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Among her credits are many one and two hour specials for the DCI networks and the History Channel. She was the Senior Writer on the 27-hour, award winning THC series \u003cem>Man Moment Machine\u003c/em>, which combined biography, historical event, and technology. Sarah has written on diverse subjects: from Mardi Gras in New Orleans to Mark Twain's travels through the Holy Land; from combat veteran reunions to tales of women warriors. A recent independent film that she wrote on the restoration of Tibetan Buddhist Monasteries in the Himalayas has been featured in film festivals internationally. Sarah's shows have won Cine Golden Eagle Awards, Tele Awards, and have been nominated for national Emmys.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a4eb523a08ec8940395cdb4def41e323?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sarah Kass | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a4eb523a08ec8940395cdb4def41e323?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a4eb523a08ec8940395cdb4def41e323?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sarah-kass"},"maryfecteau":{"type":"authors","id":"10426","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10426","found":true},"name":"Mary Fecteau","firstName":"Mary","lastName":"Fecteau","slug":"maryfecteau","email":"Mary.Fecteau@ideastream.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Mary Fecteau is an Educational Multimedia Producer at WVIZ/PBS ideastream. A native of Rhode Island, she began her career in 2007 at ThinkTV in Dayton, Ohio. Traveling the state for the magazine program Our Ohio, she’s covered everything from chili in Cincinnati, to coral farms in Columbus, to the infamous Cuyahoga River in Cleveland – and was awarded an Ohio Valley Regional Emmy for her work in 2010. She’s currently concentrating on web-based science and educational media, having completed several STEM-focused videos for ideastream. 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We know that tap water tastes different in different parts of the U.S., but what many of us don’t know is that the flavor variations are partly a reflection of local geology. And according to one Cleveland chef, the distinct make-up of regional waters doesn’t just impact the taste of the water we drink; it also plays an important role in shaping the taste of the local dishes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52503\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 389px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/1-STEVE.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-52503 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/1-STEVE-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Chef Steve Schimoler of Crop Bistro, in front of his water filtration system.\" width=\"389\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chef Steve Schimoler of Crop Bistro, in front of his water filtration system.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">“In many, many recipes, water is a key ingredient and many times it might be 90 percent of the recipe, so it becomes more important,” says Steve Schimoler, owner and chef at \u003ca href=\"http://cropbistro.com/\">CROP Bistro\u003c/a>, a hip eatery in the Ohio City neighborhood. “As a chef, I go out of my way to procure the best ingredients for our menu. How could you not want the best water?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Despite the earthy connotation of the name CROP, it actually stands for something a bit more technological: “Custom Restaurant Operation Platform.” Schimoler, a former food scientist for industry titans like Nestle, opened CROP as a place to develop recipes that he tests on diners—and he uses the results to advise large restaurant chains. This year he’s turned his attention to taste-testing tap water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Whether it’s myth or legend, everyone says New York bagel dough and pizza dough is so good because of the New York City water,” says Schimoler.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s myth or legend, everyone says New York bagel dough and pizza dough is so good because of the New York City water,” says Schimoler, a native New Yorker who grew up on the city’s iconic foods. So Schimoler put the myth to the test. He made three pizza doughs – one with Cleveland tap, one with New York tap, and one with Reverse Osmosis water (a heavily filtered water, which Schimoler calls “pure H20”) – and presented them to his customers without identifying them. He left it up to his customers to decide which water he should use in his pizza dough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Schimoler refers to the variation in tap water flavor – the subtle difference between Cleveland tap and New York tap – with a rather high-brow culinary term: “You hear the word ‘terroir’ in wine and produce, where those ingredients are picking up the limey-ness, or the slate-ness, or whatever the environmental impact is within a region.” Schimoler believes water can have a slight, but powerful impact – one that can make or break the overall meal he serves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Deirdre Mueller