Does California’s Agriculture Industry Need More Water Restrictions Due to the Drought?
California Voters to Decide $7.5 Billion Water Bond Measure
Drought Re-shaping the Cattle Map
Dating Drought in the Nebraska Sandhills
Drought Risk Atlas Uses Past to Predict Future: A Q&A with Climatologist Mark Svoboda
In Dry Year, California Looks to Cloud Seeding
Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire
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In addition to producing television content for KQED Science, he has also created online features and written news articles on scientific subjects ranging from astronomy to synthetic biology.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9731b29e144af1965b0b7eaa56555561?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sheraz Sadiq | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9731b29e144af1965b0b7eaa56555561?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9731b29e144af1965b0b7eaa56555561?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sheraz-sadiq"},"gabriela-quiros":{"type":"authors","id":"6186","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6186","found":true},"name":"Gabriela Quirós","firstName":"Gabriela","lastName":"Quirós","slug":"gabriela-quiros","email":"gquiros@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Video Producer and Reporter","bio":"Gabriela Quirós is a \u003cstrong>video producer and the coordinating producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"},"quest":{"type":"authors","id":"10216","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10216","found":true},"name":"QUEST Staff","firstName":"QUEST","lastName":"Staff","slug":"quest","email":"quest@kqed.orgx","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"QUEST, an Emmy Award-winning multimedia science series, has a new focus on the science of sustainability.The half-hour magazine style episodes are produced by a collaboration of six public broadcasters around the country and explore a wide variety of sustainability issues related to food, energy, water, climate and biodiversity. The story segments featured in each show are introduced by on-camera host, environmental journalist \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/pssethi/\">Simran Sethi\u003c/a>. The series also includes half-hour specials that focus on a single topic.\r\n \r\nAll 2013-2014 television programs can be viewed online in their entirety or as individual segments by clicking on the titles and images listed below. The programs are also broadcast in each of our six PBS partner regions including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/north-carolina/\">North Carolina\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\">Ohio\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/nebraska/\">Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northern-california/\">Northern California\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northwest/\">Pacific Northwest\u003c/a>. Check local listings for broadcast dates and times.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"QUEST Staff | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/quest"},"grantgerlock":{"type":"authors","id":"10231","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10231","found":true},"name":"Grant Gerlock","firstName":"Grant","lastName":"Gerlock","slug":"grantgerlock","email":"ggerlock@netnebraska.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Grant Gerlock is a reporter and the host of Morning Edition on NET Radio, Nebraska’s statewide NPR network. In 3 years at NET Radio he has covered rising land values, raw milk regulations, food security, and a controversial oil pipeline project. Before coming to NET he was a graduate assistant in news at WMUB at Miami University. When he’s not on the radio, Grant enjoys biking and gardening with his family in Lincoln, Nebraska.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e2c4a789680f3af627ed5da426902a0?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Grant Gerlock | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e2c4a789680f3af627ed5da426902a0?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e2c4a789680f3af627ed5da426902a0?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/grantgerlock"},"abrocious":{"type":"authors","id":"10465","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10465","found":true},"name":"Ariana Brocious","firstName":"Ariana","lastName":"Brocious","slug":"abrocious","email":"abrocious@netnebraska.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Ariana Brocious is the Reporter/Morning Host at NET Radio in Nebraska, where she covers energy, water, culture and Latino issues. A native of the Southwest and graduate of the University of Arizona, she traces her interest in the environment—and how humans interact with it—to her time living in Western Colorado, where she worked as News Director for KVNF Radio, and at High Country News magazine. In her non-working hours she enjoys getting outside, coaxing her vegetable garden along, and experimenting in the kitchen.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f9ff308f4dcc2ef1df5848ee85f8295a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ariana Brocious | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f9ff308f4dcc2ef1df5848ee85f8295a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f9ff308f4dcc2ef1df5848ee85f8295a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/abrocious"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_80827":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_80827","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"80827","score":null,"sort":[1447768811000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"giant-sequoias-struggle-with-drought","title":"Giant Sequoias Struggle with Drought","publishDate":1447768811,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In the summer of 2014, biologist Nathan Stephenson was surveying giant sequoias in a clearing in Sequoia National Park. He looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 35 years studying giant sequoias in the Sierra Nevada, Stephenson had never seen a mature giant sequoia with that many brown leaves. He looked in the park’s records, which go back 120 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one had ever reported that before,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97693\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Half a dozen giant sequoias, like the one in the background, have died in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought started in California four years ago. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Half a dozen giant sequoias, like this one in the background, have died in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought started in California four years ago. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year, he and his team surveyed 4,300 of the approximately 160,000 giant sequoias in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. They found that one percent of them had shed half or more of their leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trees lose foliage as a way to cope with drought,” said Stephenson, who works for the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only half a dozen giant sequoias have died in the Sierra Nevada’s Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought began, said the parks’ science coordinator Koren Nydick. But the fact that some giant sequoias started to show signs of stress last year caused concern among scientists because the trees are normally long-lived, with some known to be more than 3,000 years old. And all around them in the Sierra, some 6 million trees of other species have died, according to a U.S. Forest Service survey in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing firs, pines, incense cedars and oaks are all dying at a rate we’ve never seen before,” said Stephenson. “Even during the 1977 drought in California we didn’t see this many trees dying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97695\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"In the summer of 2014, U.S. Geological Survey biologist Nathan Stephenson became concerned when he looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown. “No one had ever reported that before,” he said. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the summer of 2014, U.S. Geological Survey biologist Nathan Stephenson became concerned when he looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown. “No one had ever reported that before,” he said. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The severity of the damage on some of the sequoias led him and other biologists to investigate further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, scientists from the University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University, the USGS and the Carnegie Institution for Science counted the number of giant sequoias with brown leaves, climbed 50 of the trees to see if they were having trouble transporting water to their treetops and flew over giant sequoia groves to make images of their water content using special equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers’ conclusion: some giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park are showing signs of stress, but it’s unclear which trees might be at the highest risk of dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant sequoias require more water than any other tree, said tree biologist Anthony Ambrose, of the University of California, Berkeley. On a hot summer day, they can suck up 500 to 800 gallons. That’s twice as much water as a California household uses in a day. And it’s not just any water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water comes primarily from snow that slowly melts during the spring and recharges the groundwater,” said Ambrose, “so that during the summer months they have sufficient water to sustain their growth and physiology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that during California’s historic drought, little snow has been available to the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The last two winters here have been by far the warmest on record,” said Stephenson, “and what that’s meant is there’s been almost no snow on the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August and September, Ambrose and Wendy Baxter, another UC biologist, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest. They collected leaves from their treetops –sometimes the equivalent of 30 stories up-- using a simple rig that allows them to hoist themselves up on a rope while hardly touching the bark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97698\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Wendy Baxter, of the University of California, Berkeley, climbed a giant sequoia in September. She used a simple rig that allowed her to hoist herself up on a rope while hardly touching the bark. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Wendy Baxter, of the University of California, Berkeley, climbed a giant sequoia in September. She used a simple rig that allowed her to hoist herself up on a rope while hardly touching the bark. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a beautiful view up here,” said Baxter, as she looked out over the top of the forest from her vantage point 300 feet up. She used small shears to cut a clump of leaves from the treetop and stuffed them in plastic bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at great heights, giant sequoias are able to draw water up to leaves at their treetops. Inside each of the trees’ cells, water gets pulled up to the top of the tree as if it were being sucked up through a straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we clip it, the water retracts back into the stem, kind of like a rubber band,” said Baxter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97697\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97697\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Wendy Baxter and a colleague from the University of California, Berkeley, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park in August and September to get a sense of whether the trees were having trouble transporting water to their treetops.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Wendy Baxter and a colleague from the University of California, Berkeley, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park in August and September to get a sense of whether the trees were having trouble transporting water to their treetops. \u003ccite>(Lincoln Else/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back on the ground, she handed the bags to UC Berkeley technician Ken Schwab, who placed a group of leaves inside a round metal device called a pressure chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we put our stem into the pressure chamber,” said Baxter, “the amount of pressure that it takes to force the water back out is an indication of how much tension it was under.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher the pressure required to push the water out, the more stressed the tree is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the trees are definitely as stressed as we’ve ever measured giant sequoia,” said Ambrose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, Ambrose and Baxter took measurements in two sites in the forest where some of the giant sequoias had lost half of their leaves in 2014 and in two sites where trees had looked healthier. They found that the most water-stressed trees and the least stressed ones could be found in all sites. Perhaps, Ambrose said, some trees within a particular site have more access to groundwater, their roots reaching deep underground into cracks and crevices that other trees can’t get to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97691\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97691\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"University of California, Berkeley, biologist Anthony Ambrose cuts leaves from the top of a giant sequoia in Sequoia National Park at daybreak on Sept. 2.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California, Berkeley, biologist Anthony Ambrose cuts leaves from the top of a giant sequoia in Sequoia National Park at daybreak on Sept. 2. \u003ccite>(Lincoln Else/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In comparison with the summer of 2014, fewer giant sequoias lost half of their leaves this summer, said Stephenson. He thinks that perhaps the trees “did all the hard work of adjusting to the drought last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out what trees will succumb to drought is a difficult business, said Greg Asner, of Stanford University and the Carnegie Institution for Science. Sometimes, Asner said, trees lose lots of leaves and later rebound when they have access to water. Other times, trees look healthy, but are in fact water-stressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asner designed the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars in trees using a technology called laser-guided spectral imaging. This summer he flew over and made images of the giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest. On the resulting map, the sequoias on the west side of Giant Forest appear orange and red, a sign that they’re doing worst in terms of their water content. The trees on the east side of the forest appear in blue, a sign that they have more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science, created this map of giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest this summer, after imaging the trees with the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars. The trees that appear in blue are getting the most water. The yellow, orange and red trees are getting the least. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science, created this map of giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest this summer, after imaging the trees with the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars. The trees that appear in blue are getting the most water. The yellow, orange and red trees are getting the least. \u003ccite>(Greg Asner/Carnegie Institution for Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But only repeated flights can accurately pinpoint the most vulnerable giant sequoias, said Asner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We cannot tell if a tree is improving or declining in a single mapping,” he said. “By re-flying we can see the total amount of water change in each canopy, and that will be the best possible measure of how each tree is doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, scientists say, they can’t draw conclusions about just how stressed the iconic giant sequoia trees are after four years of severe drought, or how many might be at risk of dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the research, however, is important in establishing a baseline that will allow them to monitor giant sequoias for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our main concern isn’t necessarily the current drought right now; it’s looking to the future,” said Stephenson. “If the climate continues to warm, it will put more stress on the giant sequoias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97694\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The General Sherman, in the middle, is billed as the largest tree in the world. If conditions for giant sequoias worsened in the future, Sequoia National Park officials might consider irrigating the General Sherman and other famous giant sequoias. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The General Sherman, in the middle, is billed as the largest tree in the world. If conditions for giant sequoias worsened in the future, Sequoia National Park officials might consider irrigating the General Sherman and other famous giant sequoias. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the drought continues, or if the trees show significant decline as the climate continues to warm, giant sequoias might need some human intervention in the future to survive climate change. That could take the form of prescribed burns to reduce competition for water from surrounding trees. Parks officials could even decide to irrigate some of their most famous giant sequoias, such as the General Sherman, billed as the world’s largest tree, said Nydick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If temperatures continue to increase, as they’re almost certain to,” said Ambrose, “at what point will they reach a threshold where they can’t recover?”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists fly over, count and climb unhealthy-looking giant sequoias to assess the drought’s impact.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1485812508,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":1681},"headData":{"title":"Giant Sequoias Struggle with Drought | KQED","description":"Scientists fly over, count and climb unhealthy-looking giant sequoias to assess the drought’s impact.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"80827 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=80827","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/17/giant-sequoias-struggle-with-drought/","disqusTitle":"Giant Sequoias Struggle with Drought","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/4Cn8FsOsBmY","path":"/quest/80827/giant-sequoias-struggle-with-drought","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the summer of 2014, biologist Nathan Stephenson was surveying giant sequoias in a clearing in Sequoia National Park. He looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 35 years studying giant sequoias in the Sierra Nevada, Stephenson had never seen a mature giant sequoia with that many brown leaves. He looked in the park’s records, which go back 120 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one had ever reported that before,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97693\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Half a dozen giant sequoias, like the one in the background, have died in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought started in California four years ago. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Half a dozen giant sequoias, like this one in the background, have died in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought started in California four years ago. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year, he and his team surveyed 4,300 of the approximately 160,000 giant sequoias in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. They found that one percent of them had shed half or more of their leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trees lose foliage as a way to cope with drought,” said Stephenson, who works for the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only half a dozen giant sequoias have died in the Sierra Nevada’s Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought began, said the parks’ science coordinator Koren Nydick. But the fact that some giant sequoias started to show signs of stress last year caused concern among scientists because the trees are normally long-lived, with some known to be more than 3,000 years old. And all around them in the Sierra, some 6 million trees of other species have died, according to a U.S. Forest Service survey in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing firs, pines, incense cedars and oaks are all dying at a rate we’ve never seen before,” said Stephenson. “Even during the 1977 drought in California we didn’t see this many trees dying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97695\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"In the summer of 2014, U.S. Geological Survey biologist Nathan Stephenson became concerned when he looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown. “No one had ever reported that before,” he said. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the summer of 2014, U.S. Geological Survey biologist Nathan Stephenson became concerned when he looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown. “No one had ever reported that before,” he said. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The severity of the damage on some of the sequoias led him and other biologists to investigate further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, scientists from the University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University, the USGS and the Carnegie Institution for Science counted the number of giant sequoias with brown leaves, climbed 50 of the trees to see if they were having trouble transporting water to their treetops and flew over giant sequoia groves to make images of their water content using special equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers’ conclusion: some giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park are showing signs of stress, but it’s unclear which trees might be at the highest risk of dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant sequoias require more water than any other tree, said tree biologist Anthony Ambrose, of the University of California, Berkeley. On a hot summer day, they can suck up 500 to 800 gallons. That’s twice as much water as a California household uses in a day. And it’s not just any water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water comes primarily from snow that slowly melts during the spring and recharges the groundwater,” said Ambrose, “so that during the summer months they have sufficient water to sustain their growth and physiology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that during California’s historic drought, little snow has been available to the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The last two winters here have been by far the warmest on record,” said Stephenson, “and what that’s meant is there’s been almost no snow on the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August and September, Ambrose and Wendy Baxter, another UC biologist, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest. They collected leaves from their treetops –sometimes the equivalent of 30 stories up-- using a simple rig that allows them to hoist themselves up on a rope while hardly touching the bark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97698\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Wendy Baxter, of the University of California, Berkeley, climbed a giant sequoia in September. She used a simple rig that allowed her to hoist herself up on a rope while hardly touching the bark. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Wendy Baxter, of the University of California, Berkeley, climbed a giant sequoia in September. She used a simple rig that allowed her to hoist herself up on a rope while hardly touching the bark. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a beautiful view up here,” said Baxter, as she looked out over the top of the forest from her vantage point 300 feet up. She used small shears to cut a clump of leaves from the treetop and stuffed them in plastic bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at great heights, giant sequoias are able to draw water up to leaves at their treetops. Inside each of the trees’ cells, water gets pulled up to the top of the tree as if it were being sucked up through a straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we clip it, the water retracts back into the stem, kind of like a rubber band,” said Baxter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97697\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97697\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Wendy Baxter and a colleague from the University of California, Berkeley, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park in August and September to get a sense of whether the trees were having trouble transporting water to their treetops.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Wendy Baxter and a colleague from the University of California, Berkeley, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park in August and September to get a sense of whether the trees were having trouble transporting water to their treetops. \u003ccite>(Lincoln Else/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back on the ground, she handed the bags to UC Berkeley technician Ken Schwab, who placed a group of leaves inside a round metal device called a pressure chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we put our stem into the pressure chamber,” said Baxter, “the amount of pressure that it takes to force the water back out is an indication of how much tension it was under.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher the pressure required to push the water out, the more stressed the tree is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the trees are definitely as stressed as we’ve ever measured giant sequoia,” said Ambrose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, Ambrose and Baxter took measurements in two sites in the forest where some of the giant sequoias had lost half of their leaves in 2014 and in two sites where trees had looked healthier. They found that the most water-stressed trees and the least stressed ones could be found in all sites. Perhaps, Ambrose said, some trees within a particular site have more access to groundwater, their roots reaching deep underground into cracks and crevices that other trees can’t get to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97691\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97691\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"University of California, Berkeley, biologist Anthony Ambrose cuts leaves from the top of a giant sequoia in Sequoia National Park at daybreak on Sept. 2.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California, Berkeley, biologist Anthony Ambrose cuts leaves from the top of a giant sequoia in Sequoia National Park at daybreak on Sept. 2. \u003ccite>(Lincoln Else/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In comparison with the summer of 2014, fewer giant sequoias lost half of their leaves this summer, said Stephenson. He thinks that perhaps the trees “did all the hard work of adjusting to the drought last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out what trees will succumb to drought is a difficult business, said Greg Asner, of Stanford University and the Carnegie Institution for Science. Sometimes, Asner said, trees lose lots of leaves and later rebound when they have access to water. Other times, trees look healthy, but are in fact water-stressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asner designed the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars in trees using a technology called laser-guided spectral imaging. This summer he flew over and made images of the giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest. On the resulting map, the sequoias on the west side of Giant Forest appear orange and red, a sign that they’re doing worst in terms of their water content. The trees on the east side of the forest appear in blue, a sign that they have more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science, created this map of giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest this summer, after imaging the trees with the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars. The trees that appear in blue are getting the most water. The yellow, orange and red trees are getting the least. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science, created this map of giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest this summer, after imaging the trees with the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars. The trees that appear in blue are getting the most water. The yellow, orange and red trees are getting the least. \u003ccite>(Greg Asner/Carnegie Institution for Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But only repeated flights can accurately pinpoint the most vulnerable giant sequoias, said Asner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We cannot tell if a tree is improving or declining in a single mapping,” he said. “By re-flying we can see the total amount of water change in each canopy, and that will be the best possible measure of how each tree is doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, scientists say, they can’t draw conclusions about just how stressed the iconic giant sequoia trees are after four years of severe drought, or how many might be at risk of dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the research, however, is important in establishing a baseline that will allow them to monitor giant sequoias for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our main concern isn’t necessarily the current drought right now; it’s looking to the future,” said Stephenson. “If the climate continues to warm, it will put more stress on the giant sequoias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97694\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The General Sherman, in the middle, is billed as the largest tree in the world. If conditions for giant sequoias worsened in the future, Sequoia National Park officials might consider irrigating the General Sherman and other famous giant sequoias. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The General Sherman, in the middle, is billed as the largest tree in the world. If conditions for giant sequoias worsened in the future, Sequoia National Park officials might consider irrigating the General Sherman and other famous giant sequoias. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the drought continues, or if the trees show significant decline as the climate continues to warm, giant sequoias might need some human intervention in the future to survive climate change. That could take the form of prescribed burns to reduce competition for water from surrounding trees. Parks officials could even decide to irrigate some of their most famous giant sequoias, such as the General Sherman, billed as the world’s largest tree, said Nydick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If temperatures continue to increase, as they’re almost certain to,” said Ambrose, “at what point will they reach a threshold where they can’t recover?”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/80827/giant-sequoias-struggle-with-drought","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_886","quest_13390","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_13391","quest_2630","quest_12667","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_81283","label":"quest"},"quest_17429":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17429","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17429","score":null,"sort":[1447164000000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"secret-life-of-a-raindrop","title":"The Secret Life of a Raindrop","publishDate":1447164000,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":12824,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"ngqJALTleeosh2JhvSQygf3ACavDlNee\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a widely held belief, you can’t squeeze water from a rock. But researchers from UC Berkeley who are trying to better understand where water is stored in nature are challenging that old adage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After nearly ten years of studying a steep, 20-square-mile area near the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fork_Eel_River\" target=\"_blank\">South Fork Eel River\u003c/a> in coastal Mendocino County, the scientists have shown that for trees and other plants, deep and highly fractured rock formations beneath the Earth’s surface are a much larger water reservoir than was previously known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94852\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek.\" width=\"900\" height=\"678\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-400x301.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-800x603.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek. \u003ccite>(Credit: Collin Bode, 2010)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The work to understand the role that “rock water” plays in the hydrologic cycle began in 2006 when researchers from UC Berkeley embarked on a multi-year study sponsored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wmkeck.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Keck Foundation \u003c/a>called the Hydrowatch project. It was designed to precisely monitor and measure the pathways of water in Mendocino County’s \u003ca href=\"http://angelo.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve \u003c/a>as it cycles from the groundwater table to the tops of trees and into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were really interested in learning the fate of precipitation in the land surface,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/dawsonlab/people/todd-dawson/\" target=\"_blank\">Todd Dawson\u003c/a>, professor of \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. “So really trying to figure out when precipitation arrives at the site, where does it get into the rock, where does it get into the stream, how does is recharge the ground water, how much of it is used by the vegetation, and ultimately, how much of it ends up in the streams and going back out to the Pacific Ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning more about where water consumed by forests, or flowing through streams actually comes from is important, the scientists say, in better understanding the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the project expanded to become part of a landmark study sponsored by the National Science Foundation called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/national/\" target=\"_blank\">Critical Zone Observatories Program\u003c/a>. Today, the site is called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/\" target=\"_blank\">Eel River CZO\u003c/a> and it’s part of a national network of ten similar watershed observation sites across the United States - each with unique climate, geology and vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg\" alt=\"The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact.\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact. \u003ccite>(Credit: National Critical Zone Observatories)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “critical zone” is relatively new and is being used by scientists to define the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. It represents a groundbreaking new approach to studying the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle\" target=\"_blank\">hydrologic cycle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The critical zone really tries to capture this idea of the zone between bedrock beneath our feet, and the top of the vegetation where the trees are interacting with the atmosphere,” explains Dawson. “So it’s everything in between. It’s rock, it’s soil, it’s the vegetation, and it’s the atmosphere that’s coupled to that vegetation. That’s the critical zone. It’s where life meets rock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg\" alt=\"The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface.\" width=\"640\" height=\"741\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-400x463.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-800x926.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1180x1366.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-960x1112.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. \u003ccite>(Credit: Chorover et al., Catalina Jemez CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists across a broad range of earth, life and computer sciences – from microbiologists to geologists to electrical engineers - are now working together to conduct research and share data within the most comprehensive hydrologic science network in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve rarely studied all those things together at one site,” says \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/people/person/dietrich-william/\" target=\"_blank\">William Dietrich\u003c/a>, professor of Earth and Planetary Science at UC Berkeley and lead Investigator at the Eel River CZO. “Geologists rarely work with microbiologists, and now all of us are working together at the same site to merge our information to see how each of the pieces work interdependently and impact the other pieces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94856\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94856\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: William Dietrich)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To gather information, researchers at the ten national sites scale trees and towers hundreds of feet tall and drill deep into bedrock to place sensors that collect climate information. Their instruments transmit real-time measurements of things like air temperature, rock moisture, soil, air and water content and stream flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the sites have so many instruments that the vegetation and landscapes look almost bionic. One tree in UC Merced’s \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/sierra/\" target=\"_blank\">Southern Sierra CZO\u003c/a> on the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_Kings_River\" target=\"_blank\">North Fork Kings River\u003c/a> in Fresno County has been dubbed the “critical zone tree” because it’s adorned with nearly 200 sensors that measure things like humidity, temperature, and water movement through the tree via sap flux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94860\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94860\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg\" alt='The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors. \u003ccite>(Credit: Southern Sierra CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a plant physiologist, Dawson’s part in the project is to provide information on the role that plants and trees are playing in how water moves through the Eel River watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seventy-five to eighty percent of the water on this planet is recycled through agriculture, through forests, through the plants,” he explains. “You take those plants away, you remove that straw in the Earth, that conduit for water to move out of the soil and back into the atmosphere, and that eventually can lead to deserts expanding. It changes the climate. We know for example when trees were cut down in the Amazon, there was less precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the team’s main discoveries was that large amounts of water in the Eel River watershed is stored in the massive network of fractures in the rock that can be tens to hundreds of feet thick. This “rock water reservoir” is hidden deep inside the Earth, away from the influence of evaporation. It sits beneath the soil and above the saturated layer commonly called ground water and occupies the deepest part of what hydrologists call the “unsaturated zone”. Many trees reach their deep roots into this matrix of water-filled rock fissures and use the water stored there when other water sources dry out or become unavailable. Different types of rock store water in different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thinking of them as different types of sponges in the subsurface in the way they take up and retain moisture and give back that moisture to the vegetation that is rooted into them,” says Dietrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In additional to discovering the amount of water stored in underground rock fractures, Dawson and his team have learned that different types of trees actually use the “rock water” in very different ways depending on climate conditions. For example, the rock matrix inside slopes of hills is a key water resource for the largest trees in the watershed, like Douglas firs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardwood trees like tanoak, madrone and live oaks rely largely on precipitation. But when drier times come, they shift to using the more stable groundwater below the surface and then may draw on some \"rock water\" in later summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94861\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94861\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-800x600.