Captive Breeding Program May Ensure Survival for African Frogs
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She was a 2013 recipient of the NYU Reporting Award, a 2013 Dennis Hunt Health Journalism fellow and a 2015 USC Data Journalism fellow.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Liza Gross | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lizagross"},"sharolembry":{"type":"authors","id":"6328","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6328","found":true},"name":"Sharol Nelson-Embry","firstName":"Sharol","lastName":"Nelson-Embry","slug":"sharolembry","email":"bobsharol@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Sharol Nelson-Embry is the Supervising Naturalist at the Crab Cove Visitor Center & Aquarium on San Francisco Bay in Alameda. 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Sharol enjoys connecting people to nature with articles in local newspapers and online forums.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/sharolembry/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e1d65f00eccde30de75fac778ead552d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sharol Nelson-Embry | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e1d65f00eccde30de75fac778ead552d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e1d65f00eccde30de75fac778ead552d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sharolembry"},"jeanomalley":{"type":"authors","id":"10268","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10268","found":true},"name":"Jean O'Malley","firstName":"Jean","lastName":"O'Malley","slug":"jeanomalley","email":"jean.omalley@ideastream.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jean O’Malley is the producer of NewsDepth, an award-winning weekly news program viewed by thousands of Ohio students each year in grades three to eight. 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They’ve been doing it for thousands of years. But as manmade demands on the river increase, year-round work is required to maintain the quality of the habitat, which is especially vital to endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting down to the edge of the central Platte River can be hard work. Brice Krohn, habitat manager for the Crane Trust, leads the way through a dense thicket until we arrive at a huge mechanized hoe. The disks’ massive, rotating metal blades have ground to a halt. And no wonder. It’s uprooting thick stands of invasive weeds, shrubs and young trees on the river’s edge. Krohn said the plants’ deep roots cause problems because they block the natural ebb and flow of water and sand that keep this river wide and shallow. Those plants also suck a lot of water out of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64825\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DSC_0986.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DSC_0986-381x253.jpg\" alt=\"One of the agricultural disks the Crane Trust uses to remove invasive weeds, shrubs and young trees from the river channel and banks. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"381\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the agricultural disks the Crane Trust uses to remove invasive weeds, shrubs and young trees from the river channel and banks. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to help Mother Nature by going in and disking, tearing up the roots on some of these plant species, which will let the vegetation to die and sand will be more able to move around. If they stay there and grow, it would channelize the river,” Krohn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep channels aren’t good for birds, Krohn said. They prefer a shallow, braided river with bare sandbars. That matters because we’re in prime crane territory. Millions of birds spend a few weeks here every spring, resting and fattening up on the surrounding grasslands and fields before continuing their migration north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cranes like a wide river, wide field of view, unobstructed view. They feel safe from predators when they’re roosting overnight in wide, shallow channels,” Krohn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve been migrating through the central Platte for thousands of years. But more recent demands from irrigators and cities have substantially changed the river. Krohn said today’s flows are only about a quarter of what they were historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The old premise was a mile wide and a foot deep. So if we look now we’re sitting at, in some spots, 100 yards wide and three and four foot deep,” Krohn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64826\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DSC_0968.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DSC_0968-381x253.jpg\" alt=\"Crane Trust Habitat Manager Brice Krohn. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"381\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crane Trust Habitat Manager Brice Krohn. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That powerful, much bigger river used to scour vegetation from the banks and channel—even more than it did during the recent flood that swept down from Colorado. Other factors played a role, too. “Historically, we know fires came through the area, we know the river was a broader scheme, bison used to graze through here,” Krohn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Crane Trust is hoping to mimic those natural forces on about 10,000 acres of river habitat on the big bend of the Platte. They’re tearing out trees and weeds, setting controlled burns and applying pesticides to rid the area of dense foliage. In addition, nearby landowners are grazing cattle on the banks and the Trust is reintroducing its own small herd of bison to help thin the vegetation. Krohn said without these efforts, we’d be losing more habitat every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t do anything today for it, the way the river is today will not be here for future generations,” Krohn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Trust isn’t the only group working on the river. A little further downstream, Jerry Kenny watches two huge disks churn through a dry channel of the Platte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64827\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DSC_1036.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64827\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DSC_1036-542x360.jpg\" alt=\"Two larger disks in the dry river channel. They tear out vegetation to create open, wide channels that migrating birds prefer. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"542\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two larger disks in the dry river channel. They tear out vegetation to create open, wide channels that migrating birds prefer. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The more water there is in the river the more challenging it is to operate the equipment,” Kenny said. Kenny is the executive director of the Platte River Recovery Implementation Program, which formed as a way to avoid lengthy court battles between Colorado, Wyoming and Nebraska over water rights and endangered species. The program is a collaborative effort between those states, the federal government, water users and conservation groups. It works to protect land and water for the threatened and endangered species in the Platte Basin: the whooping crane, interior least tern, pallid sturgeon and piping plover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The river wasn’t able to take care of itself under the constraints that we imposed upon it. At least to create the habitat that we think the species need—we need to step in and help restore that,” Kenny said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six year-old program manages about 10,000 acres of habitat along the central Platte. And they’re working with Nebraska, Colorado and Wyoming on getting more water back in the river. One tactic is using federal funds to lease Platte river water from willing irrigators. Then, the Program can divert that water into reservoirs and release it back to the river at critical times when certain species need it—like during whooping crane migration—through what Kenny calls retiming: “You store water in a surface water reservoir when it’s a time of excess, you release it when it’s a time of shortage,” he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64828\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/jerrykenny.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64828\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/jerrykenny-346x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jerry Kenny, executive director of the Platte River Recovery Implementation Program. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"346\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jerry Kenny, executive director of the Platte River Recovery Implementation Program. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re developing a new reservoir to store water, but another way to get more water is by paying people to use less of it. Kenny said that’s harder to quantify, and admits the program has been criticized by the community for spending a lot of money “on just a few birds.” He disagreed, “It’s not just for benefit of species, benefit of people who live in basin as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kenny said by managing the river for the endangered species, they’re helping the states and water users avoid legal conflicts and further regulation over water rights in the future. The Program is continuing to study studying the most effective ways to manage land and water for species. Kenny said their research helps them understand the natural and man-made forces that shape the Platte and the species that depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Pulling up vegetation, starting fires, and letting animals graze on riverbanks are just some of the steps being taken to improve habitat for migrating birds, including endangered species. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1387314752,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":1104},"headData":{"title":"Reconstructing a River for Wildlife | KQED","description":"Pulling up vegetation, starting fires, and letting animals graze on riverbanks are just some of the steps being taken to improve habitat for migrating birds, including endangered species. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reconstructing a River for Wildlife\t","datePublished":"2013-12-23T15:00:42.000Z","dateModified":"2013-12-17T21:12:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"62510 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=62510","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/23/reconstructing-a-river-for-wildlife/","disqusTitle":"Reconstructing a River for Wildlife\t","path":"/quest/62510/reconstructing-a-river-for-wildlife","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/PlatteRestoration2013Quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/PlatteRestoration2013Quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every spring, millions of birds migrate through the Platte River in central Nebraska on their way north. They’ve been doing it for thousands of years. But as manmade demands on the river increase, year-round work is required to maintain the quality of the habitat, which is especially vital to endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting down to the edge of the central Platte River can be hard work. Brice Krohn, habitat manager for the Crane Trust, leads the way through a dense thicket until we arrive at a huge mechanized hoe. The disks’ massive, rotating metal blades have ground to a halt. And no wonder. It’s uprooting thick stands of invasive weeds, shrubs and young trees on the river’s edge. Krohn said the plants’ deep roots cause problems because they block the natural ebb and flow of water and sand that keep this river wide and shallow. Those plants also suck a lot of water out of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64825\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DSC_0986.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DSC_0986-381x253.jpg\" alt=\"One of the agricultural disks the Crane Trust uses to remove invasive weeds, shrubs and young trees from the river channel and banks. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"381\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the agricultural disks the Crane Trust uses to remove invasive weeds, shrubs and young trees from the river channel and banks. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to help Mother Nature by going in and disking, tearing up the roots on some of these plant species, which will let the vegetation to die and sand will be more able to move around. If they stay there and grow, it would channelize the river,” Krohn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep channels aren’t good for birds, Krohn said. They prefer a shallow, braided river with bare sandbars. That matters because we’re in prime crane territory. Millions of birds spend a few weeks here every spring, resting and fattening up on the surrounding grasslands and fields before continuing their migration north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cranes like a wide river, wide field of view, unobstructed view. They feel safe from predators when they’re roosting overnight in wide, shallow channels,” Krohn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve been migrating through the central Platte for thousands of years. But more recent demands from irrigators and cities have substantially changed the river. Krohn said today’s flows are only about a quarter of what they were historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The old premise was a mile wide and a foot deep. So if we look now we’re sitting at, in some spots, 100 yards wide and three and four foot deep,” Krohn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64826\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DSC_0968.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DSC_0968-381x253.jpg\" alt=\"Crane Trust Habitat Manager Brice Krohn. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"381\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crane Trust Habitat Manager Brice Krohn. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That powerful, much bigger river used to scour vegetation from the banks and channel—even more than it did during the recent flood that swept down from Colorado. Other factors played a role, too. “Historically, we know fires came through the area, we know the river was a broader scheme, bison used to graze through here,” Krohn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Crane Trust is hoping to mimic those natural forces on about 10,000 acres of river habitat on the big bend of the Platte. They’re tearing out trees and weeds, setting controlled burns and applying pesticides to rid the area of dense foliage. In addition, nearby landowners are grazing cattle on the banks and the Trust is reintroducing its own small herd of bison to help thin the vegetation. Krohn said without these efforts, we’d be losing more habitat every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t do anything today for it, the way the river is today will not be here for future generations,” Krohn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Trust isn’t the only group working on the river. A little further downstream, Jerry Kenny watches two huge disks churn through a dry channel of the Platte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64827\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DSC_1036.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64827\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DSC_1036-542x360.jpg\" alt=\"Two larger disks in the dry river channel. They tear out vegetation to create open, wide channels that migrating birds prefer. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"542\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two larger disks in the dry river channel. They tear out vegetation to create open, wide channels that migrating birds prefer. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The more water there is in the river the more challenging it is to operate the equipment,” Kenny said. Kenny is the executive director of the Platte River Recovery Implementation Program, which formed as a way to avoid lengthy court battles between Colorado, Wyoming and Nebraska over water rights and endangered species. The program is a collaborative effort between those states, the federal government, water users and conservation groups. It works to protect land and water for the threatened and endangered species in the Platte Basin: the whooping crane, interior least tern, pallid sturgeon and piping plover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The river wasn’t able to take care of itself under the constraints that we imposed upon it. At least to create the habitat that we think the species need—we need to step in and help restore that,” Kenny said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six year-old program manages about 10,000 acres of habitat along the central Platte. And they’re working with Nebraska, Colorado and Wyoming on getting more water back in the river. One tactic is using federal funds to lease Platte river water from willing irrigators. Then, the Program can divert that water into reservoirs and release it back to the river at critical times when certain species need it—like during whooping crane migration—through what Kenny calls retiming: “You store water in a surface water reservoir when it’s a time of excess, you release it when it’s a time of shortage,” he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64828\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/jerrykenny.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64828\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/jerrykenny-346x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jerry Kenny, executive director of the Platte River Recovery Implementation Program. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"346\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jerry Kenny, executive director of the Platte River Recovery Implementation Program. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re developing a new reservoir to store water, but another way to get more water is by paying people to use less of it. Kenny said that’s harder to quantify, and admits the program has been criticized by the community for spending a lot of money “on just a few birds.” He disagreed, “It’s not just for benefit of species, benefit of people who live in basin as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kenny said by managing the river for the endangered species, they’re helping the states and water users avoid legal conflicts and further regulation over water rights in the future. The Program is continuing to study studying the most effective ways to manage land and water for species. Kenny said their research helps them understand the natural and man-made forces that shape the Platte and the species that depend on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/62510/reconstructing-a-river-for-wildlife","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_684","quest_12492","quest_980","quest_12269","quest_1291","quest_3930","quest_12490","quest_12491","quest_2349","quest_3289","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_64824","label":"quest"},"quest_55637":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_55637","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"55637","score":null,"sort":[1377266438000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"captive-breeding-program-may-ensure-survival-for-african-frogs","title":"Captive Breeding Program May Ensure Survival for African Frogs","publishDate":1377266438,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Click PLAY to hear mating calls from Cameroonian frogs in quarantine at Cal Academy: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" mediaid=\"59563\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent June evening, herpetologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/heroes/dblackburn/\">David Blackburn\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> was knee-deep in a west African lake hoping to capture a critically endangered frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cold, clear water of Cameroon’s Lake Oku, hundreds of brown and gray frogs with webbed feet were paddling around looking for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake Oku clawed frog, found nowhere else but in this lake, is like other frogs across the globe that are fighting for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of frog species worldwide are losing habitat due to deforestation and an amphibian disease caused by a type of fungus called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/\">\u003cem>chytrid fungus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.” The fungus grows on the frogs’ skin and causes sloughing skin and extreme lethargy. The changes to the frogs’ skin can be deadly, because frogs absorb water, salts and other nutrients get through their skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a third of the world's amphibians are threatened with extinction. The disease is a leading cause of frog population declines worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59629\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59629 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Rebecca Tarvin, joined Blackburn's team to collect novel data on African frogs' secretions to determine whether they have chemical defenses in their skins.