of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.awwa.org/\">American Water Works Association\u003c/a> (AWWA), this “terroir” of tap is the result of a combination of factors, such as whether the source is surface water (e.g. a lake or river), or ground water (e.g. a deep aquifer). “If the water comes from an aquifer, it’s probably been deep underground for perhaps thousands of years and it’s buried in rock, so it could be more mineral-y. A lot of bottled water companies use aquifer water and say that it tastes fresher,” she says. That said, over the last few years, all of the winners of the AWWA’s annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.awwa.org/resources-tools/public-affairs/public-affairs-events/taste-test.aspx\">Tap Water Taste Tests\u003c/a> have been sourced from surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-55339 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg\" alt=\"Untreated Lake Erie water in filtered at the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant in Cleveland. \" width=\"346\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Untreated Lake Erie water is filtered at the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant in Cleveland.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Another factor affecting the taste of tap is a region’s location within a \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/whatis.cfm\">watershed\u003c/a>. Cities that are positioned near the top of a watershed, like Denver, receive water straight from the snowpack of surrounding mountains. Being close to the source, this water does not require many disinfectants to make it potable. However, like all public drinking water in the U.S., it is treated and tested to limit the amount of certain naturally-occurring minerals and microorganisms, along with other chemicals added by the water departments (\u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/\">as mandated by the EPA\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">As water from the watershed heads downstream, its flavor often changes. “By the time water gets to cities in Southern California, for instance, it’s probably been through a handful of treatment processes in cities upstream,” says Mueller. The natural organic flavor in the water evolves into “more of a chemical taste.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Some regions require more chemical additives disinfectants than others to meet the EPA’s guidelines. The amount needed depends on environmental factors (like pollution levels) and regional health directives . In Cleveland, where Chef Schimoler’s kitchen lab is, that list includes fluoride, mandated by the state of Ohio to prevent cavities; chlorine, to kill bacteria; and orthophosphate, to help control lead corrosion in pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\"> “Regarding the taste, chlorine is one of the things that, I think, many people have a sensitivity to,” says Alex Margevicius, Interim Commissioner of \u003ca href=\"http://www.clevelandwater.com/\">Cleveland Water\u003c/a>. The EPA allows up to \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfm\">4 milligrams of chlorine per liter\u003c/a>. Cleveland Water, which sources its water from intake pipes 3-5 miles offshore in Lake Erie, currently adds 1 ½ milligrams per liter, to strike a balance between taste and safety. “Customers, in general, are more demanding than they were 20 years ago.” says Margevicius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 242px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/drinking-local-the-taste-of-tap/figi-water_ad-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54263\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-54263 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/figi-water_ad2-302x360.jpg\" alt=\"This now-infamous Fiji Water ad caused quite a stir when is was published in 2006. \" width=\"242\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Fiji Water ad published in 2006.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re more demanding because tap water has had some fierce competition: over 9 billion gallons of bottled water are sold in the U.S. every year. But simply because something costs more, doesn’t mean it’s a better product. When Fiji Water released an ad poking fun at Cleveland’s historic water troubles by proclaiming “The Label Says Fiji Because It’s Not Bottled in Cleveland,” Cleveland Water shot back. “We kind of took offense to that,” says Cleveland Water Quality Manager Maggie Rodgers, who went on to test Fiji Water side-by-side with Cleveland tap, and other bottled water brands. “Low and behold, Fiji Water came back with arsenic at higher levels than our water or the other national brands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Health concerns aside, when it comes down to what we prefer to eat and drink, it’s all about taste. Back in his kitchen laboratory, Chef Steve Schimoler assesses the results of his own tests: “Surprisingly, the pizza dough made with New York tap water didn’t win, although, it’s purported to be the best,” he says. The consumers chose the pizza made with the heavily-filtered reverse osmosis water. “They were tasting what they thought they should taste: says Schimoler, “the yeast, the sweetness of the dough, the browning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Does this mean that filtered water tastes better than tap? Not necessarily. Schimoler acknowledges that when it comes to water, many factors can impact people’s taste preference – even marketing, “Now, if we labeled it New York [pizza], I bet a lot of people would pick New York just because they knew it was New York. So, it’s a little subjective.