Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire
Fire Safety without Harm
Eucalyptus: Fuel for Fire
Sudden Oak Death Plus Wildfire: A Natural Experiment
How it Works at the Crucible
Science on the SPOT: Fire and Butterflies
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Follow him @williamfunk3","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/02c77df41f73577c98c937d3db8acb36?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"William H. Funk | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/02c77df41f73577c98c937d3db8acb36?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/02c77df41f73577c98c937d3db8acb36?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/williamfunk"},"jsojico":{"type":"authors","id":"10562","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10562","found":true},"name":"Jackie Sojico","firstName":"Jackie","lastName":"Sojico","slug":"jsojico","email":"jSojico@netad.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jackie Sojico is a reporter/producer for NET Radio in Lincoln, NE. She hails from Georgia and is a graduate of Oberlin College and the Salt Institute for Documentary Studies. She has contributed work to StoryCorps, NPR’s State of the Re:Union, and BackStory Radio. 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While that may not be top of mind for you, the efficiency of cookstoves has a huge impact on the quality of life--from safety issues to health impacts--of many people around the world. Engineers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have been working for more than a decade to build a better cookstove. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story of designing a new stove for families in developing countries is the first in KQED’s new \u003cstrong>Engineering Is…\u003c/strong> series of e-books that focus on the intersection of engineering and science. The new national science education standards, the Next Generation Science Standards, emphasize engineering design as an essential part of science education. With the “Engineering Is…” e-books, middle- and high-school students can learn about scientists and engineers working together across disciplines to investigate issues, make discoveries and develop solutions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new e-book, \u003ca href=\"http://learning.kqed.org/ebook/cookstoves/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>Engineering Is Saving the World with Cookstoves\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, tells the story of the need for a new design for cookstoves in Darfur and how researchers have worked to make that happen. Videos, animations and interactive graphics explain the design process, and provide a deep dive into science concepts, like combustion. The book also contains a career spotlight video of an engineer that is working on the new stoves, and video profiles of others helping with the project. Students across the country can engage in discussion with each other about indoor air pollution in the developing world via Twitter through an embedded social media project. There is also an opportunity for students to interview engineers in their own communities, and create and share media pieces based on those interviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://learning.kqed.org/ebook/cookstoves/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>Engineering Is Saving the World with Cookstoves\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> is available to view on your computer, tablet and smartphone, for free. You can find links to all of KQED’s e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-16315\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Darfur-Stoves-E-book-Cover.png\" alt=\"cookstoves\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how researchers designed a new, more efficient cookstove to improve the quality of life for families in Darfur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://learning.kqed.org/ebook/cookstoves/\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16316\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"View it on QUEST\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/engineering-is-saving-world/id1012726448?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore the connections between engineering and science with KQED’s new, free e-book, Engineering Is Saving the World with Cookstoves. Learn how researchers designed a new, more efficient cookstove to improve the quality of life for families in Darfur.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450483609,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":352},"headData":{"title":"'Engineering Is' for the Next Generation | KQED","description":"Explore the connections between engineering and science with KQED’s new, free e-book, Engineering Is Saving the World with Cookstoves. Learn how researchers designed a new, more efficient cookstove to improve the quality of life for families in Darfur.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"73843 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=73843","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/02/26/engineering-is-for-the-next-generation/","disqusTitle":"'Engineering Is' for the Next Generation","source":"Engineering","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/engineering/","path":"/quest/73843/engineering-is-for-the-next-generation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/02/Darfur-Stoves-E-book-Cover-640x360.png\" alt=\"Darfur Stoves E-book Cover 640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-73849\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/02/Darfur-Stoves-E-book-Cover-640x360.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/02/Darfur-Stoves-E-book-Cover-640x360-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you turn on your stovetop, do you ever wonder how efficient it is at heating your pot and the food inside? While that may not be top of mind for you, the efficiency of cookstoves has a huge impact on the quality of life--from safety issues to health impacts--of many people around the world. Engineers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have been working for more than a decade to build a better cookstove. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story of designing a new stove for families in developing countries is the first in KQED’s new \u003cstrong>Engineering Is…\u003c/strong> series of e-books that focus on the intersection of engineering and science. The new national science education standards, the Next Generation Science Standards, emphasize engineering design as an essential part of science education. With the “Engineering Is…” e-books, middle- and high-school students can learn about scientists and engineers working together across disciplines to investigate issues, make discoveries and develop solutions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new e-book, \u003ca href=\"http://learning.kqed.org/ebook/cookstoves/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>Engineering Is Saving the World with Cookstoves\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, tells the story of the need for a new design for cookstoves in Darfur and how researchers have worked to make that happen. Videos, animations and interactive graphics explain the design process, and provide a deep dive into science concepts, like combustion. The book also contains a career spotlight video of an engineer that is working on the new stoves, and video profiles of others helping with the project. Students across the country can engage in discussion with each other about indoor air pollution in the developing world via Twitter through an embedded social media project. There is also an opportunity for students to interview engineers in their own communities, and create and share media pieces based on those interviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://learning.kqed.org/ebook/cookstoves/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>Engineering Is Saving the World with Cookstoves\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> is available to view on your computer, tablet and smartphone, for free. You can find links to all of KQED’s e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearfix\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-16315\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Darfur-Stoves-E-book-Cover.png\" alt=\"cookstoves\" width=\"105\" height=\"136\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how researchers designed a new, more efficient cookstove to improve the quality of life for families in Darfur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://learning.kqed.org/ebook/cookstoves/\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16316\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/Download_on_iTunes_Badge_US-UK_110x40_1004.png\" alt=\"View it on QUEST\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/engineering-is-saving-world/id1012726448?mt=13\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/12/E-book-button-for-Web.png\" alt=\"Download on iBooks\" width=\"110\" height=\"40\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/73843/engineering-is-for-the-next-generation","authors":["6170"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_10220","quest_691","quest_12946","quest_13135","quest_13197","quest_1095","quest_12269","quest_1626","quest_2349","quest_2807"],"collections":["quest_13134"],"featImg":"quest_73849","label":"source_quest_73843"},"quest_63705":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_63705","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"63705","score":null,"sort":[1408629617000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"guns-and-roses","title":"Guns and Roses","publishDate":1408629617,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Reflections on the military rarely conjure up images of environmental harmony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>War is hell, for the combatants as well as for the battlefields’ ecosystems. But one of the East Coast’s primary defense facilities has demonstrated that America’s fighting men and women can apply the same earnest professionalism to conservation that they do to combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71458\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/13987568526_939fb96819_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Sgt.-Juan-F.-Jimenez.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71458\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/13987568526_939fb96819_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Sgt.-Juan-F.-Jimenez-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Juan F. Jimenez\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fort Bragg became a permanent Army post in 1922. Today it is one of the largest military complexes in the world, with close to 100,000 personnel. U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Juan F. Jimenez\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bragg.army.mil/Pages/History.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Fort Bragg\u003c/a> in Fayetteville, North Carolina, is a 251-square-mile compound with nearly 100,000 personnel. Bragg, as it’s known, is situated in the piney Sandhills region one hour south of Raleigh. Home to the elite 82nd Airborne Division, Bragg’s woodlands and fields regularly experience artillery bombardment and gunfire as new recruits are put on the arduous road to joining the tough unit. Harrowing as such a fiery baptism must be to soldiers fresh out of high school, the wildlife native to the base are even more at risk, as disruption of feeding and mating behaviors, habitat loss, and even death were regularly viewed by officers as collateral damage while training for war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that fiery disruption was exactly what the Bragg ecosystem needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71454\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/7420114118_122f7a7ef4_o-Photo-by-USFWS.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/7420114118_122f7a7ef4_o-Photo-by-USFWS-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red-cockaded woodpecker is one of the few bird species native to the United States. Photo courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/RCW_fact_sheet-Aug06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">red-cockaded woodpecker\u003c/a> (RCW) is native to the South’s formerly abundant longleaf pine forests. A cooperative breeder and one of the few birds to excavate nests in live, old-growth trees, the red-cockaded woodpecker lives in small family groups that assist in raising hatchlings. The extended family forages together, moving as a group from tree to tree. While this cooperative behavior sounds like a recipe for success, it is the RCW’s dependence on the once-abundant longleaf pine that caused its recent population crash. By mid-century, 86 percent of the Southeast’s old-growth longleaf pine forests had been cleared. And as the longleaf population dropped, so did the RCW, which was listed as federally endangered in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter Fort Bragg, the longleaf pines that buffer the base, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/\" target=\"_blank\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the RCW’s rapid decline, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service issued an emergency injunction in 1991 that immediately closed Bragg’s gun ranges to protect the woodpecker from disturbance. But rather than seeing this as an imposition, Fort Bragg’s personnel approached it with characteristic zeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71460\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/9785279683_a8bf4fc75c_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Staff-Sgt.-Jason-Hull.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71460 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/9785279683_a8bf4fc75c_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Staff-Sgt.-Jason-Hull-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jason- Hull\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Longleaf pine forests benefit from occasional burns, whether they be natural, prescribed, military-induced. U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jason- Hull\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mike Lynch, the former director of planning for Fort Bragg, saw opportunity where others saw obstruction. While walking the site of an armed exercise that had ignited much of the surrounding undergrowth, Lynch noticed the profusion of Venus flytraps, rare wildflowers, longleaf saplings, and, flitting from one singed but unharmed mature pine to another, red-cockaded woodpeckers. The site was regularly used for maneuvers because of the open accessibility granted by gunnery-induced wildfires. It turned out the same habitat the Army preferred was precisely what the pines and woodpeckers were after. Seeing a win/win in the making, Lynch instituted a rotational \u003ca href=\"http://www.smokeybear.com/prescribed-fires.asp\" target=\"_blank\">controlled burn\u003c/a> program that annually torches one-third of the base, or about 50,000 acres, thus keeping the longleaf forests ideal for aerialists of both the booted and beaked varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fort Bragg’s comprehensive, community-based approach to conservation is regional in scope and has been “highly successful,” according to Chief of the Endangered Species Branch Jackie Britcher. “RCWs are an indicator species -- ecologically, politically, and legally. Fort Bragg’s aggressive management of hardwood stands has benefited the birds, the longleafs, and our entire mission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71459\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/12640507054_c386b1d3a4_o.