Geological Outings Around the Bay: Las Trampas Regional Wilderness
Side Trips from Interstate 5: The Deep San Joaquin Valley
Confounding Concretions
Fossil Collecting in the Bay Area
New Fossils from the Caldecott Tunnel
Geological Outings Around the Bay: Alum Rock Park
Earthquake Warning Signs in Tiny Marine Fossils
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She has written for the Berkeley Science Review and the UC Museum of Paleontology’s Understanding Evolution and Understanding Science websites.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Skene | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jennifer-skene"},"jsojico":{"type":"authors","id":"10562","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10562","found":true},"name":"Jackie Sojico","firstName":"Jackie","lastName":"Sojico","slug":"jsojico","email":"jSojico@netad.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jackie Sojico is a reporter/producer for NET Radio in Lincoln, NE. She hails from Georgia and is a graduate of Oberlin College and the Salt Institute for Documentary Studies. She has contributed work to StoryCorps, NPR’s State of the Re:Union, and BackStory Radio. Besides producing radio, Jackie also teaches science youth radio and bakes pies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86e55b2c23e1cc67256baa8f5faf72c6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jackie Sojico | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86e55b2c23e1cc67256baa8f5faf72c6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86e55b2c23e1cc67256baa8f5faf72c6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jsojico"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_71324":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_71324","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"71324","score":null,"sort":[1410876026000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fossil-burrows-shed-light-on-great-plains-roots","title":"Fossil Burrows Shed Light on Great Plains' Roots","publishDate":1410876026,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/FossilBurrows.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71960 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth next to a modern pocket gopher skull.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth (left) next to a modern pocket gopher skull. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71983\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71983 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jesslyn Weiner leads a tour\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesslyn Weiner says the fossil burrows are now a regular part of her tours at Happy Jack Chalk Mine. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you drive through central Nebraska and go an hour north of Grand Island, you’ll find Happy Jack Chalk Mine just off Highway 11. It’s been an active chalk mine, an abandoned mine, a state-owned wayside park, and recently a privately owned tourist attraction. But the mine’s significance goes way back before its modern history -- five million years back. In fact, these mines contain a curious collection of clues that are helping scientists learn more about the last great period of climate change, a time of global cooling and drying that occurred right before the most recent Ice Age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesslyn Weiner has been a tour guide at the mine for five years. She enters the mine through a shack at the foot of the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do have lights in here, but this first one’s burned out and it’s not one we can fix. And these are the burrows,” Weiner points to a dark gray balloon-shaped rock embedded in the stark white rock of the mine’s wall. There's another one less than a foot away. Weiner points out another one, “And this is just one of the burrows, but it looks like a rabbit. Can you see its ears?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71958 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A cross-section of one of the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross-section of one of the fossil burrows showing a shaft rodents may have used as an entrance. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The burrows are all over the ceiling and walls in the 6,000-square-foot mine. It wasn’t until recently that they became a regular part of the tour. In 2002, the mine’s owners invited University of Nebraska-Lincoln geologist Matt Joeckel to visit and give tour guides some background on the mine’s geology. Joeckel expected to talk about the chalky rock that makes up the mine, called diatomite, but he got a surprise when he walked in: “The minute we walked into the mine we recognized the features on the wall as being fossil burrows. We picked them out right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71959\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71959 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-sections showing chambers in the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Digging in\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>According to Joeckel, rodents dug the long, nearly vertical tunnels and large chambers into the soft rock in the mine about five million years ago. Some time later sand washed in and filled in the burrows, helping to preserve them as fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2002, Joeckel and his colleague Shane Tucker, a paleontologist for the University of Nebraska Museum, have mapped out the locations of all the burrows in the mine, which wasn’t easy. Parts of the mine are cramped and narrow, and Joeckel is a little claustrophobic. Tucker remembers when they had to start photographing the ceiling. “So we brought one of the museum carts and Matt lay down on his back. He had the light and was looking up,” Tucker said. “And I would push him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel interrupted, “It sounds like that would be great fun, for me, lying on my back on this little four-wheeled cart. But it wasn’t. It was more like a medieval torture chamber.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel and Tucker have been meticulously mapping out the burrows because these burrows are one of the few ancient burrows that have been preserved in the world. Burrows are hard to preserve as fossils because they’re often made in soft soil that erodes easily. In this case, Joeckel and Tucker got lucky that the burrows were made in harder rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Looking for the burrowmakers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71970\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71970 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Fossil squirrel tooth and fossil gopher tooth\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker compares a pair of teeth found among the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71967 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A handful of fossils\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and Joeckel have only found a handful of body fossils from the burrows so far. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burrowing is a very common rodent behavior now, but it wasn’t always. The first thing Tucker and Joeckel wanted to do was try and figure out what kind of animal made these burrows. They sifted through 500 pounds of sediment from the mine looking for body fossils. What they found fits into the palm of one hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Out of the 20-some different body fossils we got from there, six teeth were well preserved. So…not great,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Tucker added, the burrows themselves are just as important as body fossils to identify what made them. Tucker and Joeckel made a silicone mold of one burrow to create a plaster replica they could study back at UNL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an exact carbon copy of what we saw at the diatomite mine. And in some portions of the wall you could see the striations, these paired grooves, much more easily,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those grooves are evidence of ancient rodents using their top teeth to anchor into the rock and gnawing with their lower teeth to dig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71964\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71964 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers that he and Matt Joeckel are using to study the burrows more closely. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those grooves and the burrow’s general shape suggest that a kind of ground squirrel, like modern prairie dogs, built the burrows. Joeckel says these rodents may have started spending more time underground in response to the disappearance of ancient forests and the formation of open grasslands like the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why would they do that? Well, open grasslands are a somewhat harsh environment. There could be prairie fires. There could be extremes in temperature. So we’re seeing a snapshot of the emergence of the modern grassland environment, which is no small thing,” Joeckel explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71971 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Striations in the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These striations are teeth marks that are helping Joeckel and Tucker identify the burrows' origins. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The beginning of the Great Plains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the late Oligocene, around the time when huge portions of the earth began to dry, forests gave way to open land. Grasses started growing on those open areas in the late Miocene. Scientists know rodents started burrowing around this time, but because burrows are hard to fossilize they haven’t had any direct evidence -- until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burrows at Happy Jack show that complex burrowing behavior that included tunnels and hibernation dens had already evolved in some rodents by the late Miocene. The burrows are also giving us details like what specific kinds of plants made up the first grasslands and how much seasons developed as the climate changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel says it’s hard to find rocks from that specific time period in Nebraska, so these burrows can help fill in those gaps. But there’s a lot more they’d like to know. Joeckel compares it to having a big picture versus a closeup. “We’re looking through a glass darkly at an emerging world. There are a lot of things we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71973\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71973 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Overlooking the Loup River\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Happy Jack Chalk Mine sits under a hill that overlooks the Loup River in Central Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For instance, Joeckel and Tucker want to know how seeds of specific plants responded to the cooling and drying period right before the Ice Age, and they want to know more about how these rodent burrows may have shaped the Great Plains ecosystem as we know it today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As is usually the case with these kinds of geological studies, it probably raises more questions than it answers. I personally find that comforting,” Joeckel said. “I don’t think I want to know everything. I think I want to be in the business of always trying to come up with interesting ways of approaching an understanding of the history of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Great Plains didn't evolve in a vacuum. Ancient rodents helped shape the ecosystem we know today. Fossil burrows are helping scientists figure out how.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442639127,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1376},"headData":{"title":"Fossil Burrows Shed Light on Great Plains' Roots | KQED","description":"The Great Plains didn't evolve in a vacuum. Ancient rodents helped shape the ecosystem we know today. Fossil burrows are helping scientists figure out how.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fossil Burrows Shed Light on Great Plains' Roots","datePublished":"2014-09-16T14:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T05:05:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"71324 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=71324","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/09/16/fossil-burrows-shed-light-on-great-plains-roots/","disqusTitle":"Fossil Burrows Shed Light on Great Plains' Roots","path":"/quest/71324/fossil-burrows-shed-light-on-great-plains-roots","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/FossilBurrows.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/FossilBurrows.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71960 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth next to a modern pocket gopher skull.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth (left) next to a modern pocket gopher skull. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71983\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71983 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jesslyn Weiner leads a tour\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesslyn Weiner says the fossil burrows are now a regular part of her tours at Happy Jack Chalk Mine. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you drive through central Nebraska and go an hour north of Grand Island, you’ll find Happy Jack Chalk Mine just off Highway 11. It’s been an active chalk mine, an abandoned mine, a state-owned wayside park, and recently a privately owned tourist attraction. But the mine’s significance goes way back before its modern history -- five million years back. In fact, these mines contain a curious collection of clues that are helping scientists learn more about the last great period of climate change, a time of global cooling and drying that occurred right before the most recent Ice Age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesslyn Weiner has been a tour guide at the mine for five years. She enters the mine through a shack at the foot of the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do have lights in here, but this first one’s burned out and it’s not one we can fix. And these are the burrows,” Weiner points to a dark gray balloon-shaped rock embedded in the stark white rock of the mine’s wall. There's another one less than a foot away. Weiner points out another one, “And this is just one of the burrows, but it looks like a rabbit. Can you see its ears?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71958 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A cross-section of one of the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross-section of one of the fossil burrows showing a shaft rodents may have used as an entrance. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The burrows are all over the ceiling and walls in the 6,000-square-foot mine. It wasn’t until recently that they became a regular part of the tour. In 2002, the mine’s owners invited University of Nebraska-Lincoln geologist Matt Joeckel to visit and give tour guides some background on the mine’s geology. Joeckel expected to talk about the chalky rock that makes up the mine, called diatomite, but he got a surprise when he walked in: “The minute we walked into the mine we recognized the features on the wall as being fossil burrows. We picked them out right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71959\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71959 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-sections showing chambers in the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Digging in\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>According to Joeckel, rodents dug the long, nearly vertical tunnels and large chambers into the soft rock in the mine about five million years ago. Some time later sand washed in and filled in the burrows, helping to preserve them as fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2002, Joeckel and his colleague Shane Tucker, a paleontologist for the University of Nebraska Museum, have mapped out the locations of all the burrows in the mine, which wasn’t easy. Parts of the mine are cramped and narrow, and Joeckel is a little claustrophobic. Tucker remembers when they had to start photographing the ceiling. “So we brought one of the museum carts and Matt lay down on his back. He had the light and was looking up,” Tucker said. “And I would push him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel interrupted, “It sounds like that would be great fun, for me, lying on my back on this little four-wheeled cart. But it wasn’t. It was more like a medieval torture chamber.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel and Tucker have been meticulously mapping out the burrows because these burrows are one of the few ancient burrows that have been preserved in the world. Burrows are hard to preserve as fossils because they’re often made in soft soil that erodes easily. In this case, Joeckel and Tucker got lucky that the burrows were made in harder rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Looking for the burrowmakers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71970\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71970 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Fossil squirrel tooth and fossil gopher tooth\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker compares a pair of teeth found among the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71967 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A handful of fossils\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and Joeckel have only found a handful of body fossils from the burrows so far. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burrowing is a very common rodent behavior now, but it wasn’t always. The first thing Tucker and Joeckel wanted to do was try and figure out what kind of animal made these burrows. They sifted through 500 pounds of sediment from the mine looking for body fossils. What they found fits into the palm of one hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Out of the 20-some different body fossils we got from there, six teeth were well preserved. So…not great,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Tucker added, the burrows themselves are just as important as body fossils to identify what made them. Tucker and Joeckel made a silicone mold of one burrow to create a plaster replica they could study back at UNL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an exact carbon copy of what we saw at the diatomite mine. And in some portions of the wall you could see the striations, these paired grooves, much more easily,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those grooves are evidence of ancient rodents using their top teeth to anchor into the rock and gnawing with their lower teeth to dig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71964\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71964 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers that he and Matt Joeckel are using to study the burrows more closely. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those grooves and the burrow’s general shape suggest that a kind of ground squirrel, like modern prairie dogs, built the burrows. Joeckel says these rodents may have started spending more time underground in response to the disappearance of ancient forests and the formation of open grasslands like the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why would they do that? Well, open grasslands are a somewhat harsh environment. There could be prairie fires. There could be extremes in temperature. So we’re seeing a snapshot of the emergence of the modern grassland environment, which is no small thing,” Joeckel explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71971 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Striations in the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These striations are teeth marks that are helping Joeckel and Tucker identify the burrows' origins. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The beginning of the Great Plains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the late Oligocene, around the time when huge portions of the earth began to dry, forests gave way to open land. Grasses started growing on those open areas in the late Miocene. Scientists know rodents started burrowing around this time, but because burrows are hard to fossilize they haven’t had any direct evidence -- until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burrows at Happy Jack show that complex burrowing behavior that included tunnels and hibernation dens had already evolved in some rodents by the late Miocene. The burrows are also giving us details like what specific kinds of plants made up the first grasslands and how much seasons developed as the climate changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel says it’s hard to find rocks from that specific time period in Nebraska, so these burrows can help fill in those gaps. But there’s a lot more they’d like to know. Joeckel compares it to having a big picture versus a closeup. “We’re looking through a glass darkly at an emerging world. There are a lot of things we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71973\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71973 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Overlooking the Loup River\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Happy Jack Chalk Mine sits under a hill that overlooks the Loup River in Central Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For instance, Joeckel and Tucker want to know how seeds of specific plants responded to the cooling and drying period right before the Ice Age, and they want to know more about how these rodent burrows may have shaped the Great Plains ecosystem as we know it today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As is usually the case with these kinds of geological studies, it probably raises more questions than it answers. I personally find that comforting,” Joeckel said. “I don’t think I want to know everything. I think I want to be in the business of always trying to come up with interesting ways of approaching an understanding of the history of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/71324/fossil-burrows-shed-light-on-great-plains-roots","authors":["10562"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_304","quest_12971","quest_921","quest_1032","quest_3405","quest_12269","quest_13200","quest_10353","quest_12973","quest_12559","quest_2115","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_12354","quest_12972","quest_12974"],"featImg":"quest_71960","label":"quest"},"quest_51210":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_51210","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"51210","score":null,"sort":[1363892654000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale","title":"Scientists Celebrate a Long-Dead Whale","publishDate":1363892654,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/21/scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale/whalefall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51212\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/whalefall-300x169.png\" alt=\"Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy neptunecanada of Flickr via Creative Commons\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-51212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/neptunecanada/7329819240/\" target=\"_blank\">neptunecanada of Flickr\u003c/a> via Creative Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new paper describes the slowly rotting skeleton of a whale on the seafloor near the South Sandwich Islands, between South America and Antarctica. Why is such a thing exciting to geologists? There are a couple of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When whales die, they drop dead wherever they happen to be. If they beach themselves first, their corpses lie on the beach, but most whales pass away at sea and sink. Once on the seafloor, their decomposing bodies, called \"whale falls,\" amount to a winning lottery ticket for a host of creatures, which gather around the corpses and settle in to live off them. The flesh goes first, then come the fat-filled bones. The biological communities that arise may last for decades, perhaps centuries, depending on the local conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are interested in whale falls as lovely self-contained examples of oceanic food chains. Geologists see whale falls as a rich study in \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/paleontology/qt/Taphonomy.htm\">taphonomy\u003c/a>, their name for everything that happens to organisms as they become fossilized. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think about the exquisite fossils you see in museums, the marvel is how clean they are, as if a taxidermist had prepared them for burial. But nature is a lousy taxidermist. For every perfect museum skeleton there are drawers backstage stuffed with thousands of bony fragments, incomplete and imperfect in many ways. But what the fossil collector sees as lamentable damage, the paleontologist—specifically the taphonomist—sees as possible environmental data. Everything from the tooth marks of scavengers to the scrapes made by construction-site bulldozers is the kind of evidence that geology prizes for insight into the living world of the deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the first whale falls studied by scientists were found by the U.S. Navy while they were searching for something they'd dropped. Most whale-fall research, however, is done on carcasses that are towed away from beaches and deliberately placed on the seafloor. That kind of research is quite young, though, and to learn about the late stages of whale-fall existence we need natural examples that are older. It is way too expensive to just dive down and look around for them, so we have to grab the opportunities that arise while we're looking for other things. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new paper was published in the journal \u003ci>Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography\u003c/i> in January (\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000489\">read it online\u003c/a>). The British research ship \u003ca href=\"http://noc.ac.uk/research-at-sea/ships/rrs-james-cook\">\u003ci>James Cook\u003c/i>\u003c/a> was surveying a blown-out seafloor volcano full of hydrothermal vents (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/hydrothermal-features/white-smoker.htm\">white smokers\u003c/a>) when it spotted whale bones. The scientists alertly carried out a state-of-the-art study using the ship's underwater roving vehicle \u003ci>Isis\u003c/i>, making a thorough video survey and grabbing some bone samples. It is only the sixth time that a natural whale fall has been examined in this much detail, and the first case from the Southern Ocean where whales are most abundant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper is full of the kind of information that can be applied to fossils as we get our bearings in this field. The different stages of life on a whale fall leave different signs in the bones. The subject is complex, but that's what science is for. And the Bay Area's younger rocks, especially in the Santa Cruz area, are full of whale fossils. Modern whale falls can inform our understanding of the ancient times in which those whales lived and died around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another thing that interests geologists, especially students of evolution, about whale falls is their role in the deep sea environment. Hospitable places in the deep sea are stepping stones for life, like oases in a desert or gas stations in Nevada. Many of the same species on whale falls also live on hydrothermal vents, which exist only in places where tectonic plates are spreading apart. Whale falls are scattered more randomly and allow the vent species to \"island hop,\" keeping the seafloor a unified biome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These matters are relevant to how Earth operates. The deep seafloor can be a source of new species when mass extinctions strike the surface world, and vice versa. How did this work before whales existed? Are there signs in the fossil record, or in the genetic records of living species, of this process at work in the past? Those are the scientific topics that this new set of whale bones will help us address.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Why is a rotting whale on the Antarctic seafloor exciting to geologists?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366389232,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":757},"headData":{"title":"Scientists Celebrate a Long-Dead Whale | KQED","description":"Why is a rotting whale on the Antarctic seafloor exciting to geologists?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scientists Celebrate a Long-Dead Whale","datePublished":"2013-03-21T19:04:14.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-19T16:33:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"51210 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=51210","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/21/scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale/","disqusTitle":"Scientists Celebrate a Long-Dead Whale","path":"/quest/51210/scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/21/scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale/whalefall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51212\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/whalefall-300x169.png\" alt=\"Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy neptunecanada of Flickr via Creative Commons\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-51212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/neptunecanada/7329819240/\" target=\"_blank\">neptunecanada of Flickr\u003c/a> via Creative Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new paper describes the slowly rotting skeleton of a whale on the seafloor near the South Sandwich Islands, between South America and Antarctica. Why is such a thing exciting to geologists? There are a couple of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When whales die, they drop dead wherever they happen to be. If they beach themselves first, their corpses lie on the beach, but most whales pass away at sea and sink. Once on the seafloor, their decomposing bodies, called \"whale falls,\" amount to a winning lottery ticket for a host of creatures, which gather around the corpses and settle in to live off them. The flesh goes first, then come the fat-filled bones. The biological communities that arise may last for decades, perhaps centuries, depending on the local conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are interested in whale falls as lovely self-contained examples of oceanic food chains. Geologists see whale falls as a rich study in \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/paleontology/qt/Taphonomy.htm\">taphonomy\u003c/a>, their name for everything that happens to organisms as they become fossilized. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think about the exquisite fossils you see in museums, the marvel is how clean they are, as if a taxidermist had prepared them for burial. But nature is a lousy taxidermist. For every perfect museum skeleton there are drawers backstage stuffed with thousands of bony fragments, incomplete and imperfect in many ways. But what the fossil collector sees as lamentable damage, the paleontologist—specifically the taphonomist—sees as possible environmental data. Everything from the tooth marks of scavengers to the scrapes made by construction-site bulldozers is the kind of evidence that geology prizes for insight into the living world of the deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the first whale falls studied by scientists were found by the U.S. Navy while they were searching for something they'd dropped. Most whale-fall research, however, is done on carcasses that are towed away from beaches and deliberately placed on the seafloor. That kind of research is quite young, though, and to learn about the late stages of whale-fall existence we need natural examples that are older. It is way too expensive to just dive down and look around for them, so we have to grab the opportunities that arise while we're looking for other things. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new paper was published in the journal \u003ci>Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography\u003c/i> in January (\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000489\">read it online\u003c/a>). The British research ship \u003ca href=\"http://noc.ac.uk/research-at-sea/ships/rrs-james-cook\">\u003ci>James Cook\u003c/i>\u003c/a> was surveying a blown-out seafloor volcano full of hydrothermal vents (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/hydrothermal-features/white-smoker.htm\">white smokers\u003c/a>) when it spotted whale bones. The scientists alertly carried out a state-of-the-art study using the ship's underwater roving vehicle \u003ci>Isis\u003c/i>, making a thorough video survey and grabbing some bone samples. It is only the sixth time that a natural whale fall has been examined in this much detail, and the first case from the Southern Ocean where whales are most abundant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper is full of the kind of information that can be applied to fossils as we get our bearings in this field. The different stages of life on a whale fall leave different signs in the bones. The subject is complex, but that's what science is for. And the Bay Area's younger rocks, especially in the Santa Cruz area, are full of whale fossils. Modern whale falls can inform our understanding of the ancient times in which those whales lived and died around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another thing that interests geologists, especially students of evolution, about whale falls is their role in the deep sea environment. Hospitable places in the deep sea are stepping stones for life, like oases in a desert or gas stations in Nevada. Many of the same species on whale falls also live on hydrothermal vents, which exist only in places where tectonic plates are spreading apart. Whale falls are scattered more randomly and allow the vent species to \"island hop,\" keeping the seafloor a unified biome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These matters are relevant to how Earth operates. The deep seafloor can be a source of new species when mass extinctions strike the surface world, and vice versa. How did this work before whales existed? Are there signs in the fossil record, or in the genetic records of living species, of this process at work in the past? Those are the scientific topics that this new set of whale bones will help us address.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51210/scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_176","quest_3405","quest_10690","quest_13202","quest_2564","quest_11857","quest_3143"],"featImg":"quest_51212","label":"quest"},"quest_48550":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48550","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48550","score":null,"sort":[1357852703000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Las Trampas Regional Wilderness","publishDate":1357852703,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Each day thousands of people take the back road between Castro Valley and San Ramon through Crow Canyon. They all pass the road up Bollinger Canyon. A handful of people take that road to an unassuming park that holds the highest hills between Mount Diablo and the Bay. Here the rocks between the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been pushed together and rumpled upward into chaparral-covered ridges laced with smaller faults. Both quiet and rugged, Las Trampas Regional Wilderness is an archetypical California place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the topography and park boundaries, as shown in Google Maps with a few landmarks labeled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampastopomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48552\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampastopomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48552\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the bedrock geology of the same quadrangle. Resistant rocks hold up the ridges while more yielding rocks underlie the valleys, aided by faults and folds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampasgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48553\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampasgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48553\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rocks of Las Trampas: Tn, Neroly Formation (Miocene); Tbr/Tbg/Tbd, Briones Formation (Miocene); Tus, unnamed sedimentary/volcanic rocks (Pliocene). Alameda and Contra Costa county geologic maps are spliced together at the thin white line\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The paved trail up the west side of Bollinger Canyon climbs a thousand feet to Rock 2, the park's highest point. Before I took this trail I noted the boulders in the staging area, which include examples of massive sandstone and the distinctive shell hash of the Briones Formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48554\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-shellhash/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48554\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-shellhash\" width=\"600\" height=\"432\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48554\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I've shown you this rock elsewhere, at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>. It's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">attractive to fossil collectors\u003c/a>, but no such activity is allowed here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the trail I noticed some boulders of conglomerate as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampascongl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48555\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampascongl\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48555\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a whole, the rocks of Las Trampas testify to a coastal setting similar to today, where coarse sediment washed offshore in large amounts from the flanks of steep and growing hills. Then, as now, landsliding was an important geological process. Look up and down from the trail to see signs of slides, most of them more subtle than this textbook case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-slide\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48556\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The climb is steep, which means that the view changes rapidly as you ascend. Take a look around each time you pause for breath. First \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> emerges from behind Las Trampas Ridge, as does the noise of the San Ramon Valley. The Sierra Nevada is visible when the air is clear enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-diablo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48557\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-diablo\" width=\"600\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48557\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reward of the climb up the valley wall is that you get to stroll along the hawk-encircled ridgetop trails as far as you care to go. On Las Trampas Ridge the sandstone is sculpted by the process of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/mechweathering/cavweather.htm\">cavernous weathering\u003c/a> into the picturesque hollows called tafoni by geologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-ss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48558\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-ss\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48558\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reward is the sweeping views on all sides. The top of Rocky Ridge, near the transmission tower on Rock 2, offered dramatic views during my visit: westward toward Mount Tam and the Oakland hills . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48551\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-top\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48551\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>and southward across the East Bay Municipal Utility District watershed lands to the South Bay and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-south/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48559\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-south\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48559\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe, like me, you find these views beckoning. Hikers (without dogs) can visit East Bay MUD lands with a permit; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/recreation/trail-use-permit/east-bay-trails\">at ten bucks a year it's a great bargain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Enjoy a quiet canyon amid the noise, haste and rumpled rocks of the East Bay.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1360964028,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":504},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Las Trampas Regional Wilderness | KQED","description":"Enjoy a quiet canyon amid the noise, haste and rumpled rocks of the East Bay.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Las Trampas Regional Wilderness","datePublished":"2013-01-10T21:18:23.000Z","dateModified":"2013-02-15T21:33:48.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"48550 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=48550","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Las Trampas Regional Wilderness","path":"/quest/48550/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Each day thousands of people take the back road between Castro Valley and San Ramon through Crow Canyon. They all pass the road up Bollinger Canyon. A handful of people take that road to an unassuming park that holds the highest hills between Mount Diablo and the Bay. Here the rocks between the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been pushed together and rumpled upward into chaparral-covered ridges laced with smaller faults. Both quiet and rugged, Las Trampas Regional Wilderness is an archetypical California place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the topography and park boundaries, as shown in Google Maps with a few landmarks labeled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampastopomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48552\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampastopomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48552\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampastopomap-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the bedrock geology of the same quadrangle. Resistant rocks hold up the ridges while more yielding rocks underlie the valleys, aided by faults and folds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampasgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48553\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampasgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48553\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampasgeomap-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rocks of Las Trampas: Tn, Neroly Formation (Miocene); Tbr/Tbg/Tbd, Briones Formation (Miocene); Tus, unnamed sedimentary/volcanic rocks (Pliocene). Alameda and Contra Costa county geologic maps are spliced together at the thin white line\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The paved trail up the west side of Bollinger Canyon climbs a thousand feet to Rock 2, the park's highest point. Before I took this trail I noted the boulders in the staging area, which include examples of massive sandstone and the distinctive shell hash of the Briones Formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48554\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-shellhash/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48554\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-shellhash\" width=\"600\" height=\"432\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48554\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-shellhash-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I've shown you this rock elsewhere, at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>. It's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">attractive to fossil collectors\u003c/a>, but no such activity is allowed here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the trail I noticed some boulders of conglomerate as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampascongl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48555\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampascongl\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48555\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampascongl-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a whole, the rocks of Las Trampas testify to a coastal setting similar to today, where coarse sediment washed offshore in large amounts from the flanks of steep and growing hills. Then, as now, landsliding was an important geological process. Look up and down from the trail to see signs of slides, most of them more subtle than this textbook case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-slide\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48556\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-slide-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The climb is steep, which means that the view changes rapidly as you ascend. Take a look around each time you pause for breath. First \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> emerges from behind Las Trampas Ridge, as does the noise of the San Ramon Valley. The Sierra Nevada is visible when the air is clear enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-diablo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48557\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-diablo\" width=\"600\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48557\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-diablo-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reward of the climb up the valley wall is that you get to stroll along the hawk-encircled ridgetop trails as far as you care to go. On Las Trampas Ridge the sandstone is sculpted by the process of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/mechweathering/cavweather.htm\">cavernous weathering\u003c/a> into the picturesque hollows called tafoni by geologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-ss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48558\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-ss\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48558\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-ss-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other reward is the sweeping views on all sides. The top of Rocky Ridge, near the transmission tower on Rock 2, offered dramatic views during my visit: westward toward Mount Tam and the Oakland hills . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48551\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-top\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48551\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-top-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>and southward across the East Bay Municipal Utility District watershed lands to the South Bay and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/lastrampas-south/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48559\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lastrampas-south\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48559\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/lastrampas-south-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe, like me, you find these views beckoning. Hikers (without dogs) can visit East Bay MUD lands with a permit; \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/recreation/trail-use-permit/east-bay-trails\">at ten bucks a year it's a great bargain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48550/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_911","quest_912","quest_914","quest_3405","quest_10315","quest_11682","quest_13202","quest_2447"],"featImg":"quest_48551","label":"quest"},"quest_38695":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_38695","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"38695","score":null,"sort":[1337911689000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley","title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: The Deep San Joaquin Valley","publishDate":1337911689,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/fairmeadfossil/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38698\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-38698\" title=\"fairmeadfossil\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadfossil.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadfossil.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadfossil-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pleistocene bones abound beneath the Fairmead landfill near Chowchilla. See them at the Fossil Discovery Center of Madera County. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My previous side trips from I-5 have involved rocks, but that's not all there is to geology. This suggested route, an alternative to taking I-5 straight south to Los Angeles, will expose you to the southern Great Valley's hydrology and many excellent, recently excavated fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Start by exiting at Santa Nella -- not to patronize the garish set of businesses there, but to take state route 152 east. You'll go all the way across the valley to Route 99, then south from there to the \"Grapevine\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing you'll notice, if you haven't already, is the profusion of canals in the Valley. They come in all sizes, ranging from the Edmund G. Brown Aqueduct (that's the first one you cross) down to uncountable numbers of field ditches. There are natural streams, but most of the water you'll see is in canals. This one runs parallel to the San Joaquin River about 6 miles west of Dos Palos Y.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/sjvcanal/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38696\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38696\" title=\"SJVcanal\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SJVcanal.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SJVcanal.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SJVcanal-400x303.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right next to it, the river that gave its name to the San Joaquin Valley was a sandy ditch in March during the rainy season. In good weather you'll be able to see mountains wherever you are, either the Coast Range on the west or the Sierra Nevada on the east (as seen here). I believe that there is no place in California where mountains are not visible if the air is clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/sanjoaquinriver/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38702\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38702\" title=\"sanjoaquinriver\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sanjoaquinriver.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"461\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sanjoaquinriver.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sanjoaquinriver-400x307.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The far end of route 152 meets Route 99. I recommend the old-timey charm of Chowchilla just north of here for a road stop, but otherwise you'll turn south on 99 and take the very first exit to the \u003ca href=\"http://maderamammoths.org/\">Fossil Discovery Center of Madera County\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/fossilcenter/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38701\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-38701\" title=\"fossilcenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fossilcenter.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fossilcenter.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fossilcenter-400x253.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy Tsing Bardin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The center is across the road from a sanitary landfill, and for a good reason: in 1996, diggers at the new Fairmead landfill uncovered a complete mammoth tusk. Soon it was realized that the site contained a world-class Irvingtonian fossil fauna dating from the mid-Pleistocene about half a million years ago. (There's a Bay Area connection here: the Irvingtonian is named for the wonderful bone beds unearthed in the East Bay's Irvington district during freeway construction in the 1940s.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A paleontological foundation was set up and scientific ties established at nearby Cal State Fresno. Whenever the landfill operators open up a new pit, fossil scientists are on hand to harvest what they can. Bones of mammoths, wolves, sabertooth cats, horses, camels, ground sloths and many smaller creatures are stockpiled and studied at leisure between digs. The Fossil Discovery Center opened its doors in late 2010 and makes an excellent visit whatever your level of interest or expertise. Its outdoor \"Pleistocene Water Source\" exhibit makes it easy to imagine the lush scene in ancient times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/fairmeadwaterexhibit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38700\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38700\" title=\"fairmeadwaterexhibit\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadwaterexhibit.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadwaterexhibit.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadwaterexhibit-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can sit out back, next to the fossil washing station, and cast your eye over the surrounding land. I was told that the center has options on some of this acreage, where thousands more fossils surely lie in wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/fairmeadgrounds/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38699\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38699\" title=\"fairmeadgrounds\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadgrounds.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadgrounds.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadgrounds-400x257.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually you'll need to return to 99 and resume your journey. Another stop you should consider is in Bakersfield, where less than 5 miles east of the road on Stockdale Highway is the city's gracious new Riverwalk Park on the Kern River, which is still a vigorous stream here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/bakersfieldriverpark/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38697\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38697\" title=\"bakersfieldriverpark\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/bakersfieldriverpark.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/bakersfieldriverpark.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/bakersfieldriverpark-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bakersfield has a lot going on. Another spot to consider visiting is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sharktoothhill.org/\">Buena Vista Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>, home of superb fossils from nearby \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/ss/Sharktooth-Hill.htm\">Sharktooth Hill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Central Valley has rocks and oil, but its geology also includes water and fossils. See them in this side trip during your next drive south.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1340306912,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":613},"headData":{"title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: The Deep San Joaquin Valley | KQED","description":"The Central Valley has rocks and oil, but its geology also includes water and fossils. See them in this side trip during your next drive south.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: The Deep San Joaquin Valley","datePublished":"2012-05-25T02:08:09.000Z","dateModified":"2012-06-21T19:28:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"38695 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=38695","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/","disqusTitle":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: The Deep San Joaquin Valley","path":"/quest/38695/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/fairmeadfossil/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38698\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-38698\" title=\"fairmeadfossil\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadfossil.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadfossil.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadfossil-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pleistocene bones abound beneath the Fairmead landfill near Chowchilla. See them at the Fossil Discovery Center of Madera County. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My previous side trips from I-5 have involved rocks, but that's not all there is to geology. This suggested route, an alternative to taking I-5 straight south to Los Angeles, will expose you to the southern Great Valley's hydrology and many excellent, recently excavated fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Start by exiting at Santa Nella -- not to patronize the garish set of businesses there, but to take state route 152 east. You'll go all the way across the valley to Route 99, then south from there to the \"Grapevine\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first thing you'll notice, if you haven't already, is the profusion of canals in the Valley. They come in all sizes, ranging from the Edmund G. Brown Aqueduct (that's the first one you cross) down to uncountable numbers of field ditches. There are natural streams, but most of the water you'll see is in canals. This one runs parallel to the San Joaquin River about 6 miles west of Dos Palos Y.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/sjvcanal/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38696\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38696\" title=\"SJVcanal\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SJVcanal.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SJVcanal.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SJVcanal-400x303.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right next to it, the river that gave its name to the San Joaquin Valley was a sandy ditch in March during the rainy season. In good weather you'll be able to see mountains wherever you are, either the Coast Range on the west or the Sierra Nevada on the east (as seen here). I believe that there is no place in California where mountains are not visible if the air is clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/sanjoaquinriver/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38702\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38702\" title=\"sanjoaquinriver\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sanjoaquinriver.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"461\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sanjoaquinriver.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/sanjoaquinriver-400x307.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The far end of route 152 meets Route 99. I recommend the old-timey charm of Chowchilla just north of here for a road stop, but otherwise you'll turn south on 99 and take the very first exit to the \u003ca href=\"http://maderamammoths.org/\">Fossil Discovery Center of Madera County\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38701\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/fossilcenter/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38701\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-38701\" title=\"fossilcenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fossilcenter.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fossilcenter.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fossilcenter-400x253.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy Tsing Bardin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The center is across the road from a sanitary landfill, and for a good reason: in 1996, diggers at the new Fairmead landfill uncovered a complete mammoth tusk. Soon it was realized that the site contained a world-class Irvingtonian fossil fauna dating from the mid-Pleistocene about half a million years ago. (There's a Bay Area connection here: the Irvingtonian is named for the wonderful bone beds unearthed in the East Bay's Irvington district during freeway construction in the 1940s.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A paleontological foundation was set up and scientific ties established at nearby Cal State Fresno. Whenever the landfill operators open up a new pit, fossil scientists are on hand to harvest what they can. Bones of mammoths, wolves, sabertooth cats, horses, camels, ground sloths and many smaller creatures are stockpiled and studied at leisure between digs. The Fossil Discovery Center opened its doors in late 2010 and makes an excellent visit whatever your level of interest or expertise. Its outdoor \"Pleistocene Water Source\" exhibit makes it easy to imagine the lush scene in ancient times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/fairmeadwaterexhibit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38700\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38700\" title=\"fairmeadwaterexhibit\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadwaterexhibit.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadwaterexhibit.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadwaterexhibit-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can sit out back, next to the fossil washing station, and cast your eye over the surrounding land. I was told that the center has options on some of this acreage, where thousands more fossils surely lie in wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/fairmeadgrounds/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38699\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38699\" title=\"fairmeadgrounds\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadgrounds.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadgrounds.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fairmeadgrounds-400x257.