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This spiky football-shaped fruit is a delicacy in southeast Asia. But some can’t get over its stench, often described as rotten onions or stale vomit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Malaysian hotels even ban guests from bringing the fruit into the rooms when it’s in season. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now researchers in Germany have identified compounds in durian that might be responsible for its unique smell. (\u003cem>J. Agric. Food Chem.\u003c/em>, DOI: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf303881k\"> 10.1021/jf303881k\u003c/a>) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since scientists started investigating the molecular origins of the durian’s smell in 1972, they've identified about 200 different aroma molecules in the fruit. But scientists have either identified the structures of a few aroma molecules in the durian, or identified numbers of odiferous molecules without determining their structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jia-Xiao Li, Peter Schieberle, and Martin Steinhaus, all researchers at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dwih.com.br/index.php?id=54\">German Research Center for Food Chemistry\u003c/a>, wanted to match the molecular structures of the aroma molecules with their odors to find the ones most responsible for the durian’s smell. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do this, the scientists stationed a trained person at the end of an instrument called a gas chromatograph. They injected increasingly dilute durian extracts into the machine, which vaporizes the aroma molecules and separates them based on their boiling point. The person at the end of the machine sniffs the molecules leaving the machine and identifies their odors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the scientists took samples of each group of aroma molecules identified by the people. They injected the samples into an instrument that determines the mass of molecules in the sample. Knowing the mass of a molecule, scientists can determine the types and numbers of atoms in the molecule (six carbons, two oxygens and twelve hydrogens, for example). From there, they can connect those atoms into a molecular structure (fruity \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_butyrate\">ethyl butanoate\u003c/a> in this example). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Li and colleagues identified 46 different aroma molecules, including fruity, skunky, honey, caramel, and roasted onion smells. Eight of the 13 most common molecules, identified at the lowest dilutions, were unknown in durian until now. The researchers write that they'd have to recreate the durian aroma without particular ingredients to determine the relative contributions of each aroma molecule without a doubt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the odiferous onion-like compounds contain sulfur. That’s not surprising because our noses are quite sensitive to sulfur. Natural gas companies lace the gas with a sulfur-containing compound so our noses can detect a gas leak. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As someone whose nose turns up when I turn on my gas stove, I admire the people who sniffed durian for this experiment. As a reward, I hope they get to work on experiments identifying \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/07/better-beer-thr/\">hop aroma in beer\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2012/05/raising-glass-champagne\">the scent of champagne\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wq-Urai-nX4]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers in Germany have identified compounds in durian that might be responsible for its unique smell. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1353013043,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":467},"headData":{"title":"Tracing the Origins of the Durian’s Stench | KQED","description":"Researchers in Germany have identified compounds in durian that might be responsible for its unique smell. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Tracing the Origins of the Durian’s Stench","datePublished":"2012-11-07T16:00:45.000Z","dateModified":"2012-11-15T20:57:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"46797 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=46797","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/07/tracing-the-origins-of-the-durian%e2%80%99s-stench/","disqusTitle":"Tracing the Origins of the Durian’s Stench","path":"/quest/46797/tracing-the-origins-of-the-durian%e2%80%99s-stench","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/07/tracing-the-origins-of-the-durian%e2%80%99s-stench/durin-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46798\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/durin-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"durian\" title=\"durin resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46798\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You either love \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durian\">durian\u003c/a> or you hate it. This spiky football-shaped fruit is a delicacy in southeast Asia. But some can’t get over its stench, often described as rotten onions or stale vomit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Malaysian hotels even ban guests from bringing the fruit into the rooms when it’s in season. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now researchers in Germany have identified compounds in durian that might be responsible for its unique smell. (\u003cem>J. Agric. Food Chem.