\" width=\"258\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-400x600.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-960x1440.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researcher Rebecca Tarvin, joined Blackburn's team to collect novel data on African frogs' secretions to determine whether they have chemical defenses in their skins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>Frogs are the canaries in the coal mine,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/staff/smith_thomas.html\">Tom Smith\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/\">Center for Tropical Research\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California - Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “They tell us about the health of ecosystems like no other organism. When their populations decline it’s time to pay attention because what is affecting frogs may ultimately affect us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of an expedition to the mountains of northern \u003ca href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html\">Cameroon\u003c/a> this summer, Blackburn led a group of students and colleagues to collect the clawed frog and other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hoped the fragile amphibians would survive the 10,000-mile journey back to San Francisco where the team will breed the species in captivity at the California Academy of Sciences in \u003ca href=\"http://www.golden-gate-park.com/\">Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By breeding the amphibians and learning about the frogs’ biology and reproduction habits, Blackburn and his team expect to gain key insights that could help save the frogs – and other species like them – in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know so little about some of these species,” Blackburn said. “We'd like to figure out what it would take to be able to breed these frogs in captivity should they suddenly become under serious threat in the only place they're known to occur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/issues/invasivespecies.cfm\">invasive species\u003c/a> or predator entered the lake, it would be difficult for scientists to save the frogs because they don’t fully understand their lifecycle and what they need in order to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blackburn and his team took video of their expedition. As he knelt close to the water and bagged 25 frogs, he said, “the clock started ticking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once they are out of the lake, we want them back at the Academy in clean and cool water as soon as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59631\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59631\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg\" alt=\"Bamboutos_camp\" width=\"344\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg 1194w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-400x343.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-800x686.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-1180x1012.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-960x823.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While Blackburn's team surveyed frogs in the highlands of Cameroon, they camped in the Bamboutos Mountains, a region with several endemic frog species.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to the clawed frog, Blackburn and his colleagues also collected four other species: Riggenbach’s Reed Frog, Bamenda Reed Frog, Rio Benito Long-fingered Frog and the Black Long-fingered Frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three of the species they brought back, including the clawed frogs, are considered threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny frogs, which are roughly the size of a quarter, were fed a diet of fish or termites before they were placed in a box aboard an international flight bound for San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some cases, we had the frogs for two weeks before we traveled back so we had to feed them in the field,” said Cal Academy Senior Biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/aquarium/staff/bfreiermuth/\">Brian Freiermuth\u003c/a>. “One of the things we actually did was use termites; we found nests and could break them open and feed the frogs. Termites are actually really high in fat so it’s good if you want to fatten up an animal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After more than 30 hours in transit, 54 of the 56 captured frogs survived and now sit in quarantine at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of the frogs tested positive for \u003cem>chytrid fungus\u003c/em>, which Blackburn said he expected based on his studies of the same species in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t a surprise to me to find [the fungus] in the frogs that we brought back,” Blackburn said. “It just reiterates why our work is so important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From late August to early September, the frogs will be treated with a fungicide that will work to clear the disease. After that, Blackburn and his team will begin breeding these species as Academy staff build an exhibit in the facility’s aquarium so the public can finally meet the frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One huge part of our goal was public awareness,” Blackburn said. “We really can’t conserve what we don’t know. I’m excited that we can celebrate biodiversity at the Academy’s aquarium. That diversity is threatened and it’s exactly what we’re hoping to conserve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As “canaries in the coal mine” for a changing environment, a select group of African frogs may help scientists protect endangered frog species far and wide.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1483651490,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":907},"headData":{"title":"Captive Breeding Program May Ensure Survival for African Frogs | KQED","description":"As “canaries in the coal mine” for a changing environment, a select group of African frogs may help scientists protect endangered frog species far and wide.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Captive Breeding Program May Ensure Survival for African Frogs","datePublished":"2013-08-23T14:00:38.000Z","dateModified":"2017-01-05T21:24:50.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"55637 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=55637","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/08/23/captive-breeding-program-may-ensure-survival-for-african-frogs/","disqusTitle":"Captive Breeding Program May Ensure Survival for African Frogs","path":"/quest/55637/captive-breeding-program-may-ensure-survival-for-african-frogs","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Click PLAY to hear mating calls from Cameroonian frogs in quarantine at Cal Academy: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" mediaid=\"59563\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent June evening, herpetologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/heroes/dblackburn/\">David Blackburn\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> was knee-deep in a west African lake hoping to capture a critically endangered frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cold, clear water of Cameroon’s Lake Oku, hundreds of brown and gray frogs with webbed feet were paddling around looking for food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake Oku clawed frog, found nowhere else but in this lake, is like other frogs across the globe that are fighting for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of frog species worldwide are losing habitat due to deforestation and an amphibian disease caused by a type of fungus called “\u003ca href=\"http://www.amphibianark.org/the-crisis/chytrid-fungus/\">\u003cem>chytrid fungus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.” The fungus grows on the frogs’ skin and causes sloughing skin and extreme lethargy. The changes to the frogs’ skin can be deadly, because frogs absorb water, salts and other nutrients get through their skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a third of the world's amphibians are threatened with extinction. The disease is a leading cause of frog population declines worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59629\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59629 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Rebecca Tarvin, joined Blackburn's team to collect novel data on African frogs' secretions to determine whether they have chemical defenses in their skins.\" width=\"258\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-400x600.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/dsc_1097-960x1440.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researcher Rebecca Tarvin, joined Blackburn's team to collect novel data on African frogs' secretions to determine whether they have chemical defenses in their skins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>Frogs are the canaries in the coal mine,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/staff/smith_thomas.html\">Tom Smith\u003c/a>, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/ctr/\">Center for Tropical Research\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucla.edu/\">University of California - Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “They tell us about the health of ecosystems like no other organism. When their populations decline it’s time to pay attention because what is affecting frogs may ultimately affect us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of an expedition to the mountains of northern \u003ca href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html\">Cameroon\u003c/a> this summer, Blackburn led a group of students and colleagues to collect the clawed frog and other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hoped the fragile amphibians would survive the 10,000-mile journey back to San Francisco where the team will breed the species in captivity at the California Academy of Sciences in \u003ca href=\"http://www.golden-gate-park.com/\">Golden Gate Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By breeding the amphibians and learning about the frogs’ biology and reproduction habits, Blackburn and his team expect to gain key insights that could help save the frogs – and other species like them – in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know so little about some of these species,” Blackburn said. “We'd like to figure out what it would take to be able to breed these frogs in captivity should they suddenly become under serious threat in the only place they're known to occur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/issues/invasivespecies.cfm\">invasive species\u003c/a> or predator entered the lake, it would be difficult for scientists to save the frogs because they don’t fully understand their lifecycle and what they need in order to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blackburn and his team took video of their expedition. As he knelt close to the water and bagged 25 frogs, he said, “the clock started ticking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once they are out of the lake, we want them back at the Academy in clean and cool water as soon as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59631\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 344px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59631\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg\" alt=\"Bamboutos_camp\" width=\"344\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp.jpg 1194w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-400x343.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-800x686.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-1180x1012.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bamboutos_camp-960x823.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While Blackburn's team surveyed frogs in the highlands of Cameroon, they camped in the Bamboutos Mountains, a region with several endemic frog species.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to the clawed frog, Blackburn and his colleagues also collected four other species: Riggenbach’s Reed Frog, Bamenda Reed Frog, Rio Benito Long-fingered Frog and the Black Long-fingered Frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three of the species they brought back, including the clawed frogs, are considered threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny frogs, which are roughly the size of a quarter, were fed a diet of fish or termites before they were placed in a box aboard an international flight bound for San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some cases, we had the frogs for two weeks before we traveled back so we had to feed them in the field,” said Cal Academy Senior Biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/aquarium/staff/bfreiermuth/\">Brian Freiermuth\u003c/a>. “One of the things we actually did was use termites; we found nests and could break them open and feed the frogs. Termites are actually really high in fat so it’s good if you want to fatten up an animal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After more than 30 hours in transit, 54 of the 56 captured frogs survived and now sit in quarantine at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 60 percent of the frogs tested positive for \u003cem>chytrid fungus\u003c/em>, which Blackburn said he expected based on his studies of the same species in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t a surprise to me to find [the fungus] in the frogs that we brought back,” Blackburn said. “It just reiterates why our work is so important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From late August to early September, the frogs will be treated with a fungicide that will work to clear the disease. After that, Blackburn and his team will begin breeding these species as Academy staff build an exhibit in the facility’s aquarium so the public can finally meet the frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One huge part of our goal was public awareness,” Blackburn said. “We really can’t conserve what we don’t know. I’m excited that we can celebrate biodiversity at the Academy’s aquarium. That diversity is threatened and it’s exactly what we’re hoping to conserve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/55637/captive-breeding-program-may-ensure-survival-for-african-frogs","authors":["5432"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_12216","quest_326","quest_439","quest_12215","quest_12217","quest_980","quest_1148","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13"],"featImg":"quest_59646","label":"quest"},"quest_56757":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_56757","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"56757","score":null,"sort":[1376402401000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ohios-bald-eagle-comeback","title":"Ohio’s Bald Eagle Comeback","publishDate":1376402401,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58765 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photographer Al Freeman caught this bald eagle family at home in a tree behind Old Dutch Tavern in Sandusky, Ohio, near Lake Erie, in 2009. Credit: Al Freeman\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: \u003ca href=\"http://www.acfreeman.com/Wildlife/BALD-EAGLE/i-3qrs8f7\">Al Freeman\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The appearance of three new bald eagle nests made headlines in Ohio this summer. Why is this newsworthy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think of bald eagles, you might imagine these national birds diving into rivers in America’s Pacific Northwest or perched atop a tall pine tree in Florida. In Alaska, the giant raptors seem to be everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Ohio and other parts of the Midwest that were once home to many of these majestic creatures, populations are a far cry from what they once were -- a remnant of the bald eagle’s brush with extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58766\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58766 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Quest-bald-eagle-on-cedar-point-causeway-erie-2013-al-freeman-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An adult bald eagle takes a break in a tree on Cedar Point Causeway in Erie County, Ohio earlier this spring. Credit: Al Freeman\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bald eagle takes a break in a tree on Cedar Point Causeway in Erie County, Ohio earlier this spring. Credit: Al Freeman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before settlers arrived, bald eagles were plentiful all along Ohio’s Lake Erie coast, but population growth on the shoreline took away habitat and reduced their numbers. In the 1970s bald eagles nearly disappeared from Ohio and the rest of the lower 48 states, mainly because of the insecticide DDT. As a result of years of heavy spraying, DDT built up in the environment and in small animals like rodents and fish. When the eagles ate these small animals, DDT accumulated in their bodies, too. As a result, female eagles laid eggs with very thin shells. The weight of the nesting bird would crack the eggs, killing the chicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although DDT was banned in 1972, it took some time for eagle populations to rebound. Only four nesting pairs of bald eagles could be found in the Buckeye State in 1979.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1995 the birds had recovered so well that they were removed from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/eagle/recovery/qandas.html\">Endangered Species List\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/midwestbird/eaglepermits/bagepa.html\">The Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Protection Act\u003c/a>, first written in 1940 and amended many times since, continues to help ensure their survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58764\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58764 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-bald-eagle-abundance-1999-2013-ODNR-370x253.jpg\" alt=\"This graph illustrates the growth in the estimated number of bald eagle nesting pairs in Ohio in the past fourteen years. Credit: ODNR\" width=\"370\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This graph illustrates the growth in the estimated number of bald eagle nesting pairs in Ohio in the past fourteen years. Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohio’s bald eagle population continues to grow steadily today, thanks to the careful management of habitat and protection of nests, but local wildlife experts remain vigilant. Each new nest is a cause for celebration among bird and nature lovers. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/wild_resourcessubhomepage/ResearchandSurveys/resourceseagleeagleviewmap/BaldEagleResources/tabid/15488/Default.aspx\">Bald Eagle Nesting Survey\u003c/a> by the Ohio Division of Wildlife estimates that there are 190 nests in the state in 2013. Eagle watchers have always found the greatest number of these birds along the shore of Lake Erie and the adjacent marshes of northwest Ohio, but now the number of nests is increasing farther inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.com/news/new-bald-eagle-nests-confirmed-in-gorge-metro-park-clinton-conservation-area-bath-township-1.403382\">nests that made headlines\u003c/a> this summer are in Summit County, about 20 miles south of Lake Erie. It’s the home of Akron, Ohio’s fifth largest city with nearly 200,000 people. But the county also contains a large portion of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/upload/Bald-Eagles-2011_for-web.pdf\">Cuyahoga Valley National Park\u003c/a> plus 9,000 acres of metropolitan parks. Park officials there say they knew about the new nests for months, but waited to announce the discoveries until nature disguised the locations with leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the waiting period?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mike Johnson, Chief of Natural Resources Management for \u003ca href=\"http://www.summitmetroparks.org/\">Metro Parks, Serving Summit County\u003c/a>, humans pose the greatest threat to the success of nesting eagles. The reason is simple. Eggs and hatchlings need to be kept warm, and babies need to be fed constantly. Curious humans who venture too close to a nest can keep the parents away from their duties, jeopardizing the health of the baby eagles. Too many humans nearby can even cause bald eagles to abandon a nest completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58767\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58767 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-bald-eagle-near-Columbus-Tim-Daniel-ODNR-310x253.jpg\" alt=\"This bald eagle family took up residence on a public golf course in Ohio's Pickaway County, not far from the state capital of Columbus, in 2008. Credit: Tim Daniel ODNR/Wildlife.\" width=\"310\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This bald eagle family took up residence on a public golf course in Ohio's Pickaway County, not far from the state capital of Columbus, in 2008. Credit: Tim Daniel ODNR/Wildlife.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenge is a human challenge,” says Johnson, “trying to educate people about why we need to leave [the eagles] alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While delivering a recent update, Johnson said that they saw bald eagles sitting on the nest in Gorge Metro Park, but they never saw chicks, and now that nest has been abandoned. But two chicks did make a recent appearance in a nest near a towpath in the town of Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why did one nest do well while the other nest failed? Just as in real estate, the answer might be location, location, location. Gorge Metro Park is on the edge of Akron. It is a small park with many visitors and close to a noisy highway. Mike thought it was a bad site for bald eagles, although the birds did manage to pick the one spot that you couldn’t see from the trail. The Clinton nest is more rural and close to a water source and an abundant food supply. It is less frequented by people and a better fit for the eagles’ habitat needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although only one of the nests yielded chicks, park officials are thrilled. “Every new nest is a victory for conservation and recovery,” says Johnson. “It shows what can be achieved through recovery efforts -- the ultimate success story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=6AK1YgSAlzs%3D&tabid=6542\">Ohio Division of Wildlife Life History Notes: Bald Eagle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/eagle/population/chtofprs.html\">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: Chart and Table of Bald Eagle Breeding Pairs in Lower 48 States\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baldeagleinfo.com/\">American Bald Eagle Information\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Our national symbol spreads its wings -- and its reach – as it builds new nests in the heartland.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1376402402,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":890},"headData":{"title":"Ohio’s Bald Eagle Comeback | KQED","description":"Our national symbol spreads its wings -- and its reach – as it builds new nests in the heartland.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Ohio’s Bald Eagle Comeback","datePublished":"2013-08-13T14:00:01.000Z","dateModified":"2013-08-13T14:00:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"56757 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=56757","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/08/13/ohios-bald-eagle-comeback/","disqusTitle":"Ohio’s Bald Eagle Comeback","path":"/quest/56757/ohios-bald-eagle-comeback","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58765 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photographer Al Freeman caught this bald eagle family at home in a tree behind Old Dutch Tavern in Sandusky, Ohio, near Lake Erie, in 2009. Credit: Al Freeman\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: \u003ca href=\"http://www.acfreeman.com/Wildlife/BALD-EAGLE/i-3qrs8f7\">Al Freeman\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The appearance of three new bald eagle nests made headlines in Ohio this summer. Why is this newsworthy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think of bald eagles, you might imagine these national birds diving into rivers in America’s Pacific Northwest or perched atop a tall pine tree in Florida. In Alaska, the giant raptors seem to be everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Ohio and other parts of the Midwest that were once home to many of these majestic creatures, populations are a far cry from what they once were -- a remnant of the bald eagle’s brush with extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58766\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58766 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Quest-bald-eagle-on-cedar-point-causeway-erie-2013-al-freeman-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An adult bald eagle takes a break in a tree on Cedar Point Causeway in Erie County, Ohio earlier this spring. Credit: Al Freeman\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bald eagle takes a break in a tree on Cedar Point Causeway in Erie County, Ohio earlier this spring. Credit: Al Freeman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before settlers arrived, bald eagles were plentiful all along Ohio’s Lake Erie coast, but population growth on the shoreline took away habitat and reduced their numbers. In the 1970s bald eagles nearly disappeared from Ohio and the rest of the lower 48 states, mainly because of the insecticide DDT. As a result of years of heavy spraying, DDT built up in the environment and in small animals like rodents and fish. When the eagles ate these small animals, DDT accumulated in their bodies, too. As a result, female eagles laid eggs with very thin shells. The weight of the nesting bird would crack the eggs, killing the chicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although DDT was banned in 1972, it took some time for eagle populations to rebound. Only four nesting pairs of bald eagles could be found in the Buckeye State in 1979.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1995 the birds had recovered so well that they were removed from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/eagle/recovery/qandas.html\">Endangered Species List\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/midwestbird/eaglepermits/bagepa.html\">The Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Protection Act\u003c/a>, first written in 1940 and amended many times since, continues to help ensure their survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58764\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58764 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-bald-eagle-abundance-1999-2013-ODNR-370x253.jpg\" alt=\"This graph illustrates the growth in the estimated number of bald eagle nesting pairs in Ohio in the past fourteen years. Credit: ODNR\" width=\"370\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This graph illustrates the growth in the estimated number of bald eagle nesting pairs in Ohio in the past fourteen years. Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohio’s bald eagle population continues to grow steadily today, thanks to the careful management of habitat and protection of nests, but local wildlife experts remain vigilant. Each new nest is a cause for celebration among bird and nature lovers. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/wild_resourcessubhomepage/ResearchandSurveys/resourceseagleeagleviewmap/BaldEagleResources/tabid/15488/Default.aspx\">Bald Eagle Nesting Survey\u003c/a> by the Ohio Division of Wildlife estimates that there are 190 nests in the state in 2013. Eagle watchers have always found the greatest number of these birds along the shore of Lake Erie and the adjacent marshes of northwest Ohio, but now the number of nests is increasing farther inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.com/news/new-bald-eagle-nests-confirmed-in-gorge-metro-park-clinton-conservation-area-bath-township-1.403382\">nests that made headlines\u003c/a> this summer are in Summit County, about 20 miles south of Lake Erie. It’s the home of Akron, Ohio’s fifth largest city with nearly 200,000 people. But the county also contains a large portion of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/upload/Bald-Eagles-2011_for-web.pdf\">Cuyahoga Valley National Park\u003c/a> plus 9,000 acres of metropolitan parks. Park officials there say they knew about the new nests for months, but waited to announce the discoveries until nature disguised the locations with leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the waiting period?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mike Johnson, Chief of Natural Resources Management for \u003ca href=\"http://www.summitmetroparks.org/\">Metro Parks, Serving Summit County\u003c/a>, humans pose the greatest threat to the success of nesting eagles. The reason is simple. Eggs and hatchlings need to be kept warm, and babies need to be fed constantly. Curious humans who venture too close to a nest can keep the parents away from their duties, jeopardizing the health of the baby eagles. Too many humans nearby can even cause bald eagles to abandon a nest completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58767\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58767 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-bald-eagle-near-Columbus-Tim-Daniel-ODNR-310x253.jpg\" alt=\"This bald eagle family took up residence on a public golf course in Ohio's Pickaway County, not far from the state capital of Columbus, in 2008. Credit: Tim Daniel ODNR/Wildlife.\" width=\"310\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This bald eagle family took up residence on a public golf course in Ohio's Pickaway County, not far from the state capital of Columbus, in 2008. Credit: Tim Daniel ODNR/Wildlife.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenge is a human challenge,” says Johnson, “trying to educate people about why we need to leave [the eagles] alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While delivering a recent update, Johnson said that they saw bald eagles sitting on the nest in Gorge Metro Park, but they never saw chicks, and now that nest has been abandoned. But two chicks did make a recent appearance in a nest near a towpath in the town of Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why did one nest do well while the other nest failed? Just as in real estate, the answer might be location, location, location. Gorge Metro Park is on the edge of Akron. It is a small park with many visitors and close to a noisy highway. Mike thought it was a bad site for bald eagles, although the birds did manage to pick the one spot that you couldn’t see from the trail. The Clinton nest is more rural and close to a water source and an abundant food supply. It is less frequented by people and a better fit for the eagles’ habitat needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although only one of the nests yielded chicks, park officials are thrilled. “Every new nest is a victory for conservation and recovery,” says Johnson. “It shows what can be achieved through recovery efforts -- the ultimate success story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=6AK1YgSAlzs%3D&tabid=6542\">Ohio Division of Wildlife Life History Notes: Bald Eagle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/eagle/population/chtofprs.html\">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: Chart and Table of Bald Eagle Breeding Pairs in Lower 48 States\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baldeagleinfo.com/\">American Bald Eagle Information\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/56757/ohios-bald-eagle-comeback","authors":["10268"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_11261","quest_12206","quest_326","quest_684","quest_980","quest_10327","quest_10379","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3293","quest_12207","quest_12205"],"featImg":"quest_58765","label":"quest"},"quest_52783":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52783","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52783","score":null,"sort":[1366620255000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"two-local-kids-are-semi-finalists-in-a-national-wildlife-art-contest","title":"Two Local Kids Are Semi-Finalists in a National Wildlife Art Contest","publishDate":1366620255,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Two Bay Area kids are \u003ca href=\"http://www.stopextinction.org/esd/434-2013-art.html\">semi-finalists\u003c/a> in a national art contest celebrating endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First-grader Hannah Chacko, of San Francisco, turned in this colorful drawing of the endangered San Francisco garter snake. (Perhaps a new t-shirt design for the city’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Judge-says-golf-can-stay-at-Sharp-Park-4101144.php\">Sharp Park Golf Course\u003c/a>?) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/K-2HannahChacko.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/K-2HannahChacko-224x169.jpg\" alt=\"H\" width=\"224\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-52787\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster City’s Kevin Huo, an eighth grader, submitted one of the most impressionistic entries in the bunch: this vivid depiction of an albatross – legendary protector of sailors -- soaring above a boat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/6-8-Kevin-Huo.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/6-8-Kevin-Huo-130x169.jpg\" alt=\"Albatross, Kevin Huo\" width=\"130\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-52785\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contest is sponsored by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Endangered Species Coalition, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the International Child Art Foundation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/K-2-Ava-Bribiesco.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/K-2-Ava-Bribiesco-221x169.jpg\" alt=\"T\" width=\"221\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-52786\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top honors went to kindergartener Ava Bribiesco of St. Louis, Missouri, for her collage of the American Burying Beetle. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A pair of local young artists have won a big environmental prize.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370990602,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":132},"headData":{"title":"Two Local Kids Are Semi-Finalists in a National Wildlife Art Contest | KQED","description":"A pair of local young artists have won a big environmental prize.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Two Local Kids Are Semi-Finalists in a National Wildlife Art Contest","datePublished":"2013-04-22T08:44:15.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-11T22:43:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"52783 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52783","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/22/two-local-kids-are-semi-finalists-in-a-national-wildlife-art-contest/","disqusTitle":"Two Local Kids Are Semi-Finalists in a National Wildlife Art Contest","path":"/quest/52783/two-local-kids-are-semi-finalists-in-a-national-wildlife-art-contest","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two Bay Area kids are \u003ca href=\"http://www.stopextinction.org/esd/434-2013-art.html\">semi-finalists\u003c/a> in a national art contest celebrating endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First-grader Hannah Chacko, of San Francisco, turned in this colorful drawing of the endangered San Francisco garter snake. (Perhaps a new t-shirt design for the city’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Judge-says-golf-can-stay-at-Sharp-Park-4101144.php\">Sharp Park Golf Course\u003c/a>?) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/K-2HannahChacko.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/K-2HannahChacko-224x169.jpg\" alt=\"H\" width=\"224\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-52787\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster City’s Kevin Huo, an eighth grader, submitted one of the most impressionistic entries in the bunch: this vivid depiction of an albatross – legendary protector of sailors -- soaring above a boat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/6-8-Kevin-Huo.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/6-8-Kevin-Huo-130x169.jpg\" alt=\"Albatross, Kevin Huo\" width=\"130\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-52785\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contest is sponsored by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Endangered Species Coalition, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the International Child Art Foundation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/K-2-Ava-Bribiesco.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/K-2-Ava-Bribiesco-221x169.jpg\" alt=\"T\" width=\"221\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-52786\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top honors went to kindergartener Ava Bribiesco of St. Louis, Missouri, for her collage of the American Burying Beetle. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52783/two-local-kids-are-semi-finalists-in-a-national-wildlife-art-contest","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_980","quest_1019","quest_13202","quest_11925"],"featImg":"quest_52834","label":"quest"},"quest_43418":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_43418","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"43418","score":null,"sort":[1346857257000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge","title":"Braking for Beetles: When Recreation and Conservation Converge","publishDate":1346857257,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43424\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/05/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge/beetle-approaching-carousel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43424\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-43424\" title=\"Ohlone tiger beetle \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/beetle-approaching.carousel-640x358.jpg\" alt=\"Ohlone tiger beetle\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The endangered Ohlone tiger beetle, found only in Santa Cruz County, sports a forbidding set of mandibles, befitting this top insect predator. (Image: Tara Cornelisse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wildlife biologists joke that they chose biology because they liked animals more than people, but now spend more time dealing with humans than wildlife. As biodiversity loss proceeds at an unprecedented rate—25% of all mammals alone are at risk of extinction—it’s not surprising that biologists increasingly focus on finding ways to protect what’s left. And protection strategies inevitably involve managing human behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolf experts typically spend a disproportionate chunk of their time trying to convince people why taking even minor steps to coexist with carnivores—like mounting \u003ca href=\"http://sciencetrio.wordpress.com/2011/04/05/electrifying-deterrents-wolves-and-fladry/\">fladry\u003c/a> (usually red flags attached to twine) along fences or placing livestock inside at night to thwart opportunistic predation—can benefit both wolves and humans. Lion biologists do much the same, while also reassuring anxious park visitors that lions really would prefer to make a meal of deer over people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists have one thing in their favor when doing public outreach for such charismatic carnivores. If people don’t have time to learn the ecological benefits of keeping lions and wolves on the landscape, they can easily appreciate the aesthetic value of having them around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a bit tougher for biologists like Tara Cornelisse to count on \u003ca href=\"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/environmental-aesthetics/#EnvAesEnv\">conservation aesthetics\u003c/a> when making her case to protect another fearsome carnivore: \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzpl.org/endangered/species/16/\">the Ohlone tiger beetle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ambush predator like its namesake, the tiger beetle relies on agility and keen eyesight to find, stalk, and pounce on potential prey, which includes ants, spiders, smaller beetles, flies, and whatever else it can catch. Tiger beetle larvae pop from their burrow like a mini jack-in-the-box to nab invertebrate passersby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43441\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/05/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge/beetle-head-shot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43441\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-43441\" title=\"beetle head shot\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/beetle-head-shot-440x360.jpg\" alt=\"ohlone tiger beetle \" width=\"440\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prey caught in the beetle’s powerful, sickle-shaped toothy jaws have little chance of escaping. (Image: Maycee Hash)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cornelisse’s endangered study subject, discovered in 1987, now lives in just five isolated grassland parcels in Santa Cruz County. Though Cornelisse, a PhD candidate in environmental studies at UC Santa Cruz, sees nothing but beauty in the “gorgeous\" little iridescent green beetle, it’s not likely to make the cover of \u003cem>National Geographic\u003c/em> anytime soon. And then there’s the human problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outdoor recreation is a leading cause of declines in endangered and threatened species on public lands. When Cornelisse started studying the tiger beetle, hikers and mountain bikers were viewed as their biggest threat, especially after a \u003ca href=\"http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/04.24.02/beetles-0217.html\">2002 news story\u003c/a> blamed bikers for making mincemeat out of the endangered arthropods as they blasted down trails in sensitive beetle habitat. As a result, trails were closed to protect the beetles, pitting humans against endangered species once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiger beetles love disturbed landscapes, once a major feature of their coastal prairie habitat thanks to now extinct vegetation-trampling woolly mammoths, elk, and other ungulates, and to seasonal fires managed by Native Americans. The loss of grazers and the spread of invasive species means beetles increasingly struggle to find the bare ground they need to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cornelisse sees a potential path toward tiger beetle recovery with help from some unlikely allies. Recreational trails appear to be replacing habitat lost to invasive grasses. And that means the species’ greatest hope of survival may rest with the very people who accidentally squash individuals on trails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ironically, trail closures lasted only a few years after anecdotal reports that spreading vegetation had reclaimed coveted bare-ground habitat. Since beetles appear to depend on recreational trails to hunt and find mates, Cornelisse is trying to figure out how to keep trails open while reducing beetle mortality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward that end, she worked with Watsonville high school science teacher Bill Callahan to interview hikers and bikers alongside trails. She wanted to know if people would change their habits if they knew that doing so would benefit an endangered insect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43451\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 449px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/05/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge/ohlonetigerbeetle-fws/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43451\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-43451\" title=\"ohlonetigerbeetle.FWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ohlonetigerbeetle.FWS_-449x360.jpg\" alt=\"ohlone tiger beetle \" width=\"449\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ohlone tiger beetles need bare ground to hunt, find mates, and regulate their body temperature. Recreational trails may help replace habitat lost to invasive grasses and the absence of natural landscape disturbance and fires--as long as bikers follow posted rules aimed at reducing beetle casualties. (Image: US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Using cookies and water to lure folks away from their recreational activities long enough for the survey, Cornelisse and Callahan asked them a set of questions to determine their knowledge of the beetle and recreational impacts, and whether they valued its conservation and would comply with management strategies to conserve habitat and reduce beetle mortality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strategies include slowing down, dismounting and walking, avoiding closed trails, using alternate routes, and helping to make new trails in grasslands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cornelisse discovered, as social science theory predicts, that education can affect attitudes and ultimately behavior. And people were delighted when they learned that their actions can have positive impacts on an endangered species, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When cyclists fly through tiger beetle territory at high speeds, the insects in turn fly off to nearby tall grasses, wasting precious energy needed to hunt and maintain body temperature. Bikers can cut their negative impacts in half simply by slowing down to speeds of 5 to 7 miles an hour in beetle habitat, Cornelisse’s research shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because younger respondents tended not to know about the beetle, and those aware of the beetle and its plight were more likely to comply with conservation strategies, Cornelisse thinks educational outreach programs should target younger hikers and bikers, particularly high school mountain biking groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she hopes nature lovers beyond Santa Cruz County who haven’t heard of the beautiful little predator might consider lending a hand to create more beetle-friendly trails. It’s not every day mountain bikers—sometimes referred to as “wheeled locusts”—get a chance to show they respect and value public lands just as much as the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The endangered Ohlone tiger beetle, found only in Santa Cruz County, depends on disturbed landscapes to hunt and breed. Migrating woolly mammoths and more recently grazing elk helped maintain that habitat. Recreational trails might prove a good replacement--as long as mountain bikers follow rules to reduce beetle casualties.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443830611,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":993},"headData":{"title":"Braking for Beetles: When Recreation and Conservation Converge | KQED","description":"The endangered Ohlone tiger beetle, found only in Santa Cruz County, depends on disturbed landscapes to hunt and breed. Migrating woolly mammoths and more recently grazing elk helped maintain that habitat. Recreational trails might prove a good replacement--as long as mountain bikers follow rules to reduce beetle casualties.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Braking for Beetles: When Recreation and Conservation Converge","datePublished":"2012-09-05T15:00:57.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:03:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"43418 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=43418","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/05/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge/","disqusTitle":"Braking for Beetles: When Recreation and Conservation Converge","path":"/quest/43418/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43424\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/05/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge/beetle-approaching-carousel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43424\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-43424\" title=\"Ohlone tiger beetle \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/beetle-approaching.carousel-640x358.jpg\" alt=\"Ohlone tiger beetle\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The endangered Ohlone tiger beetle, found only in Santa Cruz County, sports a forbidding set of mandibles, befitting this top insect predator. (Image: Tara Cornelisse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wildlife biologists joke that they chose biology because they liked animals more than people, but now spend more time dealing with humans than wildlife. As biodiversity loss proceeds at an unprecedented rate—25% of all mammals alone are at risk of extinction—it’s not surprising that biologists increasingly focus on finding ways to protect what’s left. And protection strategies inevitably involve managing human behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolf experts typically spend a disproportionate chunk of their time trying to convince people why taking even minor steps to coexist with carnivores—like mounting \u003ca href=\"http://sciencetrio.wordpress.com/2011/04/05/electrifying-deterrents-wolves-and-fladry/\">fladry\u003c/a> (usually red flags attached to twine) along fences or placing livestock inside at night to thwart opportunistic predation—can benefit both wolves and humans. Lion biologists do much the same, while also reassuring anxious park visitors that lions really would prefer to make a meal of deer over people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists have one thing in their favor when doing public outreach for such charismatic carnivores. If people don’t have time to learn the ecological benefits of keeping lions and wolves on the landscape, they can easily appreciate the aesthetic value of having them around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a bit tougher for biologists like Tara Cornelisse to count on \u003ca href=\"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/environmental-aesthetics/#EnvAesEnv\">conservation aesthetics\u003c/a> when making her case to protect another fearsome carnivore: \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzpl.org/endangered/species/16/\">the Ohlone tiger beetle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ambush predator like its namesake, the tiger beetle relies on agility and keen eyesight to find, stalk, and pounce on potential prey, which includes ants, spiders, smaller beetles, flies, and whatever else it can catch. Tiger beetle larvae pop from their burrow like a mini jack-in-the-box to nab invertebrate passersby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43441\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/05/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge/beetle-head-shot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43441\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-43441\" title=\"beetle head shot\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/beetle-head-shot-440x360.jpg\" alt=\"ohlone tiger beetle \" width=\"440\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prey caught in the beetle’s powerful, sickle-shaped toothy jaws have little chance of escaping. (Image: Maycee Hash)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cornelisse’s endangered study subject, discovered in 1987, now lives in just five isolated grassland parcels in Santa Cruz County. Though Cornelisse, a PhD candidate in environmental studies at UC Santa Cruz, sees nothing but beauty in the “gorgeous\" little iridescent green beetle, it’s not likely to make the cover of \u003cem>National Geographic\u003c/em> anytime soon. And then there’s the human problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outdoor recreation is a leading cause of declines in endangered and threatened species on public lands. When Cornelisse started studying the tiger beetle, hikers and mountain bikers were viewed as their biggest threat, especially after a \u003ca href=\"http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/04.24.02/beetles-0217.html\">2002 news story\u003c/a> blamed bikers for making mincemeat out of the endangered arthropods as they blasted down trails in sensitive beetle habitat. As a result, trails were closed to protect the beetles, pitting humans against endangered species once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiger beetles love disturbed landscapes, once a major feature of their coastal prairie habitat thanks to now extinct vegetation-trampling woolly mammoths, elk, and other ungulates, and to seasonal fires managed by Native Americans. The loss of grazers and the spread of invasive species means beetles increasingly struggle to find the bare ground they need to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cornelisse sees a potential path toward tiger beetle recovery with help from some unlikely allies. Recreational trails appear to be replacing habitat lost to invasive grasses. And that means the species’ greatest hope of survival may rest with the very people who accidentally squash individuals on trails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ironically, trail closures lasted only a few years after anecdotal reports that spreading vegetation had reclaimed coveted bare-ground habitat. Since beetles appear to depend on recreational trails to hunt and find mates, Cornelisse is trying to figure out how to keep trails open while reducing beetle mortality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward that end, she worked with Watsonville high school science teacher Bill Callahan to interview hikers and bikers alongside trails. She wanted to know if people would change their habits if they knew that doing so would benefit an endangered insect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43451\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 449px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/05/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge/ohlonetigerbeetle-fws/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43451\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-43451\" title=\"ohlonetigerbeetle.FWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ohlonetigerbeetle.FWS_-449x360.jpg\" alt=\"ohlone tiger beetle \" width=\"449\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ohlone tiger beetles need bare ground to hunt, find mates, and regulate their body temperature. Recreational trails may help replace habitat lost to invasive grasses and the absence of natural landscape disturbance and fires--as long as bikers follow posted rules aimed at reducing beetle casualties. (Image: US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Using cookies and water to lure folks away from their recreational activities long enough for the survey, Cornelisse and Callahan asked them a set of questions to determine their knowledge of the beetle and recreational impacts, and whether they valued its conservation and would comply with management strategies to conserve habitat and reduce beetle mortality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strategies include slowing down, dismounting and walking, avoiding closed trails, using alternate routes, and helping to make new trails in grasslands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cornelisse discovered, as social science theory predicts, that education can affect attitudes and ultimately behavior. And people were delighted when they learned that their actions can have positive impacts on an endangered species, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When cyclists fly through tiger beetle territory at high speeds, the insects in turn fly off to nearby tall grasses, wasting precious energy needed to hunt and maintain body temperature. Bikers can cut their negative impacts in half simply by slowing down to speeds of 5 to 7 miles an hour in beetle habitat, Cornelisse’s research shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because younger respondents tended not to know about the beetle, and those aware of the beetle and its plight were more likely to comply with conservation strategies, Cornelisse thinks educational outreach programs should target younger hikers and bikers, particularly high school mountain biking groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she hopes nature lovers beyond Santa Cruz County who haven’t heard of the beautiful little predator might consider lending a hand to create more beetle-friendly trails. It’s not every day mountain bikers—sometimes referred to as “wheeled locusts”—get a chance to show they respect and value public lands just as much as the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43418/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_11413","quest_326","quest_10936","quest_3529","quest_980","quest_1472","quest_11412","quest_13","quest_2507","quest_3808"],"featImg":"quest_43424","label":"quest"},"quest_38714":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_38714","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"38714","score":null,"sort":[1337958050000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"its-summer-vacation-time-for-the-california-least-tern","title":"It's Summer Vacation Time for the California Least Tern ","publishDate":1337958050,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/25/its-summer-vacation-time-for-the-california-least-tern/first_fish_feeding1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38715\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-38715\" title=\"First_Fish_Feeding1\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/First_Fish_Feeding1-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Least tern offers fish to newly hatched chick by Dan Pancamo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The wheel of the seasons is turning again. For a few glorious weeks earlier this month, our shorelines around the bay were packed with water birds. Shorebirds in their breeding finery shared the bounty of the intertidal and shallow water areas with \u003ca title=\"California Least Tern USFWS website\" href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/ES_Kids/CA-Least-Tern/es_kids_ca-least-tern.htm\">California least tern\u003c/a> newly arrived from Mexico. The shorebirds are now gone, away in the night with a high keening cry, for their nesting grounds in the far north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38716\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 112px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/25/its-summer-vacation-time-for-the-california-least-tern/399px-florence_georgiana_spooner_carr_later_gray_formal_portrait_in_egret-feathered_hat_ca_1878_eastbourne/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38716\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38716 \" title=\"399px-Florence_Georgiana_Spooner_Carr_(later_Gray)_formal_portrait_in_Egret-feathered_Hat_ca_1878_Eastbourne\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/399px-Florence_Georgiana_Spooner_Carr_later_Gray_formal_portrait_in_Egret-feathered_Hat_ca_1878_Eastbourne-112x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"112\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Victorian woman with egret feathers on hat, 1878 by Eastbourne\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The least tern, smallest of our three tern species, will be with us for the summer. They arrive along California’s shore with their tuxedo colors and distinctive white “V” on their forehead in late April. Once on the brink of extinction, their population has been steadily increasing from a low of 600 birds in 1973 to current estimates of over 7,000 birds. Long before this, in the late 1800s, they suffered depletion for the millinery trade. What fashionable Victorian woman could be seen without \u003ca title=\"Victorian womens hats with birds\" href=\"http://www.victoriana.com/Victorian-Hats/birdhats.htm\">hats decorated with bird feathers\u003c/a>, wings and even whole birds?