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually you'll need to return to 99 and resume your journey. Another stop you should consider is in Bakersfield, where less than 5 miles east of the road on Stockdale Highway is the city's gracious new Riverwalk Park on the Kern River, which is still a vigorous stream here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/bakersfieldriverpark/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38697\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38697\" title=\"bakersfieldriverpark\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/bakersfieldriverpark.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/bakersfieldriverpark.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/bakersfieldriverpark-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bakersfield has a lot going on. Another spot to consider visiting is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sharktoothhill.org/\">Buena Vista Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>, home of superb fossils from nearby \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/ss/Sharktooth-Hill.htm\">Sharktooth Hill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/38695/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_11152","quest_3405","quest_1607","quest_1897","quest_2233","quest_13202","quest_33","quest_10793"],"featImg":"quest_38698","label":"quest"},"quest_29217":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_29217","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"29217","score":null,"sort":[1326387546000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"confounding-concretions","title":"Confounding Concretions","publishDate":1326387546,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concretiontop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29218\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concretiontop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29218\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My line of work brings various people to me, asking about a mineral object they have found. Often that object is a rounded shape of ordinary-looking sedimentary material, cemented into stone. \"It's a very nice concretion,\" I inform them. A concretion is not as exciting as what they hoped it might be—a fossil egg is their fondest wish, followed by a meteorite—but concretions can be sources of wonder and even inspiration, if not money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is this thing in the rock?\" may be the oldest question in geology. It was, at least, the subject of geology's founding document, a short treatise published in 1669 by Nicolaus Steno on \"solids naturally embedded in solids\" better known by the first word of its long Latin title, \"Prodromus.\" It took strenuous reasoning and airtight argument for Steno to establish today's common-sense knowledge that most \"solids in solids\" are either fossils, large sedimentary particles, or mineral crystals of some kind. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/doodles/nicolas-stenos-374th-birthday\">Steno's birthday was observed yesterday with a \"Google doodle.\"\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions aren't any one of those three possibilities, but a confusing mixture: hard and symmetrical like a crystal, granular like a sedimentary stone, round and organized-looking like a fossil. They look as if they actually grew inside solid rock. And so they did, sort of. They appear to have formed rather early in the process that turns buried sediment into rock, as mineral cement is deposited in layers growing outward from a central point—or perhaps resisting a cementation process advancing inward upon them instead. The grains of sediment were undisturbed; only the cementing mineral, usually calcite or iron oxides, moved in to fix them in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be hard to tell how a concretion might have formed. Some are stony lumps with a fossil or a mineral particle inside, where it's plausible that some chemical mechanism arising from the central object controlled things. Some have fractures inside, filled with crystals. Others, like this concretion I found in the hills of Oakland, have nothing in particular at their core, just pure clay or sand. Geologists find concretions only slightly less puzzling than the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concoakclay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29219\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concoakclay\" width=\"500\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29219\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay-400x294.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While fossil eggs aren't documented in the Bay Area (no dinosaurs at all, in fact) and meteorites aren't either, you may spot concretions wherever sandstone or shale crops out. The biggest ones I know of are in Mendocino County at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=446\">Schooner Gulch State Beach\u003c/a> near Point Arena, where the stretch north of Gallaway is called Bowling Ball Beach. That's it at the top of this post. There are large ones, less well formed, at Fitzgerald Marine Preserve \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">that I showed here a few weeks back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions can take many shapes. (I have \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/ig/concretionpics/\">a gallery of them\u003c/a> on About.com.) In the Imperial Valley on the Mexican border, a site west of Calexico near the iconic mountain El Centinela (Mount Signal) yielded \"sand spikes,\" concretions the shape of a whole clove. Most of them had their long tips pointed west. In 2000, they inspired artist Allan McCollum to make them the basis of a large art project, \"\u003ca href=\"http://allanmccollum.net/allanmcnyc/mtsignaltitlepage.html\">Sand Spikes from Mount Signal\u003c/a>.\" The signature image was a five-meter replica and a hundred life-size copies of one of these curious solids within a solid.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Not crystals, not meteorites and not fossils, concretions puzzle people who find them. Geologists find them only slightly less puzzling than the general public.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1329183725,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":554},"headData":{"title":"Confounding Concretions | KQED","description":"Not crystals, not meteorites and not fossils, concretions puzzle people who find them. Geologists find them only slightly less puzzling than the general public.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Confounding Concretions","datePublished":"2012-01-12T16:59:06.000Z","dateModified":"2012-02-14T01:42:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"29217 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=29217","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/","disqusTitle":"Confounding Concretions","path":"/quest/29217/confounding-concretions","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concretiontop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29218\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concretiontop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29218\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My line of work brings various people to me, asking about a mineral object they have found. Often that object is a rounded shape of ordinary-looking sedimentary material, cemented into stone. \"It's a very nice concretion,\" I inform them. A concretion is not as exciting as what they hoped it might be—a fossil egg is their fondest wish, followed by a meteorite—but concretions can be sources of wonder and even inspiration, if not money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is this thing in the rock?\" may be the oldest question in geology. It was, at least, the subject of geology's founding document, a short treatise published in 1669 by Nicolaus Steno on \"solids naturally embedded in solids\" better known by the first word of its long Latin title, \"Prodromus.\" It took strenuous reasoning and airtight argument for Steno to establish today's common-sense knowledge that most \"solids in solids\" are either fossils, large sedimentary particles, or mineral crystals of some kind. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/doodles/nicolas-stenos-374th-birthday\">Steno's birthday was observed yesterday with a \"Google doodle.\"\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions aren't any one of those three possibilities, but a confusing mixture: hard and symmetrical like a crystal, granular like a sedimentary stone, round and organized-looking like a fossil. They look as if they actually grew inside solid rock. And so they did, sort of. They appear to have formed rather early in the process that turns buried sediment into rock, as mineral cement is deposited in layers growing outward from a central point—or perhaps resisting a cementation process advancing inward upon them instead. The grains of sediment were undisturbed; only the cementing mineral, usually calcite or iron oxides, moved in to fix them in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be hard to tell how a concretion might have formed. Some are stony lumps with a fossil or a mineral particle inside, where it's plausible that some chemical mechanism arising from the central object controlled things. Some have fractures inside, filled with crystals. Others, like this concretion I found in the hills of Oakland, have nothing in particular at their core, just pure clay or sand. Geologists find concretions only slightly less puzzling than the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concoakclay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29219\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concoakclay\" width=\"500\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29219\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay-400x294.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While fossil eggs aren't documented in the Bay Area (no dinosaurs at all, in fact) and meteorites aren't either, you may spot concretions wherever sandstone or shale crops out. The biggest ones I know of are in Mendocino County at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=446\">Schooner Gulch State Beach\u003c/a> near Point Arena, where the stretch north of Gallaway is called Bowling Ball Beach. That's it at the top of this post. There are large ones, less well formed, at Fitzgerald Marine Preserve \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">that I showed here a few weeks back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions can take many shapes. (I have \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/ig/concretionpics/\">a gallery of them\u003c/a> on About.com.) In the Imperial Valley on the Mexican border, a site west of Calexico near the iconic mountain El Centinela (Mount Signal) yielded \"sand spikes,\" concretions the shape of a whole clove. Most of them had their long tips pointed west. In 2000, they inspired artist Allan McCollum to make them the basis of a large art project, \"\u003ca href=\"http://allanmccollum.net/allanmcnyc/mtsignaltitlepage.html\">Sand Spikes from Mount Signal\u003c/a>.\" The signature image was a five-meter replica and a hundred life-size copies of one of these curious solids within a solid.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/29217/confounding-concretions","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10617","quest_3405","quest_13202","quest_2577"],"featImg":"quest_29218","label":"quest"},"quest_27404":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27404","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27404","score":null,"sort":[1321560071000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area","title":"Fossil Collecting in the Bay Area","publishDate":1321560071,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossiltop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27406\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossiltop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossiltop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27406\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shell hash is common in the Briones Formation, in the East Bay. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area, rich as it is in geological interest, is not supreme in fossils. We have no dinosaur bones here, no human ancestors, none of the truly precious \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilstimeevolution/a/lagerstatten.htm\">\u003ci>lagerstätten\u003c/i>\u003c/a> sites like the Solnhofen Limestone or Burgess Shale. But fossil collecting can still be a subject fraught with disagreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal codes are clear. California Public Resources Code section 5097.5 forbids anyone to \"excavate upon, or remove, destroy, injure, or deface, any . . . vertebrate paleontological site . . . or any other . . . paleontological . . . feature, situated on public lands, except with the express permission of the public agency having jurisdiction over the lands.\" This covers city, county, regional and state parks. National parks? Forget that too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Express permission\" is possible. Most parks permit scientists to conduct research, but that is carefully specified so as not to affect your full enjoyment of the public's land. And park staff can carry out excavations for, as the East Bay Regional Parks District puts it, \"research, interpretive, educational or park operational purposes.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These people take their responsibility very seriously. In \"Junior Ranger\" programs in state parks, the instructors allow children to pick up fossils, but after making rubbings of them to take home (or take photos, of course) the kids leave the fossils behind. Even rocks must be returned to where they were found. Guides for the public (like the U.S. Geological Survey's \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfbay/FitzFossil.pdf\">guide\u003c/a> to the fossils of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">Fitzgerald Marine Preserve\u003c/a>) scrupulously invite you to \"observe\" the fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hope that you will honor and internalize this attitude. Nevertheless, here are three good ways to collect lots of fossils in California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. The most straightforward is to visit private lands, where the owner can grant permission and charge an appropriate fee. The remarkable \u003ca href=\"http://www.sharktoothhillproperty.com/\">Ernst Quarry\u003c/a> in the Sharktooth Hill district, near Bakersfield, is a good example. And at Sonoma's \u003ca href=\"http://www.petrifiedforest.org/\">Petrified Forest\u003c/a>, a private park, you can buy specimens in the gift shop. Once they're yours, fossils can be traded or sold as you wish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossilpetforest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27408\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest.jpg\" align=\"aligncenter\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossilpetforest\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27408\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Some public parks allow the public to participate in fossil research under supervision. The Los Angeles County Natural History Museum, for instance, will let you help its professionals on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhm.org/site/research-collections/vertebrate-paleontology/red-rock-canyon\">digs at Red Rock Canyon State Park\u003c/a>. Whatever you find typically belongs to the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. On federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands, the default is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/CRM/paleontology/fossil_collecting.html\">casual personal collecting is allowed without a permit\u003c/a>. This opens up vast areas of the state to you. There are limits: vertebrate fossils (that is, fossil bones) and scientifically valuable finds must be left alone and reported. Other common invertebrates and plant fossils are OK to collect for personal enjoyment in reasonable quantities, but not for trading or for sale. There should be \"negligible disturbance to the Earth's surface and other resources.