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Burress","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Burress","slug":"ben-burress","email":"bburress@chabotspace.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"kishore-hari":{"type":"authors","id":"10201","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10201","found":true},"name":"Kishore Hari","firstName":"Kishore","lastName":"Hari","slug":"kishore-hari","email":"kishorehari@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Kishore Hari\u003c/strong> is the founder \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecafesf.com\">Down to a Science\u003c/a>, a science cafe based in San Francisco. He is most passionate about making science discussion fun and accessible for adults, the kind of discussion that leads to positive change in the world. Professionally, he is a water treatment consultant in San Francisco. Originally from Buffalo, NY, Kishore came to the Bay Area to get a chemistry degree from UC Berkeley. He now specializes in residential water treatment, working with companies such as PUR, Brita, and Camelbak.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4f014dc9fe7e62c28e3b23bc4158f6c4?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Kishore Hari | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4f014dc9fe7e62c28e3b23bc4158f6c4?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4f014dc9fe7e62c28e3b23bc4158f6c4?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/kishore-hari"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_40851":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_40851","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"40851","score":null,"sort":[1342191640000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"deep-dark-waters-of-titan","title":"Deep, Dark Waters of Titan","publishDate":1342191640,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40852\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/13/deep-dark-waters-of-titan/titansocean/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40852\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40852\" title=\"Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean.jpg\" alt=\"Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the water, NASA finds \u003cem>another \u003c/em>ocean for us to worry about, this time on Saturn's moon, Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funny thing about oceans in the solar system, other than Earth's deep waters, they seem to be popping up where we least expect them: in the outer solar system. Should we change our preconceptions and start expecting them there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rewind to my childhood, when my fascination with space, and in particular the planets and moons of the solar system, was only tantalized by the distant, fuzzy images collected by Earth-based telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking through my small telescope, Jupiter's four Galilean moons were sparks of light, or at best, fuzzy disks showing blotches of light and dark and perhaps a little color taken \"close up\" by the Pioneer spacecraft. This left a lot to the imagination--which was actually part of the fascination. Who might have suspected, looking at the \u003ca title=\"Europa imaged by Pioneer 10\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg/200px-Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">blurry whitish fuzz-patch of Europa\u003c/a>, as seen by Pioneer, that there was an ocean hidden under the icy crust tens of miles deep and containing more liquid water than all of Earth's?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Galileo spacecraft eventually obtained images that alluded to the existence of \u003ca title=\"Europa's Ocean\" href=\"http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2011/12/europas-ocean-a-future-nasa-2020-mission-in-search-for-life.html\" target=\"_blank\">Europa's oceans\u003c/a>, scientists explained how heat generated through tidal flexing by Jupiter was the mechanism that kept the waters fluid. Voyager had already revealed that the \u003ca title=\"Io's volcanic activity\" href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/iovolcano.htm\" target=\"_blank\">moon Io\u003c/a> experienced heating that powered its many active volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now there is evidence for another big ocean out there, on Saturn's moon Titan. Titan? Did you hear me right? That outer solar system moon whose atmosphere is so cold that ice is as strong as steel and methane—the stuff that spews out of your gas stove—is in a liquid state? That Titan?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what the \u003ca title=\"Titan's Ocean\" href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120628/\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini spacecraft has reported to us\u003c/a>, the answer is very likely yes, buried deep under Titan's surface. You may ask, how has Cassini detected this hidden ocean's presence? Europa's ocean was inferred by the patterns of cracking in its icy crust, similar to cracks seen on Earth in floating sheets of sea ice. But Titan sports no cracks that we can see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You probably know something about the tides in Earth's oceans caused by the gravitational pull of the moon. (Oh, does it seem like I just completely changed the subject? Read on, I'm getting there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect of the moon \"stretching\" the ocean's waters raises two liquid bulges and as Earth's surface rotates into and out of these bulges, we experience the rising and falling of the tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon actually raises Earth's waters by as much as two feet and in fact Earth's crust itself rises by nearly 20 inches! Earth is stretched oh-so-slightly into the shape of a football.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cassini spacecraft has measured similar tidal deformation in Titan's shape caused by the pull of Saturn's gravity. The extremely sensitive measurements were made during several close fly-bys of Titan over a five-year period. Based on the strength of Saturn's gravity, were Titan a more-or-less solid object, its tidal bulges shouldn't be a departure of more than about three feet. However, Cassini's measurements show a stretching on the order of 30 feet!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inference is that there is a liquid layer beneath Titan's crust--and since the composition of outer solar system objects is heavy on water ice, probably liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how far below the surface and how deep this ocean is we don't know yet, and while the crust above it is likely quite icy, what surface is to be found at the ocean's floor—icy or rocky--also is unknown. We're a bit fuzzy on those details right now, but it leaves a lot to the imagination.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the water, NASA finds another ocean for us to worry about -- this time on Saturn's moon, Titan. \r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998565,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":662},"headData":{"title":"Deep, Dark Waters of Titan | KQED","description":"Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the water, NASA finds another ocean for us to worry about -- this time on Saturn's moon, Titan. \r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Deep, Dark Waters of Titan","datePublished":"2012-07-13T15:00:40.