Illustrating Science: Translating Knowledge Into Pictures
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After college, she worked in an environmental lab, but she didn't enjoy it and turned to art classes \"to keep from losing my mind,\" she says. She'd always drawn, but never pursued it as a career until a friend suggested she apply for a temporary position as an artist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gene.com/gene/index.jsp\" title=\"Genentech, Inc.\">Genentech\u003c/a>, the bay area's biotech behemoth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45502\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/gdc-0941-illustration-nocallouts-mockup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_CancerCellCover-282x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cancer Cell cover - cartoon cell\" title=\"GDC-0941 Illustration NoCallouts Mockup\" width=\"282\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45502\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover illustration of breast-cancer drug trastuzumab - Allison Bruce\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That was 18 years ago, and now Bruce is a Senior Graphics Specialist at Genentech. \"It's a lot of fun,\" she says. \"It's really cutting-edge what they do here.\" She gets to learn about research before it's even published, translating brand-new knowledge about the world from words into pictures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detail can be exquisite, as in an illustration of the eye's blood vessel growth (above), which shuttled back and forth many times between Bruce and the researcher to make sure each line was accurate. The result is an eerily beautiful representation of sickness and health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce's favorite projects, though, are journal covers, because they offer more flexibility to play around. To \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/issue?pii=S1535-6108(09)X0005-X#\" title=\"Cancer Cell - Trastuzumab cover\">illustrate the action of trastuzumab\u003c/a>, a breast-cancer drug, she enlisted her nephew's help to cartoonify a cell, complete with classic ZAP! and POW!.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce also helps researchers with presentations, animations, and web design, and is constantly learning new tools. \"It's an unusual job, but there's a lot of demand for it,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45563\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/bonemarrow/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45563\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/bonemarrow-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"bone marrow image from Kevin Ang\" title=\"bonemarrow\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45563\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storyboard image of bone marrow - Kevin Ang\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, there's enough demand that Genentech sometimes hires freelancers, such as self-described \"gun-for-hire\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.bingkoland.com/\" title=\"Kevin Ang Portfolio\">Kevin Ang\u003c/a> (\"Wacom-tablet-for-hire\" might be slightly more accurate). Ang has also worked for Bayer, Intuit, and Google, among others. \"Around here, it's all either pharma or tech,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ang's art jobs range from graphic recording (a bit like \u003ca href=\"http://www.thersa.org/events/rsaanimate\" title=\"RSAnimate\">RSAnimate\u003c/a>, but done in real time during a meeting) to commercial storyboarding. He particularly enjoys illustrating sequences that depict drug delivery because, he says, \"There's a very cinematic aspect to the things that happen at that scale in our bodies. I think of it as something from \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060397/\" title=\"IMDB - Fantastic Voyage\">Fantastic Voyage\u003c/a>.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45511\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/akb_persephone-cell-cover/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45511\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_Persephone-Cell-Cover-282x360.jpg\" alt='Cover illustration by Allison Bruce. \"Much like Persephone, Greek goddess of spring growth and queen of the underworld, some glioblastoma cells possess the capability for self-renewal.\"' title=\"AKB_Persephone Cell Cover\" width=\"282\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45511\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover illustration by Allison Bruce. \"Much like Persephone, Greek goddess of spring growth and queen of the underworld, some glioblastoma cells possess the capability for self-renewal.\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike Bruce, Ang started out in art school. On his way to a BFA from UC Santa Cruz, his imagination was captured by a few natural science illustration courses. \"It was great to be surrounded by scientists,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce, too, loves working with and learning from scientists--perhaps in part because they often have their own idiosyncratic ideas. One of Bruce’s cover illustrations sprang from a researcher's suggestion that Persephone, Greek goddess of spring and the underworld, could \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/issue?pii=S1535-6108(10)X0005-8\" title=\"Cancer Cell - Persephone cover\">represent a self-renewing cell line\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even that wasn't Bruce's strangest project. Once she was asked to create a life-size Ronald McDonald bearing the face of a researcher, to welcome him back from sabbatical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drawing for scientists: never a dull moment.