\u003c/em>, DOI: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf303881k\"> 10.1021/jf303881k\u003c/a>) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since scientists started investigating the molecular origins of the durian’s smell in 1972, they've identified about 200 different aroma molecules in the fruit. But scientists have either identified the structures of a few aroma molecules in the durian, or identified numbers of odiferous molecules without determining their structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jia-Xiao Li, Peter Schieberle, and Martin Steinhaus, all researchers at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dwih.com.br/index.php?id=54\">German Research Center for Food Chemistry\u003c/a>, wanted to match the molecular structures of the aroma molecules with their odors to find the ones most responsible for the durian’s smell. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do this, the scientists stationed a trained person at the end of an instrument called a gas chromatograph. They injected increasingly dilute durian extracts into the machine, which vaporizes the aroma molecules and separates them based on their boiling point. The person at the end of the machine sniffs the molecules leaving the machine and identifies their odors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the scientists took samples of each group of aroma molecules identified by the people. They injected the samples into an instrument that determines the mass of molecules in the sample. Knowing the mass of a molecule, scientists can determine the types and numbers of atoms in the molecule (six carbons, two oxygens and twelve hydrogens, for example). From there, they can connect those atoms into a molecular structure (fruity \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_butyrate\">ethyl butanoate\u003c/a> in this example). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Li and colleagues identified 46 different aroma molecules, including fruity, skunky, honey, caramel, and roasted onion smells. Eight of the 13 most common molecules, identified at the lowest dilutions, were unknown in durian until now. The researchers write that they'd have to recreate the durian aroma without particular ingredients to determine the relative contributions of each aroma molecule without a doubt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the odiferous onion-like compounds contain sulfur. That’s not surprising because our noses are quite sensitive to sulfur. Natural gas companies lace the gas with a sulfur-containing compound so our noses can detect a gas leak. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As someone whose nose turns up when I turn on my gas stove, I admire the people who sniffed durian for this experiment. As a reward, I hope they get to work on experiments identifying \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/07/better-beer-thr/\">hop aroma in beer\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2012/05/raising-glass-champagne\">the scent of champagne\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/wq-Urai-nX4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/wq-Urai-nX4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/46797/tracing-the-origins-of-the-durian%e2%80%99s-stench","authors":["10331"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_212","quest_11592","quest_10846","quest_3351","quest_3307","quest_2349","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_46798","label":"quest"},"quest_33289":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_33289","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"33289","score":null,"sort":[1333555214000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"coffee-flavor-by-the-numbers","title":"Coffee Flavor By the Numbers","publishDate":1333555214,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3354,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>It’s practically impossible to brew the same cup of coffee each day. New technology to analyze and automate coffee brewing helps anyone bring reproducibility to his or her morning coffee routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The perfect cup of coffee can be quantified in terms of its strength, also called total dissolved solids, and the percent of flavors extracted from the beans during brewing. Let’s get technical about the numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1960s, Ernest E. Lockhart, a researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, made pots of coffee with varying strengths and degrees of extraction. Then he asked people which brew they preferred. From that survey, and another follow-up by the Specialty Coffee Association of America, numerical standards emerged to describe the perfect cup of coffee: a brew with 1.15-1.35% dissolved solids and 18-22% of the possible flavors extracted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can measure these numbers for your coffee at home. A handheld device called a \u003ca href=\"http://store.vstapps.com/products/vst-coffee-espresso-refractometer\">refractometer\u003c/a> shines light through a droplet of coffee, measuring how much the light waves bend as they travel through the liquid. The amount of dissolved solids in the coffee – including sugars, acids, and flavors from the coffee as well as the minerals in the water -- affect how much the light bends, and thus the reading on the