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:56:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"40851 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=40851","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/13/deep-dark-waters-of-titan/","disqusTitle":"Deep, Dark Waters of Titan","path":"/quest/40851/deep-dark-waters-of-titan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40852\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/13/deep-dark-waters-of-titan/titansocean/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40852\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40852\" title=\"Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean.jpg\" alt=\"Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/titansocean-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crossection of Titan and its subsurface ocean\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the water, NASA finds \u003cem>another \u003c/em>ocean for us to worry about, this time on Saturn's moon, Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funny thing about oceans in the solar system, other than Earth's deep waters, they seem to be popping up where we least expect them: in the outer solar system. Should we change our preconceptions and start expecting them there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rewind to my childhood, when my fascination with space, and in particular the planets and moons of the solar system, was only tantalized by the distant, fuzzy images collected by Earth-based telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking through my small telescope, Jupiter's four Galilean moons were sparks of light, or at best, fuzzy disks showing blotches of light and dark and perhaps a little color taken \"close up\" by the Pioneer spacecraft. This left a lot to the imagination--which was actually part of the fascination. Who might have suspected, looking at the \u003ca title=\"Europa imaged by Pioneer 10\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg/200px-Pioneer_10_-_p102b.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">blurry whitish fuzz-patch of Europa\u003c/a>, as seen by Pioneer, that there was an ocean hidden under the icy crust tens of miles deep and containing more liquid water than all of Earth's?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Galileo spacecraft eventually obtained images that alluded to the existence of \u003ca title=\"Europa's Ocean\" href=\"http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2011/12/europas-ocean-a-future-nasa-2020-mission-in-search-for-life.html\" target=\"_blank\">Europa's oceans\u003c/a>, scientists explained how heat generated through tidal flexing by Jupiter was the mechanism that kept the waters fluid. Voyager had already revealed that the \u003ca title=\"Io's volcanic activity\" href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/iovolcano.htm\" target=\"_blank\">moon Io\u003c/a> experienced heating that powered its many active volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now there is evidence for another big ocean out there, on Saturn's moon Titan. Titan? Did you hear me right? That outer solar system moon whose atmosphere is so cold that ice is as strong as steel and methane—the stuff that spews out of your gas stove—is in a liquid state? That Titan?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From what the \u003ca title=\"Titan's Ocean\" href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120628/\" target=\"_blank\">Cassini spacecraft has reported to us\u003c/a>, the answer is very likely yes, buried deep under Titan's surface. You may ask, how has Cassini detected this hidden ocean's presence? Europa's ocean was inferred by the patterns of cracking in its icy crust, similar to cracks seen on Earth in floating sheets of sea ice. But Titan sports no cracks that we can see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You probably know something about the tides in Earth's oceans caused by the gravitational pull of the moon. (Oh, does it seem like I just completely changed the subject? Read on, I'm getting there.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effect of the moon \"stretching\" the ocean's waters raises two liquid bulges and as Earth's surface rotates into and out of these bulges, we experience the rising and falling of the tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon actually raises Earth's waters by as much as two feet and in fact Earth's crust itself rises by nearly 20 inches! Earth is stretched oh-so-slightly into the shape of a football.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cassini spacecraft has measured similar tidal deformation in Titan's shape caused by the pull of Saturn's gravity. The extremely sensitive measurements were made during several close fly-bys of Titan over a five-year period. Based on the strength of Saturn's gravity, were Titan a more-or-less solid object, its tidal bulges shouldn't be a departure of more than about three feet. However, Cassini's measurements show a stretching on the order of 30 feet!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inference is that there is a liquid layer beneath Titan's crust--and since the composition of outer solar system objects is heavy on water ice, probably liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exactly how far below the surface and how deep this ocean is we don't know yet, and while the crust above it is likely quite icy, what surface is to be found at the ocean's floor—icy or rocky--also is unknown. We're a bit fuzzy on those details right now, but it leaves a lot to the imagination.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40851/deep-dark-waters-of-titan","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_505","quest_544","quest_1027","quest_1164","quest_1492","quest_1918","quest_2034","quest_13202","quest_2513","quest_2936","quest_2937","quest_2947","quest_11240"],"featImg":"quest_40852","label":"quest"},"quest_4173":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_4173","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"4173","score":null,"sort":[1257536363000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"oakland-teachers-scope-out-what-galileo-saw","title":"Oakland Teachers Scope Out What Galileo Saw","publishDate":1257536363,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/11/galileoscopeworkshop.jpg\">\u003cem>Oakland Unified teachers assembling Galileoscopes at Chabot\u003c/em>\u003c/span>What was it like for Galileo, the first time he put an eye to his telescope to see things in the heavens as never before seen? As anyone who has seen a planet or a star cluster or a nebula—or the Moon—through even a small telescope knows, the sight can be quite breathtaking. For Galileo, it must have been a universe-changing experience….