Comets May Have Delivered Life's Early Building Blocks
The Leonids Are Back!
Phoebe: Quirky, Mystical, Magical Moon
In Search of the Oldest Stuff: Rocks of Ages
European Comet Blockbuster Currently in Production
"Looking Up" - studying comets with the JUNO mission
NASA's Cosmic Two-For-One Deal: A Return to Comet Tempel 1
Comet Hartley 2: Up Close and Personal
Personal Comet
Sponsored
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Born and bred in Chapel Hill, North Carolina and a UNC-CH photojournalism grad, Colleen considers herself a Tar Heel tried and true.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/eff8250909e60638844f399eab8f431e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Colleen Vasu | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/eff8250909e60638844f399eab8f431e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/eff8250909e60638844f399eab8f431e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/colleenvasu"},"davidhuppert":{"type":"authors","id":"10296","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10296","found":true},"name":"David Huppert","firstName":"David","lastName":"Huppert","slug":"davidhuppert","email":"dhuppert@unctv.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"As a producer/reporter for UNC-TV, David Huppert has spent the last 6 years immersing himself in the Old North State's culture and folklore, consuming as much of state's rich legacy (and barbecue) as possible.\r\n\r\nDavid returns to UNC-TV after a one-year hiatus in NYC where he produced for CBS This Morning. Since 2000 David has produced pieces for public television (UNC-TV, Charlie Rose) and commercial news (CBS, FNC’s The O’Reilly Factor, CNBC).\r\n\r\nWhen he’s not telling stories for television, David is either working on a documentary about Alaska’s Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, or gallivanting around North Carolina with his wife, @mediumish. You can follow him @hupdiggs and at vimeo.com/davidhuppert","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"David Huppert | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/davidhuppert"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_50708":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_50708","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"50708","score":null,"sort":[1362776583000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"comets-may-have-delivered-lifes-early-building-blocks","title":"Comets May Have Delivered Life's Early Building Blocks","publishDate":1362776583,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50736\" class=\"wp-caption center\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/McNaught2-browse.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50736\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/McNaught2-browse.jpg\" alt=\"NASA\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/McNaught2-browse.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/McNaught2-browse-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The building blocks of life on Earth may have originated in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chemists at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Hawaii, Manoa have found the complex compounds essential for life can be forged in the vacuum of space. The linked pairs of amino acids, called dipeptides, may have hitched a ride to Earth on comets and meteorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first biological molecules had an extraterrestrial origin,” explains UC Berkeley chemistry Professor Richard Mathies, coauthor of the study. “That means life on Earth was inseminated by these depositions of comets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question has fascinated people on Earth for centuries, Mathies says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long believed amino acids formed in the planet’s early oceans (think Primordial Soup). A 1952 experiment proved this. In what’s known as the Miller-Urey experiment, scientists put water, ammonia, methane and hydrogen in a series of glass tubes, electrocuted the mix (to simulate lightning) and watched it turn pink overnight as it all combined to form amino acids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have also found amino acids on meteorites that have collided with Earth, but not the more complex compounds required for this planet’s biology, so they have defaulted on the assumption that these biological precursors formed in the ocean. But Mathies’s study, scheduled for publication March 10 in \u003cem>The Astrophysical Journal\u003c/em>, turns this assumption on its head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists know early Earth got its water and some hydrocarbons from comets, it hasn't been clear until now what catalyzed the creation of more complex compounds. Mathies's experiment suggests cosmic rays are the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Hawaii, Seol Kim and Ralf Kaiser simulated a comet, an icy snowball in space, by chilling a small silver “puck” in an ultra-high vacuum chamber. These pucks, about 10 mm in diameter by a few millimeters thick, were covered with a molecule-thin layer of carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane, ethane and propane. Then the researchers nuked the mixture with simulated cosmic rays, in this case high-energy electrons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaiser FedExed the pucks back to Berkeley, where Mathies and Amanda Stockton analyzed them in a machine called the Mars Organic Analyzer which Mathies built to detect small organic