device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33368\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/coffee-flavor-by-the-numbers/refractometer/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33368\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33368\" title=\"refractometer\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/refractometer-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"coffee refractometer\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Refractometers for measuring dissolved solids in coffee and espresso. Image credit: Flickr/ \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/coffeegeek/4371881460/\" target=\"_blank\">Coffee Geek\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enter that percentage of dissolved solids from the refractometer, as well as the weight of water and beans you used, into an iPhone app called \u003ca href=\"http://vstapps.com/mojotogo/\">MoJoToGo\u003c/a> to calculate the extraction percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/5642561/seeking-mojo-chasing-the-perfect-cup-of-coffee-through-science\">article for Gizmodo\u003c/a>, Matt Buchanan describes his quest to brew a cup of coffee with the extraction percentage sweet spot of 19%:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"I tear through a $16.50 one-pound bag of coffee in about three days, making coffee over and over again, seeking the mythical number 19. I use a version of the French Press technique from Everything But Espresso. Start the kettle. Weigh the beans. Grind the beans. Wait for the water to reach 206 degrees. Pour 400g of the heated water onto the grounds. Start the timer. Pat the coffee bloom. Dunk the coffee bloom. Wait 4-5 minutes. Plunge. Pour. Check result in MoJoToGo. Curse.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most frustrating part isn't the resulting Ahab-like hunt for the ever-elusive 19 percent. It's the revelation of how imprecise my methods are. The 18.3 percent cup that sends me into a delirious orbit before I even taste it is quickly followed by one that measures 16 percent (and tastes like it). I'm all over the map. It drives me insane. And to Amazon, to buy more precise equipment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brewing the perfect cup of coffee by hand is messy, imprecise and frustrating. And again technology comes to the rescue. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bunnathome.com/products/trifecta\">Trifecta MB\u003c/a>, a new machine made by Bunn, brings reproducibility to coffee brewing, one cup at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the home version of a commercial machine with 10 programmable functions, including water temperature, brew time and the amount of stirring with air bubbles, to precisely control brew conditions to highlight the best flavors in the beans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/W088M9RVlkU\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://portolacoffeelab.com/\">Portola Coffee Lab\u003c/a> in Costa Mesa, CA has several Trifectas in the shop. Owner Jeff Duggan writes on the \u003ca href=\"http://portolacoffeelab.wordpress.com\">shop blog\u003c/a> that he typically spends hours developing a unique brewing program for a new coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This machine has become the clearest example of our brewing standards,\" he \u003ca href=\"http://portolacoffeelab.wordpress.com/2011/10/19/there-is-a-reason-for-everything-part-4/\">writes\u003c/a>. “It uses technology to put us more in touch with coffee rather than neuter it and make it into a new version of a vending machine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armed with Portola’s program, a bag of their beans and your own Trifecta, you could brew coffee at home that tastes just like what they brew in the shop. Some roasters post \u003ca href=\"http://www.trifectaexperience.com/ShareRecipes.aspx\">their optimized programs\u003c/a> on Trifecta's website so anyone can brew a tasty batch of their coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology advances the artistry of coffee, for what really matters is \u003cem>taste\u003c/em>. Gadgets, apps and machines help coffee connoisseurs find conditions that brew the best coffee according to their tastebuds, whatever that extraction percentage or brew time may be.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Technology helps home coffee drinkers analyze and automate their morning brew so that everyone can brew the same artisanal cup of coffee each day.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1475173406,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.youtube.com/embed/W088M9RVlkU"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":697},"headData":{"title":"Coffee Flavor By the Numbers | KQED","description":"Technology helps home coffee drinkers analyze and automate their morning brew so that everyone can brew the same artisanal cup of coffee each day.