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through a generous donation by a concerned citizen (concerned that kids today aren't seeing enough of the sky), Chabot just completed a pair of workshops for Oakland teachers that places in their capable hands and in their classrooms \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.galileoscope.org/gs/\">Galileoscopes\u003c/a>\"—special telescopes designed and manufactured for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy2009.org/\">2009 International Year of Astronomy\u003c/a>. The Galileoscope is a low cost, simple, but good-quality telescope designed to simulate the power and field of view of \u003ca href=\"http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/eras/galileo/index.php\">Galileo's original telescope\u003c/a>, which opened up the universe in such a profound way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September and October, a total of 23 Oakland teachers received training, activities, and one Galileoscope each (plus tripod), enabling them to share the experience with their students and, hopefully, spark their imagination and curiosity about the world around us in a way that nothing but astronomy does. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A look through a telescope—any telescope, big or small—does put a spark in the eye and the imagination. At least, that was my experience. Growing up in Oakland back in the 60's, I didn't have access to any small telescopes, but Chabot Observatory was only a couple miles away, and my family often went up on a weekend night for a classroom demo, a planetarium show, and thoroughly enjoyable viewing through the two antique telescopes, \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/default.asp\">Leah and Rachel\u003c/a>. Something about the actual light from Saturn or Jupiter or a distant galaxy tickling the receptors in your retina places you out there—or puts those objects directly into your brain. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland teachers now armed with their Galileoscopes will use these simple but effective tools to show their students the difference between seeing Saturn as a spot of light and Saturn as a disk with \"ears\" (the appearance of its rings through a Galileoscope), or the difference between Jupiter as a brighter spot of light and Jupiter as a world with a giant storm in its clouds and four smaller \"worlds\" (moons) in orbit around it, or the difference between the Moon as a disk with light and dark areas that make interesting shapes in our imaginations and the Moon with mountain ranges, vast plains, thousands upon thousands of craters, and shadows stretching across the landscape. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, Galileoscopes \u003ca href=\"https://www.galileoscope.org/gs/products\">can still be ordered\u003c/a>, through the Galileoscope website, for a short time still, in case you're interested in getting your toe into the door of a much bigger universe….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Oakland teachers receive Galileoscopes, enabling them to share with their students the Universe as Galileo first saw it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371077930,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":483},"headData":{"title":"Oakland Teachers Scope Out What Galileo Saw | KQED","description":"Oakland teachers receive Galileoscopes, enabling them to share with their students the Universe as Galileo first saw it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Oakland Teachers Scope Out What Galileo Saw","datePublished":"2009-11-06T19:39:23.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T22:58:50.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"4173 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=4173","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/11/06/oakland-teachers-scope-out-what-galileo-saw/","disqusTitle":"Oakland Teachers Scope Out What Galileo Saw","path":"/quest/4173/oakland-teachers-scope-out-what-galileo-saw","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/11/galileoscopeworkshop.jpg\">\u003cem>Oakland Unified teachers assembling Galileoscopes at Chabot\u003c/em>\u003c/span>What was it like for Galileo, the first time he put an eye to his telescope to see things in the heavens as never before seen? As anyone who has seen a planet or a star cluster or a nebula—or the Moon—through even a small telescope knows, the sight can be quite breathtaking. For Galileo, it must have been a universe-changing experience….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through a generous donation by a concerned citizen (concerned that kids today aren't seeing enough of the sky), Chabot just completed a pair of workshops for Oakland teachers that places in their capable hands and in their classrooms \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.galileoscope.org/gs/\">Galileoscopes\u003c/a>\"—special telescopes designed and manufactured for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy2009.org/\">2009 International Year of Astronomy\u003c/a>. The Galileoscope is a low cost, simple, but good-quality telescope designed to simulate the power and field of view of \u003ca href=\"http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/eras/galileo/index.php\">Galileo's original telescope\u003c/a>, which opened up the universe in such a profound way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September and October, a total of 23 Oakland teachers received training, activities, and one Galileoscope each (plus tripod), enabling them to share the experience with their students and, hopefully, spark their imagination and curiosity about the world around us in a way that nothing but astronomy does. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A look through a telescope—any telescope, big or small—does put a spark in the eye and the imagination. At least, that was my experience. Growing up in Oakland back in the 60's, I didn't have access to any small telescopes, but Chabot Observatory was only a couple miles away, and my family often went up on a weekend night for a classroom demo, a planetarium show, and thoroughly enjoyable viewing through the two antique telescopes, \u003ca href=\"http://chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/default.asp\">Leah and Rachel\u003c/a>. Something about the actual light from Saturn or Jupiter or a distant galaxy tickling the receptors in your retina places you out there—or puts those objects directly into your brain. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland teachers now armed with their Galileoscopes will use these simple but effective tools to show their students the difference between seeing Saturn as a spot of light and Saturn as a disk with \"ears\" (the appearance of its rings through a Galileoscope), or the difference between Jupiter as a brighter spot of light and Jupiter as a world with a giant storm in its clouds and four smaller \"worlds\" (moons) in orbit around it, or the difference between the Moon as a disk with light and dark areas that make interesting shapes in our imaginations and the Moon with mountain ranges, vast plains, thousands upon thousands of craters, and shadows stretching across the landscape. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, Galileoscopes \u003ca href=\"https://www.galileoscope.org/gs/products\">can still be ordered\u003c/a>, through the Galileoscope website, for a short time still, in case you're interested in getting your toe into the door of a much bigger universe….