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To judge from the postings on public fossil forums, many fossil collectors carry the BLM's approach away from BLM lands, to private lands like railroad tracks and public lands like beach cliffs and roadcuts. That remains a violation of statute law. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Bob Dylan's words, \"To live outside the law you must be honest.\" If you are thinking about becoming such a fossil collector, I can only advise you not to. My own practice is catch and release: I bring a brush and collect with a camera. That's how I collected this Pliocene clam at Capitola Beach. If it's still in the cliff when you visit, you can collect it too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossilcapitolaclam/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27407\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossilcapitolaclam\" width=\"600\" height=\"426\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27407\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam-400x284.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for those who will ignore my advice, I suggest an honorable rule: do no more than nature does. Roadcuts are always shedding debris, which road crews shovel up and discard. Breaking up this material and taking hand specimens leaves no trace. And at the beach, every stone is there to be destroyed by the scrubbing and chipping of the waves. A handful taken away has slim odds of harming scientific interests. You will risk a scolding by park rangers or landowners, which is no fun for them or for you. They have the law on their side and must speak up. Finally, nature does not conduct trading or selling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I had my druthers, some of our parks would find a way to grant express permission to fossil collectors. \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/tp/parks-that-allow-fossil-collecting.htm\">This happens in other states.\u003c/a> There might be a place in, say, Walnut Creek's \u003ca href=\"http://www.walnut-creek.org/about/visiting_us/shell_ridge_open_space_.asp\">Shell Ridge Open Space\u003c/a> where an old borrow pit could be dedicated to the interests of fossil hunters. Trading and sale of fossils would remain unlawful. I think that by cultivating awareness and appreciation of our fossil resources, it might help inoculate the rest of the land from casual collection.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many parts of the Bay Area have fossils. Can we collect them? Some situations are clear; others not so much. Perhaps it could be easier.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1325108547,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":792},"headData":{"title":"Fossil Collecting in the Bay Area | KQED","description":"Many parts of the Bay Area have fossils. Can we collect them? Some situations are clear; others not so much. Perhaps it could be easier.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fossil Collecting in the Bay Area","datePublished":"2011-11-17T20:01:11.000Z","dateModified":"2011-12-28T21:42:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"27404 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=27404","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/","disqusTitle":"Fossil Collecting in the Bay Area","path":"/quest/27404/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossiltop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27406\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossiltop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossiltop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27406\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shell hash is common in the Briones Formation, in the East Bay. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area, rich as it is in geological interest, is not supreme in fossils. We have no dinosaur bones here, no human ancestors, none of the truly precious \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilstimeevolution/a/lagerstatten.htm\">\u003ci>lagerstätten\u003c/i>\u003c/a> sites like the Solnhofen Limestone or Burgess Shale. But fossil collecting can still be a subject fraught with disagreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal codes are clear. California Public Resources Code section 5097.5 forbids anyone to \"excavate upon, or remove, destroy, injure, or deface, any . . . vertebrate paleontological site . . . or any other . . . paleontological . . . feature, situated on public lands, except with the express permission of the public agency having jurisdiction over the lands.\" This covers city, county, regional and state parks. National parks? Forget that too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Express permission\" is possible. Most parks permit scientists to conduct research, but that is carefully specified so as not to affect your full enjoyment of the public's land. And park staff can carry out excavations for, as the East Bay Regional Parks District puts it, \"research, interpretive, educational or park operational purposes.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These people take their responsibility very seriously. In \"Junior Ranger\" programs in state parks, the instructors allow children to pick up fossils, but after making rubbings of them to take home (or take photos, of course) the kids leave the fossils behind. Even rocks must be returned to where they were found. Guides for the public (like the U.S. Geological Survey's \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfbay/FitzFossil.pdf\">guide\u003c/a> to the fossils of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">Fitzgerald Marine Preserve\u003c/a>) scrupulously invite you to \"observe\" the fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hope that you will honor and internalize this attitude. Nevertheless, here are three good ways to collect lots of fossils in California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. The most straightforward is to visit private lands, where the owner can grant permission and charge an appropriate fee. The remarkable \u003ca href=\"http://www.sharktoothhillproperty.com/\">Ernst Quarry\u003c/a> in the Sharktooth Hill district, near Bakersfield, is a good example. And at Sonoma's \u003ca href=\"http://www.petrifiedforest.org/\">Petrified Forest\u003c/a>, a private park, you can buy specimens in the gift shop. Once they're yours, fossils can be traded or sold as you wish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossilpetforest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27408\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest.jpg\" align=\"aligncenter\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossilpetforest\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27408\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Some public parks allow the public to participate in fossil research under supervision. The Los Angeles County Natural History Museum, for instance, will let you help its professionals on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhm.org/site/research-collections/vertebrate-paleontology/red-rock-canyon\">digs at Red Rock Canyon State Park\u003c/a>. Whatever you find typically belongs to the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. On federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands, the default is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/CRM/paleontology/fossil_collecting.html\">casual personal collecting is allowed without a permit\u003c/a>. This opens up vast areas of the state to you. There are limits: vertebrate fossils (that is, fossil bones) and scientifically valuable finds must be left alone and reported. Other common invertebrates and plant fossils are OK to collect for personal enjoyment in reasonable quantities, but not for trading or for sale. There should be \"negligible disturbance to the Earth's surface and other resources.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To judge from the postings on public fossil forums, many fossil collectors carry the BLM's approach away from BLM lands, to private lands like railroad tracks and public lands like beach cliffs and roadcuts. That remains a violation of statute law. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Bob Dylan's words, \"To live outside the law you must be honest.\" If you are thinking about becoming such a fossil collector, I can only advise you not to. My own practice is catch and release: I bring a brush and collect with a camera. That's how I collected this Pliocene clam at Capitola Beach. If it's still in the cliff when you visit, you can collect it too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossilcapitolaclam/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27407\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossilcapitolaclam\" width=\"600\" height=\"426\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27407\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam-400x284.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for those who will ignore my advice, I suggest an honorable rule: do no more than nature does. Roadcuts are always shedding debris, which road crews shovel up and discard. Breaking up this material and taking hand specimens leaves no trace. And at the beach, every stone is there to be destroyed by the scrubbing and chipping of the waves. A handful taken away has slim odds of harming scientific interests. You will risk a scolding by park rangers or landowners, which is no fun for them or for you. They have the law on their side and must speak up. Finally, nature does not conduct trading or selling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I had my druthers, some of our parks would find a way to grant express permission to fossil collectors. \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/tp/parks-that-allow-fossil-collecting.htm\">This happens in other states.\u003c/a> There might be a place in, say, Walnut Creek's \u003ca href=\"http://www.walnut-creek.org/about/visiting_us/shell_ridge_open_space_.asp\">Shell Ridge Open Space\u003c/a> where an old borrow pit could be dedicated to the interests of fossil hunters. Trading and sale of fossils would remain unlawful. I think that by cultivating awareness and appreciation of our fossil resources, it might help inoculate the rest of the land from casual collection.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27404/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3468","quest_294","quest_10461","quest_456","quest_3405","quest_10460","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_27406","label":"quest"},"quest_14820":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_14820","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"14820","score":null,"sort":[1306438622000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-fossils-from-the-caldecott-tunnel","title":"New Fossils from the Caldecott Tunnel","publishDate":1306438622,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecotthorsemolar3002.jpg\" alt=\"caldecot tunnel fossils\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>\"Paleo mitigation\" work during the dig of the new Caldecott Tunnel bore has yielded fresh insight into a familiar set of rocks thanks to fossils like this Miocene horse molar. All photos courtesy CalTrans and PaleoResource Consultants.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fourth bore for the Caldecott Tunnel, which connects Oakland and points west with Orinda and points east, is being dug day and night with the first drive-throughs slated for 2013. Part of the job is what Caltrans contracts call \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/paleo/index.htm\">paleontological mitigation\u003c/a>\": allowing fossil scientists to salvage resources—\"fossils and the deposits they are found in\"—that would otherwise be destroyed. A paleo mitigation agreement governs the Caldecott fourth bore project, and scientists shared some of the early results earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil hunting is tedious, exacting work, but there are those who love it. Kristin McCallister, a paleontologist for contractor \u003ca href=\"http://www.paleoresource.com/\">PaleoResource\u003c/a>, is shown here during early work at the job site, examining spoils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottKristinMcCallister2.jpg\" alt=\"paleontologist\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of fossils are microscopic and consist of plankton or pollen grains. But the big bones are sexy. Let's look at the pictures PaleoResource's Lanny Fisk showed at the \u003ca href=\"http://paleoresource.com/calpaleo.html\">CalPaleo 2011 meeting\u003c/a> in Rocklin, starting with the leg bone of a rhinoceros.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottrhinolegorinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott rhino\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are two vertebrae of a Miocene camel species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottcamelvertorinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott camel\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is the metatarsal bone of an ancient horse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecotthoresemetatarsorinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott horse\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally here's the upper jaw of an \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreodont\">oreodont\u003c/a>, an extinct browsing mammal the size of a sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottoreodontjaworinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott oreodont\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these (plus bird, pronghorn and wolverine bones) were salvaged from rocks of the Orinda Formation that are about 11 million years old, a time late in the Miocene Epoch. The researchers also found hundreds of plant fossils for the first time in these rocks, including this laurel leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottlaurelorinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott laurel\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Orinda Formation makes up the eastern end of the bore. In the middle is the \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/04/06/claremont-chert-close-up/\">Claremont Formation\u003c/a>, a cherty unit that holds up the highest part of the Berkeley Hills. This 1-inch clam is from the Claremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottclamclaremont2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott clam\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously this shows a change from a land to a sea environment as we go back in time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the west end of the bore is the still older Sobrante Formation. Fisk told the CalPaleo audience that this unit has yielded a large fish fossil fauna as well as some leaves and marine invertebrates (clams, crabs and plankton). He was particularly excited about the fish, which somewhat resemble cool-water fish of this age from northwestern Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One handicap that Fisk mentioned was difficulty getting into the tunnel, where paleontologists can watch the rock face and stop operations long enough to examine and salvage the best fossils. Working the spoils pile isn't good for getting exact locations and geological context for fossils. But the bore will be carried out in two passes, and maybe we can get another look at this unique dig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.858 -122.214\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Paleontologists have shown new fossils from beneath the Berkeley Hills, where the Caldecott Tunnel is being expanded with a fourth bore.