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Migratory Bird Treaty of 1918\" href=\"http://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/migtrea.html\">Migratory Bird Treaty\u003c/a> was passed in 1918 affording protection from hunting. Another pressure on the California least tern’s success, however, is its reliance on open, sandy beaches for nesting habitat. Throughout much of California, this is also where people like to spend their summers. And with the introduction of non-native predators -- cats, dogs, and red foxes -- the ground-nesting birds have had a hard time raising their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38717\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 351px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/25/its-summer-vacation-time-for-the-california-least-tern/banded_juvenile_california_least_tern/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38717\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-38717\" title=\"Banded_juvenile_California_Least_Tern\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Banded_juvenile_California_Least_Tern-351x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"351\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Banding young California least terns helps track their success. Photo by Linda Tanner\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There remains a success story in the terns return and of the people who care enough to fight for their future. California least tern are on the verge of being delisted and downgraded from endangered to threatened, one of 110 success stories celebrated on \u003ca title=\"Endangered Species Day\" href=\"http://www.stopextinction.org/10athome.html\">Endangered Species Day\u003c/a> last week. The main remaining hurdle to delisting them is continued commitment by agencies to protect their all-important nesting habitat along our shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tern-protection volunteers also work with the \u003ca title=\"Wildlife volunteers with EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/getinvolved/volunteer/quack\">East Bay Regional Park District\u003c/a> and have successfully helped establish a new breeding colony in Hayward. You can learn more about the \u003ca title=\"Alameda Point Least Terns\" href=\"http://alamedapointenvironmentalreport.wordpress.com/2012/05/03/protecting-the-california-least-terns-at-the-alameda-point-wildlife-refuge/\">terns at Alameda Point\u003c/a> in this article and video. You can also view the Alameda nesting colony on Saturday, June 16 on one of three bus tours departing from \u003ca title=\"Crab Cove Visitor Center, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/vc/crab_cove\">Crab Cove Visitor Center\u003c/a>; reserve a space by calling (888) 327-2757 or online at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparksonline.org\">www.ebparksonline.org\u003c/a>. There will also be programs throughout the day for all ages highlighting terns and a tern watch along the beach at 2:30pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And are you curious about what a California least tern sounds like? Listen to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/htmwav2/h0740so.mp3\">audio recording here\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The least tern, smallest of our three tern species, will be with us for the summer. They arrive along California’s shore with their tuxedo colors and distinctive white “V” on their forehead in late April.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1340306586,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":481},"headData":{"title":"It's Summer Vacation Time for the California Least Tern | KQED","description":"The least tern, smallest of our three tern species, will be with us for the summer. They arrive along California’s shore with their tuxedo colors and distinctive white “V” on their forehead in late April.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"It's Summer Vacation Time for the California Least Tern ","datePublished":"2012-05-25T15:00:50.000Z","dateModified":"2012-06-21T19:23:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"38714 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=38714","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/25/its-summer-vacation-time-for-the-california-least-tern/","disqusTitle":"It's Summer Vacation Time for the California Least Tern ","path":"/quest/38714/its-summer-vacation-time-for-the-california-least-tern","audioUrl":"http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/htmwav2/h0740so.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/25/its-summer-vacation-time-for-the-california-least-tern/first_fish_feeding1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38715\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-38715\" title=\"First_Fish_Feeding1\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/First_Fish_Feeding1-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Least tern offers fish to newly hatched chick by Dan Pancamo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The wheel of the seasons is turning again. For a few glorious weeks earlier this month, our shorelines around the bay were packed with water birds. Shorebirds in their breeding finery shared the bounty of the intertidal and shallow water areas with \u003ca title=\"California Least Tern USFWS website\" href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/ES_Kids/CA-Least-Tern/es_kids_ca-least-tern.htm\">California least tern\u003c/a> newly arrived from Mexico. The shorebirds are now gone, away in the night with a high keening cry, for their nesting grounds in the far north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38716\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 112px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/25/its-summer-vacation-time-for-the-california-least-tern/399px-florence_georgiana_spooner_carr_later_gray_formal_portrait_in_egret-feathered_hat_ca_1878_eastbourne/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38716\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38716 \" title=\"399px-Florence_Georgiana_Spooner_Carr_(later_Gray)_formal_portrait_in_Egret-feathered_Hat_ca_1878_Eastbourne\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/399px-Florence_Georgiana_Spooner_Carr_later_Gray_formal_portrait_in_Egret-feathered_Hat_ca_1878_Eastbourne-112x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"112\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Victorian woman with egret feathers on hat, 1878 by Eastbourne\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The least tern, smallest of our three tern species, will be with us for the summer. They arrive along California’s shore with their tuxedo colors and distinctive white “V” on their forehead in late April. Once on the brink of extinction, their population has been steadily increasing from a low of 600 birds in 1973 to current estimates of over 7,000 birds. Long before this, in the late 1800s, they suffered depletion for the millinery trade. What fashionable Victorian woman could be seen without \u003ca title=\"Victorian womens hats with birds\" href=\"http://www.victoriana.com/Victorian-Hats/birdhats.htm\">hats decorated with bird feathers\u003c/a>, wings and even whole birds?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Migratory Bird Treaty of 1918\" href=\"http://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/migtrea.html\">Migratory Bird Treaty\u003c/a> was passed in 1918 affording protection from hunting. Another pressure on the California least tern’s success, however, is its reliance on open, sandy beaches for nesting habitat. Throughout much of California, this is also where people like to spend their summers. And with the introduction of non-native predators -- cats, dogs, and red foxes -- the ground-nesting birds have had a hard time raising their young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38717\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 351px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/25/its-summer-vacation-time-for-the-california-least-tern/banded_juvenile_california_least_tern/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38717\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-38717\" title=\"Banded_juvenile_California_Least_Tern\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Banded_juvenile_California_Least_Tern-351x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"351\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Banding young California least terns helps track their success. Photo by Linda Tanner\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There remains a success story in the terns return and of the people who care enough to fight for their future. California least tern are on the verge of being delisted and downgraded from endangered to threatened, one of 110 success stories celebrated on \u003ca title=\"Endangered Species Day\" href=\"http://www.stopextinction.org/10athome.html\">Endangered Species Day\u003c/a> last week. The main remaining hurdle to delisting them is continued commitment by agencies to protect their all-important nesting habitat along our shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tern-protection volunteers also work with the \u003ca title=\"Wildlife volunteers with EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/getinvolved/volunteer/quack\">East Bay Regional Park District\u003c/a> and have successfully helped establish a new breeding colony in Hayward. You can learn more about the \u003ca title=\"Alameda Point Least Terns\" href=\"http://alamedapointenvironmentalreport.wordpress.com/2012/05/03/protecting-the-california-least-terns-at-the-alameda-point-wildlife-refuge/\">terns at Alameda Point\u003c/a> in this article and video. You can also view the Alameda nesting colony on Saturday, June 16 on one of three bus tours departing from \u003ca title=\"Crab Cove Visitor Center, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/vc/crab_cove\">Crab Cove Visitor Center\u003c/a>; reserve a space by calling (888) 327-2757 or online at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparksonline.org\">www.ebparksonline.org\u003c/a>. There will also be programs throughout the day for all ages highlighting terns and a tern watch along the beach at 2:30pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And are you curious about what a California least tern sounds like? Listen to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/htmwav2/h0740so.mp3\">audio recording here\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/38714/its-summer-vacation-time-for-the-california-least-tern","authors":["6328"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_11153","quest_3401","quest_980","quest_11154","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_38715","label":"quest"},"quest_33547":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_33547","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"33547","score":null,"sort":[1332375711000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche","title":"Small Rewards: Tiny Frogs and Chameleons Find and Fill a Niche ","publishDate":1332375711,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/lizard-for-carousel-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33560\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-33560\" title=\"Brookesia micra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lizard-for-carousel1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brookesia micra\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent discoveries of a Lilliputian lizard and elfin amphibian, fascinating in their own right, highlight one of the most enduring questions in biology: what controls the evolution of body size? Why do some taxa grow smaller and smaller, while others grow larger and larger, as if they’d tumbled down the rabbit hole with Alice and devoured all the curious potions and cakes she found there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question endures in large part because body size affects nearly every aspect of an organism’s existence, from physiology (temperature regulation and metabolism) to ecology (life history and foraging strategies) and evolution (reproductive success over time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a century, biologists thought evolutionary taxa, or lineages, grew larger and larger over time, a phenomenon known as \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GzpiPe\">Cope’s Rule\u003c/a>, illustrated most often by horse evolution. Modern equids, scientists believe, evolved from the diminutive \u003ca href=\"http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/vertpaleo/fhc/hyraco1.htm\">\u003cem>Hyracotherium\u003c/em> \u003c/a>(commonly known as eohippus, or “dawn horse”), which appeared in the fossil record some 55 million years ago. Many textbooks mistakenly liken \u003cem>Hydracotherium\u003c/em> to a fox terrier (think Asta of \u003cem>The Thin Man\u003c/em> movies), but the ancestral horse was more Lassie than Asta, as Stephen Jay Gould famously explained in his essay \"The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33551\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/hyracotheriumvasacciensislikehorse/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33551\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33551\" title=\"Hyracotherium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/HyracotheriumVasacciensisLikeHorse-343x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hyracotherium, ancestral horse\" width=\"343\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica skeleton of Hydracotherium vasacciensis, the putative ancestral horse, at the Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. (Photo: Jeff Kubina)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1997, though, David Jablonski showed that (as usual) biology rarely follows hard and fast rules. In a 10-year review of fossils covering 16 million years and 1,000 species from 191 lineages of bivalves (clams and scallops) and gastropods (snails and slugs), Jablonski found that just as many taxa \u003ca href=\"http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/970123/jablonski.shtml\">decreased in body size\u003c/a> over time as increased. And even the horse example has come under fire. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~wayner/Principles%20of%20Ecology%20course/island%20morphological%20adaptation.pdf\">2004 study\u003c/a> analyzed horse fossils in light of recently resolved relationships among evolutionary groups and showed that while the lineage that gave rise to the modern horse grew larger, others shrank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, examples of lineages evolving toward larger body size abound, with \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GBYvMe\">evidence \u003c/a> linking greater size to higher fitness (better survival and mating success for individuals). If you’re big (say, a lion or other large carnivore), it’s easier to catch prey, avoid predation (though elephants, like mammoths before them, may perish at the hands of human hunters), survive tough conditions, attract mates (silverback gorillas claim exclusive breeding rights to females), and claim more resources than your competitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the advantages of size, one might think the tiny frog and chameleon are simply freaks, outliers among a field of giants. But the fossil record offers plenty of examples of large animals shrinking over millennia (known as “phyletic dwarfism”), often after winding up on islands or other restricted ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until about 10,000 years ago, dwarf elephants inhabited Crete and other Mediterranean islands, which favored smaller, nimbler forms that could survive on less food and manage the rocky terrain. Even dwarf mammoths (the oxymoron notwithstanding), dinosaurs, and hominids (\u003cem>Homo floresiensis\u003c/em>) once inhabited isolated islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re small, you might reproduce quickly, offer too little reward for a predator’s effort, and maybe even prove too hard to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33552\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/paratype_of_paedophryne_amauensis_lsumz_95004/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33552\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33552\" title=\"Paedophryne amauensis\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Paratype_of_Paedophryne_amauensis_LSUMZ_95004-253x253.png\" alt=\"Dwarf frog \" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paedophryne amauensis, a minute frog found in Papua New Guinea, may be the smallest vertebrate on Earth. (Photo: PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029797)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That seems to be the case for a pint-sized amphibian found, through no small effort, in the forests of Papua New Guinea, which its discoverers claimed as the “world’s smallest vertebrate.” Because the largest vertebrate, the blue whale, and (previously) smallest, a fish, are aquatic species, some biologists thought a water-based lifestyle may facilitate the evolution of extreme size. But, as the scientists argue in the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/zgsaBs\">paper\u003c/a> describing the frog, this doesn’t explain how extreme miniaturization evolved at least 11 times in terrestrial frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 7-8 millimeter frog, named \u003cem>Paedophryne amauensis,\u003c/em> is active mostly at dawn and dusk, sounding more like a cricket than a frog when it calls out to potential mates from the leafy detritus of the forest floor. (The authors dubbed the species “amauensis” after the region near Amau Village where it was found.) Leaf litter in tropical forests stays moist throughout the year, keeping the minute amphibian safe from desiccation and likely explaining the evolution of its life history: offspring bypass the tadpole stage, emerging fully formed, though even tinier, avoiding fish, insects, and other aquatic predators. Of course, teeny adults would be at higher risk from predators if they lived in the water, too, which might explain why the species carved out a niche in upland areas with a lower diversity of such threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33573\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/brookesia_micra_on_a_match_head-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33573\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33573\" title=\"Brookesia micra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Brookesia_micra_on_a_match_head2-281x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brookesia micra\" width=\"281\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brookesia micra, one of four dwarf leaf chameleon species found in Madagascar. (Photo: PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And just last month, another group of researchers \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GFDRgN\">reported\u003c/a> their discovery of four new species of dwarf chameleons, one so small it can balance on the tip of a match head. The mini chameleon, \u003cem>Brookesia micra,\u003c/em> measures a smidgen over an inch from snout to tail, and seems restricted to Nosy Hara, a small (naturally) island off the coast of Madagascar. An extensive survey of Nosy Hara and adjacent islands in 2007 failed to spot the little lizard, which scampers around limestone rocks and dry forest leaf litter during the day and roosts on low-lying branches a few inches above the ground at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their amphibian counterparts, the minuscule reptiles inhabit relatively dry tropical areas. Because small body size carries a higher risk of desiccation from the proportionally higher body surface area, it’s surprising the lizards live in a dry environment, the scientists explain in their report. It’s possible they’ve adapted to certain features of the landscape that retain moisture, like leaf-filled fissures in limestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny frog and chameleons may or may not win the title for smallest of their kind, but the distinction is beside the point. The discovery of these new species offers a rare ray of hope amid ongoing reports of devastating declines in amphibian and reptile populations around the world, mostly due to habitat destruction. These dwarf species have likely benefited from minimal space and resource requirements, and being too tiny to spot. And for me, it’s no small comfort to know that we can still find wonders, both beautiful and strange, on this side of the looking glass.