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Coffee Flavor By the Numbers","datePublished":"2012-04-04T16:00:14.000Z","dateModified":"2016-09-29T18:23:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"33289 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=33289","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/coffee-flavor-by-the-numbers/","disqusTitle":"Coffee Flavor By the Numbers","path":"/quest/33289/coffee-flavor-by-the-numbers","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s practically impossible to brew the same cup of coffee each day. New technology to analyze and automate coffee brewing helps anyone bring reproducibility to his or her morning coffee routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The perfect cup of coffee can be quantified in terms of its strength, also called total dissolved solids, and the percent of flavors extracted from the beans during brewing. Let’s get technical about the numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1960s, Ernest E. Lockhart, a researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, made pots of coffee with varying strengths and degrees of extraction. Then he asked people which brew they preferred. From that survey, and another follow-up by the Specialty Coffee Association of America, numerical standards emerged to describe the perfect cup of coffee: a brew with 1.15-1.35% dissolved solids and 18-22% of the possible flavors extracted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can measure these numbers for your coffee at home. A handheld device called a \u003ca href=\"http://store.vstapps.com/products/vst-coffee-espresso-refractometer\">refractometer\u003c/a> shines light through a droplet of coffee, measuring how much the light waves bend as they travel through the liquid. The amount of dissolved solids in the coffee – including sugars, acids, and flavors from the coffee as well as the minerals in the water -- affect how much the light bends, and thus the reading on the device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33368\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/coffee-flavor-by-the-numbers/refractometer/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33368\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33368\" title=\"refractometer\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/refractometer-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"coffee refractometer\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Refractometers for measuring dissolved solids in coffee and espresso. Image credit: Flickr/ \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/coffeegeek/4371881460/\" target=\"_blank\">Coffee Geek\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enter that percentage of dissolved solids from the refractometer, as well as the weight of water and beans you used, into an iPhone app called \u003ca href=\"http://vstapps.com/mojotogo/\">MoJoToGo\u003c/a> to calculate the extraction percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/5642561/seeking-mojo-chasing-the-perfect-cup-of-coffee-through-science\">article for Gizmodo\u003c/a>, Matt Buchanan describes his quest to brew a cup of coffee with the extraction percentage sweet spot of 19%:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"I tear through a $16.50 one-pound bag of coffee in about three days, making coffee over and over again, seeking the mythical number 19. I use a version of the French Press technique from Everything But Espresso. Start the kettle. Weigh the beans. Grind the beans. Wait for the water to reach 206 degrees. Pour 400g of the heated water onto the grounds. Start the timer. Pat the coffee bloom. Dunk the coffee bloom. Wait 4-5 minutes. Plunge. Pour. Check result in MoJoToGo. Curse.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most frustrating part isn't the resulting Ahab-like hunt for the ever-elusive 19 percent. It's the revelation of how imprecise my methods are. The 18.3 percent cup that sends me into a delirious orbit before I even taste it is quickly followed by one that measures 16 percent (and tastes like it). I'm all over the map. It drives me insane. And to Amazon, to buy more precise equipment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brewing the perfect cup of coffee by hand is messy, imprecise and frustrating. And again technology comes to the rescue. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bunnathome.com/products/trifecta\">Trifecta MB\u003c/a>, a new machine made by Bunn, brings reproducibility to coffee brewing, one cup at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the home version of a commercial machine with 10 programmable functions, including water temperature, brew time and the amount of stirring with air bubbles, to precisely control brew conditions to highlight the best flavors in the beans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/W088M9RVlkU\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://portolacoffeelab.com/\">Portola Coffee Lab\u003c/a> in Costa Mesa, CA has several Trifectas in the shop. Owner Jeff Duggan writes on the \u003ca href=\"http://portolacoffeelab.wordpress.com\">shop blog\u003c/a> that he typically spends hours developing a unique brewing program for a new coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This machine has become the clearest example of our brewing standards,\" he \u003ca href=\"http://portolacoffeelab.wordpress.com/2011/10/19/there-is-a-reason-for-everything-part-4/\">writes\u003c/a>. “It uses technology to put us more in touch with coffee rather than neuter it and make it into a new version of a vending machine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armed with Portola’s program, a bag of their beans and your own Trifecta, you could brew coffee at home that tastes just like what they brew in the shop. Some roasters post \u003ca href=\"http://www.trifectaexperience.com/ShareRecipes.aspx\">their optimized programs\u003c/a> on Trifecta's website so anyone can brew a tasty batch of their coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology advances the artistry of coffee, for what really matters is \u003cem>taste\u003c/em>. Gadgets, apps and machines help coffee connoisseurs find conditions that brew the best coffee according to their tastebuds, whatever that extraction percentage or brew time may be.