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Where tap water gets its flavor – and why one chef sees it as the key to making the perfect pizza dough.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684973680,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":1276},"headData":{"title":"The Terroir of Tap | KQED","description":"Where tap water gets its flavor – and why one chef sees it as the key to making the perfect pizza dough.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/51385/drinking-local-the-taste-of-tap","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp align=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-55136 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg\" alt=\"tap_featured\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Dining at local restaurants is the usual strategy for exploring regional flavors, but it turns out that there’s another way to get a real taste for a place: turn on the tap. We know that tap water tastes different in different parts of the U.S., but what many of us don’t know is that the flavor variations are partly a reflection of local geology. And according to one Cleveland chef, the distinct make-up of regional waters doesn’t just impact the taste of the water we drink; it also plays an important role in shaping the taste of the local dishes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52503\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 389px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/1-STEVE.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-52503 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/1-STEVE-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Chef Steve Schimoler of Crop Bistro, in front of his water filtration system.\" width=\"389\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chef Steve Schimoler of Crop Bistro, in front of his water filtration system.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">“In many, many recipes, water is a key ingredient and many times it might be 90 percent of the recipe, so it becomes more important,” says Steve Schimoler, owner and chef at \u003ca href=\"http://cropbistro.com/\">CROP Bistro\u003c/a>, a hip eatery in the Ohio City neighborhood. “As a chef, I go out of my way to procure the best ingredients for our menu. How could you not want the best water?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Despite the earthy connotation of the name CROP, it actually stands for something a bit more technological: “Custom Restaurant Operation Platform.” Schimoler, a former food scientist for industry titans like Nestle, opened CROP as a place to develop recipes that he tests on diners—and he uses the results to advise large restaurant chains. This year he’s turned his attention to taste-testing tap water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Whether it’s myth or legend, everyone says New York bagel dough and pizza dough is so good because of the New York City water,” says Schimoler.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s myth or legend, everyone says New York bagel dough and pizza dough is so good because of the New York City water,” says Schimoler, a native New Yorker who grew up on the city’s iconic foods. So Schimoler put the myth to the test. He made three pizza doughs – one with Cleveland tap, one with New York tap, and one with Reverse Osmosis water (a heavily filtered water, which Schimoler calls “pure H20”) – and presented them to his customers without identifying them. He left it up to his customers to decide which water he should use in his pizza dough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Schimoler refers to the variation in tap water flavor – the subtle difference between Cleveland tap and New York tap – with a rather high-brow culinary term: “You hear the word ‘terroir’ in wine and produce, where those ingredients are picking up the limey-ness, or the slate-ness, or whatever the environmental impact is within a region.” Schimoler believes water can have a slight, but powerful impact – one that can make or break the overall meal he serves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Deirdre Mueller of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.awwa.org/\">American Water Works Association\u003c/a> (AWWA), this “terroir” of tap is the result of a combination of factors, such as whether the source is surface water (e.g. a lake or river), or ground water (e.g. a deep aquifer). “If the water comes from an aquifer, it’s probably been deep underground for perhaps thousands of years and it’s buried in rock, so it could be more mineral-y. A lot of bottled water companies use aquifer water and say that it tastes fresher,” she says. That said, over the last few years, all of the winners of the AWWA’s annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.awwa.org/resources-tools/public-affairs/public-affairs-events/taste-test.aspx\">Tap Water Taste Tests\u003c/a> have been sourced from surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-55339 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg\" alt=\"Untreated Lake Erie water in filtered at the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant in Cleveland. \" width=\"346\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Untreated Lake Erie water is filtered at the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant in Cleveland.