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71459\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/12640507054_c386b1d3a4_o-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy Fort Bragg\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fort Bragg is home to one of the largest longleaf pine concentrations in the country. Photo courtesy Fort Bragg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bragg’s regional conservation efforts benefit greatly from the 17,000 acres of buffer zones ringing the base. Jeff Marcus, with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/northcarolina/contact/\" target=\"_blank\">The Nature Conservancy’s\u003c/a> Sandhills Office said, “These buffers aren’t used for live fire or armored vehicles, but rather for orienteering and Special Forces exercises, basically whatever is compatible with longleaf and RCW recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Fort Bragg is home to 81,200 contiguous acres of longleaf pine, one of the largest concentrations in the country, and the base currently has the second largest red-cockaded woodpecker population in the world. The 82nd Airborne’s resolute motto of “All the way!” demands victory in the field, whether that means combat or conservation.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A tree, a bird, a military base and one of largest ecological restoration efforts in the United States.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442640679,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":812},"headData":{"title":"Guns and Roses | KQED","description":"A tree, a bird, a military base and one of largest ecological restoration efforts in the United States.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"63705 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=63705","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/08/21/guns-and-roses/","disqusTitle":"Guns and Roses","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/63705/guns-and-roses","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Reflections on the military rarely conjure up images of environmental harmony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>War is hell, for the combatants as well as for the battlefields’ ecosystems. But one of the East Coast’s primary defense facilities has demonstrated that America’s fighting men and women can apply the same earnest professionalism to conservation that they do to combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71458\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/13987568526_939fb96819_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Sgt.-Juan-F.-Jimenez.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71458\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/13987568526_939fb96819_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Sgt.-Juan-F.-Jimenez-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Juan F. Jimenez\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fort Bragg became a permanent Army post in 1922. Today it is one of the largest military complexes in the world, with close to 100,000 personnel. U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Juan F. Jimenez\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bragg.army.mil/Pages/History.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Fort Bragg\u003c/a> in Fayetteville, North Carolina, is a 251-square-mile compound with nearly 100,000 personnel. Bragg, as it’s known, is situated in the piney Sandhills region one hour south of Raleigh. Home to the elite 82nd Airborne Division, Bragg’s woodlands and fields regularly experience artillery bombardment and gunfire as new recruits are put on the arduous road to joining the tough unit. Harrowing as such a fiery baptism must be to soldiers fresh out of high school, the wildlife native to the base are even more at risk, as disruption of feeding and mating behaviors, habitat loss, and even death were regularly viewed by officers as collateral damage while training for war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that fiery disruption was exactly what the Bragg ecosystem needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71454\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/7420114118_122f7a7ef4_o-Photo-by-USFWS.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/7420114118_122f7a7ef4_o-Photo-by-USFWS-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red-cockaded woodpecker is one of the few bird species native to the United States. Photo courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/RCW_fact_sheet-Aug06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">red-cockaded woodpecker\u003c/a> (RCW) is native to the South’s formerly abundant longleaf pine forests. A cooperative breeder and one of the few birds to excavate nests in live, old-growth trees, the red-cockaded woodpecker lives in small family groups that assist in raising hatchlings. The extended family forages together, moving as a group from tree to tree. While this cooperative behavior sounds like a recipe for success, it is the RCW’s dependence on the once-abundant longleaf pine that caused its recent population crash. By mid-century, 86 percent of the Southeast’s old-growth longleaf pine forests had been cleared. And as the longleaf population dropped, so did the RCW, which was listed as federally endangered in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter Fort Bragg, the longleaf pines that buffer the base, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/\" target=\"_blank\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the RCW’s rapid decline, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service issued an emergency injunction in 1991 that immediately closed Bragg’s gun ranges to protect the woodpecker from disturbance. But rather than seeing this as an imposition, Fort Bragg’s personnel approached it with characteristic zeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71460\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/9785279683_a8bf4fc75c_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Staff-Sgt.-Jason-Hull.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71460 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/9785279683_a8bf4fc75c_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Staff-Sgt.-Jason-Hull-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jason- Hull\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Longleaf pine forests benefit from occasional burns, whether they be natural, prescribed, military-induced. U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jason- Hull\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mike Lynch, the former director of planning for Fort Bragg, saw opportunity where others saw obstruction. While walking the site of an armed exercise that had ignited much of the surrounding undergrowth, Lynch noticed the profusion of Venus flytraps, rare wildflowers, longleaf saplings, and, flitting from one singed but unharmed mature pine to another, red-cockaded woodpeckers. The site was regularly used for maneuvers because of the open accessibility granted by gunnery-induced wildfires. It turned out the same habitat the Army preferred was precisely what the pines and woodpeckers were after. Seeing a win/win in the making, Lynch instituted a rotational \u003ca href=\"http://www.smokeybear.com/prescribed-fires.asp\" target=\"_blank\">controlled burn\u003c/a> program that annually torches one-third of the base, or about 50,000 acres, thus keeping the longleaf forests ideal for aerialists of both the booted and beaked varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fort Bragg’s comprehensive, community-based approach to conservation is regional in scope and has been “highly successful,” according to Chief of the Endangered Species Branch Jackie Britcher. “RCWs are an indicator species -- ecologically, politically, and legally. Fort Bragg’s aggressive management of hardwood stands has benefited the birds, the longleafs, and our entire mission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71459\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/12640507054_c386b1d3a4_o.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71459\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/12640507054_c386b1d3a4_o-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy Fort Bragg\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fort Bragg is home to one of the largest longleaf pine concentrations in the country. Photo courtesy Fort Bragg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bragg’s regional conservation efforts benefit greatly from the 17,000 acres of buffer zones ringing the base. Jeff Marcus, with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/northcarolina/contact/\" target=\"_blank\">The Nature Conservancy’s\u003c/a> Sandhills Office said, “These buffers aren’t used for live fire or armored vehicles, but rather for orienteering and Special Forces exercises, basically whatever is compatible with longleaf and RCW recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Fort Bragg is home to 81,200 contiguous acres of longleaf pine, one of the largest concentrations in the country, and the base currently has the second largest red-cockaded woodpecker population in the world. The 82nd Airborne’s resolute motto of “All the way!” demands victory in the field, whether that means combat or conservation.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/63705/guns-and-roses","authors":["10531"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_210","quest_326","quest_1095","quest_12934","quest_12935","quest_12269","quest_1824","quest_12937","quest_2283","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_12933","quest_10303","quest_12936"],"featImg":"quest_71456","label":"source_quest_63705"},"quest_70449":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_70449","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"70449","score":null,"sort":[1405000825000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"prescribed-burn","title":"Fire Returns to The Great Plains","publishDate":1405000825,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/PrescribedBurnQuest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71048 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg\" alt=\"QUEST jose luis\" width=\"639\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jose Luis Duce, from Spain's Ministry of the Environment, is training to do a prescribed burn with firefighters from Spain, Colorado, Wyoming, California, and Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71043\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Phil-Dye.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71043 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Phil-Dye-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Phil Dye\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Phil Dye uses a flapper tool to put out any remaining flames on the black line. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’re working on a prescribed burn, you need to have a few things with you. “This tool here is called a thaw claw or a hoe… This is called a fire swatter or flapper,” said Phil Dye, a firefighter from the San Francisco Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flapper looks exactly like a giant flyswatter. But that’s not how it’s used. Right now Dye and a few dozen firefighters are doing what’s called “black lining” just outside Elba, a small town on the Loup River in north central Nebraska. The crew is split into igniters and holders, and they’re walking along a 15-foot-wide line of grass that’s been mowed around the perimeter of a burn unit. The igniters pour gasoline on the short grass and then light the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the grass has burned black, the holders drag their flappers on the ground to smother any remaining flames. Tomorrow, if the weather, wind, and humidity are just right, the firefighters will set fire to the 700 acres inside the black line. That line keeps the fire from spreading outside the burn unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically, it’s a buffer, because fire’s not going to burn in an area that’s already been burned,” Dye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71052\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Small-Cedars.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71052\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Small-Cedars-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Young eastern redcedars killed during the burn. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young eastern redcedars killed during the burn. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Why burn?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The firefighters are participating in a 10-day-long training exchange hosted by \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> and the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://nebraskapf.com/\">Pheasants Forever\u003c/a>. The exchange has two goals: one is for firefighters to train on a prescribed burn and the other is to actually burn 4,000 acres of land to control the eastern redcedar population on the prairie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redcedars are native to Nebraska, but they’re starting to take over grassland areas -- partly because of us. Ben Wheeler, the wildlife ecologist with the conservation group Pheasants Forever, said, “When white settlers moved in, we began some pretty aggressive fire-suppression campaigns, you know, because people were worried about fire going through their homesteads and being destructive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the redcedar population has grown so much that parts of the prairie look more like forest than grassland. Wheeler says that eastern redcedars used to only grow where natural wildfire couldn’t reach them, like steep, northern-facing slopes. Without fire, Wheeler said, “Those refuge areas for trees expanded exponentially -- basically across the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71053\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Ashley.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71053 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Ashley-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Ashley\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Ashley Whitworth sprays water along the edges of the black line that will end up being about 15 feet wide and encompass 700 acres. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Don Westover, fire program leader with the \u003ca href=\"http://nfs.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Forest Service\u003c/a>, said recently that land management organizations like the U.S. Forest Service went from seeing fire as a threat to an integral force in prairie ecology. Westover said, “The U.S. Forest Service had a policy for a number of years that they called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx\">10 am policy\u003c/a>, and that policy stated that all wildfires will be suppressed by 10 am the morning following the fire started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all changed for the Forest Service and other federal agencies about 25 years ago. Instead of putting every fire out, the current policy is to let wildfires happen under very controlled circumstances, like at the training exchange near Elba, Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Keeping control\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Safety is every firefighter’s concern on the training exchange, especially for Dye, who is the burn’s plan chief. Every night he writes the \u003ca href=\"http://gpfirescience.missouristate.edu/assets/gpfirescience/NE_NRCSexampleBurnPlanFillable.pdf\">incident action plan\u003c/a>, or IAP, for the next day’s work. It’s a thick document that lists things like the burn’s objectives, weather forecast, each crew member’s assignment, and a go/no go checklist. Everything on the checklist has to be “yes before we can light fire,” Dye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71041\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.33.52.