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: Anthony Ambrose)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conifers play a larger role in moving water out of the subsurface areas in winter and early spring, Dawson says. And hardwoods are playing a larger role in summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climate and the forest change over time,” he adds, “this will lead to changes in how water enters and leaves these ecosystems because of what the vegetation on the land surface is composed of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work being done within the National Critical Zone Observatories Program is timely because of a growing sense of urgency within the scientific community that as climate is changing and lands are changing because of human use of the land surface, we’re permanently disturbing the way the Earth works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t put a singular focus on understanding the critical zone,” explains Dawson, “as we march into the future and climate continues to change we’re not going to know how to mitigate for the kinds of impacts that humans and climate are actually having on resource balance on planet Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How old is the water in the stream? The answer could help us endure the dry times ahead. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475873,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1389},"headData":{"title":"The Secret Life of a Raindrop | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17429 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/tracking-raindrops/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/10/secret-life-of-a-raindrop/","disqusTitle":"The Secret Life of a Raindrop","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/ABGC6SalwJU","path":"/quest/17429/secret-life-of-a-raindrop","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"ngqJALTleeosh2JhvSQygf3ACavDlNee\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a widely held belief, you can’t squeeze water from a rock. But researchers from UC Berkeley who are trying to better understand where water is stored in nature are challenging that old adage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After nearly ten years of studying a steep, 20-square-mile area near the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fork_Eel_River\" target=\"_blank\">South Fork Eel River\u003c/a> in coastal Mendocino County, the scientists have shown that for trees and other plants, deep and highly fractured rock formations beneath the Earth’s surface are a much larger water reservoir than was previously known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94852\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek.\" width=\"900\" height=\"678\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-400x301.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-800x603.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek. \u003ccite>(Credit: Collin Bode, 2010)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The work to understand the role that “rock water” plays in the hydrologic cycle began in 2006 when researchers from UC Berkeley embarked on a multi-year study sponsored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wmkeck.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Keck Foundation \u003c/a>called the Hydrowatch project. It was designed to precisely monitor and measure the pathways of water in Mendocino County’s \u003ca href=\"http://angelo.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve \u003c/a>as it cycles from the groundwater table to the tops of trees and into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were really interested in learning the fate of precipitation in the land surface,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/dawsonlab/people/todd-dawson/\" target=\"_blank\">Todd Dawson\u003c/a>, professor of \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. “So really trying to figure out when precipitation arrives at the site, where does it get into the rock, where does it get into the stream, how does is recharge the ground water, how much of it is used by the vegetation, and ultimately, how much of it ends up in the streams and going back out to the Pacific Ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning more about where water consumed by forests, or flowing through streams actually comes from is important, the scientists say, in better understanding the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the project expanded to become part of a landmark study sponsored by the National Science Foundation called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/national/\" target=\"_blank\">Critical Zone Observatories Program\u003c/a>. Today, the site is called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/\" target=\"_blank\">Eel River CZO\u003c/a> and it’s part of a national network of ten similar watershed observation sites across the United States - each with unique climate, geology and vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg\" alt=\"The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact.\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact. \u003ccite>(Credit: National Critical Zone Observatories)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “critical zone” is relatively new and is being used by scientists to define the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. It represents a groundbreaking new approach to studying the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle\" target=\"_blank\">hydrologic cycle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The critical zone really tries to capture this idea of the zone between bedrock beneath our feet, and the top of the vegetation where the trees are interacting with the atmosphere,” explains Dawson. “So it’s everything in between. It’s rock, it’s soil, it’s the vegetation, and it’s the atmosphere that’s coupled to that vegetation. That’s the critical zone. It’s where life meets rock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg\" alt=\"The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface.\" width=\"640\" height=\"741\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-400x463.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-800x926.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1180x1366.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-960x1112.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. \u003ccite>(Credit: Chorover et al., Catalina Jemez CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists across a broad range of earth, life and computer sciences – from microbiologists to geologists to electrical engineers - are now working together to conduct research and share data within the most comprehensive hydrologic science network in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve rarely studied all those things together at one site,” says \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/people/person/dietrich-william/\" target=\"_blank\">William Dietrich\u003c/a>, professor of Earth and Planetary Science at UC Berkeley and lead Investigator at the Eel River CZO. “Geologists rarely work with microbiologists, and now all of us are working together at the same site to merge our information to see how each of the pieces work interdependently and impact the other pieces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94856\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94856\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: William Dietrich)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To gather information, researchers at the ten national sites scale trees and towers hundreds of feet tall and drill deep into bedrock to place sensors that collect climate information. Their instruments transmit real-time measurements of things like air temperature, rock moisture, soil, air and water content and stream flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the sites have so many instruments that the vegetation and landscapes look almost bionic. One tree in UC Merced’s \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/sierra/\" target=\"_blank\">Southern Sierra CZO\u003c/a> on the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_Kings_River\" target=\"_blank\">North Fork Kings River\u003c/a> in Fresno County has been dubbed the “critical zone tree” because it’s adorned with nearly 200 sensors that measure things like humidity, temperature, and water movement through the tree via sap flux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94860\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94860\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg\" alt='The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors. \u003ccite>(Credit: Southern Sierra CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a plant physiologist, Dawson’s part in the project is to provide information on the role that plants and trees are playing in how water moves through the Eel River watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seventy-five to eighty percent of the water on this planet is recycled through agriculture, through forests, through the plants,” he explains. “You take those plants away, you remove that straw in the Earth, that conduit for water to move out of the soil and back into the atmosphere, and that eventually can lead to deserts expanding. It changes the climate. We know for example when trees were cut down in the Amazon, there was less precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the team’s main discoveries was that large amounts of water in the Eel River watershed is stored in the massive network of fractures in the rock that can be tens to hundreds of feet thick. This “rock water reservoir” is hidden deep inside the Earth, away from the influence of evaporation. It sits beneath the soil and above the saturated layer commonly called ground water and occupies the deepest part of what hydrologists call the “unsaturated zone”. Many trees reach their deep roots into this matrix of water-filled rock fissures and use the water stored there when other water sources dry out or become unavailable. Different types of rock store water in different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thinking of them as different types of sponges in the subsurface in the way they take up and retain moisture and give back that moisture to the vegetation that is rooted into them,” says Dietrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In additional to discovering the amount of water stored in underground rock fractures, Dawson and his team have learned that different types of trees actually use the “rock water” in very different ways depending on climate conditions. For example, the rock matrix inside slopes of hills is a key water resource for the largest trees in the watershed, like Douglas firs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardwood trees like tanoak, madrone and live oaks rely largely on precipitation. But when drier times come, they shift to using the more stable groundwater below the surface and then may draw on some \"rock water\" in later summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94861\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94861\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-800x600.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: Anthony Ambrose)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conifers play a larger role in moving water out of the subsurface areas in winter and early spring, Dawson says. And hardwoods are playing a larger role in summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climate and the forest change over time,” he adds, “this will lead to changes in how water enters and leaves these ecosystems because of what the vegetation on the land surface is composed of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work being done within the National Critical Zone Observatories Program is timely because of a growing sense of urgency within the scientific community that as climate is changing and lands are changing because of human use of the land surface, we’re permanently disturbing the way the Earth works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t put a singular focus on understanding the critical zone,” explains Dawson, “as we march into the future and climate continues to change we’re not going to know how to mitigate for the kinds of impacts that humans and climate are actually having on resource balance on planet Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17429/secret-life-of-a-raindrop","authors":["209"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_6","quest_11","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13385","quest_886","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_3021","quest_3071","quest_3108","quest_3121"],"collections":["quest_12824"],"featImg":"quest_81285","label":"quest_12824"},"quest_74042":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_74042","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"74042","score":null,"sort":[1430360179000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"does-californias-agriculture-industry-need-more-water-restrictions-due-to-the-drought","title":"Does California’s Agriculture Industry Need More Water Restrictions Due to the Drought?","publishDate":1430360179,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/04/29/does-californias-agriculture-industry-need-more-water-restrictions-due-to-the-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Does California’s Agriculture Industry Need More Water Restrictions Due to the Drought?\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"From KQED Education Do Now: For the past four years, California has been experiencing an historic drought. Governor Jerry Brown recently mandated a 25 percent reduction in urban water use across the state. While this legislation seems to some to be a long overdue move in addressing the growing water crisis, others criticize it for a lack of attention towards California’s large agricultural industry. What do you think?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1430360293,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":5},"headData":{"title":"Does California’s Agriculture Industry Need More Water Restrictions Due to the Drought? | KQED","description":"From KQED Education Do Now: For the past four years, California has been experiencing an historic drought. Governor Jerry Brown recently mandated a 25 percent reduction in urban water use across the state. While this legislation seems to some to be a long overdue move in addressing the growing water crisis, others criticize it for a lack of attention towards California’s large agricultural industry. What do you think?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"74042 http://science.kqed.org/quest?p=74042&preview_id=74042","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/04/29/does-californias-agriculture-industry-need-more-water-restrictions-due-to-the-drought/","disqusTitle":"Does California’s Agriculture Industry Need More Water Restrictions Due to the Drought?","redirect":{"type":"external","url":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/04/29/does-californias-agriculture-industry-need-more-water-restrictions-due-to-the-drought/"},"rssmiSourceLink":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/04/29/does-californias-agriculture-industry-need-more-water-restrictions-due-to-the-drought/","path":"/quest/74042/does-californias-agriculture-industry-need-more-water-restrictions-due-to-the-drought","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/04/29/does-californias-agriculture-industry-need-more-water-restrictions-due-to-the-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Does California’s Agriculture Industry Need More Water Restrictions Due to the Drought?\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/04/29/does-californias-agriculture-industry-need-more-water-restrictions-due-to-the-drought/","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_886","quest_12269","quest_3108","quest_13160"],"featImg":"quest_74043","label":"quest"},"quest_72367":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72367","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72367","score":null,"sort":[1414591242000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-voters-to-decide-7-5-billion-water-bond-measure","title":"California Voters to Decide $7.5 Billion Water Bond Measure","publishDate":1414591242,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST Sustainability Science – TV series | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>At three years and counting, one of the worst droughts in California history shows little sign of abating. So it’s no surprise that water has become a hot issue this election year. In fact,\u003ca title=\"PPIC October poll\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/survey/S_1014MBS.pdf\">a recent poll \u003c/a>conducted this month by the non-partisan \u003ca title=\"PPIC\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a> found that water and the drought rank as high as the economy and jobs when voters were asked what they thought is the most important issue facing the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72374\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_filter_gallery_C0054.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72374\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_filter_gallery_C0054.jpg\" alt=\"Proposition One, a $7.5 billion water bond measure on the November ballot, would pay for building new water storage facilities. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_filter_gallery_C0054.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_filter_gallery_C0054-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposition One, a $7.5 billion water bond measure on the November ballot, would pay for building new water storage facilities.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Nov. 4, Californians will be able to exercise their opinion about water at the ballot box when they vote on \u003ca title=\"Prop. 1 ballotbedia entry\" href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_1,_Water_Bond_(2014)\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>, a $7.5 billion measure that would authorize the state to issue new bonds to pay for a wide variety of water-related projects. The projects that could be funded include dams to underground storage, along with efforts to improve watersheds and groundwater management, along with increased conservation and water recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly $3 billion would be allocated for expanding California’s water storage, which would likely mean the construction of at least one new large reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure is being championed by Gov. Jerry Brown, along with the California Chamber of Commerce, the California Farm Bureau Federation and a variety of environmental groups, including Audubon California and the Nature Conservancy. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PL8lhH2qNUE\">A recent campaign ad\u003c/a> features Brown speaking to the camera as he uses the metaphor of a pendulum to describe the swing between wet years and dry years, noting that Propositions 1 will save water “to prepare us for drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72375\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_faucet_C0077.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72375\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_faucet_C0077.jpg\" alt=\"One of the worst droughts in the state's history has made concerns about water a big election issue. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_faucet_C0077.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_faucet_C0077-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the worst droughts in the state's history has made concerns about water a big election issue.