The Rhythms of the El Niño-La Niña Climate Pattern
Living in La Niña
What Happened to the Humboldt Squid?
Reporter's Notes: Is The Drought Over?
Sponsored
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The real problem is in the rest of the world, where we all live. Scientists cannot model the global climate of the past with data from the poles alone. So a newly published ice-core record from the tropics is real news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tropical glaciers are few, scattered and endangered. South America and the Himalaya have most of them, and nearly all have been shrinking rapidly for several decades. Professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/faculty_bios.php?id=52\">Lonnie Thompson\u003c/a> of Ohio State University has specialized in drilling ice cores from them for more than 30 years, and the very first one he cored, in 1983, is a remote ice cap south of the equator in Peru named Quelccaya whose top sits above 18,000 feet. There he pioneered the use of a lightweight, solar-powered drill rig and succeeded in collecting two complete cores through the ice, about 160 meters long. Unable to keep them frozen, he had to cut them into sections and let them melt, then brought the water home in bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccayagoogle/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51986\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle.jpg\" alt=\"The Quelccaya ice cap, 12 kilometers across, is the largest icefield in South America. Google Maps image\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Quelccaya ice cap, 12 kilometers across, is the largest icefield in South America. Google Maps image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years later Thompson returned and brought two new cores, intact this time, to Ohio State's ice locker. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/04/03/science.1234210\">a paper published today in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Thompson's team shows that the 1983 and 2003 cores faithfully preserve a year-by-year record of tropical climate 18 centuries long, extending back to the year 683 with annual resolution and a little less perfectly back to almost 200. Thompson calls it \"the longest and highest-resolution tropical ice core record to date.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility of retrieving such precise records was what excited Thompson from the beginning. The ice consists of spectacular annual layers that represent dry winters and wet summers. The winter layers collect the lion's share of the year's dust and dissolved chemicals while the summer layers represent rainwater from the Atlantic Ocean, filtered through the tropical Amazon basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51987\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccayalayers/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51987\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers.jpg\" alt=\"Annual layers in the Quelccaya ice cap are about 75 centimeters thick. Lonnie Thompson photo\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annual layers in the Quelccaya ice cap are about 75 centimeters thick. Lonnie Thompson photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The data from the Quelccaya cores shed light on many scientific problems related to climate. Most notably, the extent of summer snow from the east depends strongly on Pacific Ocean influences from the west, such as El Niño cycles—so strongly that the Atlantic snow record shows us the temperature of the Pacific as if in a mirror. And Pacific sea-surface temperature is one of the most important numbers in the planetary climate because it's the best gauge of how much water vapor enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51988\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccaya-sstcurve/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51988\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51988 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve.png\" alt=\"Central Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during the last 1800 years\" width=\"640\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve-400x170.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Central Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during the last 1800 years reconstructed from the oxygen-isotope record of Quelccaya ice. Image from \"Science\".\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The climate record in the Quelccaya cores gives us the nearest thing to real truth in the centuries before modern science. It helps sharpen the picture provided by other ice cores, especially those in the tropics. And that in turn makes global climate records, and the models built upon them, more robust as we peer into the past and future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have little time to waste. Thompson's latest expedition to Quelccaya documented hundreds of meters of shrinkage since his first visit. Newly exposed plant remains at the glacier's retreating edges were found to be 6000 years old. And the top layers of ice, deposited since Thompson's first visit, show signs of summer melting for the first time in the entire record.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The climate record from the Peruvian glacier Quelccaya is as near to perfect as we can get.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1381438196,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":612},"headData":{"title":"A New \"Rosetta Stone\" Tropical Ice Core | KQED","description":"The climate record from the Peruvian glacier Quelccaya is as near to perfect as we can get.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A New \"Rosetta Stone\" Tropical Ice Core","datePublished":"2013-04-04T19:21:10.000Z","dateModified":"2013-10-10T20:49:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"51985 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=51985","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/","disqusTitle":"A New \"Rosetta Stone\" Tropical Ice Core","path":"/quest/51985/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to studying glacier ice for records of past climates, the poles are easy: Antarctica and Greenland have huge ice caps that we can drill cores in to our hearts' content. The real problem is in the rest of the world, where we all live. Scientists cannot model the global climate of the past with data from the poles alone. So a newly published ice-core record from the tropics is real news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tropical glaciers are few, scattered and endangered. South America and the Himalaya have most of them, and nearly all have been shrinking rapidly for several