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/4173/oakland-teachers-scope-out-what-galileo-saw","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_1164","quest_1165","quest_1481","quest_2024","quest_2876"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3589":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3589","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3589","score":null,"sort":[1252693639000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"jumpin-jupiter-where-did-the-galileans-go","title":"Jumpin' Jupiter! Where Did the Galileans Go?","publishDate":1252693639,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/Jupiter-3-2009-09-02.jpg\">\u003cem>Three views of Jupiter before, during, and after the disappearing act by its four large moons. Credit, Conrad Jung, Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Now you see them, now you don't! Had Galileo spied the planet Jupiter with his telescope 400 years ago on a night such as a couple of Thursdays ago, would the history of modern astronomy have unfolded any differently? Would Jupiter's four large \"Galilean\" moons have been named so in his honor? Would we still think that everything revolves around the Earth? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What am I talking about? About a week ago a relatively rare alignment of Jupiter and its four Galilean moons—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto—made for a brief time in which the moons disappeared, hidden behind and in front of their massive parent planet. For that brief time, Earth, Jupiter, and all four Galileans coincided on a nearly perfect line. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The event took place late in the evening on September 2nd, a little after 10:00 PM. \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/ganymede.htm\">Ganymede \u003c/a> (the Solar System's largest moon) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/europa.htm\">Europa \u003c/a>(the \"snowball\" with the probable deep liquid water oceans under its icy crust) crossed in front of Jupiter's disk, and the other pair, \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/io.htm\">Io \u003c/a>(the volcano moon) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/callisto.htm\">Callisto \u003c/a>passed behind it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not uncommon for one of these moons to be out of view for a time when you aim a telescope at Jupiter. Even Galileo, on his first telescopic look at Jupiter, saw only three of them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disappearance of two or three of them at once is more rare, however, and a vanishing act by all four only happens a few times in a lifetime—every century, there are about 20 such alignments. The last such event prior to last week's was back in the 1980's; the next one won't happen until 2019. This event was not only \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/jupiter-2009-09-02.asp\">observed on September 2nd\u003c/a> by Chabot Space & Science Center astronomer Conrad Jung, but also in 1913 by then Chabot Observatory director Charles Burckhalter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Galileo took his newly made telescope and became the first person in history to look at Jupiter through the new invention, he saw three star-like points of light positioned around Jupiter, roughly on a common line that passed through the planet. At first he thought they might be stars, but on subsequent nights he observed that not only did these \"stars\" follow Jupiter's own movement through space, they changed position relative to each other. This led to Galileo's hypothesis that these were satellites in orbit around Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest is history (oh, and lifelong house arrest for Galileo for suggesting that there was something in the Universe that didn't revolve directly around the Earth…). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm sure that if Galileo had first looked at Jupiter on one of these rare nights and saw no moons, he would certainly have discovered them the next time he looked at Jupiter—so maybe it wouldn't have changed the unfolding of historical events much. But I wonder which would have been more surprising to him: seeing the moons on the first look, or observing them to appear out of nowhere after the initial observation of a solitary Jupiter….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Had Galileo spied the planet Jupiter with his telescope 400 years ago on a night such as a couple of Thursdays ago, would the history of modern astronomy have unfolded any differently?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371078042,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":546},"headData":{"title":"Jumpin' Jupiter! Where Did the Galileans Go? | KQED","description":"Had Galileo spied the planet Jupiter with his telescope 400 years ago on a night such as a couple of Thursdays ago, would the history of modern astronomy have unfolded any differently?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Jumpin' Jupiter! Where Did the Galileans Go?","datePublished":"2009-09-11T18:27:19.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:00:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3589 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3589","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/11/jumpin-jupiter-where-did-the-galileans-go/","disqusTitle":"Jumpin' Jupiter! Where Did the Galileans Go?","path":"/quest/3589/jumpin-jupiter-where-did-the-galileans-go","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/Jupiter-3-2009-09-02.jpg\">\u003cem>Three views of Jupiter before, during, and after the disappearing act by its four large moons. Credit, Conrad Jung, Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Now you see them, now you don't! Had Galileo spied the planet Jupiter with his telescope 400 years ago on a night such as a couple of Thursdays ago, would the history of modern astronomy have unfolded any differently? Would Jupiter's four large \"Galilean\" moons have been named so in his honor? Would we still think that everything revolves around the Earth? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What am I talking about? About a week ago a relatively rare alignment of Jupiter and its four Galilean moons—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto—made for a brief time in which the moons disappeared, hidden behind and in front of their massive parent planet. For that brief time, Earth, Jupiter, and all four Galileans coincided on a nearly perfect line. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The event took place late in the evening on September 2nd, a little after 10:00 PM. \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/ganymede.htm\">Ganymede \u003c/a> (the Solar System's largest moon) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/europa.htm\">Europa \u003c/a>(the \"snowball\" with the probable deep liquid water oceans under its icy crust) crossed in front of Jupiter's disk, and the other pair, \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/io.htm\">Io \u003c/a>(the volcano moon) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/callisto.htm\">Callisto \u003c/a>passed behind it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not uncommon for one of these moons to be out of view for a time when you aim a telescope at Jupiter. Even Galileo, on his first telescopic look at Jupiter, saw only three of them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disappearance of two or three of them at once is more rare, however, and a vanishing act by all four only happens a few times in a lifetime—every century, there are about 20 such alignments. The last such event prior to last week's was back in the 1980's; the next one won't happen until 2019. This event was not only \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/nellie/astrophotos/captions/jupiter-2009-09-02.asp\">observed on September 2nd\u003c/a> by Chabot Space & Science Center astronomer Conrad Jung, but also in 1913 by then Chabot Observatory director Charles Burckhalter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Galileo took his newly made telescope and became the first person in history to look at Jupiter through the new invention, he saw three star-like points of light positioned around Jupiter, roughly on a common line that passed through the planet. At first he thought they might be stars, but on subsequent nights he observed that not only did these \"stars\" follow Jupiter's own movement through space, they changed position relative to each other. This led to Galileo's hypothesis that these were satellites in orbit around Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest is history (oh, and lifelong house arrest for Galileo for suggesting that there was something in the Universe that didn't revolve directly around the Earth…). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm sure that if Galileo had first looked at Jupiter on one of these rare nights and saw no moons, he would certainly have discovered them the next time he looked at Jupiter—so maybe it wouldn't have changed the unfolding of historical events much. But I wonder which would have been more surprising to him: seeing the moons on the first look, or observing them to appear out of nowhere after the initial observation of a solitary Jupiter….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3589/jumpin-jupiter-where-did-the-galileans-go","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_1"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_463","quest_543","quest_545","quest_1027","quest_1164","quest_1170","quest_1492","quest_1551"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3347":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3347","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3347","score":null,"sort":[1250367394000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-event-pick-stardust-in-our-bones","title":"Science Event Pick: Stardust in our Bones","publishDate":1250367394,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/lindbergcroft.jpg\">\u003cem>David Lindberg, Professor of Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley, and Steve Croft, postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Astronomy at UC Berkeley\u003c/em>\u003c/span>2009 marks the double whammy for science historians and lovers: The celebration of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/12/05/the-international-year-of-astronomy/\">400th anniversary of Galileo first pointing the new invention of the telescope at the sky\u003c/a> and the 200th birthday of Charles Darwin and the 150th anniversary of \u003cem>On the Origin of Species\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you connect seemingly separate historical events? Team an astrophysicist and an evolutionary biologist of course. David Lindberg, Professor of Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley, and Steve Croft, postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Astronomy at UC Berkeley will tie these great anniversaries in a unique lecture this weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting 14 billion years ago with the Big Bang, Steve will trace the evolution of the universe, from scorching hot gas forming galaxies to the continued birth and death of new stars. David will step in and discuss how the history of our special little planet is inexorably tied to material raining down from space. The water in our oceans, the formation of some organic molecules, and even mass extinctions on this planet have largely been determined by extraterrestrial events. And let's not forget Area 51 (that's a joke!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=858&year=2009&month=08\">Astronomy and Evolution: From the Death of the Dinosaurs to the Stardust in your Bones\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>When\u003c/em>: Saturday, August 15\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> 11AM - 12 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Where\u003c/em>: \u003ca href=\"http://berkeley.edu/map/maps/large_map.html\">100 Genetics & Plant Biology Building\u003c/a>, UC Berkeley Campus\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Cost\u003c/em>: Free\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.871754 -122.260760\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"David Lindberg, Professor of Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley, and Steve Croft, postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Astronomy at UC Berkeley will tie these great anniversaries in a unique lecture this weekend.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443830013,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":249},"headData":{"title":"Science Event Pick: Stardust in our Bones | KQED","description":"David Lindberg, Professor of Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley, and Steve Croft, postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Astronomy at UC Berkeley will tie these great anniversaries in a unique lecture this weekend.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science Event Pick: Stardust in our Bones","datePublished":"2009-08-15T20:16:34.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T23:53:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3347 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3347","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/08/15/science-event-pick-stardust-in-our-bones/","disqusTitle":"Science Event Pick: Stardust in our Bones","path":"/quest/3347/science-event-pick-stardust-in-our-bones","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/lindbergcroft.jpg\">\u003cem>David Lindberg, Professor of Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley, and Steve Croft, postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Astronomy at UC Berkeley\u003c/em>\u003c/span>2009 marks the double whammy for science historians and lovers: The celebration of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/12/05/the-international-year-of-astronomy/\">400th anniversary of Galileo first pointing the new invention of the telescope at the sky\u003c/a> and the 200th birthday of Charles Darwin and the 150th anniversary of \u003cem>On the Origin of Species\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you connect seemingly separate historical events? Team an astrophysicist and an evolutionary biologist of course. David Lindberg, Professor of Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley, and Steve Croft, postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Astronomy at UC Berkeley will tie these great anniversaries in a unique lecture this weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting 14 billion years ago with the Big Bang, Steve will trace the evolution of the universe, from scorching hot gas forming galaxies to the continued birth and death of new stars. David will step in and discuss how the history of our special little planet is inexorably tied to material raining down from space. The water in our oceans, the formation of some organic molecules, and even mass extinctions on this planet have largely been determined by extraterrestrial events. And let's not forget Area 51 (that's a joke!