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Allison Bruce has a wonderful job: she spends all day making pictures for scientists. Bruce started out in science herself, earning a chemistry degree from UC Davis. After college, she worked in an environmental lab, but she didn't enjoy it and turned to art classes \"to keep from losing my mind,\" she says.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1349809107,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":558},"headData":{"title":"Illustrating Science: Translating Knowledge Into Pictures | KQED","description":"Allison Bruce has a wonderful job: she spends all day making pictures for scientists. Bruce started out in science herself, earning a chemistry degree from UC Davis. After college, she worked in an environmental lab, but she didn't enjoy it and turned to art classes "to keep from losing my mind," she says.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Illustrating Science: Translating Knowledge Into Pictures","datePublished":"2012-10-02T15:30:14.000Z","dateModified":"2012-10-09T18:58:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"45500 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=45500","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/","disqusTitle":"Illustrating Science: Translating Knowledge Into Pictures","path":"/quest/45500/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45505\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/akb_eyes/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45505\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes.jpg\" alt=\"Blood vessel growth in a healthy (left) and diseased (right) eye - Allison Bruce\" title=\"AKB_eyes\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45505\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_eyes-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blood vessel growth in a healthy (left) and diseased (right) eye - Allison Bruce\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scifx.com/\" title=\"Allison Bruce Portfolio\">Allison Bruce\u003c/a> has a wonderful job: she spends all day making pictures for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce started out in science herself, earning a chemistry degree from UC Davis. After college, she worked in an environmental lab, but she didn't enjoy it and turned to art classes \"to keep from losing my mind,\" she says. She'd always drawn, but never pursued it as a career until a friend suggested she apply for a temporary position as an artist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gene.com/gene/index.jsp\" title=\"Genentech, Inc.\">Genentech\u003c/a>, the bay area's biotech behemoth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45502\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/gdc-0941-illustration-nocallouts-mockup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_CancerCellCover-282x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cancer Cell cover - cartoon cell\" title=\"GDC-0941 Illustration NoCallouts Mockup\" width=\"282\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45502\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover illustration of breast-cancer drug trastuzumab - Allison Bruce\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That was 18 years ago, and now Bruce is a Senior Graphics Specialist at Genentech. \"It's a lot of fun,\" she says. \"It's really cutting-edge what they do here.\" She gets to learn about research before it's even published, translating brand-new knowledge about the world from words into pictures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The detail can be exquisite, as in an illustration of the eye's blood vessel growth (above), which shuttled back and forth many times between Bruce and the researcher to make sure each line was accurate. The result is an eerily beautiful representation of sickness and health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce's favorite projects, though, are journal covers, because they offer more flexibility to play around. To \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/issue?pii=S1535-6108(09)X0005-X#\" title=\"Cancer Cell - Trastuzumab cover\">illustrate the action of trastuzumab\u003c/a>, a breast-cancer drug, she enlisted her nephew's help to cartoonify a cell, complete with classic ZAP! and POW!.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce also helps researchers with presentations, animations, and web design, and is constantly learning new tools. \"It's an unusual job, but there's a lot of demand for it,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45563\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/bonemarrow/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45563\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/bonemarrow-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"bone marrow image from Kevin Ang\" title=\"bonemarrow\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45563\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Storyboard image of bone marrow - Kevin Ang\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, there's enough demand that Genentech sometimes hires freelancers, such as self-described \"gun-for-hire\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.bingkoland.com/\" title=\"Kevin Ang Portfolio\">Kevin Ang\u003c/a> (\"Wacom-tablet-for-hire\" might be slightly more accurate). Ang has also worked for Bayer, Intuit, and Google, among others. \"Around here, it's all either pharma or tech,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ang's art jobs range from graphic recording (a bit like \u003ca href=\"http://www.thersa.org/events/rsaanimate\" title=\"RSAnimate\">RSAnimate\u003c/a>, but done in real time during a meeting) to commercial storyboarding. He particularly enjoys illustrating sequences that depict drug delivery because, he says, \"There's a very cinematic aspect to the things that happen at that scale in our bodies. I think of it as something from \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060397/\" title=\"IMDB - Fantastic Voyage\">Fantastic Voyage\u003c/a>.