Genetic Sleuthing, Or How To Catch The Right Identical Twin Criminal
Fascination with Forensics
5 out of 9 Justices Recommend Leaving Innocent People in Jail
Tracking Genetics in Popular Culture
Reporter's Notes: Wildlife CSI
Reporter's Notes: How to ID a Bullet
How to get away with murder
Forensic Identification
The Chemistry Behind Forensic Identification (web only)
Sponsored
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Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Redhead_twins.jpg' width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49603\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/IdenticalTwinsRedhair.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/IdenticalTwinsRedhair-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Identical twins like these can finally be told apart at the genetic level for only a few thousand dollars. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Redhead_twins.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The police in Marseille France are \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21401200\">struggling to solve a sexual assault case\u003c/a>. They have solid video evidence and have even matched DNA from the crime scene with two suspects but they still can’t figure it out. See, the problem is that the suspects are identical twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Identical twins look pretty similar so unless the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15107687/ns/dateline_nbc-crime_reports/#.URvjYR37Ls4\">police get lucky\u003c/a> like they did in Boston, video evidence can’t usually be used to tell them apart. And identical twins share the same DNA so conventional DNA tests can’t be used either. The police are in a real pickle. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except that they don’t have to be. As the police are aware, there are less conventional tests that can find the few differences between the DNA of identical twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of our DNA is exactly the same as when we were a fertilized egg, floating towards our mother’s womb. Our life experiences change our DNA in many different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there are chemical marks on our DNA that help to control which genes should be turned on where and to what level. These epigenetic marks are added and removed over our life time in response to our specific set of experiences. This is true for all of us including identical twins. In fact, scientists have actually looked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=identical-twins-exhibit-d\">these epigenetic markers in identical twins\u003c/a> and have found them to be different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way our DNA can change is through mutation. DNA is not as stable as you might think and each of our DNAs is building up small changes over our lifetime. Sometimes these mutations can lead to trouble (for example, \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/cancer-origins\">almost all cases of cancer\u003c/a> come from DNA mutations) but most are harmless. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These mutations are random events that can happen in a couple of different ways. Sometimes something in the environment like cigarette smoke or the ultraviolet light from the sun damages the DNA. Other times our cells make a mistake when they copy their DNA and that mistake is passed on to the next generation of cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both cases, the mutations are going to be specific to a person. The odds are definitely against two different cells making a mistake in the same place in each of their DNAs. Same thing with ultraviolet light targeting the exact same two T’s in two different people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49607\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/25/genetic-sleuthing/mutateddna/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49607\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/MutatedDNA.gif\" alt=\"A couple of the ways DNA can be changed.\" width=\"225\" height=\"151\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49607\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A couple of the ways DNA can be changed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So there are unique DNA differences between identical twins that scientists can use to tell them apart. Why aren’t the police using these differences to catch their criminal? Because the cost is too high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The police are saying that it would cost one million euros to do the required testing. No matter how hard I try, I can’t seem to wrap my head around that price tag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked around and right now it costs between $5000 and $10,000 U.S. dollars to sequence an entire genome here in California. I know things are more expensive in Europe but unless the euro has crashed big time in the last few weeks, I can’t get to a million euros.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They would need to sequence the DNA of both twins and the DNA from each of the six crime scenes. Let’s call that $100,000 U.S. Do they really need an extra $900,000 to analyze the data?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now to be fair, getting this information isn’t that easy. The mutations I was talking about happen in different places in different cells. A person may get a DNA change in his skin cell different from one in his blood or cheek cell. So the police need to be very careful about which tissues they choose to test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, since these are sexual assaults there may have been semen from the rapist at some of the crime scenes. Sperm cells have a pretty high rate of mutation because men are constantly making new sperm. In fact, these mutations are why the children of older men are at \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/older-dads%E2%80%99-kids-higher-risk-genetic-disease\">a higher risk for certain diseases\u003c/a>. So sperm would be an ideal source for looking at the whole genome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sperm wouldn’t be as ideal for looking at epigenetic changes. Before DNA is packaged into sperm, most of the epigenetic markers are wiped clean. Not all of them (which is one way environmental effects can be \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/original_news/news134\">passed from one generation to the next\u003c/a>), but enough so that this may not be the best approach with sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The epigenetic approach would be better for other tissues. It is more expensive but scientists need to look at less DNA so the price pretty much evens out in the end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line is that there are tests available to distinguish between the twins and that the tests probably wouldn’t cost one million euros. Still, even if the tests are “only” 100,000 euros, that is still a lot of money. It is up to society and the government whether or not catching one (or two) criminals is worth this cost.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There are unique DNA differences between identical twins that scientists can use to tell them apart. Why isn't law enforcement using these differences to catch their criminal? Because the cost is too high.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1362707229,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":881},"headData":{"title":"Genetic Sleuthing, Or How To Catch The Right Identical Twin Criminal | KQED","description":"There are unique DNA differences between identical twins that scientists can use to tell them apart. Why isn't law enforcement using these differences to catch their criminal? Because the cost is too high.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"49602 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=49602","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/25/genetic-sleuthing/","disqusTitle":"Genetic Sleuthing, Or How To Catch The Right Identical Twin Criminal ","path":"/quest/49602/genetic-sleuthing","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/IdenticalTwinsRedhair.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/IdenticalTwinsRedhair.jpg\" alt='\"Identical twins like these can finally be told apart at the genetic level for only a few thousand dollars. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Redhead_twins.jpg' width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49603\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/IdenticalTwinsRedhair.