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=858&year=2009&month=08\">Astronomy and Evolution: From the Death of the Dinosaurs to the Stardust in your Bones\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>When\u003c/em>: Saturday, August 15\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> 11AM - 12 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Where\u003c/em>: \u003ca href=\"http://berkeley.edu/map/maps/large_map.html\">100 Genetics & Plant Biology Building\u003c/a>, UC Berkeley Campus\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Cost\u003c/em>: Free\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.871754 -122.260760\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3347/science-event-pick-stardust-in-our-bones","authors":["10201"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_308","quest_13193","quest_770","quest_13199","quest_1164","quest_2534"],"label":"quest"},"quest_970":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_970","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"970","score":null,"sort":[1228489247000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-international-year-of-astronomy","title":"The International Year of Astronomy","publishDate":1228489247,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/galileo.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Depiction of Galileo demonstrating his astronomical telescope.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>2009 has been designated the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy2009.org/globalprojects/cornerstones/portaltotheuniverse/\">International Year of Astronomy (IYA)\u003c/a>, in celebration of the 400th anniversary of Galileo first pointing the new invention of the telescope at the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Almost as famous as this act of opening our eyes to wonders we'd never witnessed, Galileo was tried by the Inquisition for pointing out that there were more things in heaven than were imagined by Church doctrine--but that's another story altogether…)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an intriguing fact that, beyond the Sun merely being a bright disk, the Moon a not-so-bright and slightly mottled disk, the stars pinpoints of light and the planets pinpoints of light that move, everything we have learned about the universe and the objects in it we have learned in the last four centuries, since the invention of the telescope and Galileo's putting it to it's most famous use: astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galileo saw on the Moon craters, mountains, and valleys, and likened the \"uneven, rough… depressions and bulges\" to Earth's geographical features. Venus was revealed to undergo lunar-like phases, which provided controversial insight into the layout of the Solar System. Jupiter had four small \"star-like\" moons that moved around it--which defied Church doctrine holding that everything in the universe goes around the Earth. And Saturn possessed jug-handle-like protrusions, whatever those were!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be difficult to imagine what \u003ca href=\"http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/galileo.html\">Galileo\u003c/a> was feeling when he made these discoveries of things we take for granted. How exciting to peer through that celestial peephole and discover that the Moon is another world, and that there are worlds out there that had never been seen or imagined before. Sure, new discoveries about Mars keep rolling in, and we're finding a new extrasolar planet about every month--but the excitement about these discoveries is tempered by the fact that we already suspected things like these as possibilities. For Galileo, the magnified astronomical sky was practically a blank canvass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to IYA 2009--what's going on? Who's promoting this, and what is being done to celebrate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is promoting it, and many different organizations (including \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/exhibits/iya2009.asp\">Chabot\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayastro.org/\">Eastbay Astronomical Society\u003c/a>) are participating in a number of ways: star parties, special programs, special events, and good old fashioned put-your-eye-to-this-telescope-and-gawk public observing activities.\u003cbr>\nHonestly, there's nothing like looking through a \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/visit/observatories.aspx\">telescope\u003c/a>--and it doesn't have to be a large one. I don't doubt that I first became inspired into astronomy when, as a child, my family would take me to Chabot Observatory to look through the telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the new Chabot Space & Science Center reopened the telescopes after the move to our present site, I found all of the childhood wonder flooded back when I put my eye to the eyepiece to regard Saturn. There's an excitement that simply can't be achieved by looking at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/astrophotos.asp\">photographs\u003c/a>. You just have to experience it for yourself, as Galileo did four centuries ago…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"2009 has been designated the International Year of Astronomy (IYA), in celebration of the 400th anniversary of Galileo first pointing the new invention of the telescope at the sky.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371079499,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":517},"headData":{"title":"The International Year of Astronomy | KQED","description":"2009 has been designated the International Year of Astronomy (IYA), in celebration of the 400th anniversary of Galileo first pointing the new invention of the telescope at the sky.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The International Year of Astronomy","datePublished":"2008-12-05T15:00:47.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:24:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"970 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=970","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/12/05/the-international-year-of-astronomy/","disqusTitle":"The International Year of Astronomy","path":"/quest/970/the-international-year-of-astronomy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/galileo.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Depiction of Galileo demonstrating his astronomical telescope.