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71041 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.33.52-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After spraying water on the borders of the black line, firefighters pour gas, ignite the grass, and wait for the fire to burn out. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The IAP is handbook, schedule, and manual all in one for the firefighters to refer to throughout the day. It cuts down on the chances that someone will accidentally start a fire. Dye has worked on grassland burns before, but not all the firefighters here have, like Ashley Whitworth, a firefighter in the Colorado Springs Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve only done ditch burning and a few prescribed fires, but not 700 acres,” Whitworth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71039\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.36.37.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71039 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.36.37-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Once the grass has burnt, the crew follows with flappers to make sure the fire is out. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are also firefighters from Nebraska, Idaho, Minnesota, Utah, California, and even Spain. Jose Luis Duce works for the Ministry of Environment in Spain and is one of 12 visiting firefighters. He’s also never worked on a prescribed fire, but he says that Spain’s grasslands evolved with fire, similar to Nebraska’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of fuel, we have this fuel in Spain,” Duce said, “but we don’t burn that much in Spain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuel, to firefighters, means anything that will burn. In this case, Duce means grass. Like Nebraska, wildfire spreads easily in Spain because of that grass, and especially on dry, windy days. In July 2009, those factors led to \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8167101.stm#map\">wildfires across Europe, from Spain to Turkey\u003c/a>, resulting in hundreds of people evacuating their homes and eight deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duce thinks that’s why people are so reluctant to use fire as a management tool. “People only see the bad side of fire. It’s a part of the ecosystem. People don’t consider using fire as a natural tool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71042\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-15.17.31.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71042\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-15.17.31-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The blackline acts as a buffer to keep fire from spreading beyond what's planned. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The black line acts as a buffer to keep fire from spreading beyond the intended unit. It took the burn crew a few hours to complete this section of the line. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the crew finishes black lining, the firefighters will head back to the command post to get some sleep. Except for Dye. He’ll be working late into the night on the burn plan for tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dye spends so much time on the IAP because it’s the only way to make sure the burn stays safe for everyone involved, from the firefighters to the landowners. And it’s those procedures that drew so many firefighters to Nebraska for the training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch \u003ca href=\"http://netnebraska.org/media/media.php?bin=NET&vidgroup=40164419\">a timelapse video of the prescribed burn on the Loup River\u003c/a> from QUEST Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://netnebraska.org/media/iframe.php?vidgroup=40164419&w=600&h=385&bin=NET\" width=\"100%\" height=\"385\" frameborder=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Fire can be dangerous, but it's not always a bad thing. On the Great Plains, firefighters, ecologists, and ranchers are slowly trying to make fire a part of the region's ecosystem again. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442644347,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://netnebraska.org/media/iframe.php"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1182},"headData":{"title":"Fire Returns to The Great Plains | KQED","description":"Fire can be dangerous, but it's not always a bad thing. On the Great Plains, firefighters, ecologists, and ranchers are slowly trying to make fire a part of the region's ecosystem again. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"70449 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=70449","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/07/10/prescribed-burn/","disqusTitle":"Fire Returns to The Great Plains","path":"/quest/70449/prescribed-burn","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/PrescribedBurnQuest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/PrescribedBurnQuest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71048 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg\" alt=\"QUEST jose luis\" width=\"639\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jose Luis Duce, from Spain's Ministry of the Environment, is training to do a prescribed burn with firefighters from Spain, Colorado, Wyoming, California, and Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71043\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Phil-Dye.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71043 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Phil-Dye-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Phil Dye\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Phil Dye uses a flapper tool to put out any remaining flames on the black line. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’re working on a prescribed burn, you need to have a few things with you. “This tool here is called a thaw claw or a hoe… This is called a fire swatter or flapper,” said Phil Dye, a firefighter from the San Francisco Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flapper looks exactly like a giant flyswatter. But that’s not how it’s used. Right now Dye and a few dozen firefighters are doing what’s called “black lining” just outside Elba, a small town on the Loup River in north central Nebraska. The crew is split into igniters and holders, and they’re walking along a 15-foot-wide line of grass that’s been mowed around the perimeter of a burn unit. The igniters pour gasoline on the short grass and then light the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the grass has burned black, the holders drag their flappers on the ground to smother any remaining flames. Tomorrow, if the weather, wind, and humidity are just right, the firefighters will set fire to the 700 acres inside the black line. That line keeps the fire from spreading outside the burn unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically, it’s a buffer, because fire’s not going to burn in an area that’s already been burned,” Dye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71052\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Small-Cedars.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71052\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Small-Cedars-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Young eastern redcedars killed during the burn. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young eastern redcedars killed during the burn. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Why burn?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The firefighters are participating in a 10-day-long training exchange hosted by \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> and the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://nebraskapf.com/\">Pheasants Forever\u003c/a>. The exchange has two goals: one is for firefighters to train on a prescribed burn and the other is to actually burn 4,000 acres of land to control the eastern redcedar population on the prairie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redcedars are native to Nebraska, but they’re starting to take over grassland areas -- partly because of us. Ben Wheeler, the wildlife ecologist with the conservation group Pheasants Forever, said, “When white settlers moved in, we began some pretty aggressive fire-suppression campaigns, you know, because people were worried about fire going through their homesteads and being destructive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the redcedar population has grown so much that parts of the prairie look more like forest than grassland. Wheeler says that eastern redcedars used to only grow where natural wildfire couldn’t reach them, like steep, northern-facing slopes. Without fire, Wheeler said, “Those refuge areas for trees expanded exponentially -- basically across the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71053\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Ashley.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71053 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Ashley-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Ashley\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Ashley Whitworth sprays water along the edges of the black line that will end up being about 15 feet wide and encompass 700 acres. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Don Westover, fire program leader with the \u003ca href=\"http://nfs.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Forest Service\u003c/a>, said recently that land management organizations like the U.S. Forest Service went from seeing fire as a threat to an integral force in prairie ecology. Westover said, “The U.S. Forest Service had a policy for a number of years that they called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx\">10 am policy\u003c/a>, and that policy stated that all wildfires will be suppressed by 10 am the morning following the fire started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all changed for the Forest Service and other federal agencies about 25 years ago. Instead of putting every fire out, the current policy is to let wildfires happen under very controlled circumstances, like at the training exchange near Elba, Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Keeping control\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Safety is every firefighter’s concern on the training exchange, especially for Dye, who is the burn’s plan chief. Every night he writes the \u003ca href=\"http://gpfirescience.missouristate.edu/assets/gpfirescience/NE_NRCSexampleBurnPlanFillable.pdf\">incident action plan\u003c/a>, or IAP, for the next day’s work. It’s a thick document that lists things like the burn’s objectives, weather forecast, each crew member’s assignment, and a go/no go checklist. Everything on the checklist has to be “yes before we can light fire,” Dye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71041\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.33.52.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71041 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.33.52-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After spraying water on the borders of the black line, firefighters pour gas, ignite the grass, and wait for the fire to burn out. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The IAP is handbook, schedule, and manual all in one for the firefighters to refer to throughout the day. It cuts down on the chances that someone will accidentally start a fire. Dye has worked on grassland burns before, but not all the firefighters here have, like Ashley Whitworth, a firefighter in the Colorado Springs Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve only done ditch burning and a few prescribed fires, but not 700 acres,” Whitworth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71039\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.36.37.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71039 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.36.37-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Once the grass has burnt, the crew follows with flappers to make sure the fire is out. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are also firefighters from Nebraska, Idaho, Minnesota, Utah, California, and even Spain. Jose Luis Duce works for the Ministry of Environment in Spain and is one of 12 visiting firefighters. He’s also never worked on a prescribed fire, but he says that Spain’s grasslands evolved with fire, similar to Nebraska’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of fuel, we have this fuel in Spain,” Duce said, “but we don’t burn that much in Spain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuel, to firefighters, means anything that will burn. In this case, Duce means grass. Like Nebraska, wildfire spreads easily in Spain because of that grass, and especially on dry, windy days. In July 2009, those factors led to \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8167101.stm#map\">wildfires across Europe, from Spain to Turkey\u003c/a>, resulting in hundreds of people evacuating their homes and eight deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duce thinks that’s why people are so reluctant to use fire as a management tool. “People only see the bad side of fire. It’s a part of the ecosystem. People don’t consider using fire as a natural tool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71042\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-15.17.31.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71042\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-15.17.31-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The blackline acts as a buffer to keep fire from spreading beyond what's planned. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The black line acts as a buffer to keep fire from spreading beyond the intended unit. It took the burn crew a few hours to complete this section of the line. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the crew finishes black lining, the firefighters will head back to the command post to get some sleep. Except for Dye. He’ll be working late into the night on the burn plan for tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dye spends so much time on the IAP because it’s the only way to make sure the burn stays safe for everyone involved, from the firefighters to the landowners. And it’s those procedures that drew so many firefighters to Nebraska for the training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch \u003ca href=\"http://netnebraska.org/media/media.php?bin=NET&vidgroup=40164419\">a timelapse video of the prescribed burn on the Loup River\u003c/a> from QUEST Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://netnebraska.org/media/iframe.php?vidgroup=40164419&w=600&h=385&bin=NET\" width=\"100%\" height=\"385\" frameborder=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/70449/prescribed-burn","authors":["10562"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_438","quest_12669","quest_12898","quest_921","quest_1095","quest_12897","quest_12269","quest_10353","quest_3929","quest_12899","quest_2283","quest_12896","quest_2349","quest_12354","quest_12900","quest_12901","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_71048","label":"quest"},"quest_55618":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_55618","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"55618","score":null,"sort":[1376575206000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire","title":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire ","publishDate":1376575206,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record-setting heat and dryness plagued many of the lower 48 states in 2012. While 2013 hasn’t been as extreme, half of the country continues to suffer from dry to exceptional drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\">U.S. drought monitor\u003c/a>. It’s a trend that’s likely to continue as the global climate changes, and it could have big impacts on trees across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58916\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Near his office in Lincoln\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> Nebraska, Mark Harrell examines a brown-looking Eastern White Pine. He’s the Forest Health Program Leader for the Nebraska Forest Service. He points to dried resin on the bark. “That’s kind of a typical symptom of fungus disease affecting the branches,” he says. “And those are very common on trees stressed from drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrell says that because of disease—likely brought on by drought—the tree may not survive the summer. And it isn’t the only one. Foresters across the state say they’re losing trees not only to drought-induced disease and dehydration but also to heat that exacerbates the situation and increases the severity of wildfires. Drier, warmer weather has also given insects like bark beetles more time to populate and spread into climate-stressed trees where they destroy nutrient-bearing tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fatal Thirst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees nourish themselves by pulling water up from the ground to the leaves. There it reacts with sunlight and carbon dioxide, converting that energy into food in the form of carbohydrates. But drought hampers that critical process, according to U.S. Geological Survey research ecologist Craig Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there starts to be limited water available in the soil, it gets more difficult. It takes more tension to pull water out of the soil and get it into the tree and get it all the way up to where the leaves are in the canopy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> But if the drought lasts for weeks, months, or even years, the trees can actually starve to death.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, that tension can get so strong that the tissues in the tree—think of them as little straws—get air bubbles, or embolisms, which prevent water from moving up the trunk. Trees have many ways of dealing with periods of drought and other stress, which is one reason they can live so long, says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By avoiding dehydrating to death, they can end up starving, essentially,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, who is based near Santa Fe, New Mexico, says the Southwest has been in a prolonged drought since about 2000. And warmer temperatures in the last 20 years have exacerbated the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2-404x253.jpg\" alt=\"In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"404\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world is getting warmer, has been getting warmer in recent decades. And it appears there’s a signal that this is amplifying the drought stress on trees in many parts of the world. We’re starting to see more tree mortality in these areas,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures—partly the result of more carbon dioxide in the air—means the atmosphere needs more water. Think of the warmer atmosphere as a sponge, increasing evaporation and pulling \u003cstrong>more\u003c/strong> water from leaves and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Allen, adding hotter temperatures to ongoing drought is often a fatal combination for trees. Many species around the world already toe the line of high temperatures they can withstand to maximize their ability to survive. And in many places, trees have already used up deeper reserves of subsoil moisture stored from previous wet periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda, a climatologist with the National Drought Mitigation Center, says those places now need serious moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get into the second or third year of drought, the cumulative impacts begin to ramp up, like we’re seeing particularly in Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas. New Mexico has been very, very hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You need well above sustained rains, not just a good month or a good week,” says Svoboda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intense Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drier winters have also led to longer, more intense wildfires sweeping through western forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cumulatively, we’re seeing this much longer fire season in just a few decades, and the severity of fire seems to be related to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58967\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58967\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>temperature as well, so we’re seeing more high-severity fire,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These intensely hot fires can sometimes kill huge swaths of mature trees, rather than the spotty burn patterns of more normal wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Allen and other forest researchers now worry about losing that native seed stock, and the trees’ ability to repopulate the landscape by distributing their seeds as they have after previous die-offs. The sudden absence of these trees would likely impact the ecosystem, including plant and animal biodiversity, as shrubs and grasses take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with efforts like thinning forests to reduce competition for water, researchers are searching for new species that can withstand the changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Search for Tougher Trees\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Evertson, Green Infrastructure Coordinator for the Nebraska Forest Service, says they think they need to look south for trees that can withstand warmer temperatures and drier conditions, though he admits it’s hard to know just how things will change in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58968\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58968\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the greenhouse at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the greenhouses at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evertson works with Bob Henrickson at the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Statewide Arboretum\u003c/a> in Lincoln. Along with nearly 100 affiliate sites around the state, Henrickson routinely gathers seeds from a wide range of trees—particularly native varieties—and cultivates and distributes them to determine what trees do best in the region’s variable and changing climate. With more drought and heat projected for the future, moving away from cooler-weather species might be an option for maintaining a healthy tree population in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the arboretum’s test garden, Evertson walks over to a dwarf chinkapin oak grown from acorns collected nearly a decade ago. He says this oak occurs on tough, gravelly soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a tree that has proven itself to be tough and adaptable across the region,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evertson says orders for chinkapin oak and other hardy trees routinely come in from\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>numerous nearby states. The Nebraska Forest Service and Kansas Forest Service are starting a cooperative effort to collect and evaluate other tough trees that can handle changing climate conditions. Bob Henrickson says that’s exactly what he envisions for the arboretum’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of native trees and shrubs in Nebraska are native to other states but meet their natural range limit in our state,” he says. “So we feel we’re set up with some of the best seed sources in the country to distribute these plants throughout (the region) that can take these tough conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distributing seeds to other states might be necessary if we lose a lot of the current forests in the Southwest as a result of the combined threat of drought, heat, and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s hard to imagine they’re going to survive beyond the middle of this century in the parts of the landscape where they are today,” says research ecologist Allen. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After reviewing thousands of years of historic tree-ring data in the Southwest, Allen and other researchers found there have been two other periods of extended, “mega-drought” that caused trees to die out on a large scale and likely forced native people to leave the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current drought we’re seeing is approaching the severity of those two most severe mega-droughts in the last 1,000 years, and it’s because it’s warmer,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda agrees but says it’s still too early to know if we’re at the beginning of another mega-drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just no way to tell until you look back on it. But it’s certainly been shown that it’s very, very possible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Allen says we should expect change. “We’re in a period where the new normal is just a transition period -- we can’t see to what yet. But it looks like, for this century at least, there will be this climate changing and so the systems are changing as they must.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean cold-weather trees slowly repopulating in higher elevations, while lower areas shift to more scrub- and grass-based ecosystems. Only time—and the climate—will tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58793\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414687120.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414677138-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the western U.S., trees are facing a triple threat of heat, drought and wildfire. Despite efforts to find more resilient tree species, some forests may not survive past mid-century.\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1398456875,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":39,"wordCount":1573},"headData":{"title":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire | KQED","description":"In the western U.S., trees are facing a triple threat of heat, drought and wildfire. Despite efforts to find more resilient tree species, some forests may not survive past mid-century.\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"55618 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=55618","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/08/15/triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire/","disqusTitle":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire ","path":"/quest/55618/triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record-setting heat and dryness plagued many of the lower 48 states in 2012. While 2013 hasn’t been as extreme, half of the country continues to suffer from dry to exceptional drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\">U.S. drought monitor\u003c/a>. It’s a trend that’s likely to continue as the global climate changes, and it could have big impacts on trees across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58916\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Near his office in Lincoln\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> Nebraska, Mark Harrell examines a brown-looking Eastern White Pine. He’s the Forest Health Program Leader for the Nebraska Forest Service. He points to dried resin on the bark. “That’s kind of a typical symptom of fungus disease affecting the branches,” he says. “And those are very common on trees stressed from drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrell says that because of disease—likely brought on by drought—the tree may not survive the summer. And it isn’t the only one. Foresters across the state say they’re losing trees not only to drought-induced disease and dehydration but also to heat that exacerbates the situation and increases the severity of wildfires. Drier, warmer weather has also given insects like bark beetles more time to populate and spread into climate-stressed trees where they destroy nutrient-bearing tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fatal Thirst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees nourish themselves by pulling water up from the ground to the leaves. There it reacts with sunlight and carbon dioxide, converting that energy into food in the form of carbohydrates. But drought hampers that critical process, according to U.S. Geological Survey research ecologist Craig Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there starts to be limited water available in the soil, it gets more difficult. It takes more tension to pull water out of the soil and get it into the tree and get it all the way up to where the leaves are in the canopy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> But if the drought lasts for weeks, months, or even years, the trees can actually starve to death.