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/IdenticalTwinsRedhair-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Identical twins like these can finally be told apart at the genetic level for only a few thousand dollars. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Redhead_twins.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The police in Marseille France are \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21401200\">struggling to solve a sexual assault case\u003c/a>. They have solid video evidence and have even matched DNA from the crime scene with two suspects but they still can’t figure it out. See, the problem is that the suspects are identical twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Identical twins look pretty similar so unless the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15107687/ns/dateline_nbc-crime_reports/#.URvjYR37Ls4\">police get lucky\u003c/a> like they did in Boston, video evidence can’t usually be used to tell them apart. And identical twins share the same DNA so conventional DNA tests can’t be used either. The police are in a real pickle. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except that they don’t have to be. As the police are aware, there are less conventional tests that can find the few differences between the DNA of identical twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of our DNA is exactly the same as when we were a fertilized egg, floating towards our mother’s womb. Our life experiences change our DNA in many different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there are chemical marks on our DNA that help to control which genes should be turned on where and to what level. These epigenetic marks are added and removed over our life time in response to our specific set of experiences. This is true for all of us including identical twins. In fact, scientists have actually looked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=identical-twins-exhibit-d\">these epigenetic markers in identical twins\u003c/a> and have found them to be different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way our DNA can change is through mutation. DNA is not as stable as you might think and each of our DNAs is building up small changes over our lifetime. Sometimes these mutations can lead to trouble (for example, \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/cancer-origins\">almost all cases of cancer\u003c/a> come from DNA mutations) but most are harmless. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These mutations are random events that can happen in a couple of different ways. Sometimes something in the environment like cigarette smoke or the ultraviolet light from the sun damages the DNA. Other times our cells make a mistake when they copy their DNA and that mistake is passed on to the next generation of cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both cases, the mutations are going to be specific to a person. The odds are definitely against two different cells making a mistake in the same place in each of their DNAs. Same thing with ultraviolet light targeting the exact same two T’s in two different people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49607\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/25/genetic-sleuthing/mutateddna/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49607\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/MutatedDNA.gif\" alt=\"A couple of the ways DNA can be changed.\" width=\"225\" height=\"151\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49607\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A couple of the ways DNA can be changed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So there are unique DNA differences between identical twins that scientists can use to tell them apart. Why aren’t the police using these differences to catch their criminal? Because the cost is too high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The police are saying that it would cost one million euros to do the required testing. No matter how hard I try, I can’t seem to wrap my head around that price tag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked around and right now it costs between $5000 and $10,000 U.S. dollars to sequence an entire genome here in California. I know things are more expensive in Europe but unless the euro has crashed big time in the last few weeks, I can’t get to a million euros.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They would need to sequence the DNA of both twins and the DNA from each of the six crime scenes. Let’s call that $100,000 U.S. Do they really need an extra $900,000 to analyze the data?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now to be fair, getting this information isn’t that easy. The mutations I was talking about happen in different places in different cells. A person may get a DNA change in his skin cell different from one in his blood or cheek cell. So the police need to be very careful about which tissues they choose to test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, since these are sexual assaults there may have been semen from the rapist at some of the crime scenes. Sperm cells have a pretty high rate of mutation because men are constantly making new sperm. In fact, these mutations are why the children of older men are at \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/older-dads%E2%80%99-kids-higher-risk-genetic-disease\">a higher risk for certain diseases\u003c/a>. So sperm would be an ideal source for looking at the whole genome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sperm wouldn’t be as ideal for looking at epigenetic changes. Before DNA is packaged into sperm, most of the epigenetic markers are wiped clean. Not all of them (which is one way environmental effects can be \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/original_news/news134\">passed from one generation to the next\u003c/a>), but enough so that this may not be the best approach with sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The epigenetic approach would be better for other tissues. It is more expensive but scientists need to look at less DNA so the price pretty much evens out in the end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line is that there are tests available to distinguish between the twins and that the tests probably wouldn’t cost one million euros. Still, even if the tests are “only” 100,000 euros, that is still a lot of money. It is up to society and the government whether or not catching one (or two) criminals is worth this cost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49602/genetic-sleuthing","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_738","quest_1129","quest_9734","quest_13202","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_49997","label":"quest"},"quest_7838":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_7838","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"7838","score":null,"sort":[1283376374000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fascination-with-forensics","title":"Fascination with Forensics","publishDate":1283376374,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/skuills.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>In certain circumstances, a body can skeletonize in ten to fourteen days.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a magnet on my fridge that my girlfriend bought me. It says, “I like poetry, long walks on the beach and poking dead things with a stick.\" It’s so funny to me because it’s true! Many beach walks with my grandfather growing up involved poking dead crabs, jellyfish, and a random seagull or two and when he wasn’t looking putting them in my orange bucket. I also learned and practiced massage from an early age on. Working on muscles and pressure points intrigued me about the inner workings of the human body. I loved the cadaver show that came to San Francisco a few years back because I could visually see what my hands had felt over countless years doing massage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, I read \"Stiff\" by \u003ca href=\"http://www.maryroach.net/\">Mary Roach\u003c/a>. I went to my family and told them when I die they were under strict instruction to donate my body to science. Like the cadavers in Mary Roach’s book, I want my earthly remains to be busy and useful post humus albeit in plastic surgery, teaching anatomy or being a crash test dummy. My family just rolled their eyes, shook their heads and muttered, \"Only Cat.