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/33289/coffee-flavor-by-the-numbers","authors":["10331"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_8","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_10845","quest_643","quest_10847","quest_10846","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_13"],"collections":["quest_3354"],"featImg":"quest_33296","label":"quest_3354"},"quest_33262":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_33262","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"33262","score":null,"sort":[1332345655000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"brewing-the-perfect-cup-of-coffee","title":"Brewing the Perfect Cup of Coffee","publishDate":1332345655,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3354,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/brewing-the-perfect-cup-of-coffee/coffee-beans/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33303\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/coffee-beans-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coffee and beans\" title=\"coffee beans\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33303\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were many shaky hands at a \u003ca href=\"http://usbaristachampionship.org/?p=southwest\"> regional coffee competition\u003c/a> in Santa Cruz one weekend in early March, though it was hard to tell if the tremors were due to nerves or just the free-flowing coffee at the tasting bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baristas from Colorado to Hawaii competed to earn a trip to the national championship in April. Brewer’s Cup participants, mostly from California, brewed a mystery coffee, tweaking their favorite brewing method to bring out the best flavors of that coffee. Winners from the first round used their own beans to brew in the finals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the brewing finalists’ \u003ca href=\"http://sprudge.com/sw-brewers-cup-methods-and-madness.html\">recipes show\u003c/a>, making the perfect cup of coffee is not as simple as adding hot water to ground coffee beans. The grind size, water temperature and brewing method can change the flavor. Coffee connoisseurs delight in controlling every detail. And even the corporate coffee giant Starbucks is experimenting with brewing. They’ve just opened a \u003ca href=\"http://www.psfk.com/2012/03/starbucks-worlds-first-coffee-laboratory-opens-in-amsterdam.html\">brewing “laboratory”\u003c/a> in Amsterdam. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We describe an ideal cup of coffee in terms of its strength, aroma, flavor, acidity, and finish. Coffee enthusiasts quantify those descriptions as the concentration of coffee compounds in the final brew and the amount of flavor extracted from the beans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33345\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/brewing-the-perfect-cup-of-coffee/peter-beans-better/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33345\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/peter-beans-better-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Brewing coffee in SouthWest Regional Barista Championship\" title=\"peter beans better\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignright size-large wp-image-33345\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Molignano, of Fortnight Coffee Company in Los Angeles, competes in the Brewer's Cup of the South West Regional Barista Championship, Santa Cruz, CA, March 9, 2012. Image credit: Melissae Fellet\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are 2000 different flavor and aroma compounds in roasted coffee beans. Only a fraction of those flavors dissolve in hot water, and even fewer are palatable. A cup of coffee brewed to full extraction is bitter and undrinkable. So brewers aim to pull the sweet and complex flavors from the grinds before the beans leach their bitter compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reaching that extraction sweet spot depends on several factors, including the ratio of water to beans by weight. (Notice that all the winning recipes from the competition specify water and bean weight.) The size of coffee grounds and the brew time matter too. If your coffee is weak, grinding the beans finer increases the surface area of the grounds exposed to the hot water and thus increases the amount of flavors extracted. But watch the clock once the hot water hits the grounds. Brew any pot too long and those bitter flavors seep out from the beans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water temperature is another way to control the flavor of coffee. Water warmed to 195-205 degrees Fahrenheit is best, says Lalo Perez-Varona, an independent coffee researcher from San Francisco. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coffee associations around the world recommend \u003ca href=\"http://vstapps.