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Another factor affecting the taste of tap is a region’s location within a \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/whatis.cfm\">watershed\u003c/a>. Cities that are positioned near the top of a watershed, like Denver, receive water straight from the snowpack of surrounding mountains. Being close to the source, this water does not require many disinfectants to make it potable. However, like all public drinking water in the U.S., it is treated and tested to limit the amount of certain naturally-occurring minerals and microorganisms, along with other chemicals added by the water departments (\u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/\">as mandated by the EPA\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">As water from the watershed heads downstream, its flavor often changes. “By the time water gets to cities in Southern California, for instance, it’s probably been through a handful of treatment processes in cities upstream,” says Mueller. The natural organic flavor in the water evolves into “more of a chemical taste.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Some regions require more chemical additives disinfectants than others to meet the EPA’s guidelines. The amount needed depends on environmental factors (like pollution levels) and regional health directives . In Cleveland, where Chef Schimoler’s kitchen lab is, that list includes fluoride, mandated by the state of Ohio to prevent cavities; chlorine, to kill bacteria; and orthophosphate, to help control lead corrosion in pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\"> “Regarding the taste, chlorine is one of the things that, I think, many people have a sensitivity to,” says Alex Margevicius, Interim Commissioner of \u003ca href=\"http://www.clevelandwater.com/\">Cleveland Water\u003c/a>. The EPA allows up to \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfm\">4 milligrams of chlorine per liter\u003c/a>. Cleveland Water, which sources its water from intake pipes 3-5 miles offshore in Lake Erie, currently adds 1 ½ milligrams per liter, to strike a balance between taste and safety. “Customers, in general, are more demanding than they were 20 years ago.” says Margevicius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 242px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/drinking-local-the-taste-of-tap/figi-water_ad-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54263\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-54263 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/figi-water_ad2-302x360.jpg\" alt=\"This now-infamous Fiji Water ad caused quite a stir when is was published in 2006. \" width=\"242\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Fiji Water ad published in 2006.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re more demanding because tap water has had some fierce competition: over 9 billion gallons of bottled water are sold in the U.S. every year. But simply because something costs more, doesn’t mean it’s a better product. When Fiji Water released an ad poking fun at Cleveland’s historic water troubles by proclaiming “The Label Says Fiji Because It’s Not Bottled in Cleveland,” Cleveland Water shot back. “We kind of took offense to that,” says Cleveland Water Quality Manager Maggie Rodgers, who went on to test Fiji Water side-by-side with Cleveland tap, and other bottled water brands. “Low and behold, Fiji Water came back with arsenic at higher levels than our water or the other national brands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Health concerns aside, when it comes down to what we prefer to eat and drink, it’s all about taste. Back in his kitchen laboratory, Chef Steve Schimoler assesses the results of his own tests: “Surprisingly, the pizza dough made with New York tap water didn’t win, although, it’s purported to be the best,” he says. The consumers chose the pizza made with the heavily-filtered reverse osmosis water. “They were tasting what they thought they should taste: says Schimoler, “the yeast, the sweetness of the dough, the browning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Does this mean that filtered water tastes better than tap? Not necessarily. Schimoler acknowledges that when it comes to water, many factors can impact people’s taste preference – even marketing, “Now, if we labeled it New York [pizza], I bet a lot of people would pick New York just because they knew it was New York. So, it’s a little subjective.