the beach. When the mixture of minerals and waves are just right you might notice darker grains of sand creating streaks or patches in the wet sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miners had to devise ways to extract the gold because it was still a minor component even in rich placer deposits. Methods like panning and simple equipment like sluice boxes were used with moving water to enhance the natural mineral separation process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When all this relatively easy-to-get gold was extracted from the streams and rivers prospectors turned to \u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org/goldrush/fever19-hy.html\">hydraulic mining\u003c/a> to obtain the riches. Hydraulic mining was the process of using high-powered water canons to artificially erode gold-bearing hills made of sedimentary deposits. These sedimentary deposits were ancient stream beds that contained gold in placer deposits much like the modern streams did. Essentially, hydraulic mining eroded ancient river sediment from the hillside and diverted the material into the modern river where miners then extracted the gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/800px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10430\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/800px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/800px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor1.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/800px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor1-400x264.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unsurprisingly, the activity of hydraulic mining devastated the local environment. The landscape was scarred and the mountain streams choked with gravel and sediment. And the effects weren't just local. These rivers and streams flowed into the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/12/geologic-context-and-history-of-the-san-joaquin-river/\">San Joaquin River\u003c/a> and Sacramento River and deposited some of this sediment in the Central Valley causing flooding and navigation problems. Some of the finer sediment was transported even further, to the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects of hydraulic mining practices are still measurable in the Bay today. Geologists from the USGS are studying the amount of sediment the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta delivers to the Bay and are finding that the Gold Rush-induced sediment levels \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128113664\">might be diminishing\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #800000\">\u003cem>\"[USGS geologist David Schoellhamer] says all the extra sediment has finally worked its way past the Golden Gate. The bay's water is about 30 percent clearer than it was 10 years ago.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is taken many decades for this complex sediment delivery system to reach a new equilibrium. However, the readjustment of the estuary to these 'new' conditions might create new problems:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #800000\">\u003cem>\"Less sediment in the bay could spell trouble if scientists' predictions about rising sea levels come to pass. These delicate tidal marshes could be inundated over the next century.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I find fascinating, yet also extremely challenging, is how the choices we've made as a civilization over the decades and centuries combine and sum to create the issues we face right now. There are no simple answers. Regardless of how well-intentioned some environmental programs may be there will always be some uncertainty about how natural systems respond. Continuing scientific research of these systems will reduce that uncertainty and inform policy decisions of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #333333\">\u003cem>Images: (1) \u003ca href=\"http://ca.water.usgs.gov/sfbay/sedtrans/\">California Water Science Center\u003c/a>; (2) \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor.jpg\">Wikipedia\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10428/gold-rush-sediment-in-the-san-francisco-bay","authors":["10171"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13200","quest_1232","quest_1233","quest_2472","quest_2473","quest_2487","quest_33","quest_2576"],"featImg":"quest_10454","label":"quest"},"quest_545":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_545","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"545","score":null,"sort":[1208572146000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-mercury-in-the-bay-part-1","title":"Reporter's Notes: Mercury in the Bay - Part 1","publishDate":1208572146,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=111988844864630674189.00044b293daecd98c558a&ll=37.81231,-121.825085&spn=2.790732,2.303504&output=embed&s=AARTsJonswT_dixdG-uyHWcwFj6LcxGLoA\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=111988844864630674189.00044b293daecd98c558a&ll=37.81231,-121.825085&spn=2.790732,2.303504&source=embed\">View Larger Map\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In honor of Earth Day, we wanted to take a big look at a chronic environmental issue in the Bay Area, tracing it from its origins to the contemporary strategies to solve it. Mercury was the obvious choice: It's been flowing into the Bay since before California joined the union, and it continues to trickle in from not just the old culprits, like gold and mercury mines, but a modern crop of industries, like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/451\" target=\"_blank\">refineries \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/817\" target=\"_blank\">cement kilns\u003c/a>. Even little things – like a broken mercury thermometer dumped into the sink – are part of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key fact here is how incredibly potent mercury can be: Just one little globule from an old thermometer can poison all the fish in a 45-acre lake, making them unsafe for humans to eat. Mercury pollution is hardly unique to the Bay Area; what makes us interesting is that local officials are making real strides in trying to clean it up. Over the next 17 years or so, we'll spend \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/water_issues/programs/tmdls/sfbaymercury/sr080906.