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Barry Starr","firstName":"Dr. Barry","lastName":"Starr","slug":"dr-barry-starr","email":"bstarr@thetech.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Dr. Barry Starr (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/geneticsboy\">@geneticsboy\u003c/a>) is a Geneticist-in-Residence at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose, CA and runs their Stanford at The Tech program. The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dr-barry-starr"},"gabriela-quiros":{"type":"authors","id":"6186","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6186","found":true},"name":"Gabriela Quirós","firstName":"Gabriela","lastName":"Quirós","slug":"gabriela-quiros","email":"gquiros@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Video Producer and Reporter","bio":"Gabriela Quirós is a \u003cstrong>video producer and the coordinating producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_36263":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_36263","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"36263","score":null,"sort":[1335897020000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"pump-it-up-heart-health-special-report","title":"Pump It Up: Heart Health Special Report","publishDate":1335897020,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>The three stories in the half-hour QUEST TV show \u003cstrong>Pump It Up: Heart Health Special Report\u003c/strong> investigate the number one cause of death in America, heart disease, which kills 600,000 people each year – more than die from cancer, car accidents or AIDS. We look at the disease from the point of view of a teenager trying to lower her risk; a heart attack patient and the team that saved her life, and a researcher working to one day rebuild a damaged heart from the inside out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36372\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602A_Lorena_Ramos_talk_on_reading_labels_12-7-11_GQ_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602A_Lorena_Ramos_talk_on_reading_labels_12-7-11_GQ_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"602A_Lorena_Ramos_talk_on_reading_labels_12-7-11_GQ_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36372\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lorena Ramos, 14, struggles to lose weight.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The show opens with the 14-minute story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/childhood-obesity-kids-fight-back/\">Childhood Obesity: Kids Fight Back\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. One in six kids in the United States is obese, a condition that doubles their risk of heart disease. Castro Valley teenager Lorena Ramos, 14, has been overweight since she was a small child. Now, with the help of her mother and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.childrenshospitaloakland.org/healthcare/depts/weight_management_healthy_hearts.asp\" title=\"Healthy Hearts clinic at Children's Hospital Oakland\" target=\"_blank\">Healthy Hearts clinic at Children’s Hospital Oakland\u003c/a>, she’s fighting to exercise, eat healthily and drop weight. Will she succeed?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36382\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602i_Angiogram_16_12-28-11_GQ_NICE_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602i_Angiogram_16_12-28-11_GQ_NICE_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A heart patient is treated at John Muir Medical Center in Concord.\" title=\"602i_Angiogram_16_12-28-11_GQ_NICE_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36382\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A heart patient is treated at John Muir Medical Center in Concord.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/rushing-to-save-heart-attack-patients/\">Rushing to Save Heart Attack Patients\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> tells the story of Arlene Skuba, who survived a heart attack at 72, after doctors at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnmuirhealth.com/locations/john-muir-medical-center-concord.html\" title=\"John Muir Medical Center, Concord\" target=\"_blank\">John Muir Medical Center in Concord\u003c/a> rapidly unclogged her arteries. Just 30 years ago, doctors could only watch patients as they suffered their heart attacks. As many as 20 percent of them ended up dying. Now, by opening their blocked arteries while their heart attacks are underway, they save all but 5 percent of those who make it to a hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36266\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Research mouse.\" title=\"602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36266\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After being injected with three genes, the hearts of mice who had suffered a heart attack pumped blood normally. All photos by Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The special report’s final 4-minute story, \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-new-hope-for-heart-repair/\" title=\"Breakthrough Offers New Hope for Heart Repair\" target=\"_blank\">New Hope for Heart Repair\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, takes us into the future, to a time when a single injection of three genes might be able to repair damaged hearts and give heart attack survivors their quality of life back. We visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/gweb1/\" title=\"The Gladstone Institutes\" target=\"_blank\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, in San Francisco, and watch as researchers repair tiny mice hearts using the next generation of cell reprogramming. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You can watch each of the three stories individually, as well, by following the links below:\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This half-hour program looks at heart disease – the number one killer in the United States – from the point of view of a teenager trying to lower her risk, a heart attack survivor, and a scientist working to rebuild damaged hearts.