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45511\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/02/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures/akb_persephone-cell-cover/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45511\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/AKB_Persephone-Cell-Cover-282x360.jpg\" alt='Cover illustration by Allison Bruce. \"Much like Persephone, Greek goddess of spring growth and queen of the underworld, some glioblastoma cells possess the capability for self-renewal.\"' title=\"AKB_Persephone Cell Cover\" width=\"282\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-45511\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cover illustration by Allison Bruce. \"Much like Persephone, Greek goddess of spring growth and queen of the underworld, some glioblastoma cells possess the capability for self-renewal.\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unlike Bruce, Ang started out in art school. On his way to a BFA from UC Santa Cruz, his imagination was captured by a few natural science illustration courses. \"It was great to be surrounded by scientists,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bruce, too, loves working with and learning from scientists--perhaps in part because they often have their own idiosyncratic ideas. One of Bruce’s cover illustrations sprang from a researcher's suggestion that Persephone, Greek goddess of spring and the underworld, could \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/issue?pii=S1535-6108(10)X0005-8\" title=\"Cancer Cell - Persephone cover\">represent a self-renewing cell line\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even that wasn't Bruce's strangest project. Once she was asked to create a life-size Ronald McDonald bearing the face of a researcher, to welcome him back from sabbatical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drawing for scientists: never a dull moment.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/45500/illustrating-science-translating-knowledge-into-pictures","authors":["6324"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_216","quest_475","quest_528","quest_888","quest_11515","quest_10412","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_45505","label":"quest"},"quest_3301":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3301","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3301","score":null,"sort":[1253644668000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-illumniating-depression","title":"Producer's Notes: Illuminating Depression","publishDate":1253644668,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Depression is hardly new. The Roman physician \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen\">Galen\u003c/a>, in the second century A.D., expounded on the prevailing medical view that four bodily fluids, or humors, existed within all people but that the unique variation of these humors within people resulted in individual differences among people in their behavior and temperament. An excess of black bile, for example, indicated a melancholic personality. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, a lot of scientific progress has been made since then in understanding depression to be an organic, brain-based medical condition that afflicts millions. In fact, an individual has a ten to fifteen percent lifetime risk of developing a major depressive episode. But as Dr. Karl Deisseroth, a Stanford neuroscientist and psychiatrist, told me during our interview for “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/illuminating-depression\">Illuminating Depression\u003c/a>”, “Diagnosis is a big challenge because in psychiatry, we don’t have a lab test. There’s not a blood draw that you can do as you might to check how your liver is doing or how your thyroid function is doing.” So given that the diagnosis of depression is based on clinical observation (most often done by a primary care physician), one can’t help feel that hard, empirical understanding of depression is somewhat lacking, especially when compared to diseases of other organs like the heart and lungs where tests do exist to gauge the presence of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the most interesting observation for me when working on this story. Imagine a medical disease that afflicts eighteen million people in the U.S. (26 million if you include Bipolar Disorder), for which more than 160 million prescriptions were filled in 2008, that is one of the leading causes of disability in the U.S., but a disease for which no definitive medical model of pathology exists. Increasingly, doctors are prescribing antidepressants to treat not just depression but a host of other medical conditions, including chronic pain and insomnia, some of which can co-occur with depression. Sure, we’ve made strides since the time of Galen’s bodily humors and the Freudian view of misplaced hostility and mourning to explain depression, but in some respects, we’re still in the dark about why some people get depression while others don’t, why some people respond to one treatment and not another, or why one person will suffer from a form of depression that is less or more severe than another person. This lack of clear, empirical understanding comes at an awful price