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">$2.6 billion dollars on the project\u003c/a>. Even then, we won’t have a clean bay for 120 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a lot of people, mercury pollution in the Bay is largely theoretical, since few stores sell fish caught in the Bay, and relatively few residents fish for their food. But some still do – including many recent immigrants from \u003ca href=\"http://www.apen4ej.org/organize_lop.htm\" target=\"_blank\">fishing-intensive cultures like Laos\u003c/a>. We’ll look at how mercury affects the health of local fishermen next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This piece marks our first-ever audio slide show, and what a difference it makes! We also hope you'll check out the mercury map above, where you can see how many pounds of mercury come from each of the Bay Area’s five refineries, plus other mercury sources and the bay's popular fishing spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/855\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/855\">Watch the audio slide show of \"Mercury in the Bay\"\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amys.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Standen\u003c/strong> is a Reporter for QUEST and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/\">Radio News\u003c/a> at KQED-FM.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n37.179 -121.819\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080522,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://maps.google.com/maps/ms"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":349},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Mercury in the Bay - Part 1 | KQED","description":"View Larger Map In honor of Earth Day, we wanted to take a big look at a chronic environmental issue in the Bay Area, tracing it from its origins to the contemporary strategies to solve it. Mercury was the obvious choice: It's been flowing into the Bay since before California joined the union, and it","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Mercury in the Bay - Part 1","datePublished":"2008-04-19T02:29:06.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:42:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"545 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/04/18/reporters-notes-mercury-in-the-bay-part-1/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/18/reporters-notes-mercury-in-the-bay-part-1/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Mercury in the Bay - Part 1","path":"/quest/545/reporters-notes-mercury-in-the-bay-part-1","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=111988844864630674189.00044b293daecd98c558a&ll=37.81231,-121.825085&spn=2.790732,2.303504&output=embed&s=AARTsJonswT_dixdG-uyHWcwFj6LcxGLoA\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=111988844864630674189.00044b293daecd98c558a&ll=37.81231,-121.825085&spn=2.790732,2.303504&source=embed\">View Larger Map\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In honor of Earth Day, we wanted to take a big look at a chronic environmental issue in the Bay Area, tracing it from its origins to the contemporary strategies to solve it. Mercury was the obvious choice: It's been flowing into the Bay since before California joined the union, and it continues to trickle in from not just the old culprits, like gold and mercury mines, but a modern crop of industries, like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/451\" target=\"_blank\">refineries \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/817\" target=\"_blank\">cement kilns\u003c/a>. Even little things – like a broken mercury thermometer dumped into the sink – are part of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key fact here is how incredibly potent mercury can be: Just one little globule from an old thermometer can poison all the fish in a 45-acre lake, making them unsafe for humans to eat. Mercury pollution is hardly unique to the Bay Area; what makes us interesting is that local officials are making real strides in trying to clean it up. Over the next 17 years or so, we'll spend \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/water_issues/programs/tmdls/sfbaymercury/sr080906.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">$2.6 billion dollars on the project\u003c/a>. Even then, we won’t have a clean bay for 120 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a lot of people, mercury pollution in the Bay is largely theoretical, since few stores sell fish caught in the Bay, and relatively few residents fish for their food. But some still do – including many recent immigrants from \u003ca href=\"http://www.apen4ej.org/organize_lop.htm\" target=\"_blank\">fishing-intensive cultures like Laos\u003c/a>. We’ll look at how mercury affects the health of local fishermen next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This piece marks our first-ever audio slide show, and what a difference it makes! We also hope you'll check out the mercury map above, where you can see how many pounds of mercury come from each of the Bay Area’s five refineries, plus other mercury sources and the bay's popular fishing spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/855\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/855\">Watch the audio slide show of \"Mercury in the Bay\"\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amys.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Standen\u003c/strong> is a Reporter for QUEST and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/\">Radio News\u003c/a> at KQED-FM.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n37.179 -121.819\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/545/reporters-notes-mercury-in-the-bay-part-1","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_124","quest_252","quest_602","quest_1232","quest_1233","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_1791","quest_1832","quest_1834","quest_2257","quest_2354","quest_13206","quest_13365","quest_3108","quest_3121"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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