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, that tension can get so strong that the tissues in the tree—think of them as little straws—get air bubbles, or embolisms, which prevent water from moving up the trunk. Trees have many ways of dealing with periods of drought and other stress, which is one reason they can live so long, says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By avoiding dehydrating to death, they can end up starving, essentially,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, who is based near Santa Fe, New Mexico, says the Southwest has been in a prolonged drought since about 2000. And warmer temperatures in the last 20 years have exacerbated the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2-404x253.jpg\" alt=\"In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"404\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world is getting warmer, has been getting warmer in recent decades. And it appears there’s a signal that this is amplifying the drought stress on trees in many parts of the world. We’re starting to see more tree mortality in these areas,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures—partly the result of more carbon dioxide in the air—means the atmosphere needs more water. Think of the warmer atmosphere as a sponge, increasing evaporation and pulling \u003cstrong>more\u003c/strong> water from leaves and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Allen, adding hotter temperatures to ongoing drought is often a fatal combination for trees. Many species around the world already toe the line of high temperatures they can withstand to maximize their ability to survive. And in many places, trees have already used up deeper reserves of subsoil moisture stored from previous wet periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda, a climatologist with the National Drought Mitigation Center, says those places now need serious moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get into the second or third year of drought, the cumulative impacts begin to ramp up, like we’re seeing particularly in Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas. New Mexico has been very, very hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You need well above sustained rains, not just a good month or a good week,” says Svoboda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intense Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drier winters have also led to longer, more intense wildfires sweeping through western forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cumulatively, we’re seeing this much longer fire season in just a few decades, and the severity of fire seems to be related to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58967\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58967\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>temperature as well, so we’re seeing more high-severity fire,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These intensely hot fires can sometimes kill huge swaths of mature trees, rather than the spotty burn patterns of more normal wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Allen and other forest researchers now worry about losing that native seed stock, and the trees’ ability to repopulate the landscape by distributing their seeds as they have after previous die-offs. The sudden absence of these trees would likely impact the ecosystem, including plant and animal biodiversity, as shrubs and grasses take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with efforts like thinning forests to reduce competition for water, researchers are searching for new species that can withstand the changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Search for Tougher Trees\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Evertson, Green Infrastructure Coordinator for the Nebraska Forest Service, says they think they need to look south for trees that can withstand warmer temperatures and drier conditions, though he admits it’s hard to know just how things will change in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58968\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58968\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the greenhouse at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the greenhouses at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evertson works with Bob Henrickson at the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Statewide Arboretum\u003c/a> in Lincoln. Along with nearly 100 affiliate sites around the state, Henrickson routinely gathers seeds from a wide range of trees—particularly native varieties—and cultivates and distributes them to determine what trees do best in the region’s variable and changing climate. With more drought and heat projected for the future, moving away from cooler-weather species might be an option for maintaining a healthy tree population in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the arboretum’s test garden, Evertson walks over to a dwarf chinkapin oak grown from acorns collected nearly a decade ago. He says this oak occurs on tough, gravelly soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a tree that has proven itself to be tough and adaptable across the region,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evertson says orders for chinkapin oak and other hardy trees routinely come in from\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>numerous nearby states. The Nebraska Forest Service and Kansas Forest Service are starting a cooperative effort to collect and evaluate other tough trees that can handle changing climate conditions. Bob Henrickson says that’s exactly what he envisions for the arboretum’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of native trees and shrubs in Nebraska are native to other states but meet their natural range limit in our state,” he says. “So we feel we’re set up with some of the best seed sources in the country to distribute these plants throughout (the region) that can take these tough conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distributing seeds to other states might be necessary if we lose a lot of the current forests in the Southwest as a result of the combined threat of drought, heat, and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s hard to imagine they’re going to survive beyond the middle of this century in the parts of the landscape where they are today,” says research ecologist Allen. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After reviewing thousands of years of historic tree-ring data in the Southwest, Allen and other researchers found there have been two other periods of extended, “mega-drought” that caused trees to die out on a large scale and likely forced native people to leave the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current drought we’re seeing is approaching the severity of those two most severe mega-droughts in the last 1,000 years, and it’s because it’s warmer,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda agrees but says it’s still too early to know if we’re at the beginning of another mega-drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just no way to tell until you look back on it. But it’s certainly been shown that it’s very, very possible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Allen says we should expect change. “We’re in a period where the new normal is just a transition period -- we can’t see to what yet. But it looks like, for this century at least, there will be this climate changing and so the systems are changing as they must.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean cold-weather trees slowly repopulating in higher elevations, while lower areas shift to more scrub- and grass-based ecosystems. Only time—and the climate—will tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58793\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414687120.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414677138-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/55618/triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_13195","quest_886","quest_1095","quest_1334","quest_12209","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3289","quest_2993"],"featImg":"quest_58793","label":"quest"},"quest_52462":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52462","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52462","score":null,"sort":[1366210827000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fire-safety-without-harm","title":"Fire Safety without Harm","publishDate":1366210827,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/17/fire-safety-without-harm/fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52484\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire.jpg\" alt=\"fire\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-52484\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, scientists and regulators from more than 20 countries gathered in San Francisco to discuss the latest research on flame retardants. \u003ca href=\"http://www.bfr2013.com/bfr2013_about.cfm\">The conference\u003c/a> lasted four days, but the theme of the meeting was clear from just a few talks: Do we need toxic chemicals to achieve fire safety?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past decade, scientists have voiced increasing concern about the potential health and environmental risks of these chemicals, which show up—and leach from—a growing number of consumer products. By now, most California consumers probably know that flame retardants permeate the foam in their couches and chairs, along with a surprising array of baby products. (On Monday, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Flame-retardants-to-be-removed-from-nap-mats-4436828.php\">San Francisco Chronicle noted\u003c/a> that at least some nap maps sold in the state will no longer contain flame retardants.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I reported yesterday in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/flame-retardants-in-consumer-products-are-linked-to-health-and-cognitive-problems/2013/04/15/f5c7b2aa-8b34-11e2-9838-d62f083ba93f_story.html\">story for the Washington Post\u003c/a>, mounting evidence suggests that these brominated chemicals pose risks to human health. Californians carry among the highest levels of flame retardants in the world, which researchers attribute to a 70s-era flammability standard that requires foam products to resist an open flame for 12 seconds. Manufacturers typically used flame retardants to comply and many tailored their products to California’s standard—and considerable market share—to avoid double inventories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, concerned about the risks the chemicals pose to human health, \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=17598\">called on the state agency\u003c/a> in charge of flammability standards to find a way to ensure fire safety without the need for toxic flame retardants. In March, the agency held \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hOjKKdZR_s&feature=youtu.be\">a public hearing\u003c/a> on its new standard, revised to do just that. The new regulations go into effect July 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2011, when I started \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">writing about flame retardants\u003c/a>, I’ve been struck by how the researchers studying these chemicals talk about their findings. Scientists tend to talk about their results in terms of what they don’t know and what new questions their studies raise. (All \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=weak-link-fossil-darwinius\">exceptions duly noted\u003c/a>.) And those studying flame retardants do discuss their findings with all the usual caveats. But they also do something else. They tell me, \"We don’t like what we’re seeing.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago, I spoke with Heather Stapleton, a flame retardant expert at Duke University who’s pioneered methods to correlate levels of dust on people’s hands with levels found in their blood or urine. With two small children, a four-year-old son and a daughter who will be two next month, Stapleton said she thinks very carefully “as a mother and scientist” about the products she buys and washes her children’s hands frequently to reduce exposure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s particularly worried about people using hand-me-down nursing pillows and other baby products that likely exude more flame retardants as they age. “No one to my knowledge is examining infants’ exposure to flame retardants from these small items,” she said. “They’re small but an infant spends a lot of contact time with them.” What’s more, babies are likely to go from sleep positioner to a car seat to a changing table, spending the better part of a day in contact with products that could be leaching the chemicals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week at the flame retardant conference, researchers talked about the global reach of these chemicals, now detected in trees, sludge, wildlife and people around the world. They listed the wide range of health effects associated with the well-studied brominated flame retardants—including endocrine disruption and developmental, neurological and reproductive defects—and emphasized that the effects have been found in both animals and humans. They also reported worrying early results on new formulations like tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which is showing up in human breast milk and maternal cord blood samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, TBBPA was added mostly to electronics and circuit boards in a “reactive mode,” which means it’s unlikely to leach from the product. But as Linda Birnbaum pointed out at the meeting, it’s now being used as a replacement for banned or discontinued brominated flame retardants in an “additive mode”—so it can offgas, migrate from the product into the air. “Which means more is going to get into the environment,” Birnbaum said, “which means more is going to get into people and wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birnbaum, director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Toxicology Program, reported that a two-year study of TBBPA in rats and mice found a dose-related increase in aggressive uterine tumors in the female rats—“these are highly malignant tumors that metastasize to many different sites,” she told the crowd—as well as liver tumors in male and female mice. These results suggest, she said, that TBBPA is a “two species carcinogen” that warrants closer study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, Birnbaum told me that she used to think flame retardants were providing fire safety but now isn't so sure. She allows there may be applications that warrant them, like airplanes, but even then, she said, “If we think flame retardants are going to be helpful, why not use them in a reactive mode, so they don’t easily escape into the environment?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, after seeing data showing rising levels of flame retardants in people along with animal evidence linking neurological effects to exposure early in life, Birnbaum called attention to the issue with a paper called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241790/pdf/ehp0112-000009.pdf\">\"Brominated Flame Retardants: Cause for Concern?\" \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, she said, “everything that is being seen in people when you look—and until recently, no one looked—is consistent with things that we’ve seen in animal models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bfr2013.com/upload/abstract-download/2013/BirnbaumPlenary.pdf\">weight of the evidence\u003c/a> inspired Birnbaum to write another paper. “I changed the question mark,” she said, “to an exclamation point.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Last week, scientists and regulators from more than 20 countries gathered in San Francisco to discuss the latest research on flame retardants. The conference lasted four days, but the theme of the meeting was clear from just a few talks: Do we need toxic chemicals to achieve fire safety?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367424417,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":1001},"headData":{"title":"Fire Safety without Harm | KQED","description":"Last week, scientists and regulators from more than 20 countries gathered in San Francisco to discuss the latest research on flame retardants. The conference lasted four days, but the theme of the meeting was clear from just a few talks: Do we need toxic chemicals to achieve fire safety?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"52462 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52462","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/17/fire-safety-without-harm/","disqusTitle":"Fire Safety without Harm","path":"/quest/52462/fire-safety-without-harm","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/17/fire-safety-without-harm/fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52484\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire.jpg\" alt=\"fire\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-52484\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/fire-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, scientists and regulators from more than 20 countries gathered in San Francisco to discuss the latest research on flame retardants. \u003ca href=\"http://www.bfr2013.com/bfr2013_about.cfm\">The conference\u003c/a> lasted four days, but the theme of the meeting was clear from just a few talks: Do we need toxic chemicals to achieve fire safety?