decades. Professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/faculty_bios.php?id=52\">Lonnie Thompson\u003c/a> of Ohio State University has specialized in drilling ice cores from them for more than 30 years, and the very first one he cored, in 1983, is a remote ice cap south of the equator in Peru named Quelccaya whose top sits above 18,000 feet. There he pioneered the use of a lightweight, solar-powered drill rig and succeeded in collecting two complete cores through the ice, about 160 meters long. Unable to keep them frozen, he had to cut them into sections and let them melt, then brought the water home in bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccayagoogle/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51986\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle.jpg\" alt=\"The Quelccaya ice cap, 12 kilometers across, is the largest icefield in South America. Google Maps image\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Quelccaya ice cap, 12 kilometers across, is the largest icefield in South America. Google Maps image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years later Thompson returned and brought two new cores, intact this time, to Ohio State's ice locker. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/04/03/science.1234210\">a paper published today in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Thompson's team shows that the 1983 and 2003 cores faithfully preserve a year-by-year record of tropical climate 18 centuries long, extending back to the year 683 with annual resolution and a little less perfectly back to almost 200. Thompson calls it \"the longest and highest-resolution tropical ice core record to date.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility of retrieving such precise records was what excited Thompson from the beginning. The ice consists of spectacular annual layers that represent dry winters and wet summers. The winter layers collect the lion's share of the year's dust and dissolved chemicals while the summer layers represent rainwater from the Atlantic Ocean, filtered through the tropical Amazon basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51987\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccayalayers/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51987\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers.jpg\" alt=\"Annual layers in the Quelccaya ice cap are about 75 centimeters thick. Lonnie Thompson photo\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annual layers in the Quelccaya ice cap are about 75 centimeters thick. Lonnie Thompson photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The data from the Quelccaya cores shed light on many scientific problems related to climate. Most notably, the extent of summer snow from the east depends strongly on Pacific Ocean influences from the west, such as El Niño cycles—so strongly that the Atlantic snow record shows us the temperature of the Pacific as if in a mirror. And Pacific sea-surface temperature is one of the most important numbers in the planetary climate because it's the best gauge of how much water vapor enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51988\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccaya-sstcurve/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51988\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51988 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve.png\" alt=\"Central Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during the last 1800 years\" width=\"640\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve-400x170.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Central Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during the last 1800 years reconstructed from the oxygen-isotope record of Quelccaya ice. Image from \"Science\".\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The climate record in the Quelccaya cores gives us the nearest thing to real truth in the centuries before modern science. It helps sharpen the picture provided by other ice cores, especially those in the tropics. And that in turn makes global climate records, and the models built upon them, more robust as we peer into the past and future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have little time to waste. Thompson's latest expedition to Quelccaya documented hundreds of meters of shrinkage since his first visit. Newly exposed plant remains at the glacier's retreating edges were found to be 6000 years old. And the top layers of ice, deposited since Thompson's first visit, show signs of summer melting for the first time in the entire record.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51985/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_621","quest_944","quest_11875","quest_11877","quest_11518","quest_11876","quest_2164"],"featImg":"quest_51990","label":"quest"},"quest_10895":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10895","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10895","score":null,"sort":[1291311047000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-rhythms-of-the-el-nino-la-nina-climate-pattern","title":"The Rhythms of the El Niño-La Niña Climate Pattern","publishDate":1291311047,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/elnino1.jpg\">\u003cem>El Nino temperature anomalies in the eastern Pacific Ocean.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennifer-skene/\">Jennifer Skene\u003c/a>'s post earlier this week here on the QUEST Community Science Blog about the potential \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/29/living-in-la-nina/\">effects of this winter's La Niña\u003c/a> is a great lead-in for discussing this climatic phenomenon in a bit more detail. As Jennifer noted, the La Niña weather pattern is the flip side of El Niño, which is when unusually warm waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean affect weather patterns for large swaths of North and South America. For California, El Niños typically result in increased precipitation in the winter months and La Niñas are characterized by drier conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño is the nickname of the climate pattern called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO. Although we don't hear much about the Southern Oscillation part, it is the atmospheric component of this linked ocean-atmosphere phenomenon. Although the physics of ENSO is still not fully understood and the subject of current research, the regularity of the pattern is well documented. The image below is a time series plot of ENSO events for the past 60 years. The positive values filled in with red are the warm ENSO phase (El Niño) and the negative values in blue are the cool ENSO phase (La Niña). The regularity isn't perfectly on beat -- it varies from 3-7 years between measurable events. But this is enough regularity to make ENSO one of the more predictable patterns climate scientists have studied.