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457569719,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":384},"headData":{"title":"Pump It Up: Heart Health Special Report | KQED","description":"This half-hour program looks at heart disease – the number one killer in the United States – from the point of view of a teenager trying to lower her risk, a heart attack survivor, and a scientist working to rebuild damaged hearts.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Pump It Up: Heart Health Special Report","datePublished":"2012-05-01T18:30:20.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-10T00:28:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"36263 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=36263","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/01/pump-it-up-heart-health-special-report/","disqusTitle":"Pump It Up: Heart Health Special Report","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbfKYZ9UTwU","path":"/quest/36263/pump-it-up-heart-health-special-report","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The three stories in the half-hour QUEST TV show \u003cstrong>Pump It Up: Heart Health Special Report\u003c/strong> investigate the number one cause of death in America, heart disease, which kills 600,000 people each year – more than die from cancer, car accidents or AIDS. We look at the disease from the point of view of a teenager trying to lower her risk; a heart attack patient and the team that saved her life, and a researcher working to one day rebuild a damaged heart from the inside out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36372\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602A_Lorena_Ramos_talk_on_reading_labels_12-7-11_GQ_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602A_Lorena_Ramos_talk_on_reading_labels_12-7-11_GQ_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"602A_Lorena_Ramos_talk_on_reading_labels_12-7-11_GQ_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36372\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lorena Ramos, 14, struggles to lose weight.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The show opens with the 14-minute story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/childhood-obesity-kids-fight-back/\">Childhood Obesity: Kids Fight Back\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. One in six kids in the United States is obese, a condition that doubles their risk of heart disease. Castro Valley teenager Lorena Ramos, 14, has been overweight since she was a small child. Now, with the help of her mother and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.childrenshospitaloakland.org/healthcare/depts/weight_management_healthy_hearts.asp\" title=\"Healthy Hearts clinic at Children's Hospital Oakland\" target=\"_blank\">Healthy Hearts clinic at Children’s Hospital Oakland\u003c/a>, she’s fighting to exercise, eat healthily and drop weight. Will she succeed?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36382\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602i_Angiogram_16_12-28-11_GQ_NICE_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602i_Angiogram_16_12-28-11_GQ_NICE_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A heart patient is treated at John Muir Medical Center in Concord.\" title=\"602i_Angiogram_16_12-28-11_GQ_NICE_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36382\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A heart patient is treated at John Muir Medical Center in Concord.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/rushing-to-save-heart-attack-patients/\">Rushing to Save Heart Attack Patients\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> tells the story of Arlene Skuba, who survived a heart attack at 72, after doctors at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnmuirhealth.com/locations/john-muir-medical-center-concord.html\" title=\"John Muir Medical Center, Concord\" target=\"_blank\">John Muir Medical Center in Concord\u003c/a> rapidly unclogged her arteries. Just 30 years ago, doctors could only watch patients as they suffered their heart attacks. As many as 20 percent of them ended up dying. Now, by opening their blocked arteries while their heart attacks are underway, they save all but 5 percent of those who make it to a hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36266\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Research mouse.\" title=\"602B_Yu_Huang_holds_research_mouse_CU_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36266\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After being injected with three genes, the hearts of mice who had suffered a heart attack pumped blood normally. All photos by Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The special report’s final 4-minute story, \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-new-hope-for-heart-repair/\" title=\"Breakthrough Offers New Hope for Heart Repair\" target=\"_blank\">New Hope for Heart Repair\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, takes us into the future, to a time when a single injection of three genes might be able to repair damaged hearts and give heart attack survivors their quality of life back. We visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/gweb1/\" title=\"The Gladstone Institutes\" target=\"_blank\">Gladstone Institutes\u003c/a>, in San Francisco, and watch as researchers repair tiny mice hearts using the next generation of cell reprogramming. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You can watch each of the three stories individually, as well, by following the links below:\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/36263/pump-it-up-heart-health-special-report","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_12","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_10999","quest_11027","quest_11029","quest_1189","quest_1218","quest_1331","quest_10997","quest_1332","quest_11032","quest_2031","quest_2095","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_3314","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_36367","label":"quest"},"quest_803":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_803","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"803","score":null,"sort":[1220046286000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-viral-infection-that-might-one-day-cure-diabetes","title":"A Viral Infection that Might One Day Cure Diabetes","publishDate":1220046286,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists have used gene therapy