molecules in our solar system. He found nine different amino acids and at least two dipeptides, the precursor compounds for proteins, enzymes and sugars, all of which make Earth biology possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results suggest that means cosmic rays were irradiating comets for much longer than the billion or so years life on Earth has existed, Mathies said. It’s possible, he said, that this happened on other planets, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step is to actually find these dipeptides in space, since comets that have landed on Earth would be immediately contaminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mathies said the suitcase-sized Mars Organic Analyzer can be launched into space on a rocket to pass through a comet tail and collect dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would be the ultimate proof,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The building blocks of life on Earth may have originated in space.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1363979845,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":502},"headData":{"title":"Comets May Have Delivered Life's Early Building Blocks | KQED","description":"The building blocks of life on Earth may have originated in space.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"50708 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=50708","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/08/comets-may-have-delivered-lifes-early-building-blocks/","disqusTitle":"Comets May Have Delivered Life's Early Building Blocks","path":"/quest/50708/comets-may-have-delivered-lifes-early-building-blocks","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50736\" class=\"wp-caption center\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/McNaught2-browse.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50736\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/McNaught2-browse.jpg\" alt=\"NASA\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/McNaught2-browse.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/McNaught2-browse-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The building blocks of life on Earth may have originated in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chemists at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Hawaii, Manoa have found the complex compounds essential for life can be forged in the vacuum of space. The linked pairs of amino acids, called dipeptides, may have hitched a ride to Earth on comets and meteorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first biological molecules had an extraterrestrial origin,” explains UC Berkeley chemistry Professor Richard Mathies, coauthor of the study. “That means life on Earth was inseminated by these depositions of comets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question has fascinated people on Earth for centuries, Mathies says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long believed amino acids formed in the planet’s early oceans (think Primordial Soup). A 1952 experiment proved this. In what’s known as the Miller-Urey experiment, scientists put water, ammonia, methane and hydrogen in a series of glass tubes, electrocuted the mix (to simulate lightning) and watched it turn pink overnight as it all combined to form amino acids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have also found amino acids on meteorites that have collided with Earth, but not the more complex compounds required for this planet’s biology, so they have defaulted on the assumption that these biological precursors formed in the ocean. But Mathies’s study, scheduled for publication March 10 in \u003cem>The Astrophysical Journal\u003c/em>, turns this assumption on its head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists know early Earth got its water and some hydrocarbons from comets, it hasn't been clear until now what catalyzed the creation of more complex compounds. Mathies's experiment suggests cosmic rays are the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Hawaii, Seol Kim and Ralf Kaiser simulated a comet, an icy snowball in space, by chilling a small silver “puck” in an ultra-high vacuum chamber. These pucks, about 10 mm in diameter by a few millimeters thick, were covered with a molecule-thin layer of carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane, ethane and propane. Then the researchers nuked the mixture with simulated cosmic rays, in this case high-energy electrons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kaiser FedExed the pucks back to Berkeley, where Mathies and Amanda Stockton analyzed them in a machine called the Mars Organic Analyzer which Mathies built to detect small organic molecules in our solar system. He found nine different amino acids and at least two dipeptides, the precursor compounds for proteins, enzymes and sugars, all of which make Earth biology possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results suggest that means cosmic rays were irradiating comets for much longer than the billion or so years life on Earth has existed, Mathies said. It’s possible, he said, that this happened on other planets, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step is to actually find these dipeptides in space, since comets that have landed on Earth would be immediately contaminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mathies said the suitcase-sized Mars Organic Analyzer can be launched into space on a rocket to pass through a comet tail and collect dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would