to victims of depression, as they encounter remarks from people that tell them to “snap out of it”, implying that they somehow can control the emotional crumbling and dark ideations that accompany the disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequence of all this is that it’s incredibly tough to create effective, lasting treatments for the disease if we can’t exactly track how the disease affects not only specific regions of the brain but the activity among individual brain cells in regions that may not have even been known to play an integral role in the disease. My layperson’s view is that treating depression currently is a bit like bringing in a car to the mechanic and telling him to fix it but there’s a catch – the mechanic can’t get under the hood to observe directly what’s wrong with the car. We suspect that the problem is with the engine but good luck with opening it up and peering into its pistons. So the mechanic attempts to work on the engine but indirectly, and whatever repairs are attempted may affect the engine but they may also have unwanted effects on the car’s transmission, muffler, timing belt, etc. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, advances in imaging techniques like \u003ca href=\"http://www.fz-juelich.de/isb/isb-1/Two-Photon_Microscopy/\">two-photon microscopy\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fmri.org/fmri.htm\">fMRI\u003c/a> are elucidating the activity of the depressed brain, allowing the previously impenetrable forest of billions of neurons to be explored, to see their pathways altered, their branches pruned by the disease. And scientists like Philippe Goldin and Kelly Werner are compiling biomarkers like DNA and brain blood flow activity to see if those biomarkers can help predict if people suffering from anxiety and/or depression will respond more favorably to cognitive behavioral therapy than to mindfulness meditation, for example. Dr. Deisseroth is using genetically engineered, photosensitive proteins implanted into rodents’ brains to control brain activity at the level of individual neurons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. M. Bret Schneider told me during our interview, “A real cure for depression is gonna involve being able to selectively affect those portions of the brain which don’t function properly in depression… But fathoming the huge number of possibilities in each brain with every brain being a little bit different than every other one, is gonna require individualized solutions and will be a scientific feat.” I suppose that with a disease as complex as depression, where one’s individual genetic makeup can influence the kinds of side effects one may experience with an antidepressant, it’s apropos that the future of treating and eventually curing it will entail personalized medicine. Until then, let’s hope that more people bring psychiatry into the research lab to study illnesses like depression, for it’s only through the methodical rigor of science that we have the best hope for curing depression. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Imagine a medical disease that afflicts eighteen million people in the U.S., for which more than 160 million prescriptions were filled in 2008, that is one of the leading causes of disability in the U.S., but a disease for which no definitive medical model of pathology exists.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457742765,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":903},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Illuminating Depression | KQED","description":"Imagine a medical disease that afflicts eighteen million people in the U.S., for which more than 160 million prescriptions were filled in 2008, that is one of the leading causes of disability in the U.S., but a disease for which no definitive medical model of pathology exists.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Illuminating Depression","datePublished":"2009-09-22T18:37:48.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-12T00:32:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3301 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3301","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/22/producers-notes-illumniating-depression/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: Illuminating Depression","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdffIw_xTt0","path":"/quest/3301/producers-notes-illumniating-depression","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Depression is hardly new. The Roman physician \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen\">Galen\u003c/a>, in the second century A.D., expounded on the prevailing medical view that four bodily fluids, or humors, existed within all people but that the unique variation of these humors within people resulted in individual differences among people in their behavior and temperament. An excess of black bile, for example, indicated a melancholic personality. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, a lot of scientific progress has been made since then in understanding depression to be an organic, brain-based medical condition that afflicts millions. In fact, an individual has a ten to fifteen percent lifetime risk of developing a major depressive episode. But as Dr. Karl Deisseroth, a Stanford neuroscientist and psychiatrist, told me during our interview for “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/illuminating-depression\">Illuminating Depression\u003c/a>”, “Diagnosis is a big challenge because in psychiatry, we don’t have a lab test. There’s not a blood draw that you can do as you might to check how your liver is doing or how your thyroid function is doing.” So given that the diagnosis of depression is based on clinical observation (most often done by a primary care physician), one can’t help feel that hard, empirical understanding of depression is somewhat lacking, especially when compared to diseases of other organs like the heart and lungs where tests do exist to gauge the presence of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the most interesting observation for me when working on this story. Imagine a medical disease that afflicts eighteen million people in the U.S. (26 million if you include Bipolar Disorder), for which more than 160 million prescriptions were filled in 2008, that is one of the leading causes of disability in the U.S., but a disease for which no definitive medical model of pathology exists. Increasingly, doctors are prescribing antidepressants to treat not just depression but a host of other medical conditions, including chronic pain and insomnia, some of which can co-occur with depression. Sure, we’ve made strides since the time of Galen’s bodily humors and the Freudian view of misplaced hostility and mourning to explain depression, but in some respects, we’re still in the dark about why some people get depression while others don’t, why some people respond to one treatment and not another, or why one person will suffer from a form of depression that is less or more severe than another person. This lack of clear, empirical understanding comes at an awful price to victims of depression, as they encounter remarks from people that tell them to “snap out of it”, implying that they somehow can control the emotional crumbling and dark ideations that accompany the disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequence of all this is that it’s incredibly tough to create effective, lasting treatments for the disease if we can’t exactly track how the disease affects not only specific regions of the brain but the activity among individual brain cells in regions that may not have even been known to play an integral role in the disease. My layperson’s view is that treating depression currently is a bit like bringing in a car to the mechanic and telling him to fix it but there’s a catch – the mechanic can’t get under the hood to observe directly what’s wrong with the car. We suspect that the problem is with the engine but good luck with opening it up and peering into its pistons. So the mechanic attempts to work on the engine but indirectly, and whatever repairs are attempted may affect the engine but they may also have unwanted effects on the car’s transmission, muffler, timing belt, etc. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, advances in imaging techniques like \u003ca href=\"http://www.fz-juelich.de/isb/isb-1/Two-Photon_Microscopy/\">two-photon microscopy\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fmri.org/fmri.htm\">fMRI\u003c/a> are elucidating the activity of the depressed brain, allowing the previously impenetrable forest of billions of neurons to be explored, to see their pathways altered, their branches pruned by the disease. And scientists like Philippe Goldin and Kelly Werner are compiling biomarkers like DNA and brain blood flow activity to see if those biomarkers can help predict if people suffering from anxiety and/or depression will respond more favorably to cognitive behavioral therapy than to mindfulness meditation, for example. Dr. Deisseroth is using genetically engineered, photosensitive proteins implanted into rodents’ brains to control brain activity at the level of individual neurons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. M. Bret Schneider told me during our interview, “A real cure for depression is gonna involve being able to selectively affect those portions of the brain which don’t function properly in depression… But fathoming the huge number of possibilities in each brain with every brain being a little bit different than every other one, is gonna require individualized solutions and will be a scientific feat.” I suppose that with a disease as complex as depression, where one’s individual genetic makeup can influence the kinds of side effects one may experience with an antidepressant, it’s apropos that the future of treating and eventually curing it will entail personalized medicine. Until then, let’s hope that more people bring psychiatry into the research lab to study illnesses like depression, for it’s only through the methodical rigor of science that we have the best hope for curing depression. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3301/producers-notes-illumniating-depression","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_12","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_377","quest_809","quest_888","quest_928","quest_3351","quest_2084","quest_2349","quest_2771","quest_2893","quest_2949"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3603":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3603","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3603","score":null,"sort":[1252714884000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-personalized-medicine","title":"Reporter's Notes: Personalized Medicine","publishDate":1252714884,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/personalized-medicine\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/radio3-48_PersonalMed300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You've probably heard about some of the breakthroughs in personal genome sequencing, where companies take a look at your DNA and send back your risk profile. That can be confusing information to have (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/20/taking-the-plunge-diving-into-my-dna/\" target=\"_blank\">check out this post\u003c/a> from Quest blogger Dr. Barry Starr for his take on it). But there's a flip side to all this genetic research that doesn't have to do with risk: personalized medicine. That's where doctors can customize medical treatments to fit your genetic profile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, there are only a handful of drugs that are labeled with genetic information, so doctors can take it into consideration. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/30/business/30gene.html\">Here's an article\u003c/a> from the New York Times that gives an overview). But that doesn't mean existing medications are left out. I spent some time with Deanna Kroetz in this story, who studies pharmacogenomics at UC San Francisco. She explained that differences in our DNA can cause some of us to process drugs at different rates. We all metabolize drugs with enzymes in the liver, but based on expression of our DNA, we may have different levels of enzymes or our enzymes may not function as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are plenty of other things that affect how we process drugs, like our diet or other drugs we're taking. But these genetic differences mean some people metabolize drugs quickly and others metabolize them slowly. One example that many people are familiar with is codeine. Codeine is converted into morphine by our bodies and it's the morphine that actually has an effect -- but that conversion \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeine#Pharmacokinetics\" target=\"_blank\">depends on a particular enzyme\u003c/a>. Some people have very low levels of the enzyme that's needed, so codeine doesn't do much for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're also studying another drug response mechanism at UCSF and it has to do with our cells. Many drugs have to go inside our cells in order to have an effect, but if you think back to high school biology, you might remember that cells are protected by membranes. It takes \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-binding_cassette_transporter\" target=\"_blank\">transporters\u003c/a> - those special gatekeepers sitting on the cell membranes -- to allow things in. They also can spit things out of cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent some time in the lab with Rachel LaFond, a graduate student at UCSF. She was running experiments on one particular transporter known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCG2\" target=\"_blank\">ABCG2\u003c/a>. This transporter is particularly good at spitting things out of cells. Normally its job is to kick toxins out, but some cancers have been able to hijack this machinery. Cancer cells with an over expression of this transporter can spit out chemotherapy drugs, which means they aren't helping the patient. LaFond is working to understand this variation better, so they could one day develop a genetic test for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/personalized-medicine\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/personalized-medicine\">Listen to the Personalized Medicine\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.769196 -122.39106\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"You've probably heard about some of the breakthroughs in personal genome sequencing, where companies take a look at your DNA and send back your risk profile. But there's a flip side to all this genetic research that doesn't have to do with risk: personalized medicine.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443830579,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":478},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Personalized Medicine | KQED","description":"You've probably heard about some of the breakthroughs in personal genome sequencing, where companies take a look at your DNA and send back your risk profile. But there's a flip side to all this genetic research that doesn't have to do with risk: personalized medicine.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Personalized Medicine","datePublished":"2009-09-12T00:21:24.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:02:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3603 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3603","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/11/reporters-notes-personalized-medicine/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Personalized Medicine","path":"/quest/3603/reporters-notes-personalized-medicine","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/personalized-medicine\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/radio3-48_PersonalMed300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You've probably heard about some of the breakthroughs in personal genome sequencing, where companies take a look at your DNA and send back your risk profile. That can be confusing information to have (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/20/taking-the-plunge-diving-into-my-dna/\" target=\"_blank\">check out this post\u003c/a> from Quest blogger Dr. Barry Starr for his take on it). But there's a flip side to all this genetic research that doesn't have to do with risk: personalized medicine. That's where doctors can customize medical treatments to fit your genetic profile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, there are only a handful of drugs that are labeled with genetic information, so doctors can take it into consideration. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/30/business/30gene.html\">Here's an article\u003c/a> from the New York Times that gives an overview). But that doesn't mean existing medications are left out. I spent some time with Deanna Kroetz in this story, who studies pharmacogenomics at UC San Francisco. She explained that differences in our DNA can cause some of us to process drugs at different rates. We all metabolize drugs with enzymes in the liver, but based on expression of our DNA, we may have different levels of enzymes or our enzymes may not function as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are plenty of other things that affect how we process drugs, like our diet or other drugs we're taking. But these genetic differences mean some people metabolize drugs quickly and others metabolize them slowly. One example that many people are familiar with is codeine. Codeine is converted into morphine by our bodies and it's the morphine that actually has an effect -- but that conversion \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeine#Pharmacokinetics\" target=\"_blank\">depends on a particular enzyme\u003c/a>. Some people have very low levels of the enzyme that's needed, so codeine doesn't do much for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're also studying another drug response mechanism at UCSF and it has to do with our cells. Many drugs have to go inside our cells in order to have an effect, but if you think back to high school biology, you might remember that cells are protected by membranes. It takes \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-binding_cassette_transporter\" target=\"_blank\">transporters\u003c/a> - those special gatekeepers sitting on the cell membranes -- to allow things in. They also can spit things out of cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent some time in the lab with Rachel LaFond, a graduate student at UCSF. She was running experiments on one particular transporter known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCG2\" target=\"_blank\">ABCG2\u003c/a>. This transporter is particularly good at spitting things out of cells. Normally its job is to kick toxins out, but some cancers have been able to hijack this machinery. Cancer cells with an over expression of this transporter can spit out chemotherapy drugs, which means they aren't helping the patient. LaFond is working to understand this variation better, so they could one day develop a genetic test for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/personalized-medicine\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/personalized-medicine\">Listen to the Personalized Medicine\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.769196 -122.39106\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3603/reporters-notes-personalized-medicine","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_475","quest_848","quest_888","quest_1195","quest_1197","quest_13201","quest_1586","quest_1783","quest_13206","quest_3025"],"label":"quest"},"quest_696":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_696","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"696","score":null,"sort":[1215830151000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-drugs-in-our-drinking-water","title":"Reporter's Notes: Drugs In Our Drinking Water","publishDate":1215830151,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/drugs-in-our-drinking-water\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/radio2-40_drugs_water3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>It's tricky to talk about pharmaceuticals in the drinking water without risking two really unfortunate side effects: 1) Make people panic that their tap water is unsafe. 2) Send listeners running to Costco to buy pallet-loads of overpriced, highly packaged, and often dubiously-sourced bottled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can never really say enough about \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html\">everything that's wrong with bottled water \u003c/a>(which, by the way, adheres to lower safety standards than what comes out of your tap-– sorry, couldn’t resist!). But when it comes to drugs in the water, what strikes me as most interesting is what we know the least about: What do these tiny, tiny amounts of drugs mean to us humans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelsus\">The dose makes the poison\u003c/a>\" is a mantra I hear constantly from public health experts (as well as my editors)– and it's worth considering. In other words: just because something exists does not mean it's affecting you. It's likely we're exposed to far more toxins in the act of, say, applying nail polish, or pumping a tank of gas, than we'll imbibe over a lifetime of drinking tap water. But it'll be interesting to watch this play out over the next decade or so, as scientists on all sides of the debate try and figure out what exactly effect our environment-– pharmaceuticals, nail polish, plastics, and countless other everyday substances-- is having on us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/drugs-in-our-drinking-water\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/drugs-in-our-drinking-water\">Listen to the Drugs In Our Drinking Water Radio report\u003c/a> online.\u003cbr>\n37.248999 -121.874981\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080213,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":257},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Drugs In Our Drinking Water | KQED","description":"It's tricky to talk about pharmaceuticals in the drinking water without risking two really unfortunate side effects: 1) Make people panic that their tap water is unsafe. 2) Send listeners running to Costco to buy pallet-loads of overpriced, highly packaged, and often dubiously-sourced bottled water. You can never really say enough about everything that's wrong","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Drugs In Our Drinking Water","datePublished":"2008-07-12T02:35:51.