to make insulin-producing cells in a mouse's pancreas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/08/pancreaticislet300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Insulin producing cells (like the ones shown in green) have\u003cbr>\nbeen made in a mouse's pancreas. Photo credit by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Pancreaticislet.jpg\">Masur\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nA new \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature07314.html\">study\u003c/a> out in Nature shows how to turn one kind of pancreas cell into an insulin-producing islet cell. This research is an important step in finding a cure for Type 1 diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People get Type 1 diabetes when their bodies attack and destroy their own islet cells. These people can't make insulin anymore and so have to inject it. The best cure would be if scientists could replace the old islet cells with new ones. This is what the researchers in this study set out to do in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers made islet cells directly in a mouse’s pancreas. They did this by using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/17/the-6-billion-base-athlete/\">gene therapy\u003c/a> to reprogram one type of pancreas cell (an exocrine cell) into islet cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All cells \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=4\">share the same DNA\u003c/a>. What makes each cell type different is which genes are on (or have been on in the past). Proteins called transcription factors are a big part of this programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors reasoned that they might be able to directly reprogram one kind of adult cell into another by adding the right mix of transcription factors. They couldn't just add transcription factors though. Instead, they added transcription factor genes*.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding the right transcription factors was not simple. There are thousands of these things scattered throughout our DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers narrowed the list of possible candidates down by looking at those that were found in the pancreas. And then they further narrowed down the candidates by mutating these transcription factor genes and looking for effects on pancreas development. Nine transcription factors made it through these tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By testing different combinations of these genes, the authors were able to find a cocktail of three that turned an exocrine cell into an islet cell. These new cells looked and acted like islet cells. And what is also important, the new cells stayed islet cells even after the transcription factors were gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=260\">big problems with gene therapy\u003c/a> is that eventually the body recognizes the viral DNA as other and shuts it down. So the best gene therapies are the ones like this--the hit and run kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is all very promising but the procedure is nowhere near ready for prime time yet. One problem, of course, is that mice aren't people. What worked in a mouse might not work in a person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An even bigger problem is that the created islet cells are scattered here and there throughout the pancreas. Islet cells work best in clumps (as they exist naturally). So scientists will need to figure out how to get them to clump together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>* Transcription factors are proteins and like all proteins, their instructions are found in genes. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"People get Type 1 diabetes when their bodies attack and destroy their own islet cells. These people can't make insulin anymore. The best cure would be if scientists could replace the old islet cells with new ones.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316922431,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":492},"headData":{"title":"A Viral Infection that Might One Day Cure Diabetes | KQED","description":"People get Type 1 diabetes when their bodies attack and destroy their own islet cells. These people can't make insulin anymore. The best cure would be if scientists could replace the old islet cells with new ones.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Viral Infection that Might One Day Cure Diabetes","datePublished":"2008-08-29T21:44:46.000Z","dateModified":"2011-09-25T03:47:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"803 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=803","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/08/29/a-viral-infection-that-might-one-day-cure-diabetes/","disqusTitle":"A Viral Infection that Might One Day Cure Diabetes","path":"/quest/803/a-viral-infection-that-might-one-day-cure-diabetes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists have used gene therapy to make insulin-producing cells in a mouse's pancreas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/08/pancreaticislet300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Insulin producing cells (like the ones shown in green) have\u003cbr>\nbeen made in a mouse's pancreas. Photo credit by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Pancreaticislet.jpg\">Masur\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nA new \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature07314.html\">study\u003c/a> out in Nature shows how to turn one kind of pancreas cell into an insulin-producing islet cell. This research is an important step in finding a cure for Type 1 diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People get Type 1 diabetes when their bodies attack and destroy their own islet cells. These people can't make insulin anymore and so have to inject it. The best cure would be if scientists could replace the old islet cells with new ones. This is what the researchers in this study set out to do in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers made islet cells directly in a mouse’s pancreas. They did this by using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/17/the-6-billion-base-athlete/\">gene therapy\u003c/a> to reprogram one type of pancreas cell (an exocrine cell) into islet cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All cells \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=4\">share the same DNA\u003c/a>. What makes each cell type different is which genes are on (or have been on in the past). Proteins called transcription factors are a big part of this programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors reasoned that they might be able to directly reprogram one kind of adult cell into another by adding the right mix of transcription factors. They couldn't just add transcription factors though. Instead, they added transcription factor genes*.