be the ultimate proof,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50708/comets-may-have-delivered-lifes-early-building-blocks","authors":["1429"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_4","quest_5"],"tags":["quest_658","quest_11518","quest_11828"],"featImg":"quest_50736","label":"quest"},"quest_47099":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47099","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47099","score":null,"sort":[1353081626000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-leonids-are-back","title":"The Leonids Are Back!","publishDate":1353081626,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47101\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/16/the-leonids-are-back/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47101\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg\" alt=\"Leonid Meteors. Credit: Carter Roberts, Eastbay Astronomical Society\" title=\"Leonid Meteors. Credit: Carter Roberts, Eastbay Astronomical Society\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47101\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leonid Meteors. Credit: Carter Roberts, Eastbay Astronomical Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Leonids are back—and they're not a family circus group from Russia! This is the annual meteor shower of November that offers us the chance to see a bit of very ancient history disintegrate in a fiery second. What an opportunity! And, this meteor shower has a personal connection for me, touching on my childhood as well as the young adulthood of my grandfather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the facts for those of you who just want to know where to go and when to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peak of the annual \u003ca href=\"http://meteorshowersonline.com/leonids.html\" target=\"_blank\">Leonid meteor shower\u003c/a> occurs in the early morning hours this Sunday, November 18. The shower has actually been going on for about a week and will continue for a few more days, but November 18 is when you can expect to see the most meteors per hour. The shower will become visible post-midnight and into the early morning hours of Sunday as its radiant point (the patch of sky they appear to fly out of, in this case the constellation Leo) rises in the eastern sky. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the anticipated meteor rate—the \"ZHR,\" or \"Zenith Hourly Rate\"—is somewhere in the 10 to 15 range. That is, under good viewing conditions (clear sky, low light pollution levels and minimal interference from moonlight) and if the shower's radiant point were positioned directly overhead at the zenith, you could expect to see 10 to 15 meteors each hour. That may not sound like a lot, but really that's a meteor every 4-6 minutes!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon is not an issue this year; it will be setting before midnight, leaving moonless skies for the rest of the night. The trick is to have clear skies and to get away from city lights as much as possible. If you live in the city, but want to see Leonids, plan a trip to a spot away from major congestion. In the San Francisco Bay Area, there are a few good places to try: Henry Coe State Park near San Jose, Skyline Blvd. on the peninsula south of San Francisco, the Santa Cruz Mountains, Mount Diablo and quite a few points north in Marin and Sonoma counties. In the East Bay, the hills from Berkeley down through Hayward have a lot of roadside light-sheltered areas to find. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Leonid shower occurs each year when the Earth passes through the trail of dust left behind by comet Tempel-Tuttle, which orbits the Sun every 33 years. When the Earth plunges through the dust trail at its orbital speed of 18 miles per second, tiny bits of rock and metal -- typically anywhere from pebble-sized to dust grains -- burn up in our upper atmosphere from friction. In a mere second or so a bit of rock or metal that has been around for billions of years -- either as a free bit of material or locked up in the ices of the parent comet -- burns up in a flash. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason that meteor shower aren't visible until after midnight is that you need to be on the side of the Earth that is moving forward in space, into the dust—similar to how in a car on the highway if you drive through a cloud of flying insects, you need to look at the windshield to see the bug streaks on the glass. The morning skies are Earth's \"windshield\" in this case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now for the family reminisce. Comet Tempel-Tuttle passes by our part of the Solar System every 33 years, laying down a fresh trail of dust for us to pass through and causing an increase in the ZHR of the Leonid shower. The comet passed through a little over a decade ago, in 1999, so in the early 2000's there was an upswing in the Leonid rate that made for some spectacular shower viewing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1966, after the next previous passage of Tempel-Tuttle, when I was 4 years old, we were told to expect a spectacular meteor show—unfortunately, it was overcast in Oakland that evening and my parents only took me outside in the evening hours when you can't expect to see a Leonid anyway. I remember seeing the glow of city lights reflected off the overcast and thinking that was the light of the shower shining through! Ah, four-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1933, after the next previous passage by the comet, my grandfather witnessed a superb Leonid meteor storm. He described it as seeing meteor after meteor radiating from a point in the sky. That shower was estimated to have produced around 200 meteors per hour! Lucky you, grandpa -- I have yet to see anything like that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, happy primordial dust speck incineration watching, everyone!