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another great book about dead people recently crossed my path and I am reading it now. \"Dead Men Do Tell Tales\" by \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Maples\">William R. Maples, Ph.D.\u003c/a> is the assigned book for the next \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecafesf.com/2010/08/16/monday-913-book-club-dead-men-do-tell-tales/\">Down to a Science Book Club\u003c/a> get together on Monday, September 13 at Books Inc. I am having a wonderful time reading this book as it a chronicles a brilliant career of a forensic anthropologist in Florida. In starting this book, I thought I knew a lot about forensics but many times I have caught myself very surprised to learn something new about the field and its make-up. Below are a few tidbits from the book that piqued my interest:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- Body decomposition is subjective. A body that is wrapped or in a container will decompose differently that one left out in the air. Temperature, climate, season, how deep a body is buried all affects the rate of decomposition. One instance is given in the book of a grave containing three bodies that had different rates of decomposition because each body was at a different depth - even though they were buried at the same time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- In certain circumstances, a body can skeletonize in ten to fourteen days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- Caught and gutted tiger sharks have yielded the highest number of human remains found. However, the corrosive juice in the stomach of a tiger shark can dissolve bone beyond recognition in a short window of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- Forensic anthropologists are not medical doctors although they do hold doctorates. Their specialty is the study of the human skeleton and often can find details on human remains that a coroner or medical examiner will overlook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- “The vibrating Stryker saw used in autopsies [is] a tool whole circular blade does not spin, but instead oscillates back and forth at high speed so that is will not cut skin, but only bone.” (Maples, pg 40).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am only a quarter of the way through the book; this book is not for those with weak stomachs as the stories are macabre and graphic. However, I am learning so much about this field and finding a new found respect for those that practice it. I am greatly looking forward to finishing the book and engaging in a very lively conversation about its grisly contents at the next book club meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There is a magnet on my fridge that my girlfriend bought me. It says, \"I like poetry, long walks on the beach and poking dead things with a stick.\" It's so funny to me because it's true!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1283376374,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":612},"headData":{"title":"Fascination with Forensics | KQED","description":"There is a magnet on my fridge that my girlfriend bought me. It says, "I like poetry, long walks on the beach and poking dead things with a stick." It's so funny to me because it's true!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"7838 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/09/01/fascination-with-forensics/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/09/01/fascination-with-forensics/","disqusTitle":"Fascination with Forensics","path":"/quest/7838/fascination-with-forensics","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/skuills.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>In certain circumstances, a body can skeletonize in ten to fourteen days.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a magnet on my fridge that my girlfriend bought me. It says, “I like poetry, long walks on the beach and poking dead things with a stick.\" It’s so funny to me because it’s true! Many beach walks with my grandfather growing up involved poking dead crabs, jellyfish, and a random seagull or two and when he wasn’t looking putting them in my orange bucket. I also learned and practiced massage from an early age on. Working on muscles and pressure points intrigued me about the inner workings of the human body. I loved the cadaver show that came to San Francisco a few years back because I could visually see what my hands had felt over countless years doing massage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, I read \"Stiff\" by \u003ca href=\"http://www.maryroach.net/\">Mary Roach\u003c/a>. I went to my family and told them when I die they were under strict instruction to donate my body to science. Like the cadavers in Mary Roach’s book, I want my earthly remains to be busy and useful post humus albeit in plastic surgery, teaching anatomy or being a crash test dummy. My family just rolled their eyes, shook their heads and muttered, \"Only Cat.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another great book about dead people recently crossed my path and I am reading it now. \"Dead Men Do Tell Tales\" by \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Maples\">William R. Maples, Ph.D.\u003c/a> is the assigned book for the next \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecafesf.com/2010/08/16/monday-913-book-club-dead-men-do-tell-tales/\">Down to a Science Book Club\u003c/a> get together on Monday, September 13 at Books Inc. I am having a wonderful time reading this book as it a chronicles a brilliant career of a forensic anthropologist in Florida. In starting this book, I thought I knew a lot about forensics but many times I have caught myself very surprised to learn something new about the field and its make-up. Below are a few tidbits from the book that piqued my interest:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- Body decomposition is subjective. A body that is wrapped or in a container will decompose differently that one left out in the air. Temperature, climate, season, how deep a body is buried all affects the rate of decomposition. One instance is given in the book of a grave containing three bodies that had different rates of decomposition because each body was at a different depth - even though they were buried at the same time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- In certain circumstances, a body can skeletonize in ten to fourteen days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- Caught and gutted tiger sharks have yielded the highest number of human remains found. However, the corrosive juice in the stomach of a tiger shark can dissolve bone beyond recognition in a short window of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- Forensic anthropologists are not medical doctors although they do hold doctorates. Their specialty is the study of the human skeleton and often can find details on human remains that a coroner or medical examiner will overlook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- “The vibrating Stryker saw used in autopsies [is] a tool whole circular blade does not spin, but instead oscillates back and forth at high speed so that is will not cut skin, but only bone.” (Maples, pg 40).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am only a quarter of the way through the book; this book is not for those with weak stomachs as the stories are macabre and graphic. However, I am learning so much about this field and finding a new found respect for those that practice it. I am greatly looking forward to finishing the book and engaging in a very lively conversation about its grisly contents at the next book club meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/7838/fascination-with-forensics","authors":["10173"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_1129"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2866":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2866","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2866","score":null,"sort":[1245697486000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"5-out-of-9-justices-recommend-leaving-innocent-people-in-jail","title":"5 out of 9 Justices Recommend Leaving Innocent People in Jail","publishDate":1245697486,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/ussc.