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51385/drinking-local-the-taste-of-tap","authors":["10426"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12023","quest_12024","quest_12022","quest_12021","quest_12026","quest_691","quest_883","quest_1109","quest_10429","quest_12020","quest_12025"],"featImg":"quest_55136","label":"quest"},"quest_30692":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_30692","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"30692","score":null,"sort":[1329247607000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"chocolate-tasting-in-the-name-of-science","title":"Chocolate Tasting in the Name of Science!","publishDate":1329247607,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3354,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30704\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/14/chocolate-tasting-in-the-name-of-science/2012-chocolate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30704\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30704\" title=\"2012-chocolate\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate.jpg\" alt=\"Diversity of Chocolates\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chocolates for a blind taste test. Photo by Josh Weaver\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chocolate scientists study everything from the disease resistance of cacao trees to the health benefits of the finished product. But they shy away from one critical question: which chocolate tastes best?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flavor is subjective, of course. But with a healthy sample size, a blind taste test, and a solid dose of statistics, one Bay Area foodie hopes to find an answer. IBM research engineer and UC Berkeley graduate student Christine Robson has held chocolate tastings at her San Jose home since 2007. This year's event on February 12 featured fifty-four chocolates, forty-two tasters, and an evening of rigorous data analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocoholic scientist that I am, I couldn't stay away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guests included Annika Mongan of brand new Berkeley chocolate maker Ostara, who cleverly brought some raw material. Sure, I knew cocoa beans came from a cocoa pod, but I didn't realize they were surrounded inside that pod with gooey cocoa pulp, called \u003cem>baba\u003c/em> in Spanish--drool. Despite its unappetizing name, I enjoyed the dried \u003cem>baba\u003c/em>; its flavor was similar to other tropical fruits like papaya and mango.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most of us never taste it, cocoa pulp is crucial to the flavor of chocolate. After picking the pods, farmers pile the beans and pulp together and ferment them for days. Yeast, bacteria, and fungi take turns breaking down pulp sugars, producing acids. Longer fermentation creates more acidic beans and a stronger, more aromatic flavor. Shorter fermentation leads to a milder flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When cocoa beans become raw chocolate, the process of fermentation is mostly responsible for the taste--with contributions from cocoa genetics and growing conditions. Some people swear by it. I fell in love with the rich, fruity flavor of raw chocolate at the \u003ca title=\"Snake and Butterfly Chocolates\" href=\"http://snakeandbutterfly.com/\">Snake & Butterfly\u003c/a> booth in the Campbell Farmers' Market. This five-year-old local chocolate company was named after Aztec gods to honor the food’s mesoamerican origins. Like Ostara, Snake & Butterfly started with raw chocolate, but decided after a couple of years to start roasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roasting takes two fermentation products--amino acids and reducing sugars--and gives them a chemical shake called the Maillard reaction, which is famous among food scientists for browning bread and onions (among many other things). Along with fermentation, roasting produces the taste we recognize as distinctly \u003cem>chocolate\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snake & Butterfly now only makes raw chocolate for special orders, but you can buy their roasted chocolate at Whole Foods, local farmers' markets, cafes, wineries—and art museums! Designer chocolate bars made to match the paintings of artist Jeremy Gilbert-Rolfe will be \u003ca title=\"Awkward x 2 Chocolate Box\" href=\"http://awkwardx2.com/Awkwardx2_site/Chocolate_Box.html\">boxed up\u003c/a> and sold at his exhibitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostara's raw chocolate will soon be on the shelves at Whole Foods as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to see how Bay Area chocolate measures up against chocolate from around the world, check out Robson’s \u003ca title=\"Chocolate Tasting Statistics\" href=\"http://chocolatestatistics.blogspot.com/\">chocolate statistics\u003c/a>. But be warned: chocolate snobbery is a slippery slope. According to Snake & Butterfly’s Celeste Flores, “My five-year-old refuses to trick-or-treat, because he says it doesn’t taste like chocolate.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Chocolate scientists study everything from the disease resistance of cacao trees to the health benefits of the finished product. But they shy away from one critical question: which chocolate tastes best?