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Leonids are back: the annual meteor shower of November that offers us the chance to see a bit of very ancient history disintegrate in a fiery second. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998243,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":806},"headData":{"title":"The Leonids Are Back! | KQED","description":"The Leonids are back: the annual meteor shower of November that offers us the chance to see a bit of very ancient history disintegrate in a fiery second. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"47099 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=47099","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/16/the-leonids-are-back/","disqusTitle":"The Leonids Are Back!","path":"/quest/47099/the-leonids-are-back","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47101\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/16/the-leonids-are-back/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47101\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg\" alt=\"Leonid Meteors. Credit: Carter Roberts, Eastbay Astronomical Society\" title=\"Leonid Meteors. Credit: Carter Roberts, Eastbay Astronomical Society\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47101\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/meteors-leonids-carter-roberts-2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leonid Meteors. Credit: Carter Roberts, Eastbay Astronomical Society\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Leonids are back—and they're not a family circus group from Russia! This is the annual meteor shower of November that offers us the chance to see a bit of very ancient history disintegrate in a fiery second. What an opportunity! And, this meteor shower has a personal connection for me, touching on my childhood as well as the young adulthood of my grandfather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the facts for those of you who just want to know where to go and when to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peak of the annual \u003ca href=\"http://meteorshowersonline.com/leonids.html\" target=\"_blank\">Leonid meteor shower\u003c/a> occurs in the early morning hours this Sunday, November 18. The shower has actually been going on for about a week and will continue for a few more days, but November 18 is when you can expect to see the most meteors per hour. The shower will become visible post-midnight and into the early morning hours of Sunday as its radiant point (the patch of sky they appear to fly out of, in this case the constellation Leo) rises in the eastern sky. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the anticipated meteor rate—the \"ZHR,\" or \"Zenith Hourly Rate\"—is somewhere in the 10 to 15 range. That is, under good viewing conditions (clear sky, low light pollution levels and minimal interference from moonlight) and if the shower's radiant point were positioned directly overhead at the zenith, you could expect to see 10 to 15 meteors each hour. That may not sound like a lot, but really that's a meteor every 4-6 minutes!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moon is not an issue this year; it will be setting before midnight, leaving moonless skies for the rest of the night. The trick is to have clear skies and to get away from city lights as much as possible. If you live in the city, but want to see Leonids, plan a trip to a spot away from major congestion. In the San Francisco Bay Area, there are a few good places to try: Henry Coe State Park near San Jose, Skyline Blvd. on the peninsula south of San Francisco, the Santa Cruz Mountains, Mount Diablo and quite a few points north in Marin and Sonoma counties. In the East Bay, the hills from Berkeley down through Hayward have a lot of roadside light-sheltered areas to find. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Leonid shower occurs each year when the Earth passes through the trail of dust left behind by comet Tempel-Tuttle, which orbits the Sun every 33 years. When the Earth plunges through the dust trail at its orbital speed of 18 miles per second, tiny bits of rock and metal -- typically anywhere from pebble-sized to dust grains -- burn up in our upper atmosphere from friction. In a mere second or so a bit of rock or metal that has been around for billions of years -- either as a free bit of material or locked up in the ices of the parent comet -- burns up in a flash. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason that meteor shower aren't visible until after midnight is that you need to be on the side of the Earth that is moving forward in space, into the dust—similar to how in a car on the highway if you drive through a cloud of flying insects, you need to look at the windshield to see the bug streaks on the glass. The morning skies are Earth's \"windshield\" in this case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now for the family reminisce. Comet Tempel-Tuttle passes by our part of the Solar System every 33 years, laying down a fresh trail of dust for us to pass through and causing an increase in the ZHR of the Leonid shower. The comet passed through a little over a decade ago, in 1999, so in the early 2000's there was an upswing in the Leonid rate that made for some spectacular shower viewing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1966, after the next previous passage of Tempel-Tuttle, when I was 4 years old, we were told to expect a spectacular meteor show—unfortunately, it was overcast in Oakland that evening and my parents only took me outside in the evening hours when you can't expect to see a Leonid anyway. I remember seeing the glow of city lights reflected off the overcast and thinking that was the light of the shower shining through! Ah, four-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1933, after the next previous passage by the comet, my grandfather witnessed a superb Leonid meteor storm. He described it as seeing meteor after meteor radiating from a point in the sky. That shower was estimated to have produced around 200 meteors per hour! Lucky you, grandpa -- I have yet to see anything like that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, happy primordial dust speck incineration watching, everyone!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47099/the-leonids-are-back","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_658","quest_11605","quest_1799","quest_13202","quest_2624","quest_3798","quest_11606"],"featImg":"quest_47101","label":"quest"},"quest_36829":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_36829","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"36829","score":null,"sort":[1336143649000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon","title":"Phoebe: Quirky, Mystical, Magical Moon","publishDate":1336143649,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36831\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon/phoebe-and-saturn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36831\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Phoebe and Saturn\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36831\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoebe and Saturn. Credit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Who's Phoebe? That quirky blonde from Friends? The mysteriously magical nanny from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nannyandtheprofessor.com/\" title=\"Nanny and the Professor\" target=\"_blank\">that old sitcom\u003c/a>? A bird? A plant? All that--but the one I'm talking about is the moon of Saturn, once thought to be a captured comet, and now believed by some scientists to be something much rarer: a captured \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/35974/planetesimals/\" title=\"Planetesimals\" target=\"_blank\">planetesimal\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe: a bit more than 120 miles across—and more potato-shaped than spherical—with a surface gravity approximately 200 times weaker than Earth's (yes, I'd weigh about one pound standing on the surface), Phoebe is not of the stature of its larger, rounder fellow moons of greater fame: Luna, Ganymede, Titan, and the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known of Phoebe's existence since 1899, when it was discovered by astronomer W. H. Pickering, and from the start Phoebe was observed to be different from Saturn's \"mainline\" moons—ones organized into a common orbital plane in close alignment with Saturn's equator, with nice, nearly circular orbits. Phoebe is too much a nonconformist for that; orbiting at a steep, rakish angle from Saturn's equatorial plane, backwards with respect to the conformist crowd, and with great elliptical eccentricity, Phoebe is a fringe radical! And at 30 times the distance from Saturn as our Moon is from Earth, it takes Phoebe longer to orbit Saturn (1.5 years) than Earth does to round the Sun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these peculiarities added up to the hypothesis that Phoebe was not an \"indigenous\" satellite of Saturn—one that formed with Saturn early in the ages of the solar system—but a solar system object that was captured by Saturn at some point, and since has remained in orbit. And due to its low density (little more than one and a half times as dense as water ice), Phoebe was assumed to be a former comet. Comets passing close to gas giant planets like Saturn are sometimes flung in different directions, sometimes broken up, and sometimes even crash into the planet. But they can also be captured into orbit, as probably many of Jupiter's smaller satellites, and Mars' brood of two, were: former asteroids from the neighboring asteroid belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a comet is a bit of material—ice and rock—left over from the formation of the solar system, about 4.5 billion years ago, pristine and barely altered from its original state. Recently, NASA's Cassini mission has suggested a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120426/\" title=\"Cassini on Phoebe\" target=\"_blank\">different origination story for Phoebe\u003c/a>, based on imagery and data obtained from our first up-close look at this object by the Cassini spacecraft, in 2004. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe may be a \"planetesimal\"—an object that formed in the young solar system, coalescing from dust and ice into a larger and larger body. Evidence suggests that Phoebe was warmed enough during its formation, and perhaps afterward by decay of radioactive materials, to have achieved a spherical shape, a differentiated rocky core and outer shell of lighter material and ices, and possibly even to have harbored liquid water—all very planet-like qualities. As well, it may have remained in this state for quite some time before cooling down and freezing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possibly originating in the Kuiper Belt, beyond Neptune's orbit, Phoebe would have migrated inward and eventually been captured when passing too close to Saturn -- at the same time avoiding the typical fate of planetesimals, which is to merge with a forming planet. Planetesimals, once the bread and butter of the young solar system, are the building blocks of planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe, then, may be a very remarkable object--a quirky, mysteriously magical moon; a vision of the early solar system that once swarmed with such objects, even before the planets themselves appeared. It's a messenger from the past, possibly carrying within it evidence that could tell us where we came from. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Phoebe, a quirky outlying moon of Saturn, was once thought to be a captured comet, but now is believed by some scientists to be something much rarer: a captured planetesimal. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998774,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":651},"headData":{"title":"Phoebe: Quirky, Mystical, Magical Moon | KQED","description":"Phoebe, a quirky outlying moon of Saturn, was once thought to be a captured comet, but now is believed by some scientists to be something much rarer: a captured planetesimal. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"36829 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=36829","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon/","disqusTitle":"Phoebe: Quirky, Mystical, Magical Moon","path":"/quest/36829/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36831\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon/phoebe-and-saturn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36831\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Phoebe and Saturn\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36831\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoebe and Saturn. Credit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Who's Phoebe? That quirky blonde from Friends? The mysteriously magical nanny from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nannyandtheprofessor.com/\" title=\"Nanny and the Professor\" target=\"_blank\">that old sitcom\u003c/a>? A bird? A plant? All that--but the one I'm talking about is the moon of Saturn, once thought to be a captured comet, and now believed by some scientists to be something much rarer: a captured \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/35974/planetesimals/\" title=\"Planetesimals\" target=\"_blank\">planetesimal\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe: a bit more than 120 miles across—and more potato-shaped than spherical—with a surface gravity approximately 200 times weaker than Earth's (yes, I'd weigh about one pound standing on the surface), Phoebe is not of the stature of its larger, rounder fellow moons of greater fame: Luna, Ganymede, Titan, and the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known of Phoebe's existence since 1899, when it was discovered by astronomer W. H. Pickering, and from the start Phoebe was observed to be different from Saturn's \"mainline\" moons—ones organized into a common orbital plane in close alignment with Saturn's equator, with nice, nearly circular orbits. Phoebe is too much a nonconformist for that; orbiting at a steep, rakish angle from Saturn's equatorial plane, backwards with respect to the conformist crowd, and with great elliptical eccentricity, Phoebe is a fringe radical! And at 30 times the distance from Saturn as our Moon is from Earth, it takes Phoebe longer to orbit Saturn (1.5 years) than Earth does to round the Sun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these peculiarities added up to the hypothesis that Phoebe was not an \"indigenous\" satellite of Saturn—one that formed with Saturn early in the ages of the solar system—but a solar system object that was captured by Saturn at some point, and since has remained in orbit. And due to its low density (little more than one and a half times as dense as water ice), Phoebe was assumed to be a former comet. Comets passing close to gas giant planets like Saturn are sometimes flung in different directions, sometimes broken up, and sometimes even crash into the planet. But they can also be captured into orbit, as probably many of Jupiter's smaller satellites, and Mars' brood of two, were: former asteroids from the neighboring asteroid belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a comet is a bit of material—ice and rock—left over from the formation of the solar system, about 4.5 billion years ago, pristine and barely altered from its original state. Recently, NASA's Cassini mission has suggested a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120426/\" title=\"Cassini on Phoebe\" target=\"_blank\">different origination story for Phoebe\u003c/a>, based on imagery and data obtained from our first up-close look at this object by the Cassini spacecraft, in 2004. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe may be a \"planetesimal\"—an object that formed in the young solar system, coalescing from dust and ice into a larger and larger body. Evidence suggests that Phoebe was warmed enough during its formation, and perhaps afterward by decay of radioactive materials, to have achieved a spherical shape, a differentiated rocky core and outer shell of lighter material and ices, and possibly even to have harbored liquid water—all very planet-like qualities. As well, it may have remained in this state for quite some time before cooling down and freezing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possibly originating in the Kuiper Belt, beyond Neptune's orbit, Phoebe would have migrated inward and eventually been captured when passing too close to Saturn -- at the same time avoiding the typical fate of planetesimals, which is to merge with a forming planet. Planetesimals, once the bread and butter of the young solar system, are the building blocks of planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe, then, may be a very remarkable object--a quirky, mysteriously magical moon; a vision of the early solar system that once swarmed with such objects, even before the planets themselves appeared. It's a messenger from the past, possibly carrying within it evidence that could tell us where we came from. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/36829/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_505","quest_544","quest_658","quest_1870","quest_1918","quest_11057","quest_3975","quest_13202","quest_2511","quest_2513","quest_2712"],"featImg":"quest_36831","label":"quest"},"quest_33721":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_33721","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"33721","score":null,"sort":[1332519929000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff","title":"In Search of the Oldest Stuff: Rocks of Ages","publishDate":1332519929,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33722\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/23/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff/mosaiccanyon/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33722\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon.jpg\" alt=\"Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\" title=\"Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33722\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What's the oldest stuff you’ve ever seen, or better still, touched? Have you ever felt awe from contact with something of great antiquity? How old can stuff be? These are questions that have ravaged my mind since childhood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've always loved things of antiquity—antique objects, artifacts, fossils, and rocks. \"Like.\" But what's that got to do with astronomy and space? Well, that's where all the oldest stuff originally comes from...but I'll get to that in a moment. First, an anecdote about old stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In search of the oldest stuff, there I was at Badwater, in Death Valley, the lowest point in the continental US (the place where you crane your neck and strain your eyes to make out the words \"Sea Level\" on the sign \u003ca href=\"http://images.californiathroughmylens.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/badwater-below-sea-level.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">waaaay up the cliff\u003c/a>). Not far off, to the south, an alluvial fan slouched off into the salt pan, issuing from an unseen but obviously existent canyon in the mountains that make up the east wall of the valley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had learned at the visitor center that those mountains (the Black Mountains) are made of some \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/deva/ftbad1.html\" target=\"_blank\">very old rock\u003c/a>: Precambrian rock that was originally laid down about 1.7 billion years ago!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, up the alluvial fan I scramble, turn left, and up the deep, narrow canyon that the alluvium betrayed…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…to the base of a dry waterfall…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…to a wall of raw, exposed rock, the very bones of the Black Mountains…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…and reach out a hand, pressing palm and fingers firmly to the stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahh….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1.7 billion years old; that rock I touched had been rock (albeit slowly transforming) for over a third of Earth's existence, and over a tenth the age of the universe itself. I don't know about you, but I find that awesome! And I had my hand right on it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we talk about the age of a rock, it is measured from the time the rock solidified (\"aggregated\"), either with the cooling of molten lava or magma, or the solidification of sediment. Finding really old rocks on Earth is complicated by weather and geologic processes, which continually transform, bury, and \"disaggregate\" them. Even so, very old rock can be found in certain places, like Greenland, Canada, Australia, and Africa. We're talking about ages between 2.5 and 3.8 billion years, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080925144624.htm\" target=\"_blank\">maybe more\u003c/a>. I'd like to get my hand on some of that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get away from Earth and its rock-disaggregating processes and you can find some much older stuff. On the Moon, pretty much all of the material you find lying about is \u003ca href=\"http://www.moonzoo.org/Lunar_Geology\" target=\"_blank\">at least twice as old\u003c/a> as that stuff I put my hand on at the base of the Black Mountains. On the Moon, significant surface activity (volcanism, bombardment by asteroids) ended some 3 billion years ago, and since then the crust has remained more or less unchanged, other than alterations caused by the occasional meteorite impact. The youngest rocks on the Moon are about the same age as most of the Earth's oldest stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We even have a piece of that old stuff at Chabot: a chunk of 3.3 billion year old basalt brought back by Apollo 15 astronauts--and the only things that separate my hand from its speckly gray surface are two panes of glass and some nitrogen gas. Alas!