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>In a truly awful decision reminiscent of Gore vs. Bush, the Supreme Court has decided that there should be \u003ca href=\"http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=000&invol=08-6&friend=nytimes\">no federal mandate for genetic testing after someone has been convicted\u003c/a>. Even though DNA evidence can free innocent people who were wrongfully accused. How absurd is this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is especially hard to understand when there is ample evidence that there are plenty of innocents in prison. And when a DNA test can prove so conclusive in showing their innocence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A case I use in a high school activity (and which will be highlighted in the new \u003cem>Technology Benefiting Humanity\u003c/em> exhibition at The Tech) involves \u003ca href=\"http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/49.php\">Marvin Anderson\u003c/a>. He is an African American who was convicted of rape by an all white jury in the South.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Court TV produced a great documentary that details all of the mistakes that sent Marvin to prison. And how the Virginia state government, much like our current Supreme Court, fought the simple DNA test that eventually proved his innocence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marvin was a suspect because he had a white girlfriend and the rapist had said that he had a white girlfriend during the attack. In a photo line up, Marvin’s was the only picture in color. Then, in the real line up, Marvin was the only man who had been shown in the photo line up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marvin’s lawyer represented the man who had really committed the crime. The trial lasted one day and as I said, Marvin was sent to jail by an all white jury. And while Marvin languished in prison, the real rapist confessed but the judge threw out the confession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.innocenceproject.org/\">Innocence Project\u003c/a> took up the case. The Innocence Project uses genetic testing to free innocent men and women. After hearing the details of Marvin’s case, they decided to help him clear his name. And it was not easy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, they had to find the evidence from the case. This is often hard to do because evidence gets thrown away after a certain amount of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, by a miraculous fluke, the Virginia government found the evidence from the rape kit... it had been saved in a lab notebook. So all that needed to be done was to see if the DNA from the crime scene matched Marvin's. If it didn’t, then Marvin most likely was innocent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Virginia government would not allow the evidence to be tested. Apparently, just like the Supreme Court, procedure mattered more than innocence to the bureaucrats involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/marvinanderson.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>How many people like Marvin Anderson are waiting for the justice system to do the right thing?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Finally, in 2001, after Marvin had been in jail for 15 years and spent four years on parole, Virginia passed an Innocence Project backed statute that allowed DNA evidence to be tested in some cases. Marvin’s was the first evidence tested under the new statute. He was found to be innocent and the police were able to use the evidence to catch the real rapist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Virginia government had not done the right thing, the real rapist would be free to continue committing crimes. And everyone would still see Marvin as a rapist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are undoubtedly Marvins rotting in jail in the three states that don’t allow for genetic testing after a conviction (Alaska, Oklahoma, and Massachusetts). And other Marvins are probably in those other states that only allow genetic testing in certain situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court could have given all of these innocent people the chance that Marvin finally got after 19 years. But five justices decided against doing that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I suppose there is probably some legalese reason why the Supreme Court ruled that innocent people should stay locked up. But I am not lawyer enough to understand it. And neither are the Marvins still out there, waiting for justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In a truly awful decision reminiscent of Gore vs. Bush, the Supreme Court has decided that there should be no federal mandate for genetic testing after someone has been convicted","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1343973982,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":652},"headData":{"title":"5 out of 9 Justices Recommend Leaving Innocent People in Jail | KQED","description":"In a truly awful decision reminiscent of Gore vs. Bush, the Supreme Court has decided that there should be no federal mandate for genetic testing after someone has been convicted","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"2866 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2866","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/06/22/5-out-of-9-justices-recommend-leaving-innocent-people-in-jail/","disqusTitle":"5 out of 9 Justices Recommend Leaving Innocent People in Jail","path":"/quest/2866/5-out-of-9-justices-recommend-leaving-innocent-people-in-jail","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/ussc.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>In a truly awful decision reminiscent of Gore vs. Bush, the Supreme Court has decided that there should be \u003ca href=\"http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=000&invol=08-6&friend=nytimes\">no federal mandate for genetic testing after someone has been convicted\u003c/a>. Even though DNA evidence can free innocent people who were wrongfully accused. How absurd is this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is especially hard to understand when there is ample evidence that there are plenty of innocents in prison. And when a DNA test can prove so conclusive in showing their innocence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A case I use in a high school activity (and which will be highlighted in the new \u003cem>Technology Benefiting Humanity\u003c/em> exhibition at The Tech) involves \u003ca href=\"http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/49.php\">Marvin Anderson\u003c/a>. He is an African American who was convicted of rape by an all white jury in the South.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Court TV produced a great documentary that details all of the mistakes that sent Marvin to prison. And how the Virginia state government, much like our current Supreme Court, fought the simple DNA test that eventually proved his innocence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marvin was a suspect because he had a white girlfriend and the rapist had said that he had a white girlfriend during the attack. In a photo line up, Marvin’s was the only picture in color. Then, in the real line up, Marvin was the only man who had been shown in the photo line up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marvin’s lawyer represented the man who had really committed the crime. The trial lasted one day and as I said, Marvin was sent to jail by an all white jury. And while Marvin languished in prison, the real rapist confessed but the judge threw out the confession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.innocenceproject.org/\">Innocence Project\u003c/a> took up the case. The Innocence Project uses genetic testing to free innocent men and women. After hearing the details of Marvin’s case, they decided to help him clear his name. And it was not easy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, they had to find the evidence from the case. This is often hard to do because evidence gets thrown away after a certain amount of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, by a miraculous fluke, the Virginia government found the evidence from the rape kit... it had been saved in a lab notebook. So all that needed to be done was to see if the DNA from the crime scene matched Marvin's. If it didn’t, then Marvin most likely was innocent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Virginia government would not allow the evidence to be tested. Apparently, just like the Supreme Court, procedure mattered more than innocence to the bureaucrats involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/marvinanderson.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>How many people like Marvin Anderson are waiting for the justice system to do the right thing?