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past decade, scientists have voiced increasing concern about the potential health and environmental risks of these chemicals, which show up—and leach from—a growing number of consumer products. By now, most California consumers probably know that flame retardants permeate the foam in their couches and chairs, along with a surprising array of baby products. (On Monday, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Flame-retardants-to-be-removed-from-nap-mats-4436828.php\">San Francisco Chronicle noted\u003c/a> that at least some nap maps sold in the state will no longer contain flame retardants.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I reported yesterday in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/flame-retardants-in-consumer-products-are-linked-to-health-and-cognitive-problems/2013/04/15/f5c7b2aa-8b34-11e2-9838-d62f083ba93f_story.html\">story for the Washington Post\u003c/a>, mounting evidence suggests that these brominated chemicals pose risks to human health. Californians carry among the highest levels of flame retardants in the world, which researchers attribute to a 70s-era flammability standard that requires foam products to resist an open flame for 12 seconds. Manufacturers typically used flame retardants to comply and many tailored their products to California’s standard—and considerable market share—to avoid double inventories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown, concerned about the risks the chemicals pose to human health, \u003ca href=\"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=17598\">called on the state agency\u003c/a> in charge of flammability standards to find a way to ensure fire safety without the need for toxic flame retardants. In March, the agency held \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hOjKKdZR_s&feature=youtu.be\">a public hearing\u003c/a> on its new standard, revised to do just that. The new regulations go into effect July 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2011, when I started \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">writing about flame retardants\u003c/a>, I’ve been struck by how the researchers studying these chemicals talk about their findings. Scientists tend to talk about their results in terms of what they don’t know and what new questions their studies raise. (All \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=weak-link-fossil-darwinius\">exceptions duly noted\u003c/a>.) And those studying flame retardants do discuss their findings with all the usual caveats. But they also do something else. They tell me, \"We don’t like what we’re seeing.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks ago, I spoke with Heather Stapleton, a flame retardant expert at Duke University who’s pioneered methods to correlate levels of dust on people’s hands with levels found in their blood or urine. With two small children, a four-year-old son and a daughter who will be two next month, Stapleton said she thinks very carefully “as a mother and scientist” about the products she buys and washes her children’s hands frequently to reduce exposure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s particularly worried about people using hand-me-down nursing pillows and other baby products that likely exude more flame retardants as they age. “No one to my knowledge is examining infants’ exposure to flame retardants from these small items,” she said. “They’re small but an infant spends a lot of contact time with them.” What’s more, babies are likely to go from sleep positioner to a car seat to a changing table, spending the better part of a day in contact with products that could be leaching the chemicals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week at the flame retardant conference, researchers talked about the global reach of these chemicals, now detected in trees, sludge, wildlife and people around the world. They listed the wide range of health effects associated with the well-studied brominated flame retardants—including endocrine disruption and developmental, neurological and reproductive defects—and emphasized that the effects have been found in both animals and humans. They also reported worrying early results on new formulations like tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which is showing up in human breast milk and maternal cord blood samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, TBBPA was added mostly to electronics and circuit boards in a “reactive mode,” which means it’s unlikely to leach from the product. But as Linda Birnbaum pointed out at the meeting, it’s now being used as a replacement for banned or discontinued brominated flame retardants in an “additive mode”—so it can offgas, migrate from the product into the air. “Which means more is going to get into the environment,” Birnbaum said, “which means more is going to get into people and wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birnbaum, director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Toxicology Program, reported that a two-year study of TBBPA in rats and mice found a dose-related increase in aggressive uterine tumors in the female rats—“these are highly malignant tumors that metastasize to many different sites,” she told the crowd—as well as liver tumors in male and female mice. These results suggest, she said, that TBBPA is a “two species carcinogen” that warrants closer study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, Birnbaum told me that she used to think flame retardants were providing fire safety but now isn't so sure. She allows there may be applications that warrant them, like airplanes, but even then, she said, “If we think flame retardants are going to be helpful, why not use them in a reactive mode, so they don’t easily escape into the environment?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, after seeing data showing rising levels of flame retardants in people along with animal evidence linking neurological effects to exposure early in life, Birnbaum called attention to the issue with a paper called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241790/pdf/ehp0112-000009.pdf\">\"Brominated Flame Retardants: Cause for Concern?\" \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, she said, “everything that is being seen in people when you look—and until recently, no one looked—is consistent with things that we’ve seen in animal models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bfr2013.com/upload/abstract-download/2013/BirnbaumPlenary.pdf\">weight of the evidence\u003c/a> inspired Birnbaum to write another paper. “I changed the question mark,” she said, “to an exclamation point.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52462/fire-safety-without-harm","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_11572","quest_13198","quest_1095","quest_10954","quest_13201","quest_11518","quest_2474","quest_10953"],"featImg":"quest_52484","label":"quest"},"quest_25998":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25998","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25998","score":null,"sort":[1318867112000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"eucalyptus-fuel-for-fire","title":"Eucalyptus: Fuel for Fire","publishDate":1318867112,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26000\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26000\" title=\"Eucalyptus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eucalyptus grove on the Berkeley campus. Photo: {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/aidanmorgan/2073661175/\"}John-Morgan{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago this week, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201110141630/c\">fire\u003c/a> ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus\">Eucalyptus trees\u003c/a>, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire. The Park Service estimates that eucalyptus was responsible for 70% of the energy released though combustion of vegetation. The trees, leaves, and bark are packed with phenolic compounds that burn hot, and the trees’ tall stature, proximity to homes, and long, swaying branches helped propagate the fire. To minimize future fires, the Park Service and others call for the removal of eucalyptus leaf litter and even whole trees—which is expensive and sometimes controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eucalyptus trees are relatively new to California. Originally from Australia, the species most common in the Bay Area, Eucalyptus globulus, or blue gum, was planted in the 1850s following the gold rush, with the hope that the timber could be used for railroad ties. Old-growth eucalyptus forests in Australia provided excellent timber. But while eucalyptus grew quickly in California, the young trees made awful timber. The wood twisted and split as it dried. So eucalyptus trees were instead used as windbreaks, to mark property boundaries, and to prevent erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees quickly spread. Eucalyptus grow like crazy in the California climate, growing much taller than they do in their native Australia. Once eucalyptus become established, they can take over. Their Australian competitors did not come to California with them. Their dense canopy blocks light from entering the understory. As the fallen leaves decompose, they make the soil more acidic, and other plants can’t grow there. In California, eucalyptus often form a monoculture, devoid of other species. And the trees take up huge amounts of water. In some areas of the world, people planted eucalyptus to drain swamps and reduce the habitat for mosquito larvae, thereby eradicating malaria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blue gum eucalyptus evolved in a fire-prone environment, and the species has many fire adaptations. Their seeds are extremely resistant to heat. After a fire, trees that are relatively intact will quickly drop their seeds. And trees that have burned can re-sprout from their stumps and root systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent eucalyptus from fueling future fires, the bark peelings and leaves need to be removed from the understory. \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca2709p13-64054.pdf\">A study conducted in the 1970s\u003c/a> estimated 10-40% of the leaves that fall each year decompose in that year; fuel builds up quickly. Sometimes, entire trees need to be removed. After the 1991 fire, approximately 400 acres of eucalyptus were removed from the East Bay Regional Park District. Removing trees is even more difficult and expensive than removing litter, as the trees are huge and they re-sprout from the stump. To prevent re-sprouting, stumps need to be treated with chemical herbicides or covered in sheets of black plastic, so sunlight does not reach them. Another option is to topple the trees—knock them over so their roots are torn up from the ground. In addition to being a lot of work, removing trees is often controversial; neighbors don’t like it. Several large eucalyptus trees were recently removed from a Department of Motor Vehicles property in Oakland, \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandnorth.net/2011/08/16/neighbors-concerned-over-tree-removal-at-claremont-dmv/\">resulting in neighborhood outrage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing eucalyptus trees is labor intensive and expensive. But then, so are fires.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Twenty years ago this week, a fire ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. Eucalyptus trees, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443832159,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":575},"headData":{"title":"Eucalyptus: Fuel for Fire | KQED","description":"Twenty years ago this week, a fire ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. Eucalyptus trees, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"25998 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=25998","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/17/eucalyptus-fuel-for-fire/","disqusTitle":"Eucalyptus: Fuel for Fire","path":"/quest/25998/eucalyptus-fuel-for-fire","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26000\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26000\" title=\"Eucalyptus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eucalyptus grove on the Berkeley campus. Photo: {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/aidanmorgan/2073661175/\"}John-Morgan{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago this week, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201110141630/c\">fire\u003c/a> ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus\">Eucalyptus trees\u003c/a>, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire. The Park Service estimates that eucalyptus was responsible for 70% of the energy released though combustion of vegetation. The trees, leaves, and bark are packed with phenolic compounds that burn hot, and the trees’ tall stature, proximity to homes, and long, swaying branches helped propagate the fire. To minimize future fires, the Park Service and others call for the removal of eucalyptus leaf litter and even whole trees—which is expensive and sometimes controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eucalyptus trees are relatively new to California. Originally from Australia, the species most common in the Bay Area, Eucalyptus globulus, or blue gum, was planted in the 1850s following the gold rush, with the hope that the timber could be used for railroad ties. Old-growth eucalyptus forests in Australia provided excellent timber. But while eucalyptus grew quickly in California, the young trees made awful timber. The wood twisted and split as it dried. So eucalyptus trees were instead used as windbreaks, to mark property boundaries, and to prevent erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees quickly spread. Eucalyptus grow like crazy in the California climate, growing much taller than they do in their native Australia. Once eucalyptus become established, they can take over. Their Australian competitors did not come to California with them. Their dense canopy blocks light from entering the understory. As the fallen leaves decompose, they make the soil more acidic, and other plants can’t grow there. In California, eucalyptus often form a monoculture, devoid of other species. And the trees take up huge amounts of water. In some areas of the world, people planted eucalyptus to drain swamps and reduce the habitat for mosquito larvae, thereby eradicating malaria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blue gum eucalyptus evolved in a fire-prone environment, and the species has many fire adaptations. Their seeds are extremely resistant to heat. After a fire, trees that are relatively intact will quickly drop their seeds. And trees that have burned can re-sprout from their stumps and root systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent eucalyptus from fueling future fires, the bark peelings and leaves need to be removed from the understory. \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca2709p13-64054.pdf\">A study conducted in the 1970s\u003c/a> estimated 10-40% of the leaves that fall each year decompose in that year; fuel builds up quickly. Sometimes, entire trees need to be removed. After the 1991 fire, approximately 400 acres of eucalyptus were removed from the East Bay Regional Park District. Removing trees is even more difficult and expensive than removing litter, as the trees are huge and they re-sprout from the stump. To prevent re-sprouting, stumps need to be treated with chemical herbicides or covered in sheets of black plastic, so sunlight does not reach them. Another option is to topple the trees—knock them over so their roots are torn up from the ground. In addition to being a lot of work, removing trees is often controversial; neighbors don’t like it. Several large eucalyptus trees were recently removed from a Department of Motor Vehicles property in Oakland, \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandnorth.net/2011/08/16/neighbors-concerned-over-tree-removal-at-claremont-dmv/\">resulting in neighborhood outrage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing eucalyptus trees is labor intensive and expensive. But then, so are fires.