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443831120,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":531},"headData":{"title":"Chocolate Tasting in the Name of Science! | KQED","description":"Chocolate scientists study everything from the disease resistance of cacao trees to the health benefits of the finished product. But they shy away from one critical question: which chocolate tastes best?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"30692 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=30692","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/14/chocolate-tasting-in-the-name-of-science/","disqusTitle":"Chocolate Tasting in the Name of Science!","path":"/quest/30692/chocolate-tasting-in-the-name-of-science","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30704\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/14/chocolate-tasting-in-the-name-of-science/2012-chocolate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30704\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30704\" title=\"2012-chocolate\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate.jpg\" alt=\"Diversity of Chocolates\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chocolates for a blind taste test. Photo by Josh Weaver\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chocolate scientists study everything from the disease resistance of cacao trees to the health benefits of the finished product. But they shy away from one critical question: which chocolate tastes best?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flavor is subjective, of course. But with a healthy sample size, a blind taste test, and a solid dose of statistics, one Bay Area foodie hopes to find an answer. IBM research engineer and UC Berkeley graduate student Christine Robson has held chocolate tastings at her San Jose home since 2007. This year's event on February 12 featured fifty-four chocolates, forty-two tasters, and an evening of rigorous data analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocoholic scientist that I am, I couldn't stay away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guests included Annika Mongan of brand new Berkeley chocolate maker Ostara, who cleverly brought some raw material. Sure, I knew cocoa beans came from a cocoa pod, but I didn't realize they were surrounded inside that pod with gooey cocoa pulp, called \u003cem>baba\u003c/em> in Spanish--drool. Despite its unappetizing name, I enjoyed the dried \u003cem>baba\u003c/em>; its flavor was similar to other tropical fruits like papaya and mango.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most of us never taste it, cocoa pulp is crucial to the flavor of chocolate. After picking the pods, farmers pile the beans and pulp together and ferment them for days. Yeast, bacteria, and fungi take turns breaking down pulp sugars, producing acids. Longer fermentation creates more acidic beans and a stronger, more aromatic flavor. Shorter fermentation leads to a milder flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When cocoa beans become raw chocolate, the process of fermentation is mostly responsible for the taste--with contributions from cocoa genetics and growing conditions. Some people swear by it. I fell in love with the rich, fruity flavor of raw chocolate at the \u003ca title=\"Snake and Butterfly Chocolates\" href=\"http://snakeandbutterfly.com/\">Snake & Butterfly\u003c/a> booth in the Campbell Farmers' Market. This five-year-old local chocolate company was named after Aztec gods to honor the food’s mesoamerican origins. Like Ostara, Snake & Butterfly started with raw chocolate, but decided after a couple of years to start roasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roasting takes two fermentation products--amino acids and reducing sugars--and gives them a chemical shake called the Maillard reaction, which is famous among food scientists for browning bread and onions (among many other things). Along with fermentation, roasting produces the taste we recognize as distinctly \u003cem>chocolate\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snake & Butterfly now only makes raw chocolate for special orders, but you can buy their roasted chocolate at Whole Foods, local farmers' markets, cafes, wineries—and art museums! Designer chocolate bars made to match the paintings of artist Jeremy Gilbert-Rolfe will be \u003ca title=\"Awkward x 2 Chocolate Box\" href=\"http://awkwardx2.com/Awkwardx2_site/Chocolate_Box.html\">boxed up\u003c/a> and sold at his exhibitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostara's raw chocolate will soon be on the shelves at Whole Foods as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to see how Bay Area chocolate measures up against chocolate from around the world, check out Robson’s \u003ca title=\"Chocolate Tasting Statistics\" href=\"http://chocolatestatistics.blogspot.com/\">chocolate statistics\u003c/a>. But be warned: chocolate snobbery is a slippery slope. According to Snake & Butterfly’s Celeste Flores, “My five-year-old refuses to trick-or-treat, because he says it doesn’t taste like chocolate.