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the measure also has garnered opponents, including San Francisco Baykeeper and the California Sportfishing Protection Alliance, which has stated that “the bond includes the largest appropriation for new dams in the state’s history.” In addition, opponents question what impact the new funding would have on providing immediate drought relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/about-us/mission-and-vision/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a non-partisan think tank based in Oakland, issued a \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2014/10/Insights-into-Prop-1-full-report.pdf\">report this week analyzing the water bond\u003c/a>. It found that only 1 percent of the bond’s funds would go to water conservation and efficiency efforts. Still, according to the report, the funding would help improve the state’s surface and groundwater quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellen Hanak, a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, based in San Francisco, said the extreme weather patterns that will be produced by climate change have ratcheted up the pressure to better manage California’s water, the bulk of which comes from the Sierra snowpack. In recent years, not only has there been less precipitation, but the snowpack has been melting earlier, making it harder to capture runoff and store it in reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes sense to build surface storage to capture that water, and that’s one potential answer, but another one is to manage the existing surface storage in conjunction with our groundwater storage,” said Hanak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Managing California’s limited water supply with an aging infrastructure to meet the needs of growing cities and a multi-billion dollar farming industry requires a diverse array of efforts, she said, from asking people to cut back on their water usage to boosting the use of recycled water for irrigation and landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no silver bullet when thinking about water policy and how to meet the demands of growing economy and population,” Hanak said. “Conservation, desalination and recycled water and new storage alone won’t do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Proposition 1 is polling well with likely voters. A poll released this week by the PPIC showed Prop 1 leading 56-32 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zIp5rWfv9w#t=1598\">Watch the full episode of Science at the Ballot Box, a joint KQED Newsroom and QUEST report that examines the science behind some of the key issues on the November ballot\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn about Proposition One, which would issue billions in bonds for water projects. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442636075,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":680},"headData":{"title":"California Voters to Decide $7.5 Billion Water Bond Measure | KQED","description":"Learn about Proposition One, which would issue billions in bonds for water projects. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"72367 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=72367","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/10/29/california-voters-to-decide-7-5-billion-water-bond-measure/","disqusTitle":"California Voters to Decide $7.5 Billion Water Bond Measure","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TLSmqTqVBw?feature=player_detailpage","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/72367/california-voters-to-decide-7-5-billion-water-bond-measure","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At three years and counting, one of the worst droughts in California history shows little sign of abating. So it’s no surprise that water has become a hot issue this election year. In fact,\u003ca title=\"PPIC October poll\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/survey/S_1014MBS.pdf\">a recent poll \u003c/a>conducted this month by the non-partisan \u003ca title=\"PPIC\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a> found that water and the drought rank as high as the economy and jobs when voters were asked what they thought is the most important issue facing the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72374\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_filter_gallery_C0054.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72374\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_filter_gallery_C0054.jpg\" alt=\"Proposition One, a $7.5 billion water bond measure on the November ballot, would pay for building new water storage facilities. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_filter_gallery_C0054.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_filter_gallery_C0054-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposition One, a $7.5 billion water bond measure on the November ballot, would pay for building new water storage facilities.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Nov. 4, Californians will be able to exercise their opinion about water at the ballot box when they vote on \u003ca title=\"Prop. 1 ballotbedia entry\" href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_1,_Water_Bond_(2014)\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>, a $7.5 billion measure that would authorize the state to issue new bonds to pay for a wide variety of water-related projects. The projects that could be funded include dams to underground storage, along with efforts to improve watersheds and groundwater management, along with increased conservation and water recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly $3 billion would be allocated for expanding California’s water storage, which would likely mean the construction of at least one new large reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure is being championed by Gov. Jerry Brown, along with the California Chamber of Commerce, the California Farm Bureau Federation and a variety of environmental groups, including Audubon California and the Nature Conservancy. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PL8lhH2qNUE\">A recent campaign ad\u003c/a> features Brown speaking to the camera as he uses the metaphor of a pendulum to describe the swing between wet years and dry years, noting that Propositions 1 will save water “to prepare us for drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72375\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_faucet_C0077.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72375\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_faucet_C0077.jpg\" alt=\"One of the worst droughts in the state's history has made concerns about water a big election issue. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_faucet_C0077.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_faucet_C0077-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the worst droughts in the state's history has made concerns about water a big election issue.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the measure also has garnered opponents, including San Francisco Baykeeper and the California Sportfishing Protection Alliance, which has stated that “the bond includes the largest appropriation for new dams in the state’s history.” In addition, opponents question what impact the new funding would have on providing immediate drought relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/about-us/mission-and-vision/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a non-partisan think tank based in Oakland, issued a \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2014/10/Insights-into-Prop-1-full-report.pdf\">report this week analyzing the water bond\u003c/a>. It found that only 1 percent of the bond’s funds would go to water conservation and efficiency efforts. Still, according to the report, the funding would help improve the state’s surface and groundwater quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellen Hanak, a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, based in San Francisco, said the extreme weather patterns that will be produced by climate change have ratcheted up the pressure to better manage California’s water, the bulk of which comes from the Sierra snowpack. In recent years, not only has there been less precipitation, but the snowpack has been melting earlier, making it harder to capture runoff and store it in reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes sense to build surface storage to capture that water, and that’s one potential answer, but another one is to manage the existing surface storage in conjunction with our groundwater storage,” said Hanak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Managing California’s limited water supply with an aging infrastructure to meet the needs of growing cities and a multi-billion dollar farming industry requires a diverse array of efforts, she said, from asking people to cut back on their water usage to boosting the use of recycled water for irrigation and landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no silver bullet when thinking about water policy and how to meet the demands of growing economy and population,” Hanak said. “Conservation, desalination and recycled water and new storage alone won’t do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Proposition 1 is polling well with likely voters. A poll released this week by the PPIC showed Prop 1 leading 56-32 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zIp5rWfv9w#t=1598\">Watch the full episode of Science at the Ballot Box, a joint KQED Newsroom and QUEST report that examines the science behind some of the key issues on the November ballot\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72367/california-voters-to-decide-7-5-billion-water-bond-measure","authors":["6176"],"series":["quest_11767"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_8","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_886","quest_948","quest_12269","quest_9998","quest_13004","quest_13003","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_3109"],"featImg":"quest_72375","label":"source_quest_72367"},"quest_71671":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_71671","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"71671","score":null,"sort":[1409839205000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"drought-re-shaping-the-cattle-map","title":"Drought Re-shaping the Cattle Map","publishDate":1409839205,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Drought is reshaping the beef map and raising the price of steak. Ranchers are moving herds \u003ca href=\"http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_25773718/california-cattle-short-food-finding-way-colorado\">from California to Colorado\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://lubbockonline.com/agriculture/2014-03-02/texas-trails-nebraska-number-cattle-feeding#.U5dGJPmwJcQ\">from Texas to Nebraska\u003c/a> seeking refuge from dry weather. And cattle producers in the Midwest are making the most of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. may be on the front end of a significant geographic shakeout of the beef industry. Herd numbers have been sliding nationwide for more than a decade. Now, as drought grips major beef and dairy producing areas, a cattle migration is emerging and it’s altering where cattle are raised, fed, and slaughtered.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Drought devastating cattle herds\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Prime cattle producing areas can’t hold the same number of animals without adequate supplies of feed and water. Oklahoma State University livestock marketing specialist Derrell Peel says ponds and pastures are drying up across large parts of Oklahoma and Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Western Oklahoma -- the panhandle, the panhandle of Texas, and, in fact, much of West Texas and much of western New Mexico are still in extremely severe drought,” Peel said. “There’s been very little relief really since the fall of 2010.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Texas, the country’s leading beef state, lost 24 percent of its total beef herd from 2010 to 2014. Oklahoma saw a 13 percent cut. As a result of shrinking herds, \u003ca href=\"http://www.startribune.com/business/258725451.html\">some feedlots and even a meat-packing plant\u003c/a> have closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A packing plant \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/31/usa-beef-national-idUSL2N0L51GW20140131\">also closed in Southern California\u003c/a> earlier this year, where more than 80 percent the state is currently experiencing extreme drought (as of August 7). Hay and alfalfa are expensive and in short supply for feeding cattle. For the time being, dairy producers appear to be absorbing the increased costs, but beef ranchers are having a harder time managing the expense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many ranchers have cut beef herds in half in the northern Sierra foothills where Jeremy James is director of a University of California \u003ca href=\"http://sfrec.ucanr.edu/\">agriculture and natural resources research center.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But if you go farther south in San Luis Obispo County, Santa Barbara, ranchers have culled basically their entire herd or 80 to 90 percent of their herd,” James said. “They’ve received some of the lowest rainfall over the last three years of almost anywhere on the coastal range of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Smallest herd in decades\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>“The drought the last three years has been the last straw,” said Oklahoma State’s Derrell Peel. The U.S. beef herd has fallen by 1.8 million head, or 6 percent, since 2011. But it comes after years of overall decline in cattle numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The U.S. beef cow herd has been downsizing for 16 of the last 18 years,” Peel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, national herd numbers are the smallest they’ve been since the 1950s. That’s why \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/article/beef-herd-may-be-poised-growth-and-cheaper-steak\">shoppers are paying more than ever for beef\u003c/a> at the grocery store. Beef prices are up 10 percent in the last 12 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all beef states are experiencing equal declines. Northern states like Montana, Nebraska, Iowa, and the Dakotas have held steady or have even seen some growth in their cattle herds, even though many pastures have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">plowed up to raise corn.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71815\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_truck-e1408567960506.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_truck-241x169.jpg\" alt=\"A feed truck drives along a concrete bunk in a cattle feedlot.\" width=\"241\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Van Housen Feed Yard in Stromsburg, Nebraska mixes 22 loads of feed every day, adding up to nearly 200 tons food for 8,000 cattle. (Photo by Grant Gerlock)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Following the feed\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many of those cattle have moved to Midwestern feedlots. This year, for the first time, Nebraska passed Texas as the top cattle-feeding state in the country. That is, Nebraska houses the most cattle in feedlots, which are generally the final step before they head to the slaughterhouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason is a difference in feed prices. Feed costs are up in Texas, stoked by drought. But they’re relatively low in the Midwest, thanks to a byproduct of the region’s large ethanol industry -- distillers’ grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distillers’ grains are the leftovers of corn ethanol production. Nebraska is second in the country in ethanol production, behind Iowa. When the starch is removed from the corn kernel to be fermented into fuel, the protein-rich fiber is left behind. But it can be used as an inexpensive ingredient in livestock feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71814\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_terry-e1408568049274.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_terry-241x169.jpg\" alt=\"Cattle feeder, Terry Van Housen, holds a handful of yellow cattle feed in his hand.\" width=\"241\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terry Van Housen takes a handful of feed from the bunk at his feedlot. Lower feed costs give Nebraska an advantage in the cattle-feeding industry. (Photo by Grant Gerlock)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cattle feeder Terry Van Housen calls Nebraska the “garden spot for raising cattle.” At his feedlot near the small town of Stromsburg, 8,000 animals line up along two miles of concrete bunks to pile on the pounds. He has replaced 30 percent of his regular feed ration with distillers’ grains, the corn ethanol byproduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Housen gets the moist, yellow, sweet-smelling stuff fresh from an ethanol plant just 18 miles away. He says the cheap source of feed gives Midwestern feeders an edge over southern competitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that’s a big deal,” Van Housen says. “A lot of this stuff, if you fed in Texas, it would have to come from here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as Van Housen says, it’s cheaper to haul the cattle to the feed than haul the feed to the cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Waiting for rain\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Rebuilding herds in the areas of cattle country hit hardest by drought could take years, and that’s only once the grass is green again. For now, ranchers in Texas and California are watching and waiting for rain. Jeremy James of the University of California says producers want to see what will happen this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will tip the scale in either a good or bad trajectory,” James said. “If we had a fourth year of drought here, it would probably tax most of these ag systems beyond any sort of reasonable capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When rain does come, cattle will return to the areas where they were forced out by drought. The question is how many? Those ranchers will be competing with areas that have gained from their climatic misfortune. And wherever those cattle start, when it’s time for them to bulk up before slaughter, states like Nebraska, with easy access to cheap feed, are likely to attract a larger share of the market.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Cattle are leaving drought-parched pastures to go where the grass is greener and it could lead to long-term changes in the industry.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450491842,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1064},"headData":{"title":"Drought Re-shaping the Cattle Map | KQED","description":"Cattle are leaving drought-parched pastures to go where the grass is greener and it could lead to long-term changes in the industry.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"71671 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=71671","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/09/04/drought-re-shaping-the-cattle-map/","disqusTitle":"Drought Re-shaping the Cattle Map","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","audioUrl":"http://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/060614_Beef_Gerlock.mp3","path":"/quest/71671/drought-re-shaping-the-cattle-map","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Drought is reshaping the beef map and raising the price of steak. Ranchers are moving herds \u003ca href=\"http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_25773718/california-cattle-short-food-finding-way-colorado\">from California to Colorado\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://lubbockonline.com/agriculture/2014-03-02/texas-trails-nebraska-number-cattle-feeding#.U5dGJPmwJcQ\">from Texas to Nebraska\u003c/a> seeking refuge from dry weather. And cattle producers in the Midwest are making the most of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. may be on the front end of a significant geographic shakeout of the beef industry. Herd numbers have been sliding nationwide for more than a decade. Now, as drought grips major beef and dairy producing areas, a cattle migration is emerging and it’s altering where cattle are raised, fed, and slaughtered.