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>2009 has been designated the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astronomy2009.org/globalprojects/cornerstones/portaltotheuniverse/\">International Year of Astronomy (IYA)\u003c/a>, in celebration of the 400th anniversary of Galileo first pointing the new invention of the telescope at the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Almost as famous as this act of opening our eyes to wonders we'd never witnessed, Galileo was tried by the Inquisition for pointing out that there were more things in heaven than were imagined by Church doctrine--but that's another story altogether…)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an intriguing fact that, beyond the Sun merely being a bright disk, the Moon a not-so-bright and slightly mottled disk, the stars pinpoints of light and the planets pinpoints of light that move, everything we have learned about the universe and the objects in it we have learned in the last four centuries, since the invention of the telescope and Galileo's putting it to it's most famous use: astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galileo saw on the Moon craters, mountains, and valleys, and likened the \"uneven, rough… depressions and bulges\" to Earth's geographical features. Venus was revealed to undergo lunar-like phases, which provided controversial insight into the layout of the Solar System. Jupiter had four small \"star-like\" moons that moved around it--which defied Church doctrine holding that everything in the universe goes around the Earth. And Saturn possessed jug-handle-like protrusions, whatever those were!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be difficult to imagine what \u003ca href=\"http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/galileo.html\">Galileo\u003c/a> was feeling when he made these discoveries of things we take for granted. How exciting to peer through that celestial peephole and discover that the Moon is another world, and that there are worlds out there that had never been seen or imagined before. Sure, new discoveries about Mars keep rolling in, and we're finding a new extrasolar planet about every month--but the excitement about these discoveries is tempered by the fact that we already suspected things like these as possibilities. For Galileo, the magnified astronomical sky was practically a blank canvass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to IYA 2009--what's going on? Who's promoting this, and what is being done to celebrate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA is promoting it, and many different organizations (including \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/exhibits/iya2009.asp\">Chabot\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayastro.org/\">Eastbay Astronomical Society\u003c/a>) are participating in a number of ways: star parties, special programs, special events, and good old fashioned put-your-eye-to-this-telescope-and-gawk public observing activities.\u003cbr>\nHonestly, there's nothing like looking through a \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/visit/observatories.aspx\">telescope\u003c/a>--and it doesn't have to be a large one. I don't doubt that I first became inspired into astronomy when, as a child, my family would take me to Chabot Observatory to look through the telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the new Chabot Space & Science Center reopened the telescopes after the move to our present site, I found all of the childhood wonder flooded back when I put my eye to the eyepiece to regard Saturn. There's an excitement that simply can't be achieved by looking at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/astrophotos.asp\">photographs\u003c/a>. You just have to experience it for yourself, as Galileo did four centuries ago…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/970/the-international-year-of-astronomy","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_545","quest_1164","quest_1481","quest_3351","quest_13204","quest_2218","quest_2349","quest_2780","quest_2827","quest_2891"],"label":"quest"},"quest_426":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_426","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"426","score":null,"sort":[1203111296000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nap-time-for-the-sun-solar-cycles","title":"Nap time for the Sun: solar cycles","publishDate":1203111296,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_hinode_sun.jpg\">\u003cem>Extreme close-up of the Sun's visible surface,\u003cbr>\nshowing 'bubbling' cells of convecting gas--each the size of\u003cbr>\nNorthern California. credit: Hinode JAXA/NASA/PPARC\u003c/em>\u003c/span>By all accounts, a new cycle-\u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/10jan_solarcycle24.htm\">Cycle 24\u003c/a>-in solar activity has begun... something you probably didn't notice since the beginning of a solar cycle is quite subtle....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First things first: what is a solar cycle, and why is this one number 24? You've probably heard of sunspots and solar flares and disturbances in radio communications caused by solar activity, but had you noticed NOT hearing much about these things in the last two or three years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sun exhibits a \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SunspotCycle.shtml\">cyclic rise and fall in its level of magnetic activity\u003c/a>. Being an enormous ball of roiling, circulating plasma (electrically charged gas), the \u003ca href=\"http://bizarrelabs.com/mag.htm\">Sun generates powerful magnetic fields\u003c/a> in a way similar to how the circulating electricity in an electromagnet creates one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of a solar cycle, the intensity and amount of magnetism generated by the Sun increases, like soup warming up on the stove, reaching a violent climax in which twisting, tangling magnetic fields break loose and release their energy in the form of \u003ca href=\"http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/flare.htm\">solar flare explosions\u003c/a>, coronal mass ejections, and tremendous heating of the solar atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/sun/sunspots.html\">Sunspots\u003c/a> are surface features formed by the presence of strong magnetic fields, and in general the number of sunspots that can be seen and counted indicate the level of magnetic activity on the Sun. For 400 years, since Galileo first started counting sunspots through his telescope, observers have kept track of sunspot counts, and over time a pattern in their number emerged. On average, the number of sunspot activity peaks every 11 years at a time called solar maximum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I remember when I first started working at Chabot Space & Science Center, back in 1999/2000, during the last solar maximum. Using our Sunspotter telescopes on public observing days, in teacher workshops, and in my solar summer camp, we could easily count many sunspots-sometimes as many as 20 or more! Those were the days!