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding the right transcription factors was not simple. There are thousands of these things scattered throughout our DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers narrowed the list of possible candidates down by looking at those that were found in the pancreas. And then they further narrowed down the candidates by mutating these transcription factor genes and looking for effects on pancreas development. Nine transcription factors made it through these tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By testing different combinations of these genes, the authors were able to find a cocktail of three that turned an exocrine cell into an islet cell. These new cells looked and acted like islet cells. And what is also important, the new cells stayed islet cells even after the transcription factors were gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=260\">big problems with gene therapy\u003c/a> is that eventually the body recognizes the viral DNA as other and shuts it down. So the best gene therapies are the ones like this--the hit and run kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is all very promising but the procedure is nowhere near ready for prime time yet. One problem, of course, is that mice aren't people. What worked in a mouse might not work in a person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An even bigger problem is that the created islet cells are scattered here and there throughout the pancreas. Islet cells work best in clumps (as they exist naturally). So scientists will need to figure out how to get them to clump together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>* Transcription factors are proteins and like all proteins, their instructions are found in genes. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/803/a-viral-infection-that-might-one-day-cure-diabetes","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_1036","quest_1189","quest_1192","quest_1197","quest_1508","quest_3351","quest_2116","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_2530","quest_2977","quest_2978","quest_3017"],"label":"quest"},"quest_363":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_363","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"363","score":null,"sort":[1200965542000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"curing-mouse-sickle-cell-anemia-with-stem-cells","title":"Curing mouse sickle cell anemia with stem cells","publishDate":1200965542,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_sickle_cell.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/07/stemming-the-tide-of-disease/\">Last blog\u003c/a> I talked about how scientists turned skin cells into embryonic stem (ES) cells. This was big news because scientists can now make an ES-like cell without destroying an embryo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This blog I thought I'd talk about how scientists have used these cells \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/318/5858/1920\">to cure a mouse’s sickle cell anemia\u003c/a>. If the mouse stays cured, this is a hugely important finding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First some terminology so I don't have to keep saying, \"skin cell turned ES cell.\" Scientists are now starting to call these cells iPS for \u003cem>induced pluripotent stem cells\u003c/em> and I figured I’d jump on the bandwagon too. (Pluripotent is just a way to say that a cell can turn into lots of other kinds of cells).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now as you probably know, sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease that is more common in people whose ancestors came from areas where there was lots of malaria. In sickle cell anemia, the red blood cells \"sickle up,\" forming crescent shapes. These shapes can't fit in the smallest blood vessels causing \u003ca href=\"http://www.kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/blood/sickle_cell_anemia.html\">the problems associated with the disease\u003c/a>. Right now there are treatments but no cure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way to cure the disease is to fix the broken hemoglobin gene in the cells that make red blood cells. Since red blood cells are all replaced within a few months, this would lead to a cure pretty quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, fixing a gene is not like falling off a log--it is really hard to do. The scientists in this study decided to try it with iPS cells. Basically they replaced the mouse's blood stem cells with newly repaired ones so that the new blood stem cells made healthy new red blood cells. The mouse has not shown signs of sickle cell anemia for 12 weeks so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't want you to come away thinking that it was an easy thing to do. It wasn't (see below). But it does show that it is possible to treat and possibly cure sickle cell anemia in mice using iPS cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To move it to humans, we need to make sure that the treatment sticks. When these kinds of things have been tried with gene therapy, the cure almost always wears off over time. It shouldn’t happen at the DNA level with the way they did their experiment, but we need to wait and see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists also need to find genes that can turn a skin cell into an iPS with less risk of causing cancer. And to find better ways to get these genes into the skin cell so that, again, the treatment doesn’t cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even taking all of this into account, this is a very promising first step. Curing a genetic disease with stem cells that do not get rejected by the recipient's body is one of the big goals of stem cell research. And these researchers may have accomplished this in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/blog_ips1.jpg\" title=\"blog_ips1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_ips1.jpg\" alt=\"blog_ips1.