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Drought devastating cattle herds\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Prime cattle producing areas can’t hold the same number of animals without adequate supplies of feed and water. Oklahoma State University livestock marketing specialist Derrell Peel says ponds and pastures are drying up across large parts of Oklahoma and Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Western Oklahoma -- the panhandle, the panhandle of Texas, and, in fact, much of West Texas and much of western New Mexico are still in extremely severe drought,” Peel said. “There’s been very little relief really since the fall of 2010.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Texas, the country’s leading beef state, lost 24 percent of its total beef herd from 2010 to 2014. Oklahoma saw a 13 percent cut. As a result of shrinking herds, \u003ca href=\"http://www.startribune.com/business/258725451.html\">some feedlots and even a meat-packing plant\u003c/a> have closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A packing plant \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/31/usa-beef-national-idUSL2N0L51GW20140131\">also closed in Southern California\u003c/a> earlier this year, where more than 80 percent the state is currently experiencing extreme drought (as of August 7). Hay and alfalfa are expensive and in short supply for feeding cattle. For the time being, dairy producers appear to be absorbing the increased costs, but beef ranchers are having a harder time managing the expense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many ranchers have cut beef herds in half in the northern Sierra foothills where Jeremy James is director of a University of California \u003ca href=\"http://sfrec.ucanr.edu/\">agriculture and natural resources research center.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But if you go farther south in San Luis Obispo County, Santa Barbara, ranchers have culled basically their entire herd or 80 to 90 percent of their herd,” James said. “They’ve received some of the lowest rainfall over the last three years of almost anywhere on the coastal range of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Smallest herd in decades\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>“The drought the last three years has been the last straw,” said Oklahoma State’s Derrell Peel. The U.S. beef herd has fallen by 1.8 million head, or 6 percent, since 2011. But it comes after years of overall decline in cattle numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The U.S. beef cow herd has been downsizing for 16 of the last 18 years,” Peel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, national herd numbers are the smallest they’ve been since the 1950s. That’s why \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/article/beef-herd-may-be-poised-growth-and-cheaper-steak\">shoppers are paying more than ever for beef\u003c/a> at the grocery store. Beef prices are up 10 percent in the last 12 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all beef states are experiencing equal declines. Northern states like Montana, Nebraska, Iowa, and the Dakotas have held steady or have even seen some growth in their cattle herds, even though many pastures have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">plowed up to raise corn.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71815\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_truck-e1408567960506.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_truck-241x169.jpg\" alt=\"A feed truck drives along a concrete bunk in a cattle feedlot.\" width=\"241\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Van Housen Feed Yard in Stromsburg, Nebraska mixes 22 loads of feed every day, adding up to nearly 200 tons food for 8,000 cattle. (Photo by Grant Gerlock)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Following the feed\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many of those cattle have moved to Midwestern feedlots. This year, for the first time, Nebraska passed Texas as the top cattle-feeding state in the country. That is, Nebraska houses the most cattle in feedlots, which are generally the final step before they head to the slaughterhouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason is a difference in feed prices. Feed costs are up in Texas, stoked by drought. But they’re relatively low in the Midwest, thanks to a byproduct of the region’s large ethanol industry -- distillers’ grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distillers’ grains are the leftovers of corn ethanol production. Nebraska is second in the country in ethanol production, behind Iowa. When the starch is removed from the corn kernel to be fermented into fuel, the protein-rich fiber is left behind. But it can be used as an inexpensive ingredient in livestock feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71814\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_terry-e1408568049274.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_terry-241x169.jpg\" alt=\"Cattle feeder, Terry Van Housen, holds a handful of yellow cattle feed in his hand.\" width=\"241\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terry Van Housen takes a handful of feed from the bunk at his feedlot. Lower feed costs give Nebraska an advantage in the cattle-feeding industry. (Photo by Grant Gerlock)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cattle feeder Terry Van Housen calls Nebraska the “garden spot for raising cattle.” At his feedlot near the small town of Stromsburg, 8,000 animals line up along two miles of concrete bunks to pile on the pounds. He has replaced 30 percent of his regular feed ration with distillers’ grains, the corn ethanol byproduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Housen gets the moist, yellow, sweet-smelling stuff fresh from an ethanol plant just 18 miles away. He says the cheap source of feed gives Midwestern feeders an edge over southern competitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that’s a big deal,” Van Housen says. “A lot of this stuff, if you fed in Texas, it would have to come from here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as Van Housen says, it’s cheaper to haul the cattle to the feed than haul the feed to the cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Waiting for rain\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Rebuilding herds in the areas of cattle country hit hardest by drought could take years, and that’s only once the grass is green again. For now, ranchers in Texas and California are watching and waiting for rain. Jeremy James of the University of California says producers want to see what will happen this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will tip the scale in either a good or bad trajectory,” James said. “If we had a fourth year of drought here, it would probably tax most of these ag systems beyond any sort of reasonable capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When rain does come, cattle will return to the areas where they were forced out by drought. The question is how many? Those ranchers will be competing with areas that have gained from their climatic misfortune. And wherever those cattle start, when it’s time for them to bulk up before slaughter, states like Nebraska, with easy access to cheap feed, are likely to attract a larger share of the market.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/71671/drought-re-shaping-the-cattle-map","authors":["10231"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_17","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_299","quest_438","quest_3502","quest_886","quest_12269","quest_12967","quest_12559","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_12354","quest_12968","quest_13364","quest_12966"],"featImg":"quest_71898","label":"source_quest_71671"},"quest_71562":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_71562","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"71562","score":null,"sort":[1409234456000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dating-drought-in-the-nebraska-sandhills","title":"Dating Drought in the Nebraska Sandhills","publishDate":1409234456,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/SandhillsDrought2014web.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Plains have experienced prolonged, and in some places severe, drought during the last several years. But could drought ever make Nebraska’s Sandhills resemble the Sahara? Yes—and it has, several times before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71930\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71930 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands that support a robust ranching economy. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands, but in the last century they've been rolling bare dunes. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Sandhills are a lush and complex grassland ecosystem sitting atop the massive Oglalla aquifer, supporting many cattle ranches and species of wildlife. So it’s quite a contrast to visit the research sites of David Wedin, an ecology professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. On a warm summer day, Wedin lead the way to one circular plot plot he’s put through what he calls the “death and destruction” treatment, killed once every three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually herbicide it with Roundup, glyphosate,” Wedin said. “So we’re simulating a severe disturbance of some kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wedin’s \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/sandhills-biocomplexity/gdex.htm\">Grassland Destabilization Experiment\u003c/a> has been going on for about a decade on university property in north-central Nebraska. Several test plots hold only patchy vegetation and lots of bare sand. In addition to herbicides, he’s used an agricultural disk to scrape off the grass in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71928\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71928 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to understand what happens when the system goes past its point of resilience and loses its stability, and kinda how the Sandhills fall apart,” Wedin said, “What happens ecologically in that process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the last 10,000 years, data point to four periods of “mega-drought”— one lasting nearly 3,000 years. That drought, possibly exacerbated by strong winds, wiped out vegetation across the Sandhills. Wedin said during the most recent mega-drought 800 years ago, “you would have been standing at this point and looking at the largest set of moving sand dunes in the western hemisphere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UNL scientists have spent the last 15 years dating the Sandhills through a process called optically stimulated luminescence, which measures the electrical charge of sand grains. UNL Professor Paul Hanson, a geologist with the\u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/csd/surveyareas/geology.asp\"> Nebraska Geologic Survey\u003c/a>, uses this technique to study how and when the sand dunes last moved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson said to think of each sand grain as an individual rechargeable battery. “The sand grains are exposed to sunlight, they lose their electrical charge. And when those sand grains are buried in the ground they’re gaining that electrical charge again. So the length of time they’re buried dictates how full that battery is,” Hanson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson and his colleagues drill down 60 to 80 feet to take core samples of the dunes, then return to their lab to study them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the UNL campus, Hanson leads the way through a rotating door of darkness to enter the lab lit by red and amber lights. Inside, Hanson and his students remove the outer edges of the core sample to work with the unexposed sand grains in the middle. After sifting the sand down to the right grain size, they treat it in several different acids to concentrate the quartz. Then they load the individual grains of sand onto disks into a machine that reads the luminescence—like what you see from fireflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if your eyes were more sensitive and could actually see smaller quantities of light, you could actually see the sand grains give off the light under the right conditions,” Hanson said. But since our eyes aren’t that sensitive, this machine runs 24/7, dating sand one individual grain at a time. By averaging the useful data from enough grains of sand, “you can use that as a clock to tell how long the grains have been buried,” said Hanson, and thus the last time the dune was bare and moving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geologic history Paul Hanson constructs provides context for the ecological research Dave Wedin is doing: trying to understand what conditions are necessary to make a healthy grassland destabilize and fall apart, and how long it takes to recover. Wedin said he’s been quite surprised by the plots killed every three years, particularly given the extreme drought in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I never would have thought you could completely kill the vegetation out here and it could go another four years before you started to see erosion. And by saying there wasn’t significant erosion I mean less than an inch,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71929\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71929 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even with surface vegetation killed, the stressed grasslands proved far more resilient than Wedin imagined, retaining their root systems, sand, and organic matter for years. He’s now trying to revegetate the plots, which he said has been even harder:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a situation where the professors come out and learn something that everybody that lives out here already knew, \" said Wedin, \"that it’s easier to destroy the stability out here in the Sandhills than it is to restore it once it’s lost. And that was humbling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Wedin and Hanson agree droughts capable of making the Sandhills resemble the Sahara are very long, probably on the order of decades or a couple hundred years. They’d have to be far more severe than what we’ve seen in the last two hundred years, but not in the last millennium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know that in the last 1000 years this landscape produced droughts that destabilized the whole landscape, it seems prudent to think that can do that again. And that discussion is without human-caused climate change. But we don’t even need to invoke human-caused climate change to say, it’s a reasonable prediction [that] sometime in the next couple hundred years we’re going to see droughts out here that the whole thing falls apart,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And long before things reach that point, he noted that a few hard years with no grass could be devastating for the Sandhills ranching economy.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Could the Nebraska Sandhills resemble the Sahara? They have before. Join QUEST as we explore dating and recreating drought in dunes.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442640169,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1072},"headData":{"title":"Dating Drought in the Nebraska Sandhills | KQED","description":"Could the Nebraska Sandhills resemble the Sahara? They have before. Join QUEST as we explore dating and recreating drought in dunes.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"71562 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=71562","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/08/28/dating-drought-in-the-nebraska-sandhills/","disqusTitle":"Dating Drought in the Nebraska Sandhills","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/71562/dating-drought-in-the-nebraska-sandhills","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/SandhillsDrought2014web.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/SandhillsDrought2014web.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Plains have experienced prolonged, and in some places severe, drought during the last several years. But could drought ever make Nebraska’s Sandhills resemble the Sahara? Yes—and it has, several times before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71930\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71930 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands that support a robust ranching economy. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands, but in the last century they've been rolling bare dunes. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Sandhills are a lush and complex grassland ecosystem sitting atop the massive Oglalla aquifer, supporting many cattle ranches and species of wildlife. So it’s quite a contrast to visit the research sites of David Wedin, an ecology professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. On a warm summer day, Wedin lead the way to one circular plot plot he’s put through what he calls the “death and destruction” treatment, killed once every three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually herbicide it with Roundup, glyphosate,” Wedin said. “So we’re simulating a severe disturbance of some kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wedin’s \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/sandhills-biocomplexity/gdex.htm\">Grassland Destabilization Experiment\u003c/a> has been going on for about a decade on university property in north-central Nebraska. Several test plots hold only patchy vegetation and lots of bare sand. In addition to herbicides, he’s used an agricultural disk to scrape off the grass in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71928\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71928 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to understand what happens when the system goes past its point of resilience and loses its stability, and kinda how the Sandhills fall apart,” Wedin said, “What happens ecologically in that process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the last 10,000 years, data point to four periods of “mega-drought”— one lasting nearly 3,000 years. That drought, possibly exacerbated by strong winds, wiped out vegetation across the Sandhills. Wedin said during the most recent mega-drought 800 years ago, “you would have been standing at this point and looking at the largest set of moving sand dunes in the western hemisphere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UNL scientists have spent the last 15 years dating the Sandhills through a process called optically stimulated luminescence, which measures the electrical charge of sand grains. UNL Professor Paul Hanson, a geologist with the\u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/csd/surveyareas/geology.asp\"> Nebraska Geologic Survey\u003c/a>, uses this technique to study how and when the sand dunes last moved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson said to think of each sand grain as an individual rechargeable battery. “The sand grains are exposed to sunlight, they lose their electrical charge. And when those sand grains are buried in the ground they’re gaining that electrical charge again. So the length of time they’re buried dictates how full that battery is,” Hanson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson and his colleagues drill down 60 to 80 feet to take core samples of the dunes, then return to their lab to study them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the UNL campus, Hanson leads the way through a rotating door of darkness to enter the lab lit by red and amber lights. Inside, Hanson and his students remove the outer edges of the core sample to work with the unexposed sand grains in the middle. After sifting the sand down to the right grain size, they treat it in several different acids to concentrate the quartz. Then they load the individual grains of sand onto disks into a machine that reads the luminescence—like what you see from fireflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if your eyes were more sensitive and could actually see smaller quantities of light, you could actually see the sand grains give off the light under the right conditions,” Hanson said. But since our eyes aren’t that sensitive, this machine runs 24/7, dating sand one individual grain at a time. By averaging the useful data from enough grains of sand, “you can use that as a clock to tell how long the grains have been buried,” said Hanson, and thus the last time the dune was bare and moving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geologic history Paul Hanson constructs provides context for the ecological research Dave Wedin is doing: trying to understand what conditions are necessary to make a healthy grassland destabilize and fall apart, and how long it takes to recover. Wedin said he’s been quite surprised by the plots killed every three years, particularly given the extreme drought in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I never would have thought you could completely kill the vegetation out here and it could go another four years before you started to see erosion. And by saying there wasn’t significant erosion I mean less than an inch,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71929\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71929 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even with surface vegetation killed, the stressed grasslands proved far more resilient than Wedin imagined, retaining their root systems, sand, and organic matter for years. He’s now trying to revegetate the plots, which he said has been even harder:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a situation where the professors come out and learn something that everybody that lives out here already knew, \" said Wedin, \"that it’s easier to destroy the stability out here in the Sandhills than it is to restore it once it’s lost. And that was humbling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Wedin and Hanson agree droughts capable of making the Sandhills resemble the Sahara are very long, probably on the order of decades or a couple hundred years. They’d have to be far more severe than what we’ve seen in the last two hundred years, but not in the last millennium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know that in the last 1000 years this landscape produced droughts that destabilized the whole landscape, it seems prudent to think that can do that again. And that discussion is without human-caused climate change. But we don’t even need to invoke human-caused climate change to say, it’s a reasonable prediction [that] sometime in the next couple hundred years we’re going to see droughts out here that the whole thing falls apart,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And long before things reach that point, he noted that a few hard years with no grass could be devastating for the Sandhills ranching economy.