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two or three summers, however, it's a lucky week to spot just a single sunspot! Most of the time, the Sun's face has been a bland disk with few discernible surface features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That status quo should start to change, now that we have allegedly reached solar minimum and are stepping onto the uphill slope toward the next maximum, which should happen sometime around 2011 or 2012. If you want to keep tabs on the rising solar activity, and you like lots of graphs and numbers and stuff like that, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarcycle24.com/\">Solar Cycle 24 website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh, why is this Cycle 24? A 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Century astronomer who studied the then newly discovered sunspot cycle, Rudolf Wolf, established the cycle that spanned 1755 to 1766 as Cycle 1...and they've been counting up ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even in this \"nap time\" of the Sun, today's modern solar observatories and spacecraft, with their arrays of high-tech cameras and sensors, see plenty on the Sun to keep them busy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan's \u003cem>Hinode\u003c/em> spacecraft, launched in 2006, has returned libraries of \u003ca href=\"http://sot.lmsal.com/pod?cmd=view-gallery\">amazing pictures and movies of solar flares, activity around sunspots, circulating hot gases\u003c/a>, fine details of the life and times of magnetic fields...and all of this during solar minimum! I can't wait until the Sun really gets going and Hinode becomes like a camera-happy tourist in Tahiti....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371081098,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":595},"headData":{"title":"Nap time for the Sun: solar cycles | KQED","description":"Extreme close-up of the Sun's visible surface, showing 'bubbling' cells of convecting gas--each the size of Northern California. credit: Hinode JAXA/NASA/PPARCBy all accounts, a new cycle-Cycle 24-in solar activity has begun... something you probably didn't notice since the beginning of a solar cycle is quite subtle.... First things first: what is a solar cycle, and","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Nap time for the Sun: solar cycles","datePublished":"2008-02-15T21:34:56.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:51:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"426 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/02/15/nap-time-for-the-sun-solar-cycles/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/15/nap-time-for-the-sun-solar-cycles/","disqusTitle":"Nap time for the Sun: solar cycles","path":"/quest/426/nap-time-for-the-sun-solar-cycles","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_hinode_sun.jpg\">\u003cem>Extreme close-up of the Sun's visible surface,\u003cbr>\nshowing 'bubbling' cells of convecting gas--each the size of\u003cbr>\nNorthern California. credit: Hinode JAXA/NASA/PPARC\u003c/em>\u003c/span>By all accounts, a new cycle-\u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/10jan_solarcycle24.htm\">Cycle 24\u003c/a>-in solar activity has begun... something you probably didn't notice since the beginning of a solar cycle is quite subtle....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First things first: what is a solar cycle, and why is this one number 24? You've probably heard of sunspots and solar flares and disturbances in radio communications caused by solar activity, but had you noticed NOT hearing much about these things in the last two or three years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sun exhibits a \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SunspotCycle.shtml\">cyclic rise and fall in its level of magnetic activity\u003c/a>. Being an enormous ball of roiling, circulating plasma (electrically charged gas), the \u003ca href=\"http://bizarrelabs.com/mag.htm\">Sun generates powerful magnetic fields\u003c/a> in a way similar to how the circulating electricity in an electromagnet creates one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of a solar cycle, the intensity and amount of magnetism generated by the Sun increases, like soup warming up on the stove, reaching a violent climax in which twisting, tangling magnetic fields break loose and release their energy in the form of \u003ca href=\"http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/flare.htm\">solar flare explosions\u003c/a>, coronal mass ejections, and tremendous heating of the solar atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/sun/sunspots.html\">Sunspots\u003c/a> are surface features formed by the presence of strong magnetic fields, and in general the number of sunspots that can be seen and counted indicate the level of magnetic activity on the Sun. For 400 years, since Galileo first started counting sunspots through his telescope, observers have kept track of sunspot counts, and over time a pattern in their number emerged. On average, the number of sunspot activity peaks every 11 years at a time called solar maximum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I remember when I first started working at Chabot Space & Science Center, back in 1999/2000, during the last solar maximum. Using our Sunspotter telescopes on public observing days, in teacher workshops, and in my solar summer camp, we could easily count many sunspots-sometimes as many as 20 or more! Those were the days!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two or three summers, however, it's a lucky week to spot just a single sunspot! Most of the time, the Sun's face has been a bland disk with few discernible surface features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That status quo should start to change, now that we have allegedly reached solar minimum and are stepping onto the uphill slope toward the next maximum, which should happen sometime around 2011 or 2012. If you want to keep tabs on the rising solar activity, and you like lots of graphs and numbers and stuff like that, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarcycle24.com/\">Solar Cycle 24 website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh, why is this Cycle 24? A 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Century astronomer who studied the then newly discovered sunspot cycle, Rudolf Wolf, established the cycle that spanned 1755 to 1766 as Cycle 1...and they've been counting up ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even in this \"nap time\" of the Sun, today's modern solar observatories and spacecraft, with their arrays of high-tech cameras and sensors, see plenty on the Sun to keep them busy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan's \u003cem>Hinode\u003c/em> spacecraft, launched in 2006, has returned libraries of \u003ca href=\"http://sot.lmsal.com/pod?cmd=view-gallery\">amazing pictures and movies of solar flares, activity around sunspots, circulating hot gases\u003c/a>, fine details of the life and times of magnetic fields...and all of this during solar minimum! I can't wait until the Sun really gets going and Hinode becomes like a camera-happy tourist in Tahiti....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/426/nap-time-for-the-sun-solar-cycles","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_543","quest_635","quest_749","quest_956","quest_1164","quest_1372","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_1716","quest_1918","quest_2141","quest_2462","quest_2530","quest_2703","quest_2827","quest_2832","quest_2891"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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