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More details on how to cure a mouse’s sickle cell anemia:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Add four genes to turn the skin cell into an iPS cell.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/07/stemming-the-tide-of-disease/\">previous blog\u003c/a>to see how to do this. To decrease the risk of the mouse developing cancer from these cells, the researchers chopped out one of the genes they used, the \u003cem>myc\u003c/em> gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Use the ES cell to fix the gene using a process called \u003ca href=\"http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/genomics/method/homolrecomb.html\">homologous recombination\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homologous recombination is a way to swap out one DNA for another. It is incredibly inefficient and we can really only get it to work at all in ES cells. Out of 72 cells, they managed to get one where one copy of the gene was repaired.* This result showed that homologous recombination would work in iPS cells which was an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Turn the ES cell into a blood-like stem cell by adding the HoxB4 gene.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4.Destroy the mouse’s bone marrow and replace the cells with the new blood stem cells.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is really just a bone marrow transplant using the newly created cells as the blood stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*In the end they had a mouse with one of its copies of the hemoglobin gene repaired in its blood cells. (All the rest of the cells including its sperm cells still carried the disease version of the hemoglobin gene.) The mouse exhibited no sickle cell anemia symptoms similar to most human carriers of the disease who have a single broken copy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.3316\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-121.89\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1200965542,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":775},"headData":{"title":"Curing mouse sickle cell anemia with stem cells | KQED","description":"Last blog I talked about how scientists turned skin cells into embryonic stem (ES) cells. This was big news because scientists can now make an ES-like cell without destroying an embryo. This blog I thought I'd talk about how scientists have used these cells to cure a mouse’s sickle cell anemia. If the mouse stays","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Curing mouse sickle cell anemia with stem cells","datePublished":"2008-01-22T01:32:22.000Z","dateModified":"2008-01-22T01:32:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"363 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/01/21/curing-mouse-sickle-cell-anemia-with-stem-cells/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/21/curing-mouse-sickle-cell-anemia-with-stem-cells/","disqusTitle":"Curing mouse sickle cell anemia with stem cells","path":"/quest/363/curing-mouse-sickle-cell-anemia-with-stem-cells","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_sickle_cell.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/07/stemming-the-tide-of-disease/\">Last blog\u003c/a> I talked about how scientists turned skin cells into embryonic stem (ES) cells. This was big news because scientists can now make an ES-like cell without destroying an embryo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This blog I thought I'd talk about how scientists have used these cells \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/318/5858/1920\">to cure a mouse’s sickle cell anemia\u003c/a>. If the mouse stays cured, this is a hugely important finding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First some terminology so I don't have to keep saying, \"skin cell turned ES cell.\" Scientists are now starting to call these cells iPS for \u003cem>induced pluripotent stem cells\u003c/em> and I figured I’d jump on the bandwagon too. (Pluripotent is just a way to say that a cell can turn into lots of other kinds of cells).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now as you probably know, sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease that is more common in people whose ancestors came from areas where there was lots of malaria. In sickle cell anemia, the red blood cells \"sickle up,\" forming crescent shapes. These shapes can't fit in the smallest blood vessels causing \u003ca href=\"http://www.kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/blood/sickle_cell_anemia.html\">the problems associated with the disease\u003c/a>. Right now there are treatments but no cure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way to cure the disease is to fix the broken hemoglobin gene in the cells that make red blood cells. Since red blood cells are all replaced within a few months, this would lead to a cure pretty quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, fixing a gene is not like falling off a log--it is really hard to do. The scientists in this study decided to try it with iPS cells. Basically they replaced the mouse's blood stem cells with newly repaired ones so that the new blood stem cells made healthy new red blood cells. The mouse has not shown signs of sickle cell anemia for 12 weeks so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't want you to come away thinking that it was an easy thing to do. It wasn't (see below). But it does show that it is possible to treat and possibly cure sickle cell anemia in mice using iPS cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To move it to humans, we need to make sure that the treatment sticks. When these kinds of things have been tried with gene therapy, the cure almost always wears off over time. It shouldn’t happen at the DNA level with the way they did their experiment, but we need to wait and see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists also need to find genes that can turn a skin cell into an iPS with less risk of causing cancer. And to find better ways to get these genes into the skin cell so that, again, the treatment doesn’t cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even taking all of this into account, this is a very promising first step. Curing a genetic disease with stem cells that do not get rejected by the recipient's body is one of the big goals of stem cell research. And these researchers may have accomplished this in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/blog_ips1.jpg\" title=\"blog_ips1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_ips1.jpg\" alt=\"blog_ips1.