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10896\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"595\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the timing of ENSO cycles might have some predictability, the \u003cem>magnitude\u003c/em> of ENSO (the height/depth of the peaks) can vary significantly. Some are weak while others are quite strong. The 1997-1998 El Niño is considered to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">one of the strongest of the past 100 years\u003c/a> and is still in the memory of many Californians because of the intense \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/98wx.html\">precipitation and subsequent flooding it unleashed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's really interesting is that this 3-7 year pattern of alternating ENSO phases is just the shortest timescale in a climate phenomenon with multiple rhythms superimposed. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6912/abs/nature01194.html\">Paleoclimate research\u003c/a> has revealed that ENSO also beats at timescales of hundreds to thousands of years. The image below is very similar to the above diagram -- it has time in years on the horizontal axis and occurrence of ENSO events on the vertical axis. (Important difference to note are that the present is on the left side on this plot instead of the right side and time is in 'years ago' and not a date.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10897\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg 1293w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-400x140.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-800x279.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-1180x412.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-960x335.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This plot goes back to 10,000 years ago and shows the variability in ENSO at a much longer timescale. Within those taller peaks in the plot are numerous individual El Niños that are grouped together in time. This doesn't mean that every single El Niño is very strong -- just that during a few hundred years there more of those strong El Niños. In addition to the peaks every several hundred years there is also an even longer-term trend of increasing ENSO events over 5,000 to 6,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a complex musical composition with multiple interacting rhythms, the interacting timescales of this climate phenomenon might result in weather patterns that defy our ability to predict confidently. The authors of the study looking at ENSO patterns for the past 10,000 conclude that bigger-scale changes in global climate (due to changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun) are driving those longer-timescale changes. A big question right now is how modern global climate change will affect ENSO. A warming ocean suggests El Niños will get more intense, but perhaps there are some unanticipated effects from the multiple interacting factors that still needs to be studied. We are improving our understanding of the Earth's climate systems but, as always, much more work needs to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Images: (1) El Nino anomalies in the eastern Pacific Ocean; image from \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">McPhaeden et al. of NOAA\u003c/a> (2) ENSO Index from 1950-2010; image from \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">McPhaeden et al. of NOAA\u003c/a>; (3) Figure from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6912/abs/nature01194.html\">Moy et al. (2002)\u003c/a>; Nature 420\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"El Niño is the nickname of the climate pattern called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443829098,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":712},"headData":{"title":"The Rhythms of the El Niño-La Niña Climate Pattern | KQED","description":"El Niño is the nickname of the climate pattern called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Rhythms of the El Niño-La Niña Climate Pattern","datePublished":"2010-12-02T17:30:47.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T23:38:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"10895 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=10895","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/02/the-rhythms-of-the-el-nino-la-nina-climate-pattern/","disqusTitle":"The Rhythms of the El Niño-La Niña Climate Pattern","path":"/quest/10895/the-rhythms-of-the-el-nino-la-nina-climate-pattern","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/elnino1.jpg\">\u003cem>El Nino temperature anomalies in the eastern Pacific Ocean.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennifer-skene/\">Jennifer Skene\u003c/a>'s post earlier this week here on the QUEST Community Science Blog about the potential \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/29/living-in-la-nina/\">effects of this winter's La Niña\u003c/a> is a great lead-in for discussing this climatic phenomenon in a bit more detail. As Jennifer noted, the La Niña weather pattern is the flip side of El Niño, which is when unusually warm waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean affect weather patterns for large swaths of North and South America. For California, El Niños typically result in increased precipitation in the winter months and La Niñas are characterized by drier conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño is the nickname of the climate pattern called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO. Although we don't hear much about the Southern Oscillation part, it is the atmospheric component of this linked ocean-atmosphere phenomenon. Although the physics of ENSO is still not fully understood and the subject of current research, the regularity of the pattern is well documented. The image below is a time series plot of ENSO events for the past 60 years. The positive values filled in with red are the warm ENSO phase (El Niño) and the negative values in blue are the cool ENSO phase (La Niña). The regularity isn't perfectly on beat -- it varies from 3-7 years between measurable events. But this is enough regularity to make ENSO one of the more predictable patterns climate scientists have studied.