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/71562/dating-drought-in-the-nebraska-sandhills","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_886","quest_894","quest_924","quest_12269","quest_9907","quest_12970","quest_3289","quest_12354","quest_3728","quest_12969","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_71926","label":"source_quest_71562"},"quest_69857":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_69857","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"69857","score":null,"sort":[1400767255000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"drought-risk-atlas-uses-past-to-predict-future-a-qa-with-climatologist-mark-svoboda","title":"Drought Risk Atlas Uses Past to Predict Future: A Q&A with Climatologist Mark Svoboda","publishDate":1400767255,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/MarkSvoboda_web.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70443\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70443 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/LiedBridge_20120807_Forsberg_491-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Platte River in Nebraska in 2012, one of the hottest and driest years on record. (Photo credit Michael Forsberg, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Platte River in Nebraska in 2012, one of the hottest and driest years on record. (Photo credit Michael Forsberg, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new tool called the Drought Risk Atlas promises to help decision-makers and the public better understand and prepare for future drought. The Atlas was developed and launched by the \u003ca href=\"http://drought.unl.edu/\">National Drought Mitigation Center \u003c/a>at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, which offers a variety of tools and data related to drought, including reports on precipitation, water supply, vegetation, climate, and drought indices. A climatologist with the Center, Mark Svoboda, explained how their latest innovation will help inform our understanding of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70340\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70340 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtriskatlas-e1399334774136-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"droughtriskatlas\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Drought Risk Atlas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you explain the Drought Risk Atlas and what it’s going to be used for?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the questions we always get from the newspapers and radio and TV and people in general is, how does this drought compare to the Dust Bowl years or the ’70s or '88? Everyone seems to have a drought they remember. The\u003ca href=\"http://droughtatlas.unl.edu/\"> Drought Risk Atlas\u003c/a> was built with the idea that for the best climate stations out there that have really nice, long-term histories and not a lot of missing data, we can go back and look at the drought history. We’ve built a nice visual interface for that. People that want to download the raw data can get it, but it’s also a nice way to come in and look at the spatial behavior of drought, the intensity of drought. How large of an area, how long did it last, how often does that sort of drought come around? That was the motivation in building this tool, to help decision makers, citizens, and the media. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We’re going to generate more than 500,000 maps of drought for each week of every year back to the early 1900s.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\">For a citizen, what can they expect to see and draw from this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can search and hopefully find your station in the town you live in. If that doesn't exist or doesn't have a long history, there will be a station close to you. We've clumped these stations into clusters that have similar drought behavior. You can find your location, then look at drought and how it's behaved over time in your region with a variety of maps, time series, and all sorts of neat visualization tools on the interface. And that's all free and available to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70354\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 224px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtmonitor.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtmonitor.jpg\" alt=\"droughtmonitor\" width=\"224\" height=\"136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The U.S. Drought Monitor releases weekly reports on drought conditions across the country. You can find more at droughtmonitor.unl.edu\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\">Why is this needed or useful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s to give people a better sense of how they might need to adapt, preparing to get a different mindset about droughts, that they’re a normal part of our climate. We’ve seen [droughts] in the past and we’ll see them in the future with a changing climate. Are these droughts changing in their frequency? Are we seeing them become more intense but more short-lived, are they long-lived but of just a moderate intensity? Knowing how that impacts you and your operation, whether you’re a farmer or rancher or whoever it might be, may help us look to what we should expect from droughts in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70340 size-thumbnail\">Do you think our ability to predict and prepare for drought is improving or has improved during the last few decades?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This can help folks better hedge their bets... What sort of operational decisions they'll make could be driven by knowing something a few months to half a year in advance.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I think it's improved, but it has an awful long way to go. Especially in this part of the country, we're sort of landlocked. When you hear about El Niño and La Niña, things that are in the news quite often, they have a much stronger relationship to driving weather along the coastal areas of the country, or the Gulf Coast region, for example. In Nebraska it's not quite as strong, but there are indicators out there that if the ocean's in a certain state, whether abnormally warm or cold, you might expect to have a better chance of seeing drought. This can help folks better hedge their bets. Maybe what sort of operational decisions they'll make, depending on their business, could be driven by knowing something a few months to half a year in advance. But the forecast skill depends on a strong oceanic state, and the problem we've had the last two winters -- it's been neutral, not abnormally warm or cool in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/enso/enso-tech.php\">ENSO \u003c/a>(El Niño-Southern Oscillation) region of the equatorial Pacific. So the forecast hasn't been very skillful. So, in those times you want to always be prepared for drought as if it will occur any year, not just when there's a forecast to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70437\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 179px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/022806_svoboda037a-179x253.jpg\" alt=\"022806_svoboda037a\" width=\"179\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Svoboda has been with the National Drought Mitigation Center since it formed in 1995. As the NDMC’s Monitoring Program Area Leader, his duties include overseeing the center’s operational drought monitoring activities and providing expertise on climate and water management issues. (Courtesy photo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">Will the Drought Risk Atlas help predict drought and prepare for drought in the future, knowing the historical record?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where I think this tool will be useful is if you see a forecast for drought, or if you’re in a certain stage of drought, you can go back in the Atlas and look at other periods of drought that behaved the same way and maybe you’ll have a better anticipation of what impacts might be coming if this drought continues, if it gets more intense. If it covers a larger area, will this affect my water supply? Everyone will have a different question they want answered, but our goal was to provide some of the visualization tools that can answer several questions, and most questions we've anticipated. And if it doesn't, we've encouraged people to contact us and let us know what they'd like to see in the Atlas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some irrigators in Nebraska have talked about the “new normal” -- meaning they’re getting used to operating with less water year after year. Do you think the same concept applies to drought, in the sense that we’re in these longer phases of drought or maybe we’re entering a longer dry period?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">That’s the kicker question. The million-dollar question is, is this an interlude? We may go back into wetter times. The models that the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) released in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/\">its report\u003c/a> still show the continuing trend of a hotter atmosphere, which exacerbates drought, but also a moister atmosphere. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">It’s not as easy as it was to look at the past and say, the climate of the past is going to equal the climate of the future. The bars have changed.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> So it depends on the timing of these rains, how many days in between these rains. But in general, it’s not as easy as it was to look at the past and say the climate of the past is going to equal the climate of the future. The bars have changed. And if that shift continues long enough -- say, a couple decades -- that would mean more of a climate shift to the climate regime of a region. We would call that more arid, or aridity, which is a permanent feature of the climate, versus drought, which is a temporary departure from the normal of a region’s climate. So, droughts are going to then be the departure from that new, drier regime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">This interview has been condensed and edited. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new tool promises to help decision makers and the public better understand and prepare for future drought.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442678471,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":1354},"headData":{"title":"Drought Risk Atlas Uses Past to Predict Future: A Q&A with Climatologist Mark Svoboda | KQED","description":"A new tool promises to help decision makers and the public better understand and prepare for future drought.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"69857 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=69857","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/22/drought-risk-atlas-uses-past-to-predict-future-a-qa-with-climatologist-mark-svoboda/","disqusTitle":"Drought Risk Atlas Uses Past to Predict Future: A Q&A with Climatologist Mark Svoboda","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/69857/drought-risk-atlas-uses-past-to-predict-future-a-qa-with-climatologist-mark-svoboda","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/MarkSvoboda_web.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/MarkSvoboda_web.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70443\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70443 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/LiedBridge_20120807_Forsberg_491-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Platte River in Nebraska in 2012, one of the hottest and driest years on record. (Photo credit Michael Forsberg, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Platte River in Nebraska in 2012, one of the hottest and driest years on record. (Photo credit Michael Forsberg, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new tool called the Drought Risk Atlas promises to help decision-makers and the public better understand and prepare for future drought. The Atlas was developed and launched by the \u003ca href=\"http://drought.unl.edu/\">National Drought Mitigation Center \u003c/a>at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, which offers a variety of tools and data related to drought, including reports on precipitation, water supply, vegetation, climate, and drought indices. A climatologist with the Center, Mark Svoboda, explained how their latest innovation will help inform our understanding of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70340\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70340 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtriskatlas-e1399334774136-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"droughtriskatlas\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Drought Risk Atlas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you explain the Drought Risk Atlas and what it’s going to be used for?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the questions we always get from the newspapers and radio and TV and people in general is, how does this drought compare to the Dust Bowl years or the ’70s or '88? Everyone seems to have a drought they remember. The\u003ca href=\"http://droughtatlas.unl.edu/\"> Drought Risk Atlas\u003c/a> was built with the idea that for the best climate stations out there that have really nice, long-term histories and not a lot of missing data, we can go back and look at the drought history. We’ve built a nice visual interface for that. People that want to download the raw data can get it, but it’s also a nice way to come in and look at the spatial behavior of drought, the intensity of drought. How large of an area, how long did it last, how often does that sort of drought come around? That was the motivation in building this tool, to help decision makers, citizens, and the media. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We’re going to generate more than 500,000 maps of drought for each week of every year back to the early 1900s.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\">For a citizen, what can they expect to see and draw from this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can search and hopefully find your station in the town you live in. If that doesn't exist or doesn't have a long history, there will be a station close to you. We've clumped these stations into clusters that have similar drought behavior. You can find your location, then look at drought and how it's behaved over time in your region with a variety of maps, time series, and all sorts of neat visualization tools on the interface. And that's all free and available to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70354\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 224px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtmonitor.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtmonitor.jpg\" alt=\"droughtmonitor\" width=\"224\" height=\"136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The U.S. Drought Monitor releases weekly reports on drought conditions across the country. You can find more at droughtmonitor.unl.edu\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\">Why is this needed or useful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s to give people a better sense of how they might need to adapt, preparing to get a different mindset about droughts, that they’re a normal part of our climate. We’ve seen [droughts] in the past and we’ll see them in the future with a changing climate. Are these droughts changing in their frequency? Are we seeing them become more intense but more short-lived, are they long-lived but of just a moderate intensity? Knowing how that impacts you and your operation, whether you’re a farmer or rancher or whoever it might be, may help us look to what we should expect from droughts in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70340 size-thumbnail\">Do you think our ability to predict and prepare for drought is improving or has improved during the last few decades?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This can help folks better hedge their bets... What sort of operational decisions they'll make could be driven by knowing something a few months to half a year in advance.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I think it's improved, but it has an awful long way to go. Especially in this part of the country, we're sort of landlocked. When you hear about El Niño and La Niña, things that are in the news quite often, they have a much stronger relationship to driving weather along the coastal areas of the country, or the Gulf Coast region, for example. In Nebraska it's not quite as strong, but there are indicators out there that if the ocean's in a certain state, whether abnormally warm or cold, you might expect to have a better chance of seeing drought. This can help folks better hedge their bets. Maybe what sort of operational decisions they'll make, depending on their business, could be driven by knowing something a few months to half a year in advance. But the forecast skill depends on a strong oceanic state, and the problem we've had the last two winters -- it's been neutral, not abnormally warm or cool in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/enso/enso-tech.php\">ENSO \u003c/a>(El Niño-Southern Oscillation) region of the equatorial Pacific. So the forecast hasn't been very skillful. So, in those times you want to always be prepared for drought as if it will occur any year, not just when there's a forecast to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70437\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 179px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/022806_svoboda037a-179x253.jpg\" alt=\"022806_svoboda037a\" width=\"179\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Svoboda has been with the National Drought Mitigation Center since it formed in 1995. As the NDMC’s Monitoring Program Area Leader, his duties include overseeing the center’s operational drought monitoring activities and providing expertise on climate and water management issues. (Courtesy photo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">Will the Drought Risk Atlas help predict drought and prepare for drought in the future, knowing the historical record?