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More details on how to cure a mouse’s sickle cell anemia:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Add four genes to turn the skin cell into an iPS cell.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/07/stemming-the-tide-of-disease/\">previous blog\u003c/a>to see how to do this. To decrease the risk of the mouse developing cancer from these cells, the researchers chopped out one of the genes they used, the \u003cem>myc\u003c/em> gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Use the ES cell to fix the gene using a process called \u003ca href=\"http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/genomics/method/homolrecomb.html\">homologous recombination\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homologous recombination is a way to swap out one DNA for another. It is incredibly inefficient and we can really only get it to work at all in ES cells. Out of 72 cells, they managed to get one where one copy of the gene was repaired.* This result showed that homologous recombination would work in iPS cells which was an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Turn the ES cell into a blood-like stem cell by adding the HoxB4 gene.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4.Destroy the mouse’s bone marrow and replace the cells with the new blood stem cells.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is really just a bone marrow transplant using the newly created cells as the blood stem cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*In the end they had a mouse with one of its copies of the hemoglobin gene repaired in its blood cells. (All the rest of the cells including its sperm cells still carried the disease version of the hemoglobin gene.) The mouse exhibited no sickle cell anemia symptoms similar to most human carriers of the disease who have a single broken copy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.3316\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-121.89\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/363/curing-mouse-sickle-cell-anemia-with-stem-cells","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_1189","quest_1197","quest_1400","quest_1460","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_1903","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_2530","quest_2628"],"label":"quest"},"quest_342":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_342","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"342","score":null,"sort":[1199729989000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"stemming-the-tide-of-disease","title":"Stemming the tide of disease","publishDate":1199729989,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_cells.jpg\">\u003cem>Scientists can now turn skin cells into embryonic\u003cbr>\nstem cells like these.(Image: Nissim Benvenisty)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It is amazing how fast stem cell research is accelerating. Six months ago, we had to destroy embryos to get at their precious embryonic stem (ES) cells. Or we had to at least \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=23\">steal them\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as 2008 begins, we can turn skin cells into ES cells in \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=57\">mice\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=70\">humans\u003c/a>. This is huge and here's why:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1)\tNo embryos need to be destroyed\u003cbr>\n2)\tNo one needs to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=68\">cloned\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n3)\tES cells derived from skin cells won't be rejected by the body\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how'd the researchers do it? As with any important new finding, this one started out as basic research. And like many other findings, this one also started out not in humans but in an animal model system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Japanese group had been studying how a mouse ES cell eventually gets turned into a skin cell. In the end, they identified around 20 genes that were turned on to reprogram a skin cell into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 20 genes the Japanese group identified are really \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=241\">master control genes\u003c/a>. They are responsible for affecting how lots of other genes work. So, all a scientist would have to do is turn on these 20 genes in a skin cell and you'd get back to an ES cell. Sounds simple, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, scientists aren't very good at all at turning on a specific gene in a cell let alone 20. To get around this limitation, the scientists decided to add the genes to a skin cell using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/17/the-6-billion-base-athlete/\">gene therapy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, scientists can't easily add 20 genes to a cell with gene therapy either. This meant they had to find the bare minimum that might work. After much research, the group settled on four genes that could turn a skin cell into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, this was all in mice. Now this same group (and another from the U.S.) has accomplished the same thing with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=70\">human cell\u003c/a>. Both groups have taken a human skin cell, added four genes, and changed it into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We aren't going to be curing diseases with these cells quite yet though. When the Japanese group put the mouse cells back into a mouse, 20% of them developed cancer. This is probably due to one of the