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Finally, in 2001, after Marvin had been in jail for 15 years and spent four years on parole, Virginia passed an Innocence Project backed statute that allowed DNA evidence to be tested in some cases. Marvin’s was the first evidence tested under the new statute. He was found to be innocent and the police were able to use the evidence to catch the real rapist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Virginia government had not done the right thing, the real rapist would be free to continue committing crimes. And everyone would still see Marvin as a rapist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are undoubtedly Marvins rotting in jail in the three states that don’t allow for genetic testing after a conviction (Alaska, Oklahoma, and Massachusetts). And other Marvins are probably in those other states that only allow genetic testing in certain situations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Supreme Court could have given all of these innocent people the chance that Marvin finally got after 19 years. But five justices decided against doing that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I suppose there is probably some legalese reason why the Supreme Court ruled that innocent people should stay locked up. But I am not lawyer enough to understand it. And neither are the Marvins still out there, waiting for justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2866/5-out-of-9-justices-recommend-leaving-innocent-people-in-jail","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_1"],"tags":["quest_728","quest_848","quest_1129","quest_1191","quest_1470","quest_1553","quest_1762","quest_2076","quest_2841","quest_2884"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2199":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2199","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2199","score":null,"sort":[1240858379000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tracking-genetics-in-popular-culture","title":"Tracking Genetics in Popular Culture","publishDate":1240858379,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>One of the most fun parts about my job is answering people's genetics questions at our \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/index.php\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/a> website. We get around 200 questions each month from all over the world and they definitely keep me on my toes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also give me a feel for what is going on with science in popular culture. I can tell this by looking at Google Analytics data and seeing which of our previous answers has had an upsurge in visits. (We post around one new answer online per week.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, whenever PBS airs a show on how a mutation called CCR5-delta 32 may have made people resistant to the plague, I get an uptick in the hits on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=10\">answer\u003c/a> that deals with that topic. When \u003cem>House\u003c/em> (a show on Fox) had a character say that of course someone was adopted because he had a cleft chin and his parents didn't, I got an uptick on the \u003ca>answer\u003c/a> that dealt with that. (The answer is that a child can have a cleft chin even if his or her parents don't.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last couple of weeks, there has been a surge in our answers about chimeras. Usually this means that somewhere in the world, a certain episode of CSI is being shown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=233\">Chimeras\u003c/a> start out as fraternal twins that fuse together at a very early stage. What this means is that chimeras have two sets of DNA. Some of their cells have the DNA from one twin and the rest of their cells have DNA from the other twin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can imagine, these folks can wreak havoc with a police investigation! What happened in the CSI episode was that the DNA from the crime scene did not match the DNA from the most likely suspect. In the end we find out that the suspect is a chimera and that the evidence left behind at the crime scene had one set of DNA and that the blood they tested had a different set of DNA. From the same person!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is great that there is so much science starting to seep into popular culture. If the science is accurate, it is a great way to get people involved in science. I just wish it was accurate more often.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the last couple of weeks, on another blog of mine there has been a surge in our answers about genetic chimeras. Usually this means that somewhere in the world, a certain episode of CSI is being shown.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457749695,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":396},"headData":{"title":"Tracking Genetics in Popular Culture | KQED","description":"In the last couple of weeks, on another blog of mine there has been a surge in our answers about genetic chimeras. Usually this means that somewhere in the world, a certain episode of CSI is being shown.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"2199 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2199","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/27/tracking-genetics-in-popular-culture/","disqusTitle":"Tracking Genetics in Popular Culture","path":"/quest/2199/tracking-genetics-in-popular-culture","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the most fun parts about my job is answering people's genetics questions at our \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/index.php\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/a> website. We get around 200 questions each month from all over the world and they definitely keep me on my toes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also give me a feel for what is going on with science in popular culture. I can tell this by looking at Google Analytics data and seeing which of our previous answers has had an upsurge in visits. (We post around one new answer online per week.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, whenever PBS airs a show on how a mutation called CCR5-delta 32 may have made people resistant to the plague, I get an uptick in the hits on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=10\">answer\u003c/a> that deals with that topic. When \u003cem>House\u003c/em> (a show on Fox) had a character say that of course someone was adopted because he had a cleft chin and his parents didn't, I got an uptick on the \u003ca>answer\u003c/a> that dealt with that. (The answer is that a child can have a cleft chin even if his or her parents don't.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last couple of weeks, there has been a surge in our answers about chimeras. Usually this means that somewhere in the world, a certain episode of CSI is being shown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=233\">Chimeras\u003c/a> start out as fraternal twins that fuse together at a very early stage. What this means is that chimeras have two sets of DNA. Some of their cells have the DNA from one twin and the rest of their cells have DNA from the other twin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can imagine, these folks can wreak havoc with a police investigation! What happened in the CSI episode was that the DNA from the crime scene did not match the DNA from the most likely suspect. In the end we find out that the suspect is a chimera and that the evidence left behind at the crime scene had one set of DNA and that the blood they tested had a different set of DNA. From the same person!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is great that there is so much science starting to seep into popular culture. If the science is accurate, it is a great way to get people involved in science. I just wish it was accurate more often.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2199/tracking-genetics-in-popular-culture","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_578","quest_728","quest_738","quest_848","quest_1129","quest_1192","quest_1197"],"featImg":"quest_2200","label":"quest"},"quest_672":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_672","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"672","score":null,"sort":[1214613199000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-wildlife-csi","title":"Reporter's Notes: Wildlife CSI","publishDate":1214613199,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/radio2-38_wildlife_csi3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>I knew I was in trouble when I saw the jars. Big jars, filled with tinted liquid, with weird things suspended in them. Things that definitely used to be alive, and that I would not have wanted to see when they WERE alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of my favorites is this one here,\" says my host, \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/enforcement/caltip.aspx\">Senior Wildlife Forensic Specialist\u003c/a> Jeff Rodzen, \"we have a bird who choked to death on the head of a lizard.