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/30692/chocolate-tasting-in-the-name-of-science","authors":["6324"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_13194","quest_590","quest_10706","quest_1109","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_10707"],"collections":["quest_3354"],"featImg":"quest_30704","label":"quest_3354"},"quest_5741":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5741","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5741","score":null,"sort":[1272390310000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-the-science-of-taste","title":"Producer's Notes: The Science Of Taste","publishDate":1272390310,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3354,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>I love producing QUEST stories because there’s so much I learn in the process. Who knew that 95 percent of what we think is taste is actually smell? Or that flavor is really a complex combination of all the senses mixed with our feelings and perceptions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One element of the story that especially resonates for me is the piece about smell memories. I’ve always found smell to be very evocative, and so I asked our experts about smell and memory and emotion. \u003ca href=\"http://wineserver.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty.php?id=9\">Hildegard Heymann\u003c/a>, the UC Davis sensory scientist who we feature in the piece had wonderful things to say about smell memories and why they can be so powerful. Our favorite smells may not be pleasant in the typical sense, but they can have a true therapeutic effect. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, one of Dr. Heymann’s favorite smells is the odor of skunk. In her interview she described it this way: “For me, the smell of skunks makes me intensely happy. I know, intellectually, exactly what is happening, but even though I know that, emotionally it never ceases to work. My husband will literally drive around to try and find the smell of skunk when I’m depressed. He gets me in the car and takes me there. Because it immediately makes me happy. Why? I grew up in South Africa where going to the beach at Christmas time, which is in the middle of the summer, we had to cross the sand dunes. And they had these little plants that when you break them, smell like skunk. So to me, skunk means Christmas, happy, vacation—all those things. And even 35, 40, 50 years later, it still works that way. So we all have them. You just need to figure out what your aromatherapy odorants are, and then hopefully they’re purchasable. Skunks aren’t!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Personally. I love the smell of Italian delicatessens. My father had a passion for salty Italian meats, cheeses and olives, and I have distinct childhood memories of deli cases full of colorful antipasti, burlap sacks full of dried beans, and shelves lined with bottles of wine. My odor memory is a wonderful blend of ripe gorgonzola, fat rounds of parmesan, salty prosciutto, briny olives. This mélange also probably contains hints of burlap, cardboard, oil and vinegar infused wood floor, wine cork, and who knows what else. It’s a pretty pungent aroma, but I find it enormously comforting, not unlike Hildegard Heymann’s skunk.\u003cbr>\nOn a final, flavorful note I want to share a wonderful poem by Chilean poet \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Neruda\">Pablo Neruda\u003c/a>. I found it in a book of food poems called \u003cem>O Taste and See\u003c/em>. Even if you’re don’t like tomatoes, I think you’ll enjoy this evocative, colorful, delicious poem.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ode to The Tomato\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The street filled up with tomatoes, noon, summer, the light splits in two tomato halves and the juice runs down the streets. In December the tomato breaks loose, invading kitchens, stealing into lunches, lounging on sideboards and in between glasses, butter dishes, blue salt-shakers. It has its own light, benign majesty. We must, unfortunately, murder it: the knife sinks into its living flesh, it’s a red viscera, a cool sun, deep, limitless, it fills the salads of Chile, marrying happily the bright onion, and to celebrate, we let oil, child and essence of the olive, pour down over its open hemispheres, pepper adds its fragrance, salt its magnetism: these are the weddings of the day, parsley raises its flags, potatoes boil vigorously, roasting meat bangs on the door with its aroma, it’s time! let’s eat! and on the table, on the waist of summer the tomato, astro of the earth, fertile, ever multiplying star, reveals to us its orbits, its canals, the distinguished plenitude and boneless, heartless, armorless abundance, brings to us the gift of its fiery color and the integrity of its freshness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"I love producing QUEST stories because there's so much I learn in the process. Who knew that 95 percent of what we think is taste is actually smell?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457731984,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":674},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: The Science Of Taste | KQED","description":"I love producing QUEST stories because there's so much I learn in the process. Who knew that 95 percent of what we think is taste is actually smell?