genes they used (myc), as well as the way they did their gene therapy (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/17/the-6-billion-base-athlete/\">viral mediated\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. researchers who converted the human skin cell were able to do it without the myc gene. This tells us there are different sets of genes that can work in this process. Hopefully scientists can discover a set of genes and a way to get them into cells that won't cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work got me to thinking. I wonder if scientists would have worked this hard to make ES cells from skin cells without George Bush's ban on ES cell research. They certainly would have got there eventually but would they have gotten there so quickly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.3316\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-121.89\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1199729989,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":543},"headData":{"title":"Stemming the tide of disease | KQED","description":"Scientists can now turn skin cells into embryonic stem cells like these.(Image: Nissim Benvenisty)It is amazing how fast stem cell research is accelerating. Six months ago, we had to destroy embryos to get at their precious embryonic stem (ES) cells. Or we had to at least steal them. Now, as 2008 begins, we can turn","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Stemming the tide of disease","datePublished":"2008-01-07T18:19:49.000Z","dateModified":"2008-01-07T18:19:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"342 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/01/07/stemming-the-tide-of-disease/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/07/stemming-the-tide-of-disease/","disqusTitle":"Stemming the tide of disease","path":"/quest/342/stemming-the-tide-of-disease","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_cells.jpg\">\u003cem>Scientists can now turn skin cells into embryonic\u003cbr>\nstem cells like these.(Image: Nissim Benvenisty)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It is amazing how fast stem cell research is accelerating. Six months ago, we had to destroy embryos to get at their precious embryonic stem (ES) cells. Or we had to at least \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=23\">steal them\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as 2008 begins, we can turn skin cells into ES cells in \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=57\">mice\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=70\">humans\u003c/a>. This is huge and here's why:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1)\tNo embryos need to be destroyed\u003cbr>\n2)\tNo one needs to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=68\">cloned\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n3)\tES cells derived from skin cells won't be rejected by the body\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how'd the researchers do it? As with any important new finding, this one started out as basic research. And like many other findings, this one also started out not in humans but in an animal model system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Japanese group had been studying how a mouse ES cell eventually gets turned into a skin cell. In the end, they identified around 20 genes that were turned on to reprogram a skin cell into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 20 genes the Japanese group identified are really \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=241\">master control genes\u003c/a>. They are responsible for affecting how lots of other genes work. So, all a scientist would have to do is turn on these 20 genes in a skin cell and you'd get back to an ES cell. Sounds simple, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, scientists aren't very good at all at turning on a specific gene in a cell let alone 20. To get around this limitation, the scientists decided to add the genes to a skin cell using \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/17/the-6-billion-base-athlete/\">gene therapy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, scientists can't easily add 20 genes to a cell with gene therapy either. This meant they had to find the bare minimum that might work. After much research, the group settled on four genes that could turn a skin cell into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, this was all in mice. Now this same group (and another from the U.S.) has accomplished the same thing with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=70\">human cell\u003c/a>. Both groups have taken a human skin cell, added four genes, and changed it into an ES cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We aren't going to be curing diseases with these cells quite yet though. When the Japanese group put the mouse cells back into a mouse, 20% of them developed cancer. This is probably due to one of the genes they used (myc), as well as the way they did their gene therapy (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/09/17/the-6-billion-base-athlete/\">viral mediated\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. researchers who converted the human skin cell were able to do it without the myc gene. This tells us there are different sets of genes that can work in this process. Hopefully scientists can discover a set of genes and a way to get them into cells that won't cause cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this work got me to thinking. I wonder if scientists would have worked this hard to make ES cells from skin cells without George Bush's ban on ES cell research. They certainly would have got there eventually but would they have gotten there so quickly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\">latitude \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.3316\u003c/span>, longitude \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-121.89\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/342/stemming-the-tide-of-disease","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_1189","quest_1197","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_1903","quest_2142","quest_2349","quest_2530"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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