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where I think this tool will be useful is if you see a forecast for drought, or if you’re in a certain stage of drought, you can go back in the Atlas and look at other periods of drought that behaved the same way and maybe you’ll have a better anticipation of what impacts might be coming if this drought continues, if it gets more intense. If it covers a larger area, will this affect my water supply? Everyone will have a different question they want answered, but our goal was to provide some of the visualization tools that can answer several questions, and most questions we've anticipated. And if it doesn't, we've encouraged people to contact us and let us know what they'd like to see in the Atlas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some irrigators in Nebraska have talked about the “new normal” -- meaning they’re getting used to operating with less water year after year. Do you think the same concept applies to drought, in the sense that we’re in these longer phases of drought or maybe we’re entering a longer dry period?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">That’s the kicker question. The million-dollar question is, is this an interlude? We may go back into wetter times. The models that the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) released in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/\">its report\u003c/a> still show the continuing trend of a hotter atmosphere, which exacerbates drought, but also a moister atmosphere. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">It’s not as easy as it was to look at the past and say, the climate of the past is going to equal the climate of the future. The bars have changed.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> So it depends on the timing of these rains, how many days in between these rains. But in general, it’s not as easy as it was to look at the past and say the climate of the past is going to equal the climate of the future. The bars have changed. And if that shift continues long enough -- say, a couple decades -- that would mean more of a climate shift to the climate regime of a region. We would call that more arid, or aridity, which is a permanent feature of the climate, versus drought, which is a temporary departure from the normal of a region’s climate. So, droughts are going to then be the departure from that new, drier regime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">This interview has been condensed and edited. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/69857/drought-risk-atlas-uses-past-to-predict-future-a-qa-with-climatologist-mark-svoboda","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_886","quest_12850","quest_12269","quest_12852","quest_12851","quest_12849","quest_3289","quest_12354","quest_2363","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_70443","label":"source_quest_69857"},"quest_64428":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_64428","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"64428","score":null,"sort":[1389016826000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-dry-year-california-looks-to-cloud-seeding","title":"In Dry Year, California Looks to Cloud Seeding","publishDate":1389016826,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Cloud+Seeding/Cloud_seeding_Jan_6_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snowpack is just \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/010314.pdf\">20 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year, according to snow survey results released on Friday. That’s not surprising after 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of the state, but it’s fueling concerns about California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With rationing looking likely, water managers are hoping to squeeze every last drop out of Mother Nature with cloud seeding. The decades-old technology is designed to wring extra moisture out of storm systems, though the storms have to appear in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much we can do,” says Jeff Tilley, who runs the cloud seeding program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dri.edu/\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno, Nevada. “If we could make the clouds appear out of the thin air, we would, but we can’t do that yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time of year, Tilley and his team are scouring weather imagery, waiting for the right conditions to turn on five ground-based cloud seeding towers. One sits at the summit of the Alpine Meadows Ski Resort, north of Lake Tahoe, right where the chairlift drops off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large metal bunker with a chimney on top goes mostly unnoticed by skiers zipping by. It’s not a snow-making machine, like those the ski areas are relying on this winter. The chimney releases tiny particles of silver iodide – the seeds that rise thousands of feet into the clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water needs some sort of substance to condense upon,” says Tilley. Clouds are made of millions of tiny water droplets, but the droplets don’t automatically fall as rain or snow. They stick to tiny particles like dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If a cloud doesn’t have enough dust, “you have these very static, dead clouds that don’t precipitate, don’t produce any water and just keep moving right through,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the silver iodide comes in. Tilley says it’s the right size and shape to help snowflakes form. Cloud seeding only works in certain conditions: cold temperatures with the right wind direction and cloud types. But over a season, Tilley says it can make a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we find is a range of anywhere between eight and 15 percent increase in water,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silver iodide eventually ends up in the local environment, where some worry it’s a contaminant, though Tilley says tests show it’s only a trace amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloud seeding has been used for six decades in California. In the early days, it was closer to “magical thinking,” an idea Tilley says has stuck around. “We get voodoo,” he says. “We get Dr. Frankenstein. We get all sorts of things. But we’ve been able to refine the technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Silver Bullet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a long time there’s been hope that we could somehow figure out of a way to squeeze more water out of nature,” says Peter Gleick, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">The Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick says the problem with cloud seeding is that it’s tough to measure or verify how much water it produces and if it’s worth the investment. \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10829\">A review\u003c/a> by the National Academy of Sciences in 2003 found that more research needs to be done to prove its effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65564\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-65564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"360\" height=\"535\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“But even more importantly, it’s limited no matter what,” says Gleick. “We get a certain number of clouds with moisture in them. If we can wring a little more out of those clouds, that’s sort of the idea behind cloud seeding. But we’re not going to wring a lot more out of those clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So it’s not a silver bullet,\" he says. \"There is no silver bullet for California’s water problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine other western states also use cloud seeding, where it’s commonly done with airplanes. The Desert Research Institute is also looking into using drones, potentially cutting the cost of flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across California, water agencies and utilities spend $3-to-5 million a year on seeding, which is estimated to boost runoff by around four percent. That might not sound like much, but these days when every drop counts, Jeff Tilley says cloud seeding getting a second wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important,” he says. “It’s not going to be the whole answer but it can be one tool in the toolkit and it’s a cost-effective one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Snowstorms from Dust Storms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Improving cloud seeding may depend on scientists unraveling something that’s still mysterious: what exactly makes it rain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly complicated,” says Kim Prather, who studies atmospheric chemistry at the University of California-San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather wanted to know why some clouds produce snow in the Sierra Nevada and others don’t. So, she and her team flew an airplane through the clouds, testing them to see what kinds of tiny particles were forming snowflakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What she found was a big surprise. On snowy days, the clouds contained dust from a faraway source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dust had made its way across the Pacific, clear from Asia and even Africa, the Middle East where there are these big dust storms,” she says. “Takes about 7-to-10 days to get here, but it makes it. It’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says that type of dust can boost snowfall, but other kinds of particles seem to have the opposite effect. Air pollution, from California sources and all the way from Asia, could be adding too many tiny cloud seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much water available and in order to get rain, you have to have big enough droplets for them to fall. The more seeds you have, you have many more tiny droplets. If you have too many seeds, you’re not going to get precipitation out of that cloud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially it’s us affecting our own water supply,” she says. “Potentially it’s stuff coming from much farther away and to be able to sort that out, we’re just at the tip of the iceberg.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says understanding that process could improve cloud-seeding techniques or show when it may not be effective, something that could be key as California relies more than ever on every last raindrop.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There’s no doubt about it – it’s dry out there. 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of California. So water managers are trying to squeeze out every last drop with an old technology: cloud seeding.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442706879,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1185},"headData":{"title":"In Dry Year, California Looks to Cloud Seeding | KQED","description":"There’s no doubt about it – it’s dry out there. 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of California. So water managers are trying to squeeze out every last drop with an old technology: cloud seeding.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"64428 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=64428","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/06/in-dry-year-california-looks-to-cloud-seeding/","disqusTitle":"In Dry Year, California Looks to Cloud Seeding","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/64428/in-dry-year-california-looks-to-cloud-seeding","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Cloud+Seeding/Cloud_seeding_Jan_6_2014.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Cloud+Seeding/Cloud_seeding_Jan_6_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snowpack is just \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/010314.pdf\">20 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year, according to snow survey results released on Friday. That’s not surprising after 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of the state, but it’s fueling concerns about California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With rationing looking likely, water managers are hoping to squeeze every last drop out of Mother Nature with cloud seeding. The decades-old technology is designed to wring extra moisture out of storm systems, though the storms have to appear in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much we can do,” says Jeff Tilley, who runs the cloud seeding program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dri.edu/\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno, Nevada. “If we could make the clouds appear out of the thin air, we would, but we can’t do that yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time of year, Tilley and his team are scouring weather imagery, waiting for the right conditions to turn on five ground-based cloud seeding towers. One sits at the summit of the Alpine Meadows Ski Resort, north of Lake Tahoe, right where the chairlift drops off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large metal bunker with a chimney on top goes mostly unnoticed by skiers zipping by. It’s not a snow-making machine, like those the ski areas are relying on this winter. The chimney releases tiny particles of silver iodide – the seeds that rise thousands of feet into the clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water needs some sort of substance to condense upon,” says Tilley. Clouds are made of millions of tiny water droplets, but the droplets don’t automatically fall as rain or snow. They stick to tiny particles like dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If a cloud doesn’t have enough dust, “you have these very static, dead clouds that don’t precipitate, don’t produce any water and just keep moving right through,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the silver iodide comes in. Tilley says it’s the right size and shape to help snowflakes form. Cloud seeding only works in certain conditions: cold temperatures with the right wind direction and cloud types. But over a season, Tilley says it can make a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we find is a range of anywhere between eight and 15 percent increase in water,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silver iodide eventually ends up in the local environment, where some worry it’s a contaminant, though Tilley says tests show it’s only a trace amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloud seeding has been used for six decades in California. In the early days, it was closer to “magical thinking,” an idea Tilley says has stuck around. “We get voodoo,” he says. “We get Dr. Frankenstein. We get all sorts of things. But we’ve been able to refine the technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Silver Bullet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a long time there’s been hope that we could somehow figure out of a way to squeeze more water out of nature,” says Peter Gleick, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">The Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick says the problem with cloud seeding is that it’s tough to measure or verify how much water it produces and if it’s worth the investment. \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10829\">A review\u003c/a> by the National Academy of Sciences in 2003 found that more research needs to be done to prove its effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65564\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-65564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"360\" height=\"535\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“But even more importantly, it’s limited no matter what,” says Gleick. “We get a certain number of clouds with moisture in them. If we can wring a little more out of those clouds, that’s sort of the idea behind cloud seeding. But we’re not going to wring a lot more out of those clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So it’s not a silver bullet,\" he says. \"There is no silver bullet for California’s water problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine other western states also use cloud seeding, where it’s commonly done with airplanes. The Desert Research Institute is also looking into using drones, potentially cutting the cost of flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across California, water agencies and utilities spend $3-to-5 million a year on seeding, which is estimated to boost runoff by around four percent. That might not sound like much, but these days when every drop counts, Jeff Tilley says cloud seeding getting a second wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important,” he says. “It’s not going to be the whole answer but it can be one tool in the toolkit and it’s a cost-effective one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Snowstorms from Dust Storms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Improving cloud seeding may depend on scientists unraveling something that’s still mysterious: what exactly makes it rain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly complicated,” says Kim Prather, who studies atmospheric chemistry at the University of California-San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather wanted to know why some clouds produce snow in the Sierra Nevada and others don’t. So, she and her team flew an airplane through the clouds, testing them to see what kinds of tiny particles were forming snowflakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What she found was a big surprise. On snowy days, the clouds contained dust from a faraway source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dust had made its way across the Pacific, clear from Asia and even Africa, the Middle East where there are these big dust storms,” she says. “Takes about 7-to-10 days to get here, but it makes it. It’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says that type of dust can boost snowfall, but other kinds of particles seem to have the opposite effect. Air pollution, from California sources and all the way from Asia, could be adding too many tiny cloud seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much water available and in order to get rain, you have to have big enough droplets for them to fall. The more seeds you have, you have many more tiny droplets. If you have too many seeds, you’re not going to get precipitation out of that cloud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially it’s us affecting our own water supply,” she says. “Potentially it’s stuff coming from much farther away and to be able to sort that out, we’re just at the tip of the iceberg.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says understanding that process could improve cloud-seeding techniques or show when it may not be effective, something that could be key as California relies more than ever on every last raindrop.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/64428/in-dry-year-california-looks-to-cloud-seeding","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_8","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12536","quest_252","quest_621","quest_12540","quest_12538","quest_12537","quest_886","quest_13198","quest_12269","quest_10174","quest_13","quest_12535","quest_2682","quest_3108","quest_19","quest_12539"],"featImg":"quest_65559","label":"source_quest_64428"},"quest_55618":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_55618","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"55618","score":null,"sort":[1376575206000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire","title":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire ","publishDate":1376575206,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record-setting heat and dryness plagued many of the lower 48 states in 2012. While 2013 hasn’t been as extreme, half of the country continues to suffer from dry to exceptional drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\">U.S. drought monitor\u003c/a>. It’s a trend that’s likely to continue as the global climate changes, and it could have big impacts on trees across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58916\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Near his office in Lincoln\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> Nebraska, Mark Harrell examines a brown-looking Eastern White Pine. He’s the Forest Health Program Leader for the Nebraska Forest Service. He points to dried resin on the bark. “That’s kind of a typical symptom of fungus disease affecting the branches,” he says. “And those are very common on trees stressed from drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrell says that because of disease—likely brought on by drought—the tree may not survive the summer. And it isn’t the only one. Foresters across the state say they’re losing trees not only to drought-induced disease and dehydration but also to heat that exacerbates the situation and increases the severity of wildfires. Drier, warmer weather has also given insects like bark beetles more time to populate and spread into climate-stressed trees where they destroy nutrient-bearing tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fatal Thirst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees nourish themselves by pulling water up from the ground to the leaves. There it reacts with sunlight and carbon dioxide, converting that energy into food in the form of carbohydrates. But drought hampers that critical process, according to U.S. Geological Survey research ecologist Craig Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there starts to be limited water available in the soil, it gets more difficult. It takes more tension to pull water out of the soil and get it into the tree and get it all the way up to where the leaves are in the canopy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> But if the drought lasts for weeks, months, or even years, the trees can actually starve to death.