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Recent discoveries of a Lilliputian lizard and elfin amphibian, fascinating in their own right, highlight one of the most enduring questions in biology: what controls the evolution of body size? They also provide a rare bright spot amid the relentless reports of endangered and disappearing amphibian and reptile species around the world.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366751017,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":1090},"headData":{"title":"Small Rewards: Tiny Frogs and Chameleons Find and Fill a Niche | KQED","description":"Recent discoveries of a Lilliputian lizard and elfin amphibian, fascinating in their own right, highlight one of the most enduring questions in biology: what controls the evolution of body size? They also provide a rare bright spot amid the relentless reports of endangered and disappearing amphibian and reptile species around the world.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Small Rewards: Tiny Frogs and Chameleons Find and Fill a Niche ","datePublished":"2012-03-22T00:21:51.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T21:03:37.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"33547 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=33547","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/","disqusTitle":"Small Rewards: Tiny Frogs and Chameleons Find and Fill a Niche ","path":"/quest/33547/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/lizard-for-carousel-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33560\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-33560\" title=\"Brookesia micra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lizard-for-carousel1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brookesia micra\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent discoveries of a Lilliputian lizard and elfin amphibian, fascinating in their own right, highlight one of the most enduring questions in biology: what controls the evolution of body size? Why do some taxa grow smaller and smaller, while others grow larger and larger, as if they’d tumbled down the rabbit hole with Alice and devoured all the curious potions and cakes she found there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question endures in large part because body size affects nearly every aspect of an organism’s existence, from physiology (temperature regulation and metabolism) to ecology (life history and foraging strategies) and evolution (reproductive success over time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a century, biologists thought evolutionary taxa, or lineages, grew larger and larger over time, a phenomenon known as \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GzpiPe\">Cope’s Rule\u003c/a>, illustrated most often by horse evolution. Modern equids, scientists believe, evolved from the diminutive \u003ca href=\"http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/vertpaleo/fhc/hyraco1.htm\">\u003cem>Hyracotherium\u003c/em> \u003c/a>(commonly known as eohippus, or “dawn horse”), which appeared in the fossil record some 55 million years ago. Many textbooks mistakenly liken \u003cem>Hydracotherium\u003c/em> to a fox terrier (think Asta of \u003cem>The Thin Man\u003c/em> movies), but the ancestral horse was more Lassie than Asta, as Stephen Jay Gould famously explained in his essay \"The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33551\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/hyracotheriumvasacciensislikehorse/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33551\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33551\" title=\"Hyracotherium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/HyracotheriumVasacciensisLikeHorse-343x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hyracotherium, ancestral horse\" width=\"343\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica skeleton of Hydracotherium vasacciensis, the putative ancestral horse, at the Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. (Photo: Jeff Kubina)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1997, though, David Jablonski showed that (as usual) biology rarely follows hard and fast rules. In a 10-year review of fossils covering 16 million years and 1,000 species from 191 lineages of bivalves (clams and scallops) and gastropods (snails and slugs), Jablonski found that just as many taxa \u003ca href=\"http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/970123/jablonski.shtml\">decreased in body size\u003c/a> over time as increased. And even the horse example has come under fire. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~wayner/Principles%20of%20Ecology%20course/island%20morphological%20adaptation.pdf\">2004 study\u003c/a> analyzed horse fossils in light of recently resolved relationships among evolutionary groups and showed that while the lineage that gave rise to the modern horse grew larger, others shrank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, examples of lineages evolving toward larger body size abound, with \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GBYvMe\">evidence \u003c/a> linking greater size to higher fitness (better survival and mating success for individuals). If you’re big (say, a lion or other large carnivore), it’s easier to catch prey, avoid predation (though elephants, like mammoths before them, may perish at the hands of human hunters), survive tough conditions, attract mates (silverback gorillas claim exclusive breeding rights to females), and claim more resources than your competitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the advantages of size, one might think the tiny frog and chameleon are simply freaks, outliers among a field of giants. But the fossil record offers plenty of examples of large animals shrinking over millennia (known as “phyletic dwarfism”), often after winding up on islands or other restricted ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until about 10,000 years ago, dwarf elephants inhabited Crete and other Mediterranean islands, which favored smaller, nimbler forms that could survive on less food and manage the rocky terrain. Even dwarf mammoths (the oxymoron notwithstanding), dinosaurs, and hominids (\u003cem>Homo floresiensis\u003c/em>) once inhabited isolated islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re small, you might reproduce quickly, offer too little reward for a predator’s effort, and maybe even prove too hard to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33552\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/paratype_of_paedophryne_amauensis_lsumz_95004/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33552\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33552\" title=\"Paedophryne amauensis\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Paratype_of_Paedophryne_amauensis_LSUMZ_95004-253x253.png\" alt=\"Dwarf frog \" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paedophryne amauensis, a minute frog found in Papua New Guinea, may be the smallest vertebrate on Earth. (Photo: PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029797)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That seems to be the case for a pint-sized amphibian found, through no small effort, in the forests of Papua New Guinea, which its discoverers claimed as the “world’s smallest vertebrate.” Because the largest vertebrate, the blue whale, and (previously) smallest, a fish, are aquatic species, some biologists thought a water-based lifestyle may facilitate the evolution of extreme size. But, as the scientists argue in the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/zgsaBs\">paper\u003c/a> describing the frog, this doesn’t explain how extreme miniaturization evolved at least 11 times in terrestrial frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 7-8 millimeter frog, named \u003cem>Paedophryne amauensis,\u003c/em> is active mostly at dawn and dusk, sounding more like a cricket than a frog when it calls out to potential mates from the leafy detritus of the forest floor. (The authors dubbed the species “amauensis” after the region near Amau Village where it was found.) Leaf litter in tropical forests stays moist throughout the year, keeping the minute amphibian safe from desiccation and likely explaining the evolution of its life history: offspring bypass the tadpole stage, emerging fully formed, though even tinier, avoiding fish, insects, and other aquatic predators. Of course, teeny adults would be at higher risk from predators if they lived in the water, too, which might explain why the species carved out a niche in upland areas with a lower diversity of such threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33573\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/brookesia_micra_on_a_match_head-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33573\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33573\" title=\"Brookesia micra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Brookesia_micra_on_a_match_head2-281x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brookesia micra\" width=\"281\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brookesia micra, one of four dwarf leaf chameleon species found in Madagascar. (Photo: PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And just last month, another group of researchers \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GFDRgN\">reported\u003c/a> their discovery of four new species of dwarf chameleons, one so small it can balance on the tip of a match head. The mini chameleon, \u003cem>Brookesia micra,\u003c/em> measures a smidgen over an inch from snout to tail, and seems restricted to Nosy Hara, a small (naturally) island off the coast of Madagascar. An extensive survey of Nosy Hara and adjacent islands in 2007 failed to spot the little lizard, which scampers around limestone rocks and dry forest leaf litter during the day and roosts on low-lying branches a few inches above the ground at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their amphibian counterparts, the minuscule reptiles inhabit relatively dry tropical areas. Because small body size carries a higher risk of desiccation from the proportionally higher body surface area, it’s surprising the lizards live in a dry environment, the scientists explain in their report. It’s possible they’ve adapted to certain features of the landscape that retain moisture, like leaf-filled fissures in limestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny frog and chameleons may or may not win the title for smallest of their kind, but the distinction is beside the point. The discovery of these new species offers a rare ray of hope amid ongoing reports of devastating declines in amphibian and reptile populations around the world, mostly due to habitat destruction. These dwarf species have likely benefited from minimal space and resource requirements, and being too tiny to spot. And for me, it’s no small comfort to know that we can still find wonders, both beautiful and strange, on this side of the looking glass.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/33547/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_148","quest_326","quest_3309","quest_921","quest_980","quest_1033","quest_1049","quest_10859","quest_3351","quest_3307","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_2415"],"featImg":"quest_33553","label":"quest"},"quest_31936":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_31936","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"31936","score":null,"sort":[1330723098000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"lone-wolf%e2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns","title":"Lone Wolf’s Historic Trek Provokes Questions and Concerns ","publishDate":1330723098,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-05-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31938\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/WolfOFG.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31938\" title=\"WolfOFG\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/WolfOFG-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wolf from OR7's pack in Oregon. (Image: Oregon Department of Fish and Game)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>OR7, the lone gray wolf from a pack in Oregon, crossed back into his home state yesterday after two months of wandering in Northern California. OR7’s trek made him the first wolf in California in almost 90 years. Officials say it’s possible the wolf will continue to use both states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With OR7’s arrival, California has been thrown into a national debate about how to manage wolves. Environmentalists want to see a wolf population restored in the state. For others, OR7 is not a welcome visitor. In Lassen County, where OR7 has spent the bulk of his time, wolf opposition is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"If it's killing my cattle, I'm gonna kill it.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent county board of supervisors meeting in Susanville, a town in the state’s rural northeast corner, Fish and Game biologist Karen Kovacs takes the podium. “What we’re here today to do is just to share what we know about wolves in California,” she says to the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovacs’ agency gets daily downloads about the two-year-old male wolf’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/wolf/\">location \u003c/a>through its radio collar. “Are there other wolves in California? That’s a $64 million dollar question,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there's one thing Kovacs has learned since OR7 arrived, it’s that wolves make people emotional. For several weeks, Kovacs and other wildlife officials have attended a number of public meetings about California’s wolf. In the state’s northern counties, the reaction has been vocal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The protection afforded something that doesn’t belong here in the first place doesn’t make any sense,” says Susanville resident Len Grizwold. “Be cautious, folks. They’re here to tell you there’s nothing to worry about,” says another resident. The reception from county supervisor and rancher Bob Pyle isn’t any warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really don’t care what it is. If it’s killing my cattle, I’m gonna kill it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any wolf in California is considered endangered,” responds Susan Moore of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. “And if you should take it, kill it, it is a $100,000 fine or a year in jail, or both.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sentiment has followed wolves from the moment they were reintroduced in the West almost 20 years ago. In states like Idaho and Montana, where wolf populations have rebounded, there’s been an all-out war. Ranchers and hunters say wolves kill too many livestock and elk. Environmentalists see the wolf as a key part of a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With OR7’s arrival, that debate has come to California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the Wolf’s Trail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a quiet pine forest outside of Susanville, Kovacs and Fish and Game biologist Richard Callas walk through a light layer of snow. OR7 crossed a major highway nearby a few weeks ago, not far from where California’s last wolf was trapped and killed in 1924.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=42104&inline=true\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31958\" title=\"Map\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to see a larger map of where OR7 has traveled.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The way we find his tracks is because they’re pretty darn big,” says Kovacs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OR7’s exact location is secret to protect the wolf, but once he leaves an area, Kovacs and Callas go in to see what he’s been eating. “We know that OR7 has fed on two deer. We don’t know if he killed them or scavenged them,” Callas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life isn’t easy for a wolf on his own. But there’s a reason OR7 has traveled 2,000 miles since he left his pack in Oregon last September. “His love life hasn’t been much to brag about lately,” Callas says. “But he’s certainly looking for a mate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other states, it’s taken about 10 years for a pack to be established after the first wolf showed up. But biologists aren’t sure how successful wolves will be here. “Our elk population is smaller than some state like Montana, Colorado and Wyoming. Our deer numbers were lower than they were,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Oregon’s wolf packs live hundreds of miles from the border, it could be some time before another wolf wanders this way. But for the Department of Fish and Game, that may not matter. Groups on both sides are calling for some kind of plan to manage wolves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are entities out there who are ready to litigate at the drop of a hat,” says Kovacs. “Can we get those stakeholders here in California to the table to collectively meet to move forward?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Local Ranchers Concerned\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31954\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/DSC00093.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31954\" title=\"Ranch\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/DSC00093.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"210\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OR7 wandered close to Willow Creek Ranch outside of Susanville.