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"5741 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=5741","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/27/producers-notes-the-science-of-taste/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: The Science Of Taste","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HxAB54wlig","path":"/quest/5741/producers-notes-the-science-of-taste","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>I love producing QUEST stories because there’s so much I learn in the process. Who knew that 95 percent of what we think is taste is actually smell? Or that flavor is really a complex combination of all the senses mixed with our feelings and perceptions?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One element of the story that especially resonates for me is the piece about smell memories. I’ve always found smell to be very evocative, and so I asked our experts about smell and memory and emotion. \u003ca href=\"http://wineserver.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty.php?id=9\">Hildegard Heymann\u003c/a>, the UC Davis sensory scientist who we feature in the piece had wonderful things to say about smell memories and why they can be so powerful. Our favorite smells may not be pleasant in the typical sense, but they can have a true therapeutic effect. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, one of Dr. Heymann’s favorite smells is the odor of skunk. In her interview she described it this way: “For me, the smell of skunks makes me intensely happy. I know, intellectually, exactly what is happening, but even though I know that, emotionally it never ceases to work. My husband will literally drive around to try and find the smell of skunk when I’m depressed. He gets me in the car and takes me there. Because it immediately makes me happy. Why? I grew up in South Africa where going to the beach at Christmas time, which is in the middle of the summer, we had to cross the sand dunes. And they had these little plants that when you break them, smell like skunk. So to me, skunk means Christmas, happy, vacation—all those things. And even 35, 40, 50 years later, it still works that way. So we all have them. You just need to figure out what your aromatherapy odorants are, and then hopefully they’re purchasable. Skunks aren’t!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Personally. I love the smell of Italian delicatessens. My father had a passion for salty Italian meats, cheeses and olives, and I have distinct childhood memories of deli cases full of colorful antipasti, burlap sacks full of dried beans, and shelves lined with bottles of wine. My odor memory is a wonderful blend of ripe gorgonzola, fat rounds of parmesan, salty prosciutto, briny olives. This mélange also probably contains hints of burlap, cardboard, oil and vinegar infused wood floor, wine cork, and who knows what else. It’s a pretty pungent aroma, but I find it enormously comforting, not unlike Hildegard Heymann’s skunk.\u003cbr>\nOn a final, flavorful note I want to share a wonderful poem by Chilean poet \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Neruda\">Pablo Neruda\u003c/a>. I found it in a book of food poems called \u003cem>O Taste and See\u003c/em>. Even if you’re don’t like tomatoes, I think you’ll enjoy this evocative, colorful, delicious poem.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Ode to The Tomato\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The street filled up with tomatoes, noon, summer, the light splits in two tomato halves and the juice runs down the streets. In December the tomato breaks loose, invading kitchens, stealing into lunches, lounging on sideboards and in between glasses, butter dishes, blue salt-shakers. It has its own light, benign majesty. We must, unfortunately, murder it: the knife sinks into its living flesh, it’s a red viscera, a cool sun, deep, limitless, it fills the salads of Chile, marrying happily the bright onion, and to celebrate, we let oil, child and essence of the olive, pour down over its open hemispheres, pepper adds its fragrance, salt its magnetism: these are the weddings of the day, parsley raises its flags, potatoes boil vigorously, roasting meat bangs on the door with its aroma, it’s time! let’s eat! and on the table, on the waist of summer the tomato, astro of the earth, fertile, ever multiplying star, reveals to us its orbits, its canals, the distinguished plenitude and boneless, heartless, armorless abundance, brings to us the gift of its fiery color and the integrity of its freshness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5741/producers-notes-the-science-of-taste","authors":["10208"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_562","quest_1109","quest_1122","quest_1124","quest_1288","quest_1475","quest_1854","quest_2062","quest_2113","quest_2120","quest_2277","quest_13","quest_2585","quest_2667","quest_2735","quest_2755","quest_2852","quest_2868","quest_2869","quest_2893","quest_2996"],"collections":["quest_3354"],"featImg":"quest_5743","label":"quest_3354"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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