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, that tension can get so strong that the tissues in the tree—think of them as little straws—get air bubbles, or embolisms, which prevent water from moving up the trunk. Trees have many ways of dealing with periods of drought and other stress, which is one reason they can live so long, says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By avoiding dehydrating to death, they can end up starving, essentially,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, who is based near Santa Fe, New Mexico, says the Southwest has been in a prolonged drought since about 2000. And warmer temperatures in the last 20 years have exacerbated the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2-404x253.jpg\" alt=\"In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"404\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world is getting warmer, has been getting warmer in recent decades. And it appears there’s a signal that this is amplifying the drought stress on trees in many parts of the world. We’re starting to see more tree mortality in these areas,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures—partly the result of more carbon dioxide in the air—means the atmosphere needs more water. Think of the warmer atmosphere as a sponge, increasing evaporation and pulling \u003cstrong>more\u003c/strong> water from leaves and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Allen, adding hotter temperatures to ongoing drought is often a fatal combination for trees. Many species around the world already toe the line of high temperatures they can withstand to maximize their ability to survive. And in many places, trees have already used up deeper reserves of subsoil moisture stored from previous wet periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda, a climatologist with the National Drought Mitigation Center, says those places now need serious moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get into the second or third year of drought, the cumulative impacts begin to ramp up, like we’re seeing particularly in Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas. New Mexico has been very, very hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You need well above sustained rains, not just a good month or a good week,” says Svoboda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intense Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drier winters have also led to longer, more intense wildfires sweeping through western forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cumulatively, we’re seeing this much longer fire season in just a few decades, and the severity of fire seems to be related to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58967\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58967\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>temperature as well, so we’re seeing more high-severity fire,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These intensely hot fires can sometimes kill huge swaths of mature trees, rather than the spotty burn patterns of more normal wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Allen and other forest researchers now worry about losing that native seed stock, and the trees’ ability to repopulate the landscape by distributing their seeds as they have after previous die-offs. The sudden absence of these trees would likely impact the ecosystem, including plant and animal biodiversity, as shrubs and grasses take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with efforts like thinning forests to reduce competition for water, researchers are searching for new species that can withstand the changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Search for Tougher Trees\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Evertson, Green Infrastructure Coordinator for the Nebraska Forest Service, says they think they need to look south for trees that can withstand warmer temperatures and drier conditions, though he admits it’s hard to know just how things will change in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58968\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58968\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the greenhouse at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the greenhouses at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evertson works with Bob Henrickson at the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Statewide Arboretum\u003c/a> in Lincoln. Along with nearly 100 affiliate sites around the state, Henrickson routinely gathers seeds from a wide range of trees—particularly native varieties—and cultivates and distributes them to determine what trees do best in the region’s variable and changing climate. With more drought and heat projected for the future, moving away from cooler-weather species might be an option for maintaining a healthy tree population in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the arboretum’s test garden, Evertson walks over to a dwarf chinkapin oak grown from acorns collected nearly a decade ago. He says this oak occurs on tough, gravelly soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a tree that has proven itself to be tough and adaptable across the region,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evertson says orders for chinkapin oak and other hardy trees routinely come in from\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>numerous nearby states. The Nebraska Forest Service and Kansas Forest Service are starting a cooperative effort to collect and evaluate other tough trees that can handle changing climate conditions. Bob Henrickson says that’s exactly what he envisions for the arboretum’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of native trees and shrubs in Nebraska are native to other states but meet their natural range limit in our state,” he says. “So we feel we’re set up with some of the best seed sources in the country to distribute these plants throughout (the region) that can take these tough conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distributing seeds to other states might be necessary if we lose a lot of the current forests in the Southwest as a result of the combined threat of drought, heat, and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s hard to imagine they’re going to survive beyond the middle of this century in the parts of the landscape where they are today,” says research ecologist Allen. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After reviewing thousands of years of historic tree-ring data in the Southwest, Allen and other researchers found there have been two other periods of extended, “mega-drought” that caused trees to die out on a large scale and likely forced native people to leave the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current drought we’re seeing is approaching the severity of those two most severe mega-droughts in the last 1,000 years, and it’s because it’s warmer,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda agrees but says it’s still too early to know if we’re at the beginning of another mega-drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just no way to tell until you look back on it. But it’s certainly been shown that it’s very, very possible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Allen says we should expect change. “We’re in a period where the new normal is just a transition period -- we can’t see to what yet. But it looks like, for this century at least, there will be this climate changing and so the systems are changing as they must.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean cold-weather trees slowly repopulating in higher elevations, while lower areas shift to more scrub- and grass-based ecosystems. Only time—and the climate—will tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58793\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414687120.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414677138-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the western U.S., trees are facing a triple threat of heat, drought and wildfire. Despite efforts to find more resilient tree species, some forests may not survive past mid-century.\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1398456875,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":39,"wordCount":1573},"headData":{"title":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire | KQED","description":"In the western U.S., trees are facing a triple threat of heat, drought and wildfire. Despite efforts to find more resilient tree species, some forests may not survive past mid-century.\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"55618 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=55618","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/08/15/triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire/","disqusTitle":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire ","path":"/quest/55618/triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record-setting heat and dryness plagued many of the lower 48 states in 2012. While 2013 hasn’t been as extreme, half of the country continues to suffer from dry to exceptional drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\">U.S. drought monitor\u003c/a>. It’s a trend that’s likely to continue as the global climate changes, and it could have big impacts on trees across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58916\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Near his office in Lincoln\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> Nebraska, Mark Harrell examines a brown-looking Eastern White Pine. He’s the Forest Health Program Leader for the Nebraska Forest Service. He points to dried resin on the bark. “That’s kind of a typical symptom of fungus disease affecting the branches,” he says. “And those are very common on trees stressed from drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrell says that because of disease—likely brought on by drought—the tree may not survive the summer. And it isn’t the only one. Foresters across the state say they’re losing trees not only to drought-induced disease and dehydration but also to heat that exacerbates the situation and increases the severity of wildfires. Drier, warmer weather has also given insects like bark beetles more time to populate and spread into climate-stressed trees where they destroy nutrient-bearing tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fatal Thirst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees nourish themselves by pulling water up from the ground to the leaves. There it reacts with sunlight and carbon dioxide, converting that energy into food in the form of carbohydrates. But drought hampers that critical process, according to U.S. Geological Survey research ecologist Craig Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there starts to be limited water available in the soil, it gets more difficult. It takes more tension to pull water out of the soil and get it into the tree and get it all the way up to where the leaves are in the canopy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> But if the drought lasts for weeks, months, or even years, the trees can actually starve to death.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, that tension can get so strong that the tissues in the tree—think of them as little straws—get air bubbles, or embolisms, which prevent water from moving up the trunk. Trees have many ways of dealing with periods of drought and other stress, which is one reason they can live so long, says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By avoiding dehydrating to death, they can end up starving, essentially,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, who is based near Santa Fe, New Mexico, says the Southwest has been in a prolonged drought since about 2000. And warmer temperatures in the last 20 years have exacerbated the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2-404x253.jpg\" alt=\"In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"404\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world is getting warmer, has been getting warmer in recent decades. And it appears there’s a signal that this is amplifying the drought stress on trees in many parts of the world. We’re starting to see more tree mortality in these areas,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures—partly the result of more carbon dioxide in the air—means the atmosphere needs more water. Think of the warmer atmosphere as a sponge, increasing evaporation and pulling \u003cstrong>more\u003c/strong> water from leaves and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Allen, adding hotter temperatures to ongoing drought is often a fatal combination for trees. Many species around the world already toe the line of high temperatures they can withstand to maximize their ability to survive. And in many places, trees have already used up deeper reserves of subsoil moisture stored from previous wet periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda, a climatologist with the National Drought Mitigation Center, says those places now need serious moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get into the second or third year of drought, the cumulative impacts begin to ramp up, like we’re seeing particularly in Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas. New Mexico has been very, very hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You need well above sustained rains, not just a good month or a good week,” says Svoboda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intense Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drier winters have also led to longer, more intense wildfires sweeping through western forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cumulatively, we’re seeing this much longer fire season in just a few decades, and the severity of fire seems to be related to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58967\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58967\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>temperature as well, so we’re seeing more high-severity fire,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These intensely hot fires can sometimes kill huge swaths of mature trees, rather than the spotty burn patterns of more normal wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Allen and other forest researchers now worry about losing that native seed stock, and the trees’ ability to repopulate the landscape by distributing their seeds as they have after previous die-offs. The sudden absence of these trees would likely impact the ecosystem, including plant and animal biodiversity, as shrubs and grasses take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with efforts like thinning forests to reduce competition for water, researchers are searching for new species that can withstand the changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Search for Tougher Trees\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Evertson, Green Infrastructure Coordinator for the Nebraska Forest Service, says they think they need to look south for trees that can withstand warmer temperatures and drier conditions, though he admits it’s hard to know just how things will change in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58968\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58968\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the greenhouse at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the greenhouses at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evertson works with Bob Henrickson at the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Statewide Arboretum\u003c/a> in Lincoln. Along with nearly 100 affiliate sites around the state, Henrickson routinely gathers seeds from a wide range of trees—particularly native varieties—and cultivates and distributes them to determine what trees do best in the region’s variable and changing climate. With more drought and heat projected for the future, moving away from cooler-weather species might be an option for maintaining a healthy tree population in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the arboretum’s test garden, Evertson walks over to a dwarf chinkapin oak grown from acorns collected nearly a decade ago. He says this oak occurs on tough, gravelly soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a tree that has proven itself to be tough and adaptable across the region,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evertson says orders for chinkapin oak and other hardy trees routinely come in from\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>numerous nearby states. The Nebraska Forest Service and Kansas Forest Service are starting a cooperative effort to collect and evaluate other tough trees that can handle changing climate conditions. Bob Henrickson says that’s exactly what he envisions for the arboretum’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of native trees and shrubs in Nebraska are native to other states but meet their natural range limit in our state,” he says. “So we feel we’re set up with some of the best seed sources in the country to distribute these plants throughout (the region) that can take these tough conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distributing seeds to other states might be necessary if we lose a lot of the current forests in the Southwest as a result of the combined threat of drought, heat, and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s hard to imagine they’re going to survive beyond the middle of this century in the parts of the landscape where they are today,” says research ecologist Allen. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After reviewing thousands of years of historic tree-ring data in the Southwest, Allen and other researchers found there have been two other periods of extended, “mega-drought” that caused trees to die out on a large scale and likely forced native people to leave the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current drought we’re seeing is approaching the severity of those two most severe mega-droughts in the last 1,000 years, and it’s because it’s warmer,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda agrees but says it’s still too early to know if we’re at the beginning of another mega-drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just no way to tell until you look back on it. But it’s certainly been shown that it’s very, very possible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Allen says we should expect change. “We’re in a period where the new normal is just a transition period -- we can’t see to what yet. But it looks like, for this century at least, there will be this climate changing and so the systems are changing as they must.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean cold-weather trees slowly repopulating in higher elevations, while lower areas shift to more scrub- and grass-based ecosystems. Only time—and the climate—will tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58793\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414687120.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414677138-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/55618/triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_13195","quest_886","quest_1095","quest_1334","quest_12209","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3289","quest_2993"],"featImg":"quest_58793","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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