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25998/eucalyptus-fuel-for-fire","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_308","quest_326","quest_1025","quest_1095","quest_2024","quest_13"],"featImg":"quest_26000","label":"quest"},"quest_11900":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_11900","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"11900","score":null,"sort":[1296514313000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sudden-oak-death-plus-wildfire-a-natural-experiment","title":"Sudden Oak Death Plus Wildfire: A Natural Experiment","publishDate":1296514313,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/BigSurAfter1.jpg\">\u003cem>Wildfire ripped through this area of forest, which was infested with Sudden Oak Death. Does infestation with SOD make wildfires burn with more intensity? Photo: Kerri Frangioso.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Oregon to Big Sur, potentially millions of trees have been killed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/\">Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>, or SOD. In 2006 and 2007, researchers from UC Davis set up a large-scale study in the coastal forests near Big Sur to examine the spread of the disease and its impact on forest dynamics. The area was one of the first to be affected by SOD. Members of the Rizzo Lab at UC Davis had established 280 plots across the region, carefully counting and measuring each tree and checking for SOD infection. Then, in June 2008, the Basin Complex Fire ripped through Big Sur, burning over 95,000 hectares of forest. By the time the fire was contained, over a month after it began, one third of the team’s plots were crisp and blackened.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the fire burned, news media and firefighters assumed that areas of the forest infested with SOD would burn more intensely—all the dead oak trees would fuel the fire. But the natural experiment created by the overlap of the Basin Complex Fire and the UC Davis study allowed researchers to test whether SOD did in fact make wildfire worse. Their study will soon be published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://esapubs.org/esapubs/journals/applications.htm\">Ecological Applications\u003c/a>; a preprint of their paper is available \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/10-0419.1\">here\u003c/a>. What they found was not what the news media or the firefighters predicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/BigSurBefore1.jpg\">\u003cem>Andrew Molera State Park, the same plot as the top photo, before the Basin Complex Fire. Photo: Kerri Frangioso.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Invasion of the water molds\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSudden Oak Death came to California in the 1990s, probably on the leaves of a rhododendron shipped in for the nursery industry. The disease is caused by a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomycete\">water mold\u003c/a>, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/about-sudden-oak-death/pathogen\">\u003cem>Phytophthora ramorum\u003c/em>.\u003c/a> It can spread short distances in splashes of water, and can potentially travel longer distances when water is blown about in storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all trees that are infected with the pathogen will die. Some species, like California Bay Laurel, do just fine. But California Bay is like Typhoid Mary—it serves as a host to the pathogen and allows it to spread to other, more susceptible species. The pathogen is fatal to tanoak and several species of oak trees. These species develop cankers on their trunks, which bleed out a thick, red liquid. Slowly, the bark around the entire circumference of the tree is affected; all tissue above this girdle dies, leading to the death of the tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A natural experiment\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn 2008, Margaret Metz had just begun a new post-doc in Dave Rizzo’s lab. She was to work on the Big Sur project and analyze the data from the 280 plots to understand SOD impacts in the region. Her colleagues had spent months setting up the plots for their SOD study. They knew the size and location of every tree, whether it was standing upright and healthy (or newly infested with SOD), or whether it was dead and decomposing on the ground. When Metz found out her study site was burning, she was devastated. All that hard work—and all those trees—was going up in flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the dismay was short-lived. The team had a perfect pre-fire dataset. They just needed to census the plots after the fire, to get a rare comparison of the severity of fire in areas with and without SOD. This was an experiment they didn’t intend on doing—but drought and a dry lightning strike had made it possible. Dave Rizzo was able to quickly procure funding for the researchers to re-census the plots. “You could never do a controlled burn on that scale,” says Metz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where there’s SOD, there’s more intense fire?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNews articles about the Basin Complex fire linked SOD to fire intensity, and firefighters reported that fires were burning more fiercely in areas with evidence of SOD. So when Metz and her colleagues analyzed their data, they thought they’d see that fires were more severe in plots infested with SOD. But that is not what they found. Their data showed that plots with and without SOD showed no difference in fire severity. They quantified fire severity using something called the Composite Burn Index. It takes into account the effects of fire on the ground, as well as in the shrubs and trees. Composite Burn Index did not differ between plots infested with SOD and plots without SOD. The popular assumption, that SOD makes wildfires burn more intensely, was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/db_ls_Tanoak_BigSurHwy11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Dead tanoak along the Big Sur Highway. Photo: Karl Buermeyer, COMTF.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/span>However, Metz and the team could dig deeper into their data. From their pre-fire data, they knew whether SOD had infested the plots recently, or whether SOD had been there for some time. It can take several years for a tree to die from SOD. When trees are first infected with SOD and die, their leaves turn dry and brown, and they remain on the tree for a year or more. Later, the branches fall to the ground, and eventually the whole trunk falls over. The fuel created by newly infected trees and trees that have been infected for several years is quite different. Metz and her colleagues found that in plots that were newly infested, plots with more dead biomass (or fuel) burned more intensely. In plots that were infested some time ago, the amount of biomass was not related to the intensity of the fire. They suspect that crisp brown leaves on newly infected trees allow the fire to burn high in the canopy. In plots infested long ago, the dead trees are on the ground; in this case, the fire damages the soil and the tree roots, which makes slopes vulnerable to erosion from mudslides. The conventional wisdom about SOD and fire was not quite right, but there was some truth to it—it just depends on when the forest was infested with SOD. Newly infested forests burn with more intensity than un-infested forests or forests that were infested some time ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Future forests\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt has been almost three years since the Basin Complex Fire burned up Metz’s plots. Now, she and her colleagues are looking to see how the forest recovers—from the fire, and from SOD. Maia Beh, a grad student in the Rizzo Lab, found that of the plots that had SOD in the pre-fire surveys, only 20% still have it today. They’re not sure whether it’s because of the fire, or because there have been two years of drought. The pathogen, P. ramorum, is dependent on water, and doesn’t do well in drought conditions. They’re looking at plots that did not burn up in the fire to see whether the decline in the pathogen is due to drought, fire, or some combination of the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the incidence of the pathogen has declined on land, it is still present in almost all the watersheds in the area. And, last year we had late rains, extending through spring into the early summer. Late rains with warm temperatures create conditions that are ideal for the pathogen, says Metz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With continued careful sampling of those 280 plots—and maybe a few more unintended natural experiments—Metz and her colleagues will learn how forests recover from both fire and SOD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn more about SOD\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTo prevent the spread of the pathogen \u003cem>P. ramorum\u003c/em>, take steps make sure it isn’t hitchhiking on your boots. Clean your boots into the buckets of diluted bleach that you might find at trailheads, or spray your boots down with Lysol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take part in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/english/sodblitz.php\">SOD-blitz\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"http://scienceforcitizens.net/\">citizen science\u003c/a> project. Learn more about SOD and help figure out where the pathogen has spread, with UC Berkeley plant pathologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/\">Matteo Garbolotto\u003c/a>. You can see Garbolotto on the QUEST video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/plant-plague-sudden-oak-death\">Plant Plague: Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A natural experiment created by the overlap of the Basin Complex Fire and a UC Davis study allowed scientists to test whether SOD did in fact make wildfire worse. What they found was not what the news media or the firefighters predicted.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443830580,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1359},"headData":{"title":"Sudden Oak Death Plus Wildfire: A Natural Experiment | KQED","description":"A natural experiment created by the overlap of the Basin Complex Fire and a UC Davis study allowed scientists to test whether SOD did in fact make wildfire worse. What they found was not what the news media or the firefighters predicted.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11900 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=11900","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/31/sudden-oak-death-plus-wildfire-a-natural-experiment/","disqusTitle":"Sudden Oak Death Plus Wildfire: A Natural Experiment","path":"/quest/11900/sudden-oak-death-plus-wildfire-a-natural-experiment","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/BigSurAfter1.jpg\">\u003cem>Wildfire ripped through this area of forest, which was infested with Sudden Oak Death. Does infestation with SOD make wildfires burn with more intensity? Photo: Kerri Frangioso.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Oregon to Big Sur, potentially millions of trees have been killed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/\">Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>, or SOD. In 2006 and 2007, researchers from UC Davis set up a large-scale study in the coastal forests near Big Sur to examine the spread of the disease and its impact on forest dynamics. The area was one of the first to be affected by SOD. Members of the Rizzo Lab at UC Davis had established 280 plots across the region, carefully counting and measuring each tree and checking for SOD infection. Then, in June 2008, the Basin Complex Fire ripped through Big Sur, burning over 95,000 hectares of forest. By the time the fire was contained, over a month after it began, one third of the team’s plots were crisp and blackened.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the fire burned, news media and firefighters assumed that areas of the forest infested with SOD would burn more intensely—all the dead oak trees would fuel the fire. But the natural experiment created by the overlap of the Basin Complex Fire and the UC Davis study allowed researchers to test whether SOD did in fact make wildfire worse. Their study will soon be published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://esapubs.org/esapubs/journals/applications.htm\">Ecological Applications\u003c/a>; a preprint of their paper is available \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/10-0419.1\">here\u003c/a>. What they found was not what the news media or the firefighters predicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/BigSurBefore1.jpg\">\u003cem>Andrew Molera State Park, the same plot as the top photo, before the Basin Complex Fire. Photo: Kerri Frangioso.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Invasion of the water molds\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSudden Oak Death came to California in the 1990s, probably on the leaves of a rhododendron shipped in for the nursery industry. The disease is caused by a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomycete\">water mold\u003c/a>, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/about-sudden-oak-death/pathogen\">\u003cem>Phytophthora ramorum\u003c/em>.\u003c/a> It can spread short distances in splashes of water, and can potentially travel longer distances when water is blown about in storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all trees that are infected with the pathogen will die. Some species, like California Bay Laurel, do just fine. But California Bay is like Typhoid Mary—it serves as a host to the pathogen and allows it to spread to other, more susceptible species. The pathogen is fatal to tanoak and several species of oak trees. These species develop cankers on their trunks, which bleed out a thick, red liquid. Slowly, the bark around the entire circumference of the tree is affected; all tissue above this girdle dies, leading to the death of the tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A natural experiment\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn 2008, Margaret Metz had just begun a new post-doc in Dave Rizzo’s lab. She was to work on the Big Sur project and analyze the data from the 280 plots to understand SOD impacts in the region. Her colleagues had spent months setting up the plots for their SOD study. They knew the size and location of every tree, whether it was standing upright and healthy (or newly infested with SOD), or whether it was dead and decomposing on the ground. When Metz found out her study site was burning, she was devastated. All that hard work—and all those trees—was going up in flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the dismay was short-lived. The team had a perfect pre-fire dataset. They just needed to census the plots after the fire, to get a rare comparison of the severity of fire in areas with and without SOD. This was an experiment they didn’t intend on doing—but drought and a dry lightning strike had made it possible. Dave Rizzo was able to quickly procure funding for the researchers to re-census the plots. “You could never do a controlled burn on that scale,” says Metz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where there’s SOD, there’s more intense fire?