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10896\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"595\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the timing of ENSO cycles might have some predictability, the \u003cem>magnitude\u003c/em> of ENSO (the height/depth of the peaks) can vary significantly. Some are weak while others are quite strong. The 1997-1998 El Niño is considered to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">one of the strongest of the past 100 years\u003c/a> and is still in the memory of many Californians because of the intense \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/98wx.html\">precipitation and subsequent flooding it unleashed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's really interesting is that this 3-7 year pattern of alternating ENSO phases is just the shortest timescale in a climate phenomenon with multiple rhythms superimposed. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6912/abs/nature01194.html\">Paleoclimate research\u003c/a> has revealed that ENSO also beats at timescales of hundreds to thousands of years. The image below is very similar to the above diagram -- it has time in years on the horizontal axis and occurrence of ENSO events on the vertical axis. (Important difference to note are that the present is on the left side on this plot instead of the right side and time is in 'years ago' and not a date.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10897\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg 1293w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-400x140.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-800x279.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-1180x412.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-960x335.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This plot goes back to 10,000 years ago and shows the variability in ENSO at a much longer timescale. Within those taller peaks in the plot are numerous individual El Niños that are grouped together in time. This doesn't mean that every single El Niño is very strong -- just that during a few hundred years there more of those strong El Niños. In addition to the peaks every several hundred years there is also an even longer-term trend of increasing ENSO events over 5,000 to 6,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a complex musical composition with multiple interacting rhythms, the interacting timescales of this climate phenomenon might result in weather patterns that defy our ability to predict confidently. The authors of the study looking at ENSO patterns for the past 10,000 conclude that bigger-scale changes in global climate (due to changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun) are driving those longer-timescale changes. A big question right now is how modern global climate change will affect ENSO. A warming ocean suggests El Niños will get more intense, but perhaps there are some unanticipated effects from the multiple interacting factors that still needs to be studied. We are improving our understanding of the Earth's climate systems but, as always, much more work needs to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Images: (1) El Nino anomalies in the eastern Pacific Ocean; image from \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">McPhaeden et al. of NOAA\u003c/a> (2) ENSO Index from 1950-2010; image from \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">McPhaeden et al. of NOAA\u003c/a>; (3) Figure from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6912/abs/nature01194.html\">Moy et al. (2002)\u003c/a>; Nature 420\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10895/the-rhythms-of-the-el-nino-la-nina-climate-pattern","authors":["10171"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13195","quest_944","quest_1224","quest_2114","quest_19"],"featImg":"quest_10907","label":"quest"},"quest_10828":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10828","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10828","score":null,"sort":[1291051329000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"living-in-la-nina","title":"Living in La Niña","publishDate":1291051329,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/westus_tmo_2010329_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Satellite image of the western United States, taken on Thanksgiving Day. Image: NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>This Thanksgiving weekend, Bay Area skiers had a lot to be thankful for--ski resorts in the Lake Tahoe area received over 170 inches of snow throughout the weekend. But heavy snow and rain are not expected to continue in the Bay Area, because the world is experiencing a La Niña.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The defining sign of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/lanina.html\">La Niña\u003c/a> is cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, near the equator. Cooler water evaporates less than warmer water, so there is less moisture in the air. This means that during a La Niña, there is less precipitation in some areas, like California and the southern United States. Other areas, like the Pacific Northwest, get more precipitation during a La Niña. (Book your winter ski trip strategically!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/anomnight.current1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Sea surface temperature anomalies on November 25, 2010. The equatorial Pacific is cooler than usual (note the blue color), a characteristic of a La Nina event. Image: \u003ca href=\"http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/index.html\">NOAA\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>La Niña also affects air temperature. During a La Niña, the South is typically warmer, while Southern California and the Pacific Northwest are cooler. You can see \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/long_range/seasonal.php?lead=1\">climate predictions\u003c/a> for the next three months, from the National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A La Niña is basically the opposite of an \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/el-nino-story.html\">El Niño\u003c/a>. El Niños are characterized by warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific. This happens when the atmospheric pressure system gets a bit out of whack. Usually there is high pressure over the Pacific Ocean and low pressure over the Indian Ocean—picture a see-saw anchored over New Zealand, with the heavy kid sitting on the end over Indonesia. For reasons we don’t quite understand, sometimes the see-saw tilts the other way—now the heavy kid is sitting in the southeastern Pacific, and the kid on the Indonesian side is way up in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This swap in atmospheric pressure has quite a few consequences. The trade winds (which typically blow across the Pacific from the east to the west) get weaker. The water that the trade winds usually push westward instead piles up and moves east. This water is warm, and it evaporates, causing more rainfall along the west coast of South