\" Hmm. A favorite? Maybe compared to the others lining the wall: jars filled with parasitic worms, a tule elk fetus, a see-through rabbit where you can see every bone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add in the bighorn sheep skull among the modern equipment, and the paws sticking up in the back of the evidence and it made for a surreal day of reporting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the autopsy and necropsy room at the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Fish_and_Game\">California Fish and Game\u003c/a> office in Rancho Cordova, about 12 miles east of Sacramento. This is the place where blood and hair and small fibers from wildlife crime scenes are DNA-matched for all the poaching cases in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a fascinating place, if a little macabre. And it was the starting point for a QUEST radio story that had many more story lines than I could possibly pursue in one feature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>I learned about a canine program designed to track down poachers, and an offshoot of that program that actually sniffs out invasive species like \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quagga_mussel\">Quagga mussels\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>I found out how dangerous the job of Game Warden actually is, and the reasons it’s so hard to recruit new officers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And I found out how complicated poaching can become, and how endemic it is in California.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>I discovered there’s a subculture of poaching.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Some poachers hit the country backroads late at night, right after the bars close, and Game Warden Todd Tognazzini said those are the easier ones to catch. But the ones who are good at it use sophisticated communications equipment, night-vision sights on their guns, and small, strong flashlights to stun wild pigs or deer into standing still. This is called \"spotlighting.\" Some poachers will black out their brake lights, run on roads without headlights, and use other ingenious ways to keep a low profile while they illegally hunt wild animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Game warden is one of the most dangerous law enforcement jobs around-- after all, you're going into a remote area, with no backup, to confront people who are carrying guns and knives. Would any urban police officer do that? There is a dearth of game wardens in California, partly due to decades of budget cuts. Last thing I found: The newest high-tech method of tracking down poachers is actually pretty low-tech. Dogs. \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/enforcement/K9/\">A new canine program helps game wardens find illegal animal kills\u003c/a>. Not surprisingly, poachers hide their contraband, and it's not easy for game wardens to find it. Lieutenant Kristie Wurster is stationed in Alpine County, near Placerville. She’s one of 18 wardens in the canine-training program, and she uses her dog Wrigley to sniff out illegal fishing and hunting. \u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/inspection1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wurster estimates the dog saves about 800 man-hours of work a year. \"We are so small in numbers and we just tip the iceberg of how much poaching is going on,\" she says. \"That’s why I’m so excited about the program, to have another set of eyes and ears – and nose – to be able to detect the issues.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/wildlife-csi\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/wildlife-csi\">Listen to the \"Wildlife CSI\" Radio report\u003c/a> online, and check out our \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/sets/72157605848722214/\">photo set on Flickr\u003c/a> which includes: photos of a game warden at work tracking poachers in the foothills of southern Monterey County, as well as deer, boar, abalone and other illegally killed animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.570226 -121.327390\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1214613199,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":636},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Wildlife CSI | KQED","description":"I knew I was in trouble when I saw the jars. Big jars, filled with tinted liquid, with weird things suspended in them. Things that definitely used to be alive, and that I would not have wanted to see when they WERE alive. "One of my favorites is this one here," says my host, Senior","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"672 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=672","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/27/reporters-notes-wildlife-csi/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Wildlife CSI","path":"/quest/672/reporters-notes-wildlife-csi","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/radio2-38_wildlife_csi3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>I knew I was in trouble when I saw the jars. Big jars, filled with tinted liquid, with weird things suspended in them. Things that definitely used to be alive, and that I would not have wanted to see when they WERE alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of my favorites is this one here,\" says my host, \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/enforcement/caltip.aspx\">Senior Wildlife Forensic Specialist\u003c/a> Jeff Rodzen, \"we have a bird who choked to death on the head of a lizard.\" Hmm. A favorite? Maybe compared to the others lining the wall: jars filled with parasitic worms, a tule elk fetus, a see-through rabbit where you can see every bone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add in the bighorn sheep skull among the modern equipment, and the paws sticking up in the back of the evidence and it made for a surreal day of reporting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the autopsy and necropsy room at the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Fish_and_Game\">California Fish and Game\u003c/a> office in Rancho Cordova, about 12 miles east of Sacramento. This is the place where blood and hair and small fibers from wildlife crime scenes are DNA-matched for all the poaching cases in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a fascinating place, if a little macabre. And it was the starting point for a QUEST radio story that had many more story lines than I could possibly pursue in one feature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>I learned about a canine program designed to track down poachers, and an offshoot of that program that actually sniffs out invasive species like \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quagga_mussel\">Quagga mussels\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>I found out how dangerous the job of Game Warden actually is, and the reasons it’s so hard to recruit new officers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And I found out how complicated poaching can become, and how endemic it is in California.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>I discovered there’s a subculture of poaching.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Some poachers hit the country backroads late at night, right after the bars close, and Game Warden Todd Tognazzini said those are the easier ones to catch. But the ones who are good at it use sophisticated communications equipment, night-vision sights on their guns, and small, strong flashlights to stun wild pigs or deer into standing still. This is called \"spotlighting.