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Rao-Everything-cover-mockup4.pdf\"> numerical standards\u003c/a> that label the perfect cup of coffee in terms of the percentage of extracted flavors, but ultimately individual taste preferences determine excellence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a tasty cup of joe, pick beans with flavors that you like, use your favorite brewing method, and troubleshoot using this chart, changing one factor at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33266\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/brewing-the-perfect-cup-of-coffee/slide1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34343\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Slide1.jpg\" alt=\"Factors influencing coffee flavor\" title=\"Slide1\" width=\"548\" height=\"411\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-34343\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Slide1.jpg 548w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Slide1-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 548px) 100vw, 548px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image credit: Melissae Fellet\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brewing method influences the flavor of the coffee too. Completely immersing the coffee in hot water, as in a French press, tend to brew coffee with more sweetness and body, says Perez-Varona. Paper filters trap some of the oils and solids, clarifying the flavors in the coffee. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brewing with a siphon, also called a vacuum pot, gives you excellent temperature control due to the consistent heat source underneath the pot. This process is beautiful to watch:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWduH2DJ7Ms]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think a person's preferred brewing method is a chance to infuse their coffee with some personality and flair. Peter Molignano, of Fortnight Coffee Company in Los Angeles, brought his handmade wooden siphon holders to the competition in Santa Cruz. He warmed the upper part of the siphon with halogen lightbulbs mounted in a matching wooden box. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From precision analysis to the ritual of brewing, a cup of coffee is a union of science and art. Because my morning routine doesn’t leave time for experimenting with water temperature, brew time, grind size, and water and bean amounts, I’ll leave the science – and the art -- to the experts at my \u003ca href=\"http://www.vervecoffeeroasters.com/\">favorite local coffee shop\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> UPDATE 4/2/12: The underextraction-overextraction chart has been updated. The original picture had the last entries for the water to coffee mixtures switched.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> UPDATE 3/22/12: The optimal water temperature for brewing coffee was originally reported as 192-203 degrees Fahrenheit. It has been changed to 195-205F.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The science of brewing coffee includes scales, thermometers and trained taste buds. And like any good experiment, it requires a bit of flair too.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1334940495,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":744},"headData":{"title":"Brewing the Perfect Cup of Coffee | KQED","description":"The science of brewing coffee includes scales, thermometers and trained taste buds. And like any good experiment, it requires a bit of flair too.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Brewing the Perfect Cup of Coffee","datePublished":"2012-03-21T16:00:55.000Z","dateModified":"2012-04-20T16:48:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"33262 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=33262","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/brewing-the-perfect-cup-of-coffee/","disqusTitle":"Brewing the Perfect Cup of Coffee","path":"/quest/33262/brewing-the-perfect-cup-of-coffee","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/brewing-the-perfect-cup-of-coffee/coffee-beans/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33303\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/coffee-beans-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coffee and beans\" title=\"coffee beans\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33303\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were many shaky hands at a \u003ca href=\"http://usbaristachampionship.org/?p=southwest\"> regional coffee competition\u003c/a> in Santa Cruz one weekend in early March, though it was hard to tell if the tremors were due to nerves or just the free-flowing coffee at the tasting bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baristas from Colorado to Hawaii competed to earn a trip to the national championship in April. Brewer’s Cup participants, mostly from California, brewed a mystery coffee, tweaking their favorite brewing method to bring out the best flavors of that coffee. Winners from the first round used their own beans to brew in the finals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the brewing finalists’ \u003ca href=\"http://sprudge.com/sw-brewers-cup-methods-and-madness.html\">recipes show\u003c/a>, making the perfect cup of coffee is not as simple as adding hot water to ground coffee beans. The grind size, water temperature and brewing method can change the flavor. Coffee connoisseurs delight in controlling every detail. And even the corporate coffee giant Starbucks is experimenting with brewing. They’ve just opened a \u003ca href=\"http://www.psfk.com/2012/03/starbucks-worlds-first-coffee-laboratory-opens-in-amsterdam.html\">brewing “laboratory”\u003c/a> in Amsterdam. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We describe an ideal cup of coffee in terms of its strength, aroma, flavor, acidity, and finish. Coffee enthusiasts quantify those descriptions as the concentration of coffee compounds in the final brew and the amount of flavor extracted from the beans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33345\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/brewing-the-perfect-cup-of-coffee/peter-beans-better/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33345\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/peter-beans-better-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Brewing coffee in SouthWest Regional Barista Championship\" title=\"peter beans better\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignright size-large wp-image-33345\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Molignano, of Fortnight Coffee Company in Los Angeles, competes in the Brewer's Cup of the South West Regional Barista Championship, Santa Cruz, CA, March 9, 2012. Image credit: Melissae Fellet\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are 2000 different flavor and aroma compounds in roasted coffee beans. Only a fraction of those flavors dissolve in hot water, and even fewer are palatable. A cup of coffee brewed to full extraction is bitter and undrinkable. So brewers aim to pull the sweet and complex flavors from the grinds before the beans leach their bitter compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reaching that extraction sweet spot depends on several factors, including the ratio of water to beans by weight. (Notice that all the winning recipes from the competition specify water and bean weight.) The size of coffee grounds and the brew time matter too. If your coffee is weak, grinding the beans finer increases the surface area of the grounds exposed to the hot water and thus increases the amount of flavors extracted. But watch the clock once the hot water hits the grounds. Brew any pot too long and those bitter flavors seep out from the beans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water temperature is another way to control the flavor of coffee. Water warmed to 195-205 degrees Fahrenheit is best, says Lalo Perez-Varona, an independent coffee researcher from San Francisco. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coffee associations around the world recommend \u003ca href=\"http://vstapps.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Rao-Everything-cover-mockup4.pdf\"> numerical standards\u003c/a> that label the perfect cup of coffee in terms of the percentage of extracted flavors, but ultimately individual taste preferences determine excellence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a tasty cup of joe, pick beans with flavors that you like, use your favorite brewing method, and troubleshoot using this chart, changing one factor at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33266\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/brewing-the-perfect-cup-of-coffee/slide1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34343\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Slide1.jpg\" alt=\"Factors influencing coffee flavor\" title=\"Slide1\" width=\"548\" height=\"411\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-34343\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Slide1.jpg 548w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Slide1-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 548px) 100vw, 548px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image credit: Melissae Fellet\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brewing method influences the flavor of the coffee too. Completely immersing the coffee in hot water, as in a French press, tend to brew coffee with more sweetness and body, says Perez-Varona. Paper filters trap some of the oils and solids, clarifying the flavors in the coffee. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brewing with a siphon, also called a vacuum pot, gives you excellent temperature control due to the consistent heat source underneath the pot. This process is beautiful to watch:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/DWduH2DJ7Ms'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/DWduH2DJ7Ms'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think a person's preferred brewing method is a chance to infuse their coffee with some personality and flair. Peter Molignano, of Fortnight Coffee Company in Los Angeles, brought his handmade wooden siphon holders to the competition in Santa Cruz. He warmed the upper part of the siphon with halogen lightbulbs mounted in a matching wooden box. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From precision analysis to the ritual of brewing, a cup of coffee is a union of science and art. Because my morning routine doesn’t leave time for experimenting with water temperature, brew time, grind size, and water and bean amounts, I’ll leave the science – and the art -- to the experts at my \u003ca href=\"http://www.vervecoffeeroasters.com/\">favorite local coffee shop\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> UPDATE 4/2/12: The underextraction-overextraction chart has been updated. The original picture had the last entries for the water to coffee mixtures switched.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> UPDATE 3/22/12: The optimal water temperature for brewing coffee was originally reported as 192-203 degrees Fahrenheit. It has been changed to 195-205F.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/33262/brewing-the-perfect-cup-of-coffee","authors":["10331"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_10845","quest_643","quest_10846","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_13202"],"collections":["quest_3354"],"featImg":"quest_33303","label":"quest_3354"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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