America. Meanwhile, places like Indonesia and Australia get less rainfall, along with drought and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weakening of the trade winds and westward flow of ocean currents in the Pacific has a second effect. Under non-El Niño circumstances, the trade winds carry the top layer of water to the west, and so water from deeper in the ocean moves up to take its place. This is called upwelling. The water from deep in the ocean is cold and full of nutrients, and it drives the fisheries along the coast of Chile and Peru. Without the trade winds and the upwelling, fisheries crash. A strong El Niño has big economic impacts, not all of which are negative; some agricultural areas are benefited by the extra rainfall, and people in places with unusually warm weather can save on heating bills. Of course, La Niña events have economic impacts too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists learn more about predicting the climate during El Niños and La Niñas, we can plan accordingly and mitigate the economic impacts of these events. My comment about planning your ski vacation according to this year’s La Niña was a little bit serious! Rainfall predictions based on El Niño and La Niña models can help farmers decide which crops to plant. And, here in drought-prone California, La Niña precipitation predictions are influencing \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-11-23/bay-area/24846235_1_water-year-state-hydrologists-water-agencies\">water allocation decisions\u003c/a> for the coming year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ski resorts in the Lake Tahoe area received over 170 inches of snow throughout the weekend. But heavy snow and rain are not expected to continue in the Bay Area, because the world is experiencing a La Niña.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443833783,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":655},"headData":{"title":"Living in La Niña | KQED","description":"Ski resorts in the Lake Tahoe area received over 170 inches of snow throughout the weekend. But heavy snow and rain are not expected to continue in the Bay Area, because the world is experiencing a La Niña.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Living in La Niña","datePublished":"2010-11-29T17:22:09.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:56:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"10828 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=10828","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/29/living-in-la-nina/","disqusTitle":"Living in La Niña","path":"/quest/10828/living-in-la-nina","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/westus_tmo_2010329_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Satellite image of the western United States, taken on Thanksgiving Day. Image: NASA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>This Thanksgiving weekend, Bay Area skiers had a lot to be thankful for--ski resorts in the Lake Tahoe area received over 170 inches of snow throughout the weekend. But heavy snow and rain are not expected to continue in the Bay Area, because the world is experiencing a La Niña.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The defining sign of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/lanina.html\">La Niña\u003c/a> is cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, near the equator. Cooler water evaporates less than warmer water, so there is less moisture in the air. This means that during a La Niña, there is less precipitation in some areas, like California and the southern United States. Other areas, like the Pacific Northwest, get more precipitation during a La Niña. (Book your winter ski trip strategically!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/anomnight.current1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Sea surface temperature anomalies on November 25, 2010. The equatorial Pacific is cooler than usual (note the blue color), a characteristic of a La Nina event. Image: \u003ca href=\"http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/index.html\">NOAA\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>La Niña also affects air temperature. During a La Niña, the South is typically warmer, while Southern California and the Pacific Northwest are cooler. You can see \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/long_range/seasonal.php?lead=1\">climate predictions\u003c/a> for the next three months, from the National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A La Niña is basically the opposite of an \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/el-nino-story.html\">El Niño\u003c/a>. El Niños are characterized by warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific. This happens when the atmospheric pressure system gets a bit out of whack. Usually there is high pressure over the Pacific Ocean and low pressure over the Indian Ocean—picture a see-saw anchored over New Zealand, with the heavy kid sitting on the end over Indonesia. For reasons we don’t quite understand, sometimes the see-saw tilts the other way—now the heavy kid is sitting in the southeastern Pacific, and the kid on the Indonesian side is way up in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This swap in atmospheric pressure has quite a few consequences. The trade winds (which typically blow across the Pacific from the east to the west) get weaker. The water that the trade winds usually push westward instead piles up and moves east. This water is warm, and it evaporates, causing more rainfall along the west coast of South America. Meanwhile, places like Indonesia and Australia get less rainfall, along with drought and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weakening of the trade winds and westward flow of ocean currents in the Pacific has a second effect. Under non-El Niño circumstances, the trade winds carry the top layer of water to the west, and so water from deeper in the ocean moves up to take its place. This is called upwelling. The water from deep in the ocean is cold and full of nutrients, and it drives the fisheries along the coast of Chile and Peru. Without the trade winds and the upwelling, fisheries crash. A strong El Niño has big economic impacts, not all of which are negative; some agricultural areas are benefited by the extra rainfall, and people in places with unusually warm weather can save on heating bills. Of course, La Niña events have economic impacts too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists learn more about predicting the climate during El Niños and La Niñas, we can plan accordingly and mitigate the economic impacts of these events. My comment about planning your ski vacation according to this year’s La Niña was a little bit serious! Rainfall predictions based on El