\" Some poachers will black out their brake lights, run on roads without headlights, and use other ingenious ways to keep a low profile while they illegally hunt wild animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Game warden is one of the most dangerous law enforcement jobs around-- after all, you're going into a remote area, with no backup, to confront people who are carrying guns and knives. Would any urban police officer do that? There is a dearth of game wardens in California, partly due to decades of budget cuts. Last thing I found: The newest high-tech method of tracking down poachers is actually pretty low-tech. Dogs. \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/enforcement/K9/\">A new canine program helps game wardens find illegal animal kills\u003c/a>. Not surprisingly, poachers hide their contraband, and it's not easy for game wardens to find it. Lieutenant Kristie Wurster is stationed in Alpine County, near Placerville. She’s one of 18 wardens in the canine-training program, and she uses her dog Wrigley to sniff out illegal fishing and hunting. \u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/inspection1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wurster estimates the dog saves about 800 man-hours of work a year. \"We are so small in numbers and we just tip the iceberg of how much poaching is going on,\" she says. \"That’s why I’m so excited about the program, to have another set of eyes and ears – and nose – to be able to detect the issues.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/wildlife-csi\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/wildlife-csi\">Listen to the \"Wildlife CSI\" Radio report\u003c/a> online, and check out our \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/sets/72157605848722214/\">photo set on Flickr\u003c/a> which includes: photos of a game warden at work tracking poachers in the foothills of southern Monterey County, as well as deer, boar, abalone and other illegally killed animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.570226 -121.327390\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/672/reporters-notes-wildlife-csi","authors":["8656"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_438","quest_477","quest_513","quest_819","quest_848","quest_857","quest_1103","quest_1129","quest_1166","quest_1167","quest_1419","quest_3351","quest_1961","quest_2141","quest_2240","quest_2344","quest_2349","quest_13206","quest_2816"],"label":"quest"},"quest_660":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_660","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"660","score":null,"sort":[1214009780000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-how-to-id-a-bullet","title":"Reporter's Notes: How to ID a Bullet","publishDate":1214009780,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/radio2-37_bullets3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was excited to be working on this story. After all, it's not that often that a primarily environmental reporter gets to spend a couple weeks focusing on forensics technology and the debate over gun control (let alone receive firearms training on a 38-special from a senior criminalist at the DOJ's California Criminalistics Institute). In the end, there was much, much more to report than I could squeeze into five minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of microstamping will want to have heard from the technology's inventor, Todd Lizotte of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nanomark.com/Ballistic-id-tagging/ballisticindex.htm\" target=\"_blank\">NanoMark Technologies\u003c/a>. Lizotte reports a much higher success rate than the UC Davis study and, according to a microstamping supporter I spoke with, has declined any potential profits he might have made on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microstamping itself has far more subtleties than I was able to report on. Fred Tulleners experimented with (and had various degrees of success with) several different types of stamping, as documented in the report he and others prepared for the California Policy Research Center. Even for a non-ballistics expert, \u003ca href=\"http://extension.ucdavis.edu/masters/forensic%5Fscience/pdf/UCD-Microserial%20Number%20CPRC%20Report%20May%20April.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">that report\u003c/a> makes for compelling reading. Tullener's personal opinions on microstamping are also more complex than the story allows: He told me that he would like to see more investment in law enforcement and detection -- on the street investments, in other words, rather than new technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also want to point out that the story overestimates the overall success rate of Tulleners' microstamping tests. I say that microstamping worked \"roughly three quarters;\" of the time; in actuality, Tulleners says it was closer to 50 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, there's more afoot in the world of gun control technology than I was able to delve into. For example, \"Smart Guns,\" which would recognize and respond exclusively to their registered owner's grip. Supporters point in particular to the number of minors killed while playing with their parents' guns. Of course, controversy follows every new gun proposal. \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2002/04/52178\" target=\"_blank\">Here’s a Wired article\u003c/a> about the Smart Guns debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-to-id-a-bullet\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-to-id-a-bullet\">Listen to the \"How to ID a Bullet\" Radio report\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.546793 -121.449336\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443833302,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":356},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: How to ID a Bullet | KQED","description":"I was excited to be working on this story. After all, it's not that often that a primarily environmental reporter gets to spend a couple weeks focusing on forensics technology and the debate over gun control (let alone receive firearms training on a 38-special from a senior criminalist at the DOJ's California Criminalistics Institute). In","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"660 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=660","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/20/reporters-notes-how-to-id-a-bullet/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: How to ID a Bullet","path":"/quest/660/reporters-notes-how-to-id-a-bullet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/radio2-37_bullets3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was excited to be working on this story. After all, it's not that often that a primarily environmental reporter gets to spend a couple weeks focusing on forensics technology and the debate over gun control (let alone receive firearms training on a 38-special from a senior criminalist at the DOJ's California Criminalistics Institute). In the end, there was much, much more to report than I could squeeze into five minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of microstamping will want to have heard from the technology's inventor, Todd Lizotte of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nanomark.com/Ballistic-id-tagging/ballisticindex.htm\" target=\"_blank\">NanoMark Technologies\u003c/a>. Lizotte reports a much higher success rate than the UC Davis study and, according to a microstamping supporter I spoke with, has declined any potential profits he might have made on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microstamping itself has far more subtleties than I was able to report on. Fred Tulleners experimented with (and had various degrees of success with) several different types of stamping, as documented in the report he and others prepared for the California Policy Research Center. Even for a non-ballistics expert, \u003ca href=\"http://extension.ucdavis.edu/masters/forensic%5Fscience/pdf/UCD-Microserial%20Number%20CPRC%20Report%20May%20April.