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1311134952,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":476},"headData":{"title":"New Fossils from the Caldecott Tunnel | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Fossils from the Caldecott Tunnel","datePublished":"2011-05-26T19:37:02.000Z","dateModified":"2011-07-20T04:09:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"14820 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=14820","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/26/new-fossils-from-the-caldecott-tunnel/","disqusTitle":"New Fossils from the Caldecott Tunnel","path":"/quest/14820/new-fossils-from-the-caldecott-tunnel","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecotthorsemolar3002.jpg\" alt=\"caldecot tunnel fossils\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>\"Paleo mitigation\" work during the dig of the new Caldecott Tunnel bore has yielded fresh insight into a familiar set of rocks thanks to fossils like this Miocene horse molar. All photos courtesy CalTrans and PaleoResource Consultants.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fourth bore for the Caldecott Tunnel, which connects Oakland and points west with Orinda and points east, is being dug day and night with the first drive-throughs slated for 2013. Part of the job is what Caltrans contracts call \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/paleo/index.htm\">paleontological mitigation\u003c/a>\": allowing fossil scientists to salvage resources—\"fossils and the deposits they are found in\"—that would otherwise be destroyed. A paleo mitigation agreement governs the Caldecott fourth bore project, and scientists shared some of the early results earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil hunting is tedious, exacting work, but there are those who love it. Kristin McCallister, a paleontologist for contractor \u003ca href=\"http://www.paleoresource.com/\">PaleoResource\u003c/a>, is shown here during early work at the job site, examining spoils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottKristinMcCallister2.jpg\" alt=\"paleontologist\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of fossils are microscopic and consist of plankton or pollen grains. But the big bones are sexy. Let's look at the pictures PaleoResource's Lanny Fisk showed at the \u003ca href=\"http://paleoresource.com/calpaleo.html\">CalPaleo 2011 meeting\u003c/a> in Rocklin, starting with the leg bone of a rhinoceros.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottrhinolegorinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott rhino\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are two vertebrae of a Miocene camel species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottcamelvertorinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott camel\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is the metatarsal bone of an ancient horse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecotthoresemetatarsorinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott horse\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally here's the upper jaw of an \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreodont\">oreodont\u003c/a>, an extinct browsing mammal the size of a sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottoreodontjaworinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott oreodont\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these (plus bird, pronghorn and wolverine bones) were salvaged from rocks of the Orinda Formation that are about 11 million years old, a time late in the Miocene Epoch. The researchers also found hundreds of plant fossils for the first time in these rocks, including this laurel leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottlaurelorinda2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott laurel\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Orinda Formation makes up the eastern end of the bore. In the middle is the \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/04/06/claremont-chert-close-up/\">Claremont Formation\u003c/a>, a cherty unit that holds up the highest part of the Berkeley Hills. This 1-inch clam is from the Claremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/caldecottclamclaremont2.jpg\" alt=\"caldecott clam\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously this shows a change from a land to a sea environment as we go back in time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the west end of the bore is the still older Sobrante Formation. Fisk told the CalPaleo audience that this unit has yielded a large fish fossil fauna as well as some leaves and marine invertebrates (clams, crabs and plankton). He was particularly excited about the fish, which somewhat resemble cool-water fish of this age from northwestern Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One handicap that Fisk mentioned was difficulty getting into the tunnel, where paleontologists can watch the rock face and stop operations long enough to examine and salvage the best fossils. Working the spoils pile isn't good for getting exact locations and geological context for fossils. But the bore will be carried out in two passes, and maybe we can get another look at this unique dig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.858 -122.214\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/14820/new-fossils-from-the-caldecott-tunnel","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3493","quest_466","quest_3405","quest_3661","quest_2115","quest_2447","quest_3006"],"featImg":"quest_14824","label":"quest"},"quest_13629":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_13629","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"13629","score":null,"sort":[1302205915000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Alum Rock Park","publishDate":1302205915,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrocksig2.jpg\" alt=\"hot springs\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Mineral springs, fresh air, and a cross-section of South Bay history—not to mention its rocks—are all on display at Alum Rock Park. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sjparks.org/regional/alumrock.asp\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a> occupies the small, steep valley of Penitencia Creek carved into the hills east of San Jose. The city has owned it since 1872, when it became California's first city park. For a generation it was a major regional attraction for its warm mineral springs and the entertainment complex surrounding them, of which only traces remain today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today it's a great place to get away from the city's hustle while pretending you're still at the office (except on Mondays, when it's closed). But if you put away the phone and pay attention to your surroundings, Alum Rock Park can show you some of San Jose's deep history and the Bay Area's rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If nothing else, the park provides good views to the west over the Santa Clara Valley from its higher trails. You can choose from a warm south-facing slope and a cool north-facing one, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockview2.jpg\" alt=\"santa clara valley view\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have a look at the geologic map of the area (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">USGS Open-File Map 98-795\u003c/a>) below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockmap2.png\" alt=\"alum rock park geologic map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penitencia Creek comes downhill from the right center and exits on the lower left. The park entrance is right at the edge of bedrock (Kbc, conglomerate of the Berryessa Formation), and the uppermost parking area is at the Tcc (Claremont Formation) mark. Hiking trails run along both sides of the creek giving you a good look at all the rock units from the park entrance to the Briones Formation (Tbr) on the right. Let's see some, starting with the conglomerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockcong2.jpg\" alt=\"conglomerate\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This very coarse grained rock and its related sandstone in the Berryessa Formation are part of the Great Valley Sequence, thick beds of sedimentary rock built up while the Sierra Nevada was intruding all that granite, back around 100 million years ago in Cretaceous time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behind the boulder is Eagle Rock, which corresponds to the pinkish blob surrounded by landslides to the right of the \"Kbc\" label. You can climb up there or stroll through the other outcrop labeled Jbk. The rock itself is well-traveled volcanic material that has been permeated and altered by hot mineralizing fluids. Here's a chunk of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alum-rock2.jpg\" alt=\"alum rock\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large outcrop along the creek gives the park its name. An early visitor mistook the whitish crust on these rocks as alum, which would have been a nice find at the time. It's actually sulfate minerals, but the name stuck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther upstream, just past the visitor center, is where the mineral spring zone begins. On the geologic map, it corresponds to the exposure of Claremont Formation (Tcc), a belt of ribbon chert of Miocene age (about 10 million years) familiar in the East Bay Hills. Here the chert is dark with organic matter and its beds are upturned almost to vertical. That combination of chemistry and structure has given rise to warm upwellings of chemically interesting groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrocksprings2.jpg\" alt=\"alum rock springs\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are more than 20 different springs here, each with a nice stone housing. The ones I dipped my fingers into were bathtub-warm, and the water is sulfur-scented. A hundred years ago Alum Rock Park was a big health spa, with a rail line direct from downtown. That was when the stonework was done. You can see where seepage has built up cones of minerals on the lower wall. All of the springs issue from the Claremont chert—here's a closeup of the chert and the mineral crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumchert2.jpg\" alt=\"chert and crust\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all that excitement you may want to continue upstream, into the structurally overlying and younger Briones Formation. This set of rocks is coarser grained than the Claremont, deposited nearer to shore. The other way to look at it is that the shoreline grew closer to this spot as geologic time progressed. This is a well-scrubbed outcrop in the stream bed that shows its bedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumbrionescrop2.jpg\" alt=\"briones formation\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the Briones are so full of fossils that the rock is best described as shell hash. You'll see this same stone at Lime Ridge in Walnut Creek and other places in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumbrioneshash2.jpg\" alt=\"shell hash\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole belt of rocks lies in the zone where the Hayward fault merges with the Calaveras fault. On the map above, the Calaveras runs down the right edge of the Briones Formation, between the Calaveras and Anderson Reservoirs. The Hayward fault formally ends a few miles northwest, but the many smaller faults marked as heavy lines are of the same ilk and reflect the same tectonics. Friction along the faults may account for the warmth of the springs, just one more way that the deep Earth affects us in our region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also check out QUEST's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/alum-rock-exploration\">Alum Rock Science Hike\u003c/a> for more info.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.397 -121.798\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A hundred years ago Alum Rock Park was a big health spa, with a rail line direct from downtown to the warm mineral springs. Today the springs still run among the upturned rocks between the Hayward and Calaveras faults.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1311134621,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":818},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Alum Rock Park | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Alum Rock Park","datePublished":"2011-04-07T19:51:55.000Z","dateModified":"2011-07-20T04:03:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"13629 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=13629","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Alum Rock Park","path":"/quest/13629/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrocksig2.jpg\" alt=\"hot springs\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Mineral springs, fresh air, and a cross-section of South Bay history—not to mention its rocks—are all on display at Alum Rock Park. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sjparks.org/regional/alumrock.asp\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a> occupies the small, steep valley of Penitencia Creek carved into the hills east of San Jose. The city has owned it since 1872, when it became California's first city park. For a generation it was a major regional attraction for its warm mineral springs and the entertainment complex surrounding them, of which only traces remain today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today it's a great place to get away from the city's hustle while pretending you're still at the office (except on Mondays, when it's closed). But if you put away the phone and pay attention to your surroundings, Alum Rock Park can show you some of San Jose's deep history and the Bay Area's rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If nothing else, the park provides good views to the west over the Santa Clara Valley from its higher trails. You can choose from a warm south-facing slope and a cool north-facing one, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockview2.jpg\" alt=\"santa clara valley view\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have a look at the geologic map of the area (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">USGS Open-File Map 98-795\u003c/a>) below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockmap2.png\" alt=\"alum rock park geologic map\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penitencia Creek comes downhill from the right center and exits on the lower left. The park entrance is right at the edge of bedrock (Kbc, conglomerate of the Berryessa Formation), and the uppermost parking area is at the Tcc (Claremont Formation) mark. Hiking trails run along both sides of the creek giving you a good look at all the rock units from the park entrance to the Briones Formation (Tbr) on the right. Let's see some, starting with the conglomerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrockcong2.jpg\" alt=\"conglomerate\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This very coarse grained rock and its related sandstone in the Berryessa Formation are part of the Great Valley Sequence, thick beds of sedimentary rock built up while the Sierra Nevada was intruding all that granite, back around 100 million years ago in Cretaceous time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behind the boulder is Eagle Rock, which corresponds to the pinkish blob surrounded by landslides to the right of the \"Kbc\" label. You can climb up there or stroll through the other outcrop labeled Jbk. The rock itself is well-traveled volcanic material that has been permeated and altered by hot mineralizing fluids. Here's a chunk of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alum-rock2.jpg\" alt=\"alum rock\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large outcrop along the creek gives the park its name. An early visitor mistook the whitish crust on these rocks as alum, which would have been a nice find at the time. It's actually sulfate minerals, but the name stuck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther upstream, just past the visitor center, is where the mineral spring zone begins. On the geologic map, it corresponds to the exposure of Claremont Formation (Tcc), a belt of ribbon chert of Miocene age (about 10 million years) familiar in the East Bay Hills. Here the chert is dark with organic matter and its beds are upturned almost to vertical. That combination of chemistry and structure has given rise to warm upwellings of chemically interesting groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumrocksprings2.jpg\" alt=\"alum rock springs\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are more than 20 different springs here, each with a nice stone housing. The ones I dipped my fingers into were bathtub-warm, and the water is sulfur-scented. A hundred years ago Alum Rock Park was a big health spa, with a rail line direct from downtown. That was when the stonework was done. You can see where seepage has built up cones of minerals on the lower wall. All of the springs issue from the Claremont chert—here's a closeup of the chert and the mineral crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumchert2.jpg\" alt=\"chert and crust\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all that excitement you may want to continue upstream, into the structurally overlying and younger Briones Formation. This set of rocks is coarser grained than the Claremont, deposited nearer to shore. The other way to look at it is that the shoreline grew closer to this spot as geologic time progressed. This is a well-scrubbed outcrop in the stream bed that shows its bedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumbrionescrop2.jpg\" alt=\"briones formation\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the Briones are so full of fossils that the rock is best described as shell hash. You'll see this same stone at Lime Ridge in Walnut Creek and other places in the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/alumbrioneshash2.jpg\" alt=\"shell hash\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole belt of rocks lies in the zone where the Hayward fault merges with the Calaveras fault. On the map above, the Calaveras runs down the right edge of the Briones Formation, between the Calaveras and Anderson Reservoirs. The Hayward fault formally ends a few miles northwest, but the many smaller faults marked as heavy lines are of the same ilk and reflect the same tectonics. Friction along the faults may account for the warmth of the springs, just one more way that the deep Earth affects us in our region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also check out QUEST's \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/alum-rock-exploration\">Alum Rock Science Hike\u003c/a> for more info.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.397 -121.798\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/13629/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3454","quest_3492","quest_3507","quest_3528","quest_3535","quest_3405","quest_1325","quest_1374","quest_3669","quest_2493","quest_3800"],"featImg":"quest_13638","label":"quest"},"quest_19202":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_19202","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"19202","score":null,"sort":[1300121506000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"earthquake-warning-signs-in-tiny-marine-fossils","title":"Earthquake Warning Signs in Tiny Marine Fossils","publishDate":1300121506,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/holmanel.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Tiny shelled marine organisms called foraminifera can provide clues about earthquake occurrence in the past—and the future. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/holmanel.html\">UCMP\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It feels like the world is still shaking from the earthquake and ensuing tsunami that hit northern Japan on Friday. The 8.9 magnitude quake created enormous waves of water, which moved quickly through the ocean and hit the coast of Japan with waves that in some areas were over 10 feet high. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/11/world/asia/maps-of-earthquake-and-tsunami-damage-in-japan.html?ref=asia\">animation\u003c/a> shows how earthquakes give rise to tsunamis. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/13/world/asia/satellite-photos-japan-before-and-after-tsunami.html\">When tsunamis hit shore\u003c/a>, they can carry with them sediment that they’ve picked up from the bottom of the ocean. This sediment differs from the sediment close to shore, leaving a long-term record of the tsunami’s occurrence. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paleontologists can look at the layers of sediment along the coast and see records of past tsunamis. They can also see that before tsunamis occur, the land along the coast often starts to subside, as one tectonic plate slips underneath another. The clue that tells paleontologists that the coastline tilts before an earthquake is a group of tiny marine organisms, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramintro.html\">foraminifera\u003c/a>. By studying these organisms in the sediment along the shore of the West Coast, scientists can learn how frequently tsunamis occurred here in the past, and whether we can predict a big quake in the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny marine organisms in the sediment are called foraminifera, or forams for short. They are protists—neither animals nor plants, protists are a grab bag of simple organisms that includes amoebas, seaweeds, and single-celled algae. Forams are unicellular, and they build a shell, called a test, out of calcium carbonate. The test has little opening from which pseudopods—thin strands of the cell’s cytoplasm—protrude. The pseudopods help the forams move around. However, it is the calcium carbonate tests that make forams so useful as records of geological events. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tests of foraminifera are often well preserved in marine sediment, as fossils. Forams evolve relatively quickly, so micropaleontologists (folks who study tiny fossils) can determine the age of the sediment by identifying the species of foram that is preserved. Also, each species of foram can survive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions. If the water is too salty, a given species can’t survive; if the water is too fresh, that species won’t survive either. The salinity of the water has to be just right. This means that micropaleontologists can use foram fossils to estimate the salinity of the water in the past. (For similar reasons, forams are also good indicators of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramfr.html\">the proximity of oil deposits\u003c/a>, and a good \u003ca href=\"http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/proxies/paleoclimate.html\">proxy for past climates\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, UC Berkeley Professor Emeritus Jere Lipps and a few colleagues, including Dalhousie University professor David Scott, travelled along the coast from Alaska to Baja, taking cores of coastal sediment along the way. They found that several years before a big earthquake and tsunami, the foram composition in the sediment changed slightly. The forams shifted from species that live in very slightly salty water to species that live in water that is even saltier. This is a sign that the land had begun to tilt downward towards the ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific plate is slowly sliding underneath the North American plate. But the plates stick together, and the edge of the North American plate gets pulled down slightly along with the Pacific plate. Suddenly, the plates will un-stick; the North American plate will release and move upwards again, and the Pacific plate will slide underneath. This kind if quake is called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake\">megathrust earthquake\u003c/a>. Dr. Lipps and his colleagues found that there have been three megathrust earthquakes, preceded by a tilt in the coastline, over the past 3000 years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forams are good measurements of past coastline tilt. But to measure coastlines in real time today, scientists can deploy \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismometer\">seismometers\u003c/a>. By placing seismometers in areas that have undergone a pre-earthquake tilt in the past, we may be able to detect early warning signs of potentially destructive megathrust earthquakes and resultant tsunamis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It feels like the world is still shaking from the earthquake and ensuing tsunami that hit northern Japan on Friday.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1300121506,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":689},"headData":{"title":"Earthquake Warning Signs in Tiny Marine Fossils | KQED","description":"It feels like the world is still shaking from the earthquake and ensuing tsunami that hit northern Japan on Friday.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Earthquake Warning Signs in Tiny Marine Fossils","datePublished":"2011-03-14T16:51:46.000Z","dateModified":"2011-03-14T16:51:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"19202 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=12858","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/14/earthquake-warning-signs-in-tiny-marine-fossils/","disqusTitle":"Earthquake Warning Signs in Tiny Marine Fossils","path":"/quest/19202/earthquake-warning-signs-in-tiny-marine-fossils","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/holmanel.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Tiny shelled marine organisms called foraminifera can provide clues about earthquake occurrence in the past—and the future. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/holmanel.html\">UCMP\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It feels like the world is still shaking from the earthquake and ensuing tsunami that hit northern Japan on Friday. The 8.9 magnitude quake created enormous waves of water, which moved quickly through the ocean and hit the coast of Japan with waves that in some areas were over 10 feet high. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/11/world/asia/maps-of-earthquake-and-tsunami-damage-in-japan.html?ref=asia\">animation\u003c/a> shows how earthquakes give rise to tsunamis. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/13/world/asia/satellite-photos-japan-before-and-after-tsunami.html\">When tsunamis hit shore\u003c/a>, they can carry with them sediment that they’ve picked up from the bottom of the ocean. This sediment differs from the sediment close to shore, leaving a long-term record of the tsunami’s occurrence. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paleontologists can look at the layers of sediment along the coast and see records of past tsunamis. They can also see that before tsunamis occur, the land along the coast often starts to subside, as one tectonic plate slips underneath another. The clue that tells paleontologists that the coastline tilts before an earthquake is a group of tiny marine organisms, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramintro.html\">foraminifera\u003c/a>. By studying these organisms in the sediment along the shore of the West Coast, scientists can learn how frequently tsunamis occurred here in the past, and whether we can predict a big quake in the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny marine organisms in the sediment are called foraminifera, or forams for short. They are protists—neither animals nor plants, protists are a grab bag of simple organisms that includes amoebas, seaweeds, and single-celled algae. Forams are unicellular, and they build a shell, called a test, out of calcium carbonate. The test has little opening from which pseudopods—thin strands of the cell’s cytoplasm—protrude. The pseudopods help the forams move around. However, it is the calcium carbonate tests that make forams so useful as records of geological events. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tests of foraminifera are often well preserved in marine sediment, as fossils. Forams evolve relatively quickly, so micropaleontologists (folks who study tiny fossils) can determine the age of the sediment by identifying the species of foram that is preserved. Also, each species of foram can survive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions. If the water is too salty, a given species can’t survive; if the water is too fresh, that species won’t survive either. The salinity of the water has to be just right. This means that micropaleontologists can use foram fossils to estimate the salinity of the water in the past. (For similar reasons, forams are also good indicators of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramfr.html\">the proximity of oil deposits\u003c/a>, and a good \u003ca href=\"http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/proxies/paleoclimate.html\">proxy for past climates\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, UC Berkeley Professor Emeritus Jere Lipps and a few colleagues, including Dalhousie University professor David Scott, travelled along the coast from Alaska to Baja, taking cores of coastal sediment along the way. They found that several years before a big earthquake and tsunami, the foram composition in the sediment changed slightly. The forams shifted from species that live in very slightly salty water to species that live in water that is even saltier. This is a sign that the land had begun to tilt downward towards the ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific plate is slowly sliding underneath the North American plate. But the plates stick together, and the edge of the North American plate gets pulled down slightly along with the Pacific plate. Suddenly, the plates will un-stick; the North American plate will release and move upwards again, and the Pacific plate will slide underneath. This kind if quake is called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake\">megathrust earthquake\u003c/a>. Dr. Lipps and his colleagues found that there have been three megathrust earthquakes, preceded by a tilt in the coastline, over the past 3000 years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forams are good measurements of past coastline tilt. But to measure coastlines in real time today, scientists can deploy \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismometer\">seismometers\u003c/a>. By placing seismometers in areas that have undergone a pre-earthquake tilt in the past, we may be able to detect early warning signs of potentially destructive megathrust earthquakes and resultant tsunamis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/19202/earthquake-warning-signs-in-tiny-marine-fossils","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_907","quest_909","quest_3579","quest_1133","quest_3405","quest_3656","quest_3657","quest_3003"],"featImg":"quest_12860","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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