Niño and La Niña models can help farmers decide which crops to plant. And, here in drought-prone California, La Niña precipitation predictions are influencing \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-11-23/bay-area/24846235_1_water-year-state-hydrologists-water-agencies\">water allocation decisions\u003c/a> for the coming year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10828/living-in-la-nina","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_13195","quest_944","quest_1002","quest_3351","quest_1591","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_2363","quest_2682","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_10831","label":"quest"},"quest_6801":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6801","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6801","score":null,"sort":[1281373226000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2","title":"What Happened to the Humboldt Squid?","publishDate":1281373226,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/the-fierce-humboldt-squid\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/Humboldt_squid_NOAA_CBNMS_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Humboldt Squid. Photo: NOAA/CBNMS.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large numbers of \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/humboldt.html\">Humboldt squid\u003c/a>, deep purple-red and up to six feet long, have propelled themselves into Monterey Bay mid-summer since 2002. They spend the fall and early winter here, probably to feed, and then spend spring further south. But this year, the squid have yet to arrive. No one knows if the squid are behind schedule or if they’re not going to show up at all. Humboldt squid isn’t the most popular item on the menu in North America, but it is very big in Japan, making it the world’s 14\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> largest fishery by weight. And, their absence leaves a hole in Monterey Bay’s food chain. The Humboldt squid are voracious predators, feeding on anchovies, sardines, rockfish, market squid, and crustaceans. The delayed arrival of the Humboldt squid is a mystery, and it could have consequences for the underwater ecosystem—in Monterey Bay and all along the coast of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humboldt squid haven’t been in our waters forever. Check out QUEST’s TV story \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/774\">The Fierce Humboldt Squid\u003c/a> for the full story. Historically, the Humboldt Squid have lived in equatorial waters of the Pacific, from Chile to Mexico. In the 1930s, their range extended further north, and they were caught by fishermen in Monterey. Then they disappeared, only to return briefly in 1997. But they returned again in 2002, and have every year since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few hypotheses about why the squid come and go. Maybe they are responding to changes in their food supply. Or, their populations may grow when there are fewer predators—Humboldt squid are eaten by tunas, sharks, and sperm whales, some of which are in decline. Another possibility is the warming of northern waters, caused by \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/el-nino-story.html\">El Niño\u003c/a>. Trade winds usually blow from east to west across the Pacific, piling up warm water near Indonesia. During an El Niño, the trade winds die down, and warm water moves eastward, towards North and South America. The typically cold waters of Monterey Bay become unusually warm—warm enough, scientists think, for the Humboldt Squid to move in. The squids returned in 1997 and again in 2002—both were El Niño years. After 2002, the warm El Niño waters didn’t stick around, but the Humboldt squid kept coming back. This year, the squid are absent, and this is surprising because it seems to be an El Niño year (remember all that rain we got this past winter?).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julie Stewart, a grad student at Stanford’s Hopkins Marine Station, is \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/jstewart.html\">researching\u003c/a> the migration and movement of Humboldt squid for her dissertation. (Her advisor, Professor William Gilly, is featured in the QUEST video.) Julie has data from thousands of hours of underwater video, filmed on \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">MBARI\u003c/a>’s submersibles, which she’s using to estimate squid populations over the past decade. She’s put satellite tags on squid, to see where they go and how deep they dive. She wants to find out whether the squids' movement is in response to food supply, predators, ocean conditions, or other variables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julie wondered if the squid were here, but in small numbers, making them harder to find. Or, if the squid were just very far offshore. So last week, she spent five days aboard a \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/\">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> research cruise, looking for squid. The primary purpose of the trip was to do marine mammal and seabird surveys, which happen during the daytime—the captain let her \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforoceansolutions.org/blog/2010/08/04/surveying-davidson-seamount-where-are-humbolt-squid\">search for squid\u003c/a> at night. Julie and other crew on the boat used jigs—glow-in-the dark lures with spikes—on fishing lines. They jigged at 10 stations near the \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/research/dsmz/welcome.html\">Davidson Seamount\u003c/a>, about 80 miles southwest of Monterey Bay. And they found exactly zero squid. Even far offshore, the squid were nowhere to be seen. Julie and her colleagues have been talking to fishermen up and down the west coast, from southern California to Washington, and no one has seen squid this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 36.796846 -122.025000\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Large numbers of Humboldt squid, deep purple-red and up to six feet long, have propelled themselves into Monterey Bay each June since 2002. But this year, the squid have yet to arrive.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1281373226,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":698},"headData":{"title":"What Happened to the Humboldt Squid? | KQED","description":"Large numbers of Humboldt squid, deep purple-red and up to six feet long, have propelled themselves into Monterey Bay each June since 2002. But this year, the squid have yet to arrive.