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">that report\u003c/a> makes for compelling reading. Tullener's personal opinions on microstamping are also more complex than the story allows: He told me that he would like to see more investment in law enforcement and detection -- on the street investments, in other words, rather than new technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also want to point out that the story overestimates the overall success rate of Tulleners' microstamping tests. I say that microstamping worked \"roughly three quarters;\" of the time; in actuality, Tulleners says it was closer to 50 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, there's more afoot in the world of gun control technology than I was able to delve into. For example, \"Smart Guns,\" which would recognize and respond exclusively to their registered owner's grip. Supporters point in particular to the number of minors killed while playing with their parents' guns. Of course, controversy follows every new gun proposal. \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2002/04/52178\" target=\"_blank\">Here’s a Wired article\u003c/a> about the Smart Guns debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-to-id-a-bullet\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-to-id-a-bullet\">Listen to the \"How to ID a Bullet\" Radio report\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.546793 -121.449336\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/660/reporters-notes-how-to-id-a-bullet","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_8"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_410","quest_444","quest_728","quest_816","quest_1129","quest_1286","quest_3351","quest_1817","quest_2141","quest_2331","quest_2349","quest_13206","quest_2530"],"label":"quest"},"quest_399":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_399","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"399","score":null,"sort":[1202149307000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-to-get-away-with-murder","title":"How to get away with murder","publishDate":1202149307,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/dnaevidence.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/24/2146032.htm\">ABC\u003c/a>, Yahoo! and others ran a story about a woman who had a liver transplant whose blood type ended up changing. I love stories like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not because of the change itself. Most likely, stem cells traveled from the new liver to the patient’s bone marrow. There, the stem cells set up shop and gave her a new blood type.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What intrigues me is what these types of stories mean for solving crimes. Because changed blood type usually means changed blood DNA. In other words, her blood cells now have different DNA from the other cells in her body. This can really confound an investigation if the police aren’t careful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this was a very rare event. But bone marrow transplants aren’t. And every bone marrow transplant results in blood cells with different DNA compared to the rest of the recipient’s cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that someone who has had a bone marrow transplant does something wrong and leaves blood behind at the crime scene. The police do a cheek swab to gather DNA evidence and check it against the police DNA database as well as likely suspects (including our bone marrow recipient).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The police don’t catch our bone marrow recipient because his cheek DNA is different than his new blood DNA. So he is off the hook (as long as the police don’t check the blood too). But they do get a match and arrest someone—the donor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds weird but something almost like this \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=208%E2%80%9D\">complicated a case in Alaska\u003c/a> a few years ago. There was a serious crime and a semen sample from the crime scene matched a known criminal’s DNA. But the person whose DNA matched the DNA from the crime scene had a strong alibi…he was in jail at the time! So what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A little further investigation showed that the guy in jail had received a bone marrow transplant from his brother. And his brother was the one who committed the crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one worked out all right in the end. But what would have happened to the brother if he weren’t in jail at the time? Would an overworked public defender have figured something like this out? The guy was lucky he was already in jail!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So people with bone marrow transplants need to be careful. And the police need to be careful about what sample they take from suspects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">-33.8027\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">150.988\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.800833 -121.620833\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1202149307,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":444},"headData":{"title":"How to get away with murder | KQED","description":"ABC, Yahoo! and others ran a story about a woman who had a liver transplant whose blood type ended up changing. I love stories like this. Not because of the change itself. Most likely, stem cells traveled from the new liver to the patient’s bone marrow. There, the stem cells set up shop and gave","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"399 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/02/04/how-to-get-away-with-murder/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/04/how-to-get-away-with-murder/","disqusTitle":"How to get away with murder","path":"/quest/399/how-to-get-away-with-murder","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/dnaevidence.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/24/2146032.htm\">ABC\u003c/a>, Yahoo! and others ran a story about a woman who had a liver transplant whose blood type ended up changing. I love stories like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not because of the change itself. Most likely, stem cells traveled from the new liver to the patient’s bone marrow. There, the stem cells set up shop and gave her a new blood type.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What intrigues me is what these types of stories mean for solving crimes. Because changed blood type usually means changed blood DNA. In other words, her blood cells now have different DNA from the other cells in her body. This can really confound an investigation if the police aren’t careful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this was a very rare event. But bone marrow transplants aren’t. And every bone marrow transplant results in blood cells with different DNA compared to the rest of the recipient’s cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that someone who has had a bone marrow transplant does something wrong and leaves blood behind at the crime scene. The police do a cheek swab to gather DNA evidence and check it against the police DNA database as well as likely suspects (including our bone marrow recipient).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The police don’t catch our bone marrow recipient because his cheek DNA is different than his new blood DNA. So he is off the hook (as long as the police don’t check the blood too). But they do get a match and arrest someone—the donor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds weird but something almost like this \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=208%E2%80%9D\">complicated a case in Alaska\u003c/a> a few years ago. There was a serious crime and a semen sample from the crime scene matched a known criminal’s DNA. But the person whose DNA matched the DNA from the crime scene had a strong alibi…he was in jail at the time! So what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A little further investigation showed that the guy in jail had received a bone marrow transplant from his brother. And his brother was the one who committed the crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one worked out all right in the end. But what would have happened to the brother if he weren’t in jail at the time? Would an overworked public defender have figured something like this out? The guy was lucky he was already in jail!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So people with bone marrow transplants need to be careful. And the police need to be careful about what sample they take from suspects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">-33.8027\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">150.988\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.800833 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fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Chelsey Juarez, a UC Santa Cruz doctoral candidate in forensic anthropology, has developed a novel technique to help identify the remains of migrants who die crossing the U.S.-Mexico border.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1332447088,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":36},"headData":{"title":"Forensic Identification | KQED","description":"Chelsey Juarez, a UC Santa Cruz doctoral candidate in forensic anthropology, has developed a novel technique to help identify the remains of migrants who die crossing the U.S.-Mexico border.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17341 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