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a cold morning at Willow Creek Ranch outside of Susanville, Jack Hanson is getting ready to feed 300 hungry cattle. A few weeks ago, OR7 wasn’t far from here. “About 17 or 18 miles as the crow flies,” says Hanson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson says it’s not OR7 that’s he’s worried about. It’s that wolf populations could grow. In other states, some ranchers are trying out tools to deter wolves, like special fencing and loud noises. Some even get text messages when wolves are close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most ranchers see wolves as one more thing to deal with in an already tough industry, says Hanson. Still, he wants to be part of the discussion. “We’ll be able to have a dialogue with agencies. I don’t think it will ever come to exactly where we want it, which is not to have them back in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>State and Federal Protections\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolves are currently protected in California under the federal Endangered Species Act, but several environmental groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2012/wolves-02-27-2012.html\">are petitioning\u003c/a> the state to protect them under California law as well. That would require the Department of Fish and Game to figure out how many wolves belong in California and how they’ll recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government is also considering whether to specially protect California wolves. Populations in Idaho, Montana and parts of Oregon and Washington have already been taken off the endangered species list but this week, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2012/wolves-03-01-2012.html\">agency recommended\u003c/a> removing protection for wolves in some of the remaining parts of the lower 48 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California wolves may still be protected, however. Fish and Wildlife is considering whether to \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservationnw.org/wildlife-habitat/pacific-northwest-gray-wolf-protection-status-review\">specially protect wolves\u003c/a> in parts of Oregon, Washington and California. If so, the agency would consider writing a recovery plan for what would be known as the Pacific Northwest population. That decision is due by September 30th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t see California as being essential to the recovery of wolves. It’s not prime wolf habitat,” says Dan Ashe, director of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. “But certainly, wolves will move hopefully in the future and will find some hospitable territory in California. Some may establish themselves there, but hopefully they’ll be well-managed under state law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weathering the Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is: can California avoid the battles that other states have seen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I don’t think so,” says Ed Bangs, the recently retired Wolf Recovery Coordinator at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. He’s been in the middle of the Western wolf debate for two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to remember wolves and wolf management has nothing to do with reality. I mean we can give you facts, you know all this biology stuff. That isn’t what people talk about. They’re talking about what wolves mean to them symbolically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he thinks that debate isn’t necessarily a bad thing. “Imagine if it was the way it was before when no one cared at all about natural resources or wildlife. Apathy is a lot worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 30 years ago, there were only a handful of gray wolves in the West. Today, there are more than 1,600.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"OR7, the lone gray wolf from a pack in Oregon, crossed back into his home state yesterday after two months of wandering in Northern California. With OR7’s arrival, California has been thrown into a national debate about how to manage wolves. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366753701,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1411},"headData":{"title":"Lone Wolf’s Historic Trek Provokes Questions and Concerns | KQED","description":"OR7, the lone gray wolf from a pack in Oregon, crossed back into his home state yesterday after two months of wandering in Northern California. With OR7’s arrival, California has been thrown into a national debate about how to manage wolves. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Lone Wolf’s Historic Trek Provokes Questions and Concerns ","datePublished":"2012-03-02T21:18:18.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T21:48:21.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"31936 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/lone-wolf%e2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/02/lone-wolf%e2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns/","disqusTitle":"Lone Wolf’s Historic Trek Provokes Questions and Concerns ","path":"/quest/31936/lone-wolf%e2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-05-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-05-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31938\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/WolfOFG.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31938\" title=\"WolfOFG\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/WolfOFG-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wolf from OR7's pack in Oregon. (Image: Oregon Department of Fish and Game)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>OR7, the lone gray wolf from a pack in Oregon, crossed back into his home state yesterday after two months of wandering in Northern California. OR7’s trek made him the first wolf in California in almost 90 years. Officials say it’s possible the wolf will continue to use both states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With OR7’s arrival, California has been thrown into a national debate about how to manage wolves. Environmentalists want to see a wolf population restored in the state. For others, OR7 is not a welcome visitor. In Lassen County, where OR7 has spent the bulk of his time, wolf opposition is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"If it's killing my cattle, I'm gonna kill it.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent county board of supervisors meeting in Susanville, a town in the state’s rural northeast corner, Fish and Game biologist Karen Kovacs takes the podium. “What we’re here today to do is just to share what we know about wolves in California,” she says to the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovacs’ agency gets daily downloads about the two-year-old male wolf’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/wolf/\">location \u003c/a>through its radio collar. “Are there other wolves in California? That’s a $64 million dollar question,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there's one thing Kovacs has learned since OR7 arrived, it’s that wolves make people emotional. For several weeks, Kovacs and other wildlife officials have attended a number of public meetings about California’s wolf. In the state’s northern counties, the reaction has been vocal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The protection afforded something that doesn’t belong here in the first place doesn’t make any sense,” says Susanville resident Len Grizwold. “Be cautious, folks. They’re here to tell you there’s nothing to worry about,” says another resident. The reception from county supervisor and rancher Bob Pyle isn’t any warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really don’t care what it is. If it’s killing my cattle, I’m gonna kill it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any wolf in California is considered endangered,” responds Susan Moore of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. “And if you should take it, kill it, it is a $100,000 fine or a year in jail, or both.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sentiment has followed wolves from the moment they were reintroduced in the West almost 20 years ago. In states like Idaho and Montana, where wolf populations have rebounded, there’s been an all-out war. Ranchers and hunters say wolves kill too many livestock and elk. Environmentalists see the wolf as a key part of a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With OR7’s arrival, that debate has come to California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the Wolf’s Trail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a quiet pine forest outside of Susanville, Kovacs and Fish and Game biologist Richard Callas walk through a light layer of snow. OR7 crossed a major highway nearby a few weeks ago, not far from where California’s last wolf was trapped and killed in 1924.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=42104&inline=true\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31958\" title=\"Map\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to see a larger map of where OR7 has traveled.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The way we find his tracks is because they’re pretty darn big,” says Kovacs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OR7’s exact location is secret to protect the wolf, but once he leaves an area, Kovacs and Callas go in to see what he’s been eating. “We know that OR7 has fed on two deer. We don’t know if he killed them or scavenged them,” Callas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life isn’t easy for a wolf on his own. But there’s a reason OR7 has traveled 2,000 miles since he left his pack in Oregon last September. “His love life hasn’t been much to brag about lately,” Callas says. “But he’s certainly looking for a mate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other states, it’s taken about 10 years for a pack to be established after the first wolf showed up. But biologists aren’t sure how successful wolves will be here. “Our elk population is smaller than some state like Montana, Colorado and Wyoming. Our deer numbers were lower than they were,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Oregon’s wolf packs live hundreds of miles from the border, it could be some time before another wolf wanders this way. But for the Department of Fish and Game, that may not matter. Groups on both sides are calling for some kind of plan to manage wolves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are entities out there who are ready to litigate at the drop of a hat,” says Kovacs. “Can we get those stakeholders here in California to the table to collectively meet to move forward?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Local Ranchers Concerned\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31954\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/DSC00093.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31954\" title=\"Ranch\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/DSC00093.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"210\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OR7 wandered close to Willow Creek Ranch outside of Susanville.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a cold morning at Willow Creek Ranch outside of Susanville, Jack Hanson is getting ready to feed 300 hungry cattle. A few weeks ago, OR7 wasn’t far from here. “About 17 or 18 miles as the crow flies,” says Hanson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson says it’s not OR7 that’s he’s worried about. It’s that wolf populations could grow. In other states, some ranchers are trying out tools to deter wolves, like special fencing and loud noises. Some even get text messages when wolves are close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most ranchers see wolves as one more thing to deal with in an already tough industry, says Hanson. Still, he wants to be part of the discussion. “We’ll be able to have a dialogue with agencies. I don’t think it will ever come to exactly where we want it, which is not to have them back in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>State and Federal Protections\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolves are currently protected in California under the federal Endangered Species Act, but several environmental groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2012/wolves-02-27-2012.html\">are petitioning\u003c/a> the state to protect them under California law as well. That would require the Department of Fish and Game to figure out how many wolves belong in California and how they’ll recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government is also considering whether to specially protect California wolves. Populations in Idaho, Montana and parts of Oregon and Washington have already been taken off the endangered species list but this week, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2012/wolves-03-01-2012.html\">agency recommended\u003c/a> removing protection for wolves in some of the remaining parts of the lower 48 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California wolves may still be protected, however. Fish and Wildlife is considering whether to \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservationnw.org/wildlife-habitat/pacific-northwest-gray-wolf-protection-status-review\">specially protect wolves\u003c/a> in parts of Oregon, Washington and California. If so, the agency would consider writing a recovery plan for what would be known as the Pacific Northwest population. That decision is due by September 30th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t see California as being essential to the recovery of wolves. It’s not prime wolf habitat,” says Dan Ashe, director of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. “But certainly, wolves will move hopefully in the future and will find some hospitable territory in California. Some may establish themselves there, but hopefully they’ll be well-managed under state law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weathering the Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is: can California avoid the battles that other states have seen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I don’t think so,” says Ed Bangs, the recently retired Wolf Recovery Coordinator at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. He’s been in the middle of the Western wolf debate for two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to remember wolves and wolf management has nothing to do with reality. I mean we can give you facts, you know all this biology stuff. That isn’t what people talk about. They’re talking about what wolves mean to them symbolically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he thinks that debate isn’t necessarily a bad thing. “Imagine if it was the way it was before when no one cared at all about natural resources or wildlife. Apathy is a lot worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 30 years ago, there were only a handful of gray wolves in the West. Today, there are more than 1,600.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/31936/lone-wolf%e2%80%99s-historic-trek-provokes-questions-and-concerns","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_326","quest_684","quest_10749","quest_10120","quest_980","quest_13198","quest_1419","quest_13203","quest_13202","quest_10611","quest_3728","quest_3155","quest_3177","quest_3178"],"featImg":"quest_31938","label":"quest"},"quest_31518":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_31518","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"31518","score":null,"sort":[1330534840000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival","title":"Fantastic Voyage: The Salmon's Uphill Struggle for Survival","publishDate":1330534840,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3358,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/640px-cohosmolts/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/640px-CohoSmolts-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered coho salmon smolts\" title=\"640px-CohoSmolts\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-31595\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a dreary late January morning, I join a small group of guardedly optimistic souls to scan the creeks of West Marin’s San Geronimo Valley to glimpse one of the Bay Area’s rarest denizens, the critically endangered coho salmon. With luck, we’d see a few survivors of the batch born here three years ago, returning to their home stream to pass on their genes to the next generation and renew the salmonid cycle of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a cycle that’s in imminent danger. We know the chances of witnessing a coho homecoming in Lagunitas Creek are slim, especially considering the provenance of this run. The fish, officially called the 2008-2009 cohort, emerged from a total of 26 redds (the spawning beds of salmonids). A shockingly low number. The lowest on record. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho lay between 1,400 and 3,000 eggs (depending on the female’s size), and it’s a good thing, because the salmon lifestyle is fraught with peril. Adults bury eggs in gravel under rocks, but silt from homes built too close to streams can choke the flow of oxygenated water and suffocate eggs. Surviving eggs yield tiny “alevins” that subsist on yolk sacs, hidden among rocks to avoid predatory insects, until they venture into the current as fry. If fry evade kingfishers, herons, and otters, they grow through summer, fall, and winter, barely the size of a ballpoint pen. Finally, as saltwater-ready smolts, they travel downstream to the Tomales Bay estuary, where bigger fish, birds, and hungry sea lions await, then head out to sea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho can swim thousands of miles in the ocean, feeding on smaller fish or falling prey to sharks, sea lions, seals, orcas, and fishing boats. It’s a wonder any have come back at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they have. And it’s what they come home to, what we do for them in their natal streams, that’s critical to the species’ survival, says our guide, Jonathan Appelbaum, conservation coordinator and restoration scientist with the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/zCeJFT\">Salmon Protection and Watershed Network \u003c/a>(SPAWN). To illustrate his point, he takes us to the \u003ca href=\"http://marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=613\">Leo Cronin Viewing Area\u003c/a>, “where all the action is right now.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steely overcast sky adds a nip to the damp air but makes it easier to spot the battered bodies of the silvery fish, barely moving in the dark waters of the stream, about 30 feet below the trail. They take a beating as they move from salt- to freshwater and carom off rocks, logs, and sundry debris on their way home. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like zombie fish,” says volunteer naturalist Shannon Savage. “Their bodies are just falling apart. They’ve stopped eating and are just here to breed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31526\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/male-females-retouched-p1010312/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31526\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/male.females.retouched.P1010312-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"A male (left) and two female coho, easier to spot thanks to their denuded tailfins, return to their natal stream in Lagunitas Creek to spawn.\" title=\"male.females.retouched.P1010312\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31526\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male (left) and two female coho, easier to spot thanks to their denuded tailfins, return to their natal stream in Lagunitas Creek to spawn. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we survey the creek, we spot ghoulish white streaks undulating near the creek bed, possibly fungus on a depleted fish, but more likely a female’s tailfin, or what’s left of it. Females gyrate with so much force to make redds that they shred scales, skin, and fins, Appelbaum says, “until they’re just stubs.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Binoculars confirm the blurry white flecks as a female, fighting the current to guard her eggs from predators and other females. With 50% of spawning habitat cut off by dams to sate human water needs, competition for \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDQh4HcZhqE\">nesting sites\u003c/a> is fierce. My excitement turns to sorrow as it hits me: her mission complete, she will soon die. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The smell of home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish don’t start their improbable journey upstream until the first winter storms send plumes of freshwater, replete with the chemistry and scent of home, into Tomales Bay. The freshwater pulse leads coho by the nose back to their birthplace. But the arid winter, one of the driest on record, cut spawning season short. The vast majority of fish didn’t return until the end of January. We’re seeing the stragglers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A week earlier, Appelbaum braved a hailstorm to scout fish at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wpn.org/wpn/roysdam.htm\">Roy’s Pools\u003c/a>, a few miles down the road. “Sure enough,” he says, “I looked over and saw a fish jump.” Fish can now pass what used to be Roy’s Dam thanks to a chance encounter with a few frustrated fish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPAWN Executive Director Todd Steiner recalls driving his daughter to preschool when he noticed giant two-foot fish swimming in two inches of water, stuck in gaps of a broken concrete structure in the dam one December morning in 1997. He watched the determined fish jump up, slam into the dam, fall back, and repeat their ordeal over and over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steiner called an editor at CNN who’d asked him for help on a story about endangered species, and alerted the local media. Soon, hundreds of people turned up at Roy’s Dam to watch the hapless fish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community spent three years working with a small army of engineers to make the dam coho-friendly. There was just one problem. Even with the best engineers and knowledge at the time, Steiner says, “we solved an upstream migration problem for adults but created a downstream migration problem for juveniles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juvenile survival is the coho’s biggest problem, mostly, thanks to us. We dam their streams for our reservoirs and channel placid waters into raging, fry-shredding flows. We convert floodplain habitat into housing, farms, and ranches. And, worried about floods, we clear fallen trees that give fry refuge from predators. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the population crashed in 2008, Steiner led emergency rescues, going into small tributaries to scoop up fry stranded in fragmented, evaporating pools and moving them downstream. Since the late '90s, Steiner and his group have relocated 23,000 juveniles. But in the past few years, fewer and fewer fish have spawned in these tributaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, coho advocates are buoyed by this year’s census: 130 redds and 340 live fish (though the live census likely includes double counts). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sea-fed forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 60 years ago, hundreds of thousands of coho delivered nutrients and energy to our coastal, stream, and ocean ecosystems. Historic salmon runs probably even shaped inland ecology. Peter Moyle, professor of fisheries biology at the University of California at Davis, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservationmagazine.org/2008/07/a-good-fish-for-the-wine/\">traced the flow of marine nutrients\u003c/a> from chinook runs in the Central Valley’s Mokelumne River to adjacent vineyards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see the number of vultures increase as the salmon come in, bear and deer and other animals come down to the streamside to feed and then distribute the nutrients into the uplands,” Moyle says. “Trees grow bigger and faster, and when trees are bigger, you have more habitat for birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you lose the big salmon runs, he adds, “you’ll reduce the population of a lot of things that depend on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living at the southernmost distribution of the species, our coho may prove an invaluable genetic resource in the face of global warming. They’ve somehow learned to adapt to warmer water temperatures, Steiner explains, and may hold a genetic key to understanding how other populations will cope with a warming world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31684\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/p1010325/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31684\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/P1010325-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Salmon carcass \" title=\"P1010325\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31684\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fish feed the forest: A salmon carcass on the banks of Lagunitas Creek sustains local animals, birds, and even trees. When salmon spawn in high densities, they deliver substantial quantities of marine-derived nutrients to the soil, plants, and trees along stream banks. Biologists are studying how the loss of these nutrients may affect riparian ecosystems. (Photo: Liza Gross) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly 90% of coho habitat is on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Maps/upload/Coho%20Cntrl%20CA%20Coast%20ESU%20map.pdf\">private land\u003c/a>. For Steiner, the key to coho survival rests in the hands of Marin County’s Board of Supervisors. We need regulations to move houses back from streams, he says, and keep trees standing so they can capture desperately needed moisture during dry spells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we all play a part, starting with water conservation. Every drop we waste could offer a lifeline to a species struggling to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I retrace my steps along Lagunitas Creek five days later, the warm sun casts a glare on the rippling water, now opaque. I search for signs of the sacrificial offerings of the week before. Finally, I notice a carcass on the creek’s edge, pulled up by a raccoon or maybe an osprey. I close my eyes and imagine the forest floor flush with salmon detritus, rowdy with feasting scavengers, as it surely was before dams disfigured the watershed. When I open them, I hear only the sound of rushing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>****\u003cbr>\nI’ll write about SPAWN’s habitat restoration efforts, and how you can help, in a future post. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California's critically endangered coho salmon are at a crossroads. Hundreds of thousands of fish once returned to our streams to spawn. But dams, water diversion, and habitat destruction have pushed the coho to the brink of extinction. Without heroic habitat restoration and water conservation efforts, we may lose our storied silver fish.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443832168,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1494},"headData":{"title":"Fantastic Voyage: The Salmon's Uphill Struggle for Survival | KQED","description":"California's critically endangered coho salmon are at a crossroads. Hundreds of thousands of fish once returned to our streams to spawn. But dams, water diversion, and habitat destruction have pushed the coho to the brink of extinction. Without heroic habitat restoration and water conservation efforts, we may lose our storied silver fish.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fantastic Voyage: The Salmon's Uphill Struggle for Survival","datePublished":"2012-02-29T17:00:40.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:29:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"31518 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=31518","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/","disqusTitle":"Fantastic Voyage: The Salmon's Uphill Struggle for Survival","path":"/quest/31518/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/640px-cohosmolts/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/640px-CohoSmolts-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered coho salmon smolts\" title=\"640px-CohoSmolts\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-31595\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a dreary late January morning, I join a small group of guardedly optimistic souls to scan the creeks of West Marin’s San Geronimo Valley to glimpse one of the Bay Area’s rarest denizens, the critically endangered coho salmon. With luck, we’d see a few survivors of the batch born here three years ago, returning to their home stream to pass on their genes to the next generation and renew the salmonid cycle of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a cycle that’s in imminent danger. We know the chances of witnessing a coho homecoming in Lagunitas Creek are slim, especially considering the provenance of this run. The fish, officially called the 2008-2009 cohort, emerged from a total of 26 redds (the spawning beds of salmonids). A shockingly low number. The lowest on record. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho lay between 1,400 and 3,000 eggs (depending on the female’s size), and it’s a good thing, because the salmon lifestyle is fraught with peril. Adults bury eggs in gravel under rocks, but silt from homes built too close to streams can choke the flow of oxygenated water and suffocate eggs. Surviving eggs yield tiny “alevins” that subsist on yolk sacs, hidden among rocks to avoid predatory insects, until they venture into the current as fry. If fry evade kingfishers, herons, and otters, they grow through summer, fall, and winter, barely the size of a ballpoint pen. Finally, as saltwater-ready smolts, they travel downstream to the Tomales Bay estuary, where bigger fish, birds, and hungry sea lions await, then head out to sea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho can swim thousands of miles in the ocean, feeding on smaller fish or falling prey to sharks, sea lions, seals, orcas, and fishing boats. It’s a wonder any have come back at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they have. And it’s what they come home to, what we do for them in their natal streams, that’s critical to the species’ survival, says our guide, Jonathan Appelbaum, conservation coordinator and restoration scientist with the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/zCeJFT\">Salmon Protection and Watershed Network \u003c/a>(SPAWN). To illustrate his point, he takes us to the \u003ca href=\"http://marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=613\">Leo Cronin Viewing Area\u003c/a>, “where all the action is right now.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steely overcast sky adds a nip to the damp air but makes it easier to spot the battered bodies of the silvery fish, barely moving in the dark waters of the stream, about 30 feet below the trail. They take a beating as they move from salt- to freshwater and carom off rocks, logs, and sundry debris on their way home. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like zombie fish,” says volunteer naturalist Shannon Savage. “Their bodies are just falling apart. They’ve stopped eating and are just here to breed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31526\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/male-females-retouched-p1010312/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31526\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/male.females.retouched.P1010312-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"A male (left) and two female coho, easier to spot thanks to their denuded tailfins, return to their natal stream in Lagunitas Creek to spawn.\" title=\"male.females.retouched.P1010312\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31526\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male (left) and two female coho, easier to spot thanks to their denuded tailfins, return to their natal stream in Lagunitas Creek to spawn. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we survey the creek, we spot ghoulish white streaks undulating near the creek bed, possibly fungus on a depleted fish, but more likely a female’s tailfin, or what’s left of it. Females gyrate with so much force to make redds that they shred scales, skin, and fins, Appelbaum says, “until they’re just stubs.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Binoculars confirm the blurry white flecks as a female, fighting the current to guard her eggs from predators and other females. With 50% of spawning habitat cut off by dams to sate human water needs, competition for \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDQh4HcZhqE\">nesting sites\u003c/a> is fierce. My excitement turns to sorrow as it hits me: her mission complete, she will soon die. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The smell of home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish don’t start their improbable journey upstream until the first winter storms send plumes of freshwater, replete with the chemistry and scent of home, into Tomales Bay. The freshwater pulse leads coho by the nose back to their birthplace. But the arid winter, one of the driest on record, cut spawning season short. The vast majority of fish didn’t return until the end of January. We’re seeing the stragglers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A week earlier, Appelbaum braved a hailstorm to scout fish at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wpn.org/wpn/roysdam.htm\">Roy’s Pools\u003c/a>, a few miles down the road. “Sure enough,” he says, “I looked over and saw a fish jump.” Fish can now pass what used to be Roy’s Dam thanks to a chance encounter with a few frustrated fish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPAWN Executive Director Todd Steiner recalls driving his daughter to preschool when he noticed giant two-foot fish swimming in two inches of water, stuck in gaps of a broken concrete structure in the dam one December morning in 1997. He watched the determined fish jump up, slam into the dam, fall back, and repeat their ordeal over and over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steiner called an editor at CNN who’d asked him for help on a story about endangered species, and alerted the local media. Soon, hundreds of people turned up at Roy’s Dam to watch the hapless fish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community spent three years working with a small army of engineers to make the dam coho-friendly. There was just one problem. Even with the best engineers and knowledge at the time, Steiner says, “we solved an upstream migration problem for adults but created a downstream migration problem for juveniles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juvenile survival is the coho’s biggest problem, mostly, thanks to us. We dam their streams for our reservoirs and channel placid waters into raging, fry-shredding flows. We convert floodplain habitat into housing, farms, and ranches. And, worried about floods, we clear fallen trees that give fry refuge from predators. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the population crashed in 2008, Steiner led emergency rescues, going into small tributaries to scoop up fry stranded in fragmented, evaporating pools and moving them downstream. Since the late '90s, Steiner and his group have relocated 23,000 juveniles. But in the past few years, fewer and fewer fish have spawned in these tributaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, coho advocates are buoyed by this year’s census: 130 redds and 340 live fish (though the live census likely includes double counts). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sea-fed forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 60 years ago, hundreds of thousands of coho delivered nutrients and energy to our coastal, stream, and ocean ecosystems. Historic salmon runs probably even shaped inland ecology. Peter Moyle, professor of fisheries biology at the University of California at Davis, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservationmagazine.org/2008/07/a-good-fish-for-the-wine/\">traced the flow of marine nutrients\u003c/a> from chinook runs in the Central Valley’s Mokelumne River to adjacent vineyards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see the number of vultures increase as the salmon come in, bear and deer and other animals come down to the streamside to feed and then distribute the nutrients into the uplands,” Moyle says. “Trees grow bigger and faster, and when trees are bigger, you have more habitat for birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you lose the big salmon runs, he adds, “you’ll reduce the population of a lot of things that depend on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living at the southernmost distribution of the species, our coho may prove an invaluable genetic resource in the face of global warming. They’ve somehow learned to adapt to warmer water temperatures, Steiner explains, and may hold a genetic key to understanding how other populations will cope with a warming world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31684\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/p1010325/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31684\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/P1010325-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Salmon carcass \" title=\"P1010325\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31684\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fish feed the forest: A salmon carcass on the banks of Lagunitas Creek sustains local animals, birds, and even trees. When salmon spawn in high densities, they deliver substantial quantities of marine-derived nutrients to the soil, plants, and trees along stream banks. Biologists are studying how the loss of these nutrients may affect riparian ecosystems. (Photo: Liza Gross) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly 90% of coho habitat is on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Maps/upload/Coho%20Cntrl%20CA%20Coast%20ESU%20map.pdf\">private land\u003c/a>. For Steiner, the key to coho survival rests in the hands of Marin County’s Board of Supervisors. We need regulations to move houses back from streams, he says, and keep trees standing so they can capture desperately needed moisture during dry spells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we all play a part, starting with water conservation. Every drop we waste could offer a lifeline to a species struggling to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I retrace my steps along Lagunitas Creek five days later, the warm sun casts a glare on the rippling water, now opaque. I search for signs of the sacrificial offerings of the week before. Finally, I notice a carcass on the creek’s edge, pulled up by a raccoon or maybe an osprey. I close my eyes and imagine the forest floor flush with salmon detritus, rowdy with feasting scavengers, as it surely was before dams disfigured the watershed. When I open them, I hear only the sound of rushing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>****\u003cbr>\nI’ll write about SPAWN’s habitat restoration efforts, and how you can help, in a future post. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/31518/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_646","quest_647","quest_648","quest_980","quest_1049","quest_3351","quest_1600","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2477","quest_10743","quest_2744"],"collections":["quest_3358"],"featImg":"quest_31595","label":"quest_3358"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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