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What Happened to the Humboldt Squid?","datePublished":"2010-08-09T17:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2010-08-09T17:00:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"6801 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=6801","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/","disqusTitle":"What Happened to the Humboldt Squid?","path":"/quest/6801/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/the-fierce-humboldt-squid\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/Humboldt_squid_NOAA_CBNMS_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Humboldt Squid. Photo: NOAA/CBNMS.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large numbers of \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/humboldt.html\">Humboldt squid\u003c/a>, deep purple-red and up to six feet long, have propelled themselves into Monterey Bay mid-summer since 2002. They spend the fall and early winter here, probably to feed, and then spend spring further south. But this year, the squid have yet to arrive. No one knows if the squid are behind schedule or if they’re not going to show up at all. Humboldt squid isn’t the most popular item on the menu in North America, but it is very big in Japan, making it the world’s 14\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> largest fishery by weight. And, their absence leaves a hole in Monterey Bay’s food chain. The Humboldt squid are voracious predators, feeding on anchovies, sardines, rockfish, market squid, and crustaceans. The delayed arrival of the Humboldt squid is a mystery, and it could have consequences for the underwater ecosystem—in Monterey Bay and all along the coast of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humboldt squid haven’t been in our waters forever. Check out QUEST’s TV story \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/774\">The Fierce Humboldt Squid\u003c/a> for the full story. Historically, the Humboldt Squid have lived in equatorial waters of the Pacific, from Chile to Mexico. In the 1930s, their range extended further north, and they were caught by fishermen in Monterey. Then they disappeared, only to return briefly in 1997. But they returned again in 2002, and have every year since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few hypotheses about why the squid come and go. Maybe they are responding to changes in their food supply. Or, their populations may grow when there are fewer predators—Humboldt squid are eaten by tunas, sharks, and sperm whales, some of which are in decline. Another possibility is the warming of northern waters, caused by \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/el-nino-story.html\">El Niño\u003c/a>. Trade winds usually blow from east to west across the Pacific, piling up warm water near Indonesia. During an El Niño, the trade winds die down, and warm water moves eastward, towards North and South America. The typically cold waters of Monterey Bay become unusually warm—warm enough, scientists think, for the Humboldt Squid to move in. The squids returned in 1997 and again in 2002—both were El Niño years. After 2002, the warm El Niño waters didn’t stick around, but the Humboldt squid kept coming back. This year, the squid are absent, and this is surprising because it seems to be an El Niño year (remember all that rain we got this past winter?).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julie Stewart, a grad student at Stanford’s Hopkins Marine Station, is \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/jstewart.html\">researching\u003c/a> the migration and movement of Humboldt squid for her dissertation. (Her advisor, Professor William Gilly, is featured in the QUEST video.) Julie has data from thousands of hours of underwater video, filmed on \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">MBARI\u003c/a>’s submersibles, which she’s using to estimate squid populations over the past decade. She’s put satellite tags on squid, to see where they go and how deep they dive. She wants to find out whether the squids' movement is in response to food supply, predators, ocean conditions, or other variables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julie wondered if the squid were here, but in small numbers, making them harder to find. Or, if the squid were just very far offshore. So last week, she spent five days aboard a \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/\">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> research cruise, looking for squid. The primary purpose of the trip was to do marine mammal and seabird surveys, which happen during the daytime—the captain let her \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforoceansolutions.org/blog/2010/08/04/surveying-davidson-seamount-where-are-humbolt-squid\">search for squid\u003c/a> at night. Julie and other crew on the boat used jigs—glow-in-the dark lures with spikes—on fishing lines. They jigged at 10 stations near the \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/research/dsmz/welcome.html\">Davidson Seamount\u003c/a>, about 80 miles southwest of Monterey Bay. And they found exactly zero squid. Even far offshore, the squid were nowhere to be seen. Julie and her colleagues have been talking to fishermen up and down the west coast, from southern California to Washington, and no one has seen squid this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 36.796846 -122.025000\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6801/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_944","quest_1099","quest_1102","quest_1416","quest_1490","quest_2034","quest_2038","quest_2274","quest_2275","quest_2291"],"label":"quest"},"quest_5028":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5028","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5028","score":null,"sort":[1265382041000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-is-the-drought-over","title":"Reporter's Notes: Is The Drought Over?","publishDate":1265382041,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/is-the-drought-over\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/02/4-15_Drought300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>By using water as a commodity, we are using up the fresh water the planet provides faster than it can replenish it.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporting this piece introduced me to a subculture I hadn't paid much attention to before: Water nerds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out I sit right next to a couple of them, right here at KQED. One is named Dan Brekke. He's an editor here. Dan spouts off \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/RES\">reservoir levels\u003c/a> the way other people recite batting averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monthly \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snow/DLYSWEQ\">snowpack surveys\u003c/a> are awaited with baited breath. Curious about the state's current \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reports/EXECSUM\">hydrological conditions\u003c/a>? Dan can probably tell you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking of snowpack surveys, don't miss Craig Miller's \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/01/29/storms-offer-big-boost-to-sierra-snowpack/\">Climate Watch video\u003c/a> about how the surveys are conducted and what they mean. (See, I told you this place was crawling with water nerds.