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNews articles about the Basin Complex fire linked SOD to fire intensity, and firefighters reported that fires were burning more fiercely in areas with evidence of SOD. So when Metz and her colleagues analyzed their data, they thought they’d see that fires were more severe in plots infested with SOD. But that is not what they found. Their data showed that plots with and without SOD showed no difference in fire severity. They quantified fire severity using something called the Composite Burn Index. It takes into account the effects of fire on the ground, as well as in the shrubs and trees. Composite Burn Index did not differ between plots infested with SOD and plots without SOD. The popular assumption, that SOD makes wildfires burn more intensely, was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/db_ls_Tanoak_BigSurHwy11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Dead tanoak along the Big Sur Highway. Photo: Karl Buermeyer, COMTF.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/span>However, Metz and the team could dig deeper into their data. From their pre-fire data, they knew whether SOD had infested the plots recently, or whether SOD had been there for some time. It can take several years for a tree to die from SOD. When trees are first infected with SOD and die, their leaves turn dry and brown, and they remain on the tree for a year or more. Later, the branches fall to the ground, and eventually the whole trunk falls over. The fuel created by newly infected trees and trees that have been infected for several years is quite different. Metz and her colleagues found that in plots that were newly infested, plots with more dead biomass (or fuel) burned more intensely. In plots that were infested some time ago, the amount of biomass was not related to the intensity of the fire. They suspect that crisp brown leaves on newly infected trees allow the fire to burn high in the canopy. In plots infested long ago, the dead trees are on the ground; in this case, the fire damages the soil and the tree roots, which makes slopes vulnerable to erosion from mudslides. The conventional wisdom about SOD and fire was not quite right, but there was some truth to it—it just depends on when the forest was infested with SOD. Newly infested forests burn with more intensity than un-infested forests or forests that were infested some time ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Future forests\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt has been almost three years since the Basin Complex Fire burned up Metz’s plots. Now, she and her colleagues are looking to see how the forest recovers—from the fire, and from SOD. Maia Beh, a grad student in the Rizzo Lab, found that of the plots that had SOD in the pre-fire surveys, only 20% still have it today. They’re not sure whether it’s because of the fire, or because there have been two years of drought. The pathogen, P. ramorum, is dependent on water, and doesn’t do well in drought conditions. They’re looking at plots that did not burn up in the fire to see whether the decline in the pathogen is due to drought, fire, or some combination of the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the incidence of the pathogen has declined on land, it is still present in almost all the watersheds in the area. And, last year we had late rains, extending through spring into the early summer. Late rains with warm temperatures create conditions that are ideal for the pathogen, says Metz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With continued careful sampling of those 280 plots—and maybe a few more unintended natural experiments—Metz and her colleagues will learn how forests recover from both fire and SOD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn more about SOD\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTo prevent the spread of the pathogen \u003cem>P. ramorum\u003c/em>, take steps make sure it isn’t hitchhiking on your boots. Clean your boots into the buckets of diluted bleach that you might find at trailheads, or spray your boots down with Lysol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take part in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/english/sodblitz.php\">SOD-blitz\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"http://scienceforcitizens.net/\">citizen science\u003c/a> project. Learn more about SOD and help figure out where the pathogen has spread, with UC Berkeley plant pathologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/\">Matteo Garbolotto\u003c/a>. You can see Garbolotto on the QUEST video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/plant-plague-sudden-oak-death\">Plant Plague: Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/11900/sudden-oak-death-plus-wildfire-a-natural-experiment","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_921","quest_1095","quest_1130","quest_1131","quest_1132","quest_1489","quest_2134","quest_2821","quest_3113","quest_3154"],"featImg":"quest_11901","label":"quest"},"quest_11487":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_11487","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"11487","score":null,"sort":[1295488851000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-it-works-at-the-crucible","title":"How it Works at the Crucible","publishDate":1295488851,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/Kristina-Nekyia-Thumb41.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Photo taken by Edgar Lee\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been times I’ve seen the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thecrucible.org\">Crucible\u003c/a> from the road, as I made my way to visit my dad. Last year, Creative Director, Michael Sturtz gave me and a few colleagues a tour through the space. Walking through in awe, I kept thinking about my dad and how he would be a kid in a candy store at the Crucible. My dad got his degree in mechanical engineering and I grew up with the mantra, \"If something works, take it apart and find out why”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crucible takes that one step further in adding artistic and community components. The Crucible is a non-profit arts education center that fosters a collaboration of arts, industry and community by teaching and showcasing fire, metal, glass and light art. Founded in 1999, The Crucible offers more than 500 classes to nearly 5,000 students annually in disciplines such as bronze casting, neon art, welding, glass working, blacksmithing, fire dancing, textiles and woodworking. One of my favorite parts of the Crucible is the converted fire truck coined the Educational Response Vehicle that acts as a mobile classroom. It was brought out to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> for our NightLife World Ocean day celebration last June. Off the truck came blacksmithing, glass blowing and torch welding units. The fire cannon also welcomed guests at it belched out billows of fire into the night sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was also very impressed with the strong community tie of the Crucible. They have a few tiers of a bike program for local west Oakland youth. Workshops are set up for kids to bring in their bikes to be fixed. Technicians explain what they are doing so the kids can get a better understanding of “how it works”. For those interested, there is a six-week Earn-A-Bike program where youth can learn more. They fix two bikes, one to keep and one to sell to raise funds for the program. Youth who want more after the six-week course can also enroll to create their own custom bike in by bringing in their own bike to re-create using more intermediate skills. The bike program has been the most popular community outreach program and continues to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Friday, January 14 and Saturday, January 15, 2011 from 7PM-11PM, the Crucible had their 12th Anniversary Benefit show entitled, \"The Crucible Revival; Keep the Fire Burning.\" Proceeds went to support educational programs at the Crucible and the line up included a fabulous mix of performances, dance, fire and art. Performances focused on reviving beloved and specataular moments of Crucible history in tribute to Michael Strutz’s contributions in his tenure as founder and both Executive and Creative Director. More information on the line up and tickets can be found here. This Thursday, the Crucible comes out to \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/events/nightlife\">NightLife\u003c/a> to add the heat to the theme Fire and Ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being in the Crucible space reminds me of sitting in the garage when I was young watching my dad work on something. The space is set up so people can take “how it works” and transforms it into knowledge, community, art and performance. It’s an inspiring place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"I grew up wih the mantra, \"If something works, take it apart and find out why”. The Crucible takes that one step further in adding artistic and community-oriented components.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1309995473,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":548},"headData":{"title":"How it Works at the Crucible | KQED","description":"I grew up wih the mantra, "If something works, take it apart and find out why”. The Crucible takes that one step further in adding artistic and community-oriented components.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11487 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/01/19/how-it-works-at-the-crucible/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/19/how-it-works-at-the-crucible/","disqusTitle":"How it Works at the Crucible","path":"/quest/11487/how-it-works-at-the-crucible","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/Kristina-Nekyia-Thumb41.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Photo taken by Edgar Lee\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been times I’ve seen the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thecrucible.org\">Crucible\u003c/a> from the road, as I made my way to visit my dad. Last year, Creative Director, Michael Sturtz gave me and a few colleagues a tour through the space. Walking through in awe, I kept thinking about my dad and how he would be a kid in a candy store at the Crucible. My dad got his degree in mechanical engineering and I grew up with the mantra, \"If something works, take it apart and find out why”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crucible takes that one step further in adding artistic and community components. The Crucible is a non-profit arts education center that fosters a collaboration of arts, industry and community by teaching and showcasing fire, metal, glass and light art. Founded in 1999, The Crucible offers more than 500 classes to nearly 5,000 students annually in disciplines such as bronze casting, neon art, welding, glass working, blacksmithing, fire dancing, textiles and woodworking. One of my favorite parts of the Crucible is the converted fire truck coined the Educational Response Vehicle that acts as a mobile classroom. It was brought out to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> for our NightLife World Ocean day celebration last June. Off the truck came blacksmithing, glass blowing and torch welding units. The fire cannon also welcomed guests at it belched out billows of fire into the night sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was also very impressed with the strong community tie of the Crucible. They have a few tiers of a bike program for local west Oakland youth. Workshops are set up for kids to bring in their bikes to be fixed. Technicians explain what they are doing so the kids can get a better understanding of “how it works”. For those interested, there is a six-week Earn-A-Bike program where youth can learn more. They fix two bikes, one to keep and one to sell to raise funds for the program. Youth who want more after the six-week course can also enroll to create their own custom bike in by bringing in their own bike to re-create using more intermediate skills. The bike program has been the most popular community outreach program and continues to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Friday, January 14 and Saturday, January 15, 2011 from 7PM-11PM, the Crucible had their 12th Anniversary Benefit show entitled, \"The Crucible Revival; Keep the Fire Burning.\" Proceeds went to support educational programs at the Crucible and the line up included a fabulous mix of performances, dance, fire and art. Performances focused on reviving beloved and specataular moments of Crucible history in tribute to Michael Strutz’s contributions in his tenure as founder and both Executive and Creative Director. More information on the line up and tickets can be found here. This Thursday, the Crucible comes out to \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/events/nightlife\">NightLife\u003c/a> to add the heat to the theme Fire and Ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being in the Crucible space reminds me of sitting in the garage when I was young watching my dad work on something. The space is set up so people can take “how it works” and transforms it into knowledge, community, art and performance. 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Found in only a handful of locations within the Bay Area, the butterfly depends on its Lupine host plant during every stage of its life cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Can fire save the endangered Mission Blue Butterfly? The Golden Gate National Recreation Area experiments with using controlled burns to improve habitat for this critically imperiled Bay Area native. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1486513446,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":65},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: Fire and Butterflies | KQED","description":"Can fire save the endangered Mission Blue Butterfly? The Golden Gate National Recreation Area experiments with using controlled burns to improve habitat for this critically imperiled Bay Area native. 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Found in only a handful of locations within the Bay Area, the butterfly depends on its Lupine host plant during every stage of its life cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17547/science-on-the-spot-fire-and-butterflies","authors":["6219","10169"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_10980","quest_417","quest_1095","quest_1208","quest_1237","quest_3351","quest_10981","quest_1837","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13"],"featImg":"quest_240517","label":"quest_3296"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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