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:36:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"696 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=696","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/11/reporters-notes-drugs-in-our-drinking-water/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Drugs In Our Drinking Water","path":"/quest/696/reporters-notes-drugs-in-our-drinking-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/drugs-in-our-drinking-water\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/radio2-40_drugs_water3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>It's tricky to talk about pharmaceuticals in the drinking water without risking two really unfortunate side effects: 1) Make people panic that their tap water is unsafe. 2) Send listeners running to Costco to buy pallet-loads of overpriced, highly packaged, and often dubiously-sourced bottled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can never really say enough about \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html\">everything that's wrong with bottled water \u003c/a>(which, by the way, adheres to lower safety standards than what comes out of your tap-– sorry, couldn’t resist!). But when it comes to drugs in the water, what strikes me as most interesting is what we know the least about: What do these tiny, tiny amounts of drugs mean to us humans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelsus\">The dose makes the poison\u003c/a>\" is a mantra I hear constantly from public health experts (as well as my editors)– and it's worth considering. In other words: just because something exists does not mean it's affecting you. It's likely we're exposed to far more toxins in the act of, say, applying nail polish, or pumping a tank of gas, than we'll imbibe over a lifetime of drinking tap water. But it'll be interesting to watch this play out over the next decade or so, as scientists on all sides of the debate try and figure out what exactly effect our environment-– pharmaceuticals, nail polish, plastics, and countless other everyday substances-- is having on us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/drugs-in-our-drinking-water\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/drugs-in-our-drinking-water\">Listen to the Drugs In Our Drinking Water Radio report\u003c/a> online.\u003cbr>\n37.248999 -121.874981\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/696/reporters-notes-drugs-in-our-drinking-water","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_883","quest_888","quest_1009","quest_13201","quest_1538","quest_3351","quest_1858","quest_2177","quest_2474","quest_2506","quest_2553","quest_2894","quest_2964","quest_3108"],"label":"quest"},"quest_16958":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_16958","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"16958","score":null,"sort":[1215801300000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"drugs-in-our-drinking-water","title":"Drugs In Our Drinking Water","publishDate":1215801300,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2008/07/2008-07-14-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year a report came out showing that trace amounts of pharmaceuticals -- everything from ibuprofen to birth control pills -- are showing up in America's drinking water. Today, water agencies and consumers are still grappling with some unanswered questions: Do these tiny amounts of drugs pose any health risk? And if so, what can we do about them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Earlier this year a report came out showing that trace amounts of pharmaceuticals -- everything from ibuprofen to birth control pills -- are showing up in America's drinking water. Today, water agencies and consumers are still grappling with some unanswered questions: Do these tiny amounts of drugs pose any health risk? And if so, what can we do about them?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370997705,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":76},"headData":{"title":"Drugs In Our Drinking Water | KQED","description":"Earlier this year a report came out showing that trace amounts of pharmaceuticals -- everything from ibuprofen to birth control pills -- are showing up in America's drinking water. Today, water agencies and consumers are still grappling with some unanswered questions: Do these tiny amounts of drugs pose any health risk? And if so, what can we do about them?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Drugs In Our Drinking Water","datePublished":"2008-07-11T18:35:00.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:41:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"16958 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/drugs-in-our-drinking-water/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/11/drugs-in-our-drinking-water/","disqusTitle":"Drugs In Our Drinking Water","path":"/quest/16958/drugs-in-our-drinking-water","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2008/07/2008-07-14-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2008/07/2008-07-14-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year a report came out showing that trace amounts of pharmaceuticals -- everything from ibuprofen to birth control pills -- are showing up in America's drinking water. Today, water agencies and consumers are still grappling with some unanswered questions: Do these tiny amounts of drugs pose any health risk? And if so, what can we do about them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/16958/drugs-in-our-drinking-water","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_12","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_888","quest_3351","quest_2177","quest_2257","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_3108"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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