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyway, it seemed unfair that I, an amateur water nerd, should be allowed to actually meet weather celebrities like \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/resume.html\">Jan Null\u003c/a>, a meteorologist for the Golden Gate Weather Service (and a favorite source of \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201001291630/d\">KQED reporters\u003c/a>). My trip out to Folsom Dam made me the envy of the newsroom. But Dan didn't hold it against me. In fact, he agreed to share his interactive map with me, which he has promised to update daily with reservoir levels. \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&source=embed&msa=0&msid=116296859249755018234.000479b4b505b3da2340b&ll=38.848264,-121.047363&spn=6.099233,9.876709&z=7\">(For a larger view, click here.)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He must be looking for converts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=116296859249755018234.000479b4b505b3da2340b&ll=38.845482,-121.554107&spn=3.984459,4.479675&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"425\" height=\"350\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=116296859249755018234.000479b4b505b3da2340b&ll=38.845482,-121.554107&spn=3.984459,4.479675&source=embed\">KQED: California Reservoir Watch\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\"> \u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/02/05/reporters-notes-is-the-drought-over/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/is-the-drought-over\">Listen to Is The Drought Over?\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.681550 -121.163264\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443829852,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://maps.google.com/maps/ms"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":247},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Is The Drought Over? | KQED","description":"By using water as a commodity, we are using up the fresh water the planet provides faster than it can replenish it. Reporting this piece introduced me to a subculture I hadn't paid much attention to before: Water nerds. It turns out I sit right next to a couple of them, right here at KQED.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Is The Drought Over?","datePublished":"2010-02-05T15:00:41.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T23:50:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"5028 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=5028","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/02/05/reporters-notes-is-the-drought-over/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Is The Drought Over?","path":"/quest/5028/reporters-notes-is-the-drought-over","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/is-the-drought-over\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/02/4-15_Drought300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>By using water as a commodity, we are using up the fresh water the planet provides faster than it can replenish it.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporting this piece introduced me to a subculture I hadn't paid much attention to before: Water nerds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out I sit right next to a couple of them, right here at KQED. One is named Dan Brekke. He's an editor here. Dan spouts off \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reservoirs/RES\">reservoir levels\u003c/a> the way other people recite batting averages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monthly \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snow/DLYSWEQ\">snowpack surveys\u003c/a> are awaited with baited breath. Curious about the state's current \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/reports/EXECSUM\">hydrological conditions\u003c/a>? Dan can probably tell you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking of snowpack surveys, don't miss Craig Miller's \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/01/29/storms-offer-big-boost-to-sierra-snowpack/\">Climate Watch video\u003c/a> about how the surveys are conducted and what they mean. (See, I told you this place was crawling with water nerds.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyway, it seemed unfair that I, an amateur water nerd, should be allowed to actually meet weather celebrities like \u003ca href=\"http://ggweather.com/resume.html\">Jan Null\u003c/a>, a meteorologist for the Golden Gate Weather Service (and a favorite source of \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201001291630/d\">KQED reporters\u003c/a>). My trip out to Folsom Dam made me the envy of the newsroom. But Dan didn't hold it against me. In fact, he agreed to share his interactive map with me, which he has promised to update daily with reservoir levels. \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&source=embed&msa=0&msid=116296859249755018234.000479b4b505b3da2340b&ll=38.848264,-121.047363&spn=6.099233,9.876709&z=7\">(For a larger view, click here.)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He must be looking for converts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=116296859249755018234.000479b4b505b3da2340b&ll=38.845482,-121.554107&spn=3.984459,4.479675&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"425\" height=\"350\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=116296859249755018234.000479b4b505b3da2340b&ll=38.845482,-121.554107&spn=3.984459,4.479675&source=embed\">KQED: California Reservoir Watch\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\"> \u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/02/05/reporters-notes-is-the-drought-over/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/is-the-drought-over\">Listen to Is The Drought Over?\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>38.681550 -121.163264\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5028/reporters-notes-is-the-drought-over","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_142","quest_252","quest_886","quest_944","quest_1120","quest_1121","quest_1513","quest_1567","quest_3351","quest_1690","quest_3108","quest_3109"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. 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