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get out to an asteroid or a comet and you may very well be setting foot on stuff that's over 4.5 billion years old, unchanged since the formation of our solar system! Within our solar system, that's about as old as stuff gets, but venture beyond it, perhaps to a planetary system that is older than ours, and you'll undoubtedly find older stuff! (This blog post is beginning to ring of George Carlin material.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what's the oldest stuff? I can't give you a rock of age beyond a certain point in time, because it took the early universe some time to develop the elements needed to build rocks-as-we-know-them, through nucleosynthesis in the cores of stars. Before that time, the only \"stuff\" around (at least that we would recognize as stuff; we won't go into dark stuff right now) was hydrogen and helium, which cannot by themselves a rock make. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that primordial hydrogen and helium, the original building blocks of all material substances, has been around almost from the beginning of time, 13.7 billion years ago, soon after the Big Bang burst forth on the scene (whatever scene that may have been). Hydrogen, found in every water molecule in every glass of water you drink, in vast abundance within the oceans and waterways of the Earth, and through and through your own body, head to toe, is stuff we live and breathe, and is as old as the universe itself! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't know about you, but I find that spine-tingling.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What's the oldest stuff you've ever seen, or better still, touched? Have you felt awe from contact with something of great antiquity? How old can stuff be? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370999073,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":847},"headData":{"title":"In Search of the Oldest Stuff: Rocks of Ages | KQED","description":"What's the oldest stuff you've ever seen, or better still, touched? Have you felt awe from contact with something of great antiquity? How old can stuff be? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"33721 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=33721","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/23/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff/","disqusTitle":"In Search of the Oldest Stuff: Rocks of Ages","path":"/quest/33721/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33722\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/23/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff/mosaiccanyon/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33722\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon.jpg\" alt=\"Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\" title=\"Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33722\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/mosaiccanyon-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Precambrian Noonday deposit in Mosaic Canyon, Death Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What's the oldest stuff you’ve ever seen, or better still, touched? Have you ever felt awe from contact with something of great antiquity? How old can stuff be? These are questions that have ravaged my mind since childhood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've always loved things of antiquity—antique objects, artifacts, fossils, and rocks. \"Like.\" But what's that got to do with astronomy and space? Well, that's where all the oldest stuff originally comes from...but I'll get to that in a moment. First, an anecdote about old stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In search of the oldest stuff, there I was at Badwater, in Death Valley, the lowest point in the continental US (the place where you crane your neck and strain your eyes to make out the words \"Sea Level\" on the sign \u003ca href=\"http://images.californiathroughmylens.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/badwater-below-sea-level.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">waaaay up the cliff\u003c/a>). Not far off, to the south, an alluvial fan slouched off into the salt pan, issuing from an unseen but obviously existent canyon in the mountains that make up the east wall of the valley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had learned at the visitor center that those mountains (the Black Mountains) are made of some \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/deva/ftbad1.html\" target=\"_blank\">very old rock\u003c/a>: Precambrian rock that was originally laid down about 1.7 billion years ago!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, up the alluvial fan I scramble, turn left, and up the deep, narrow canyon that the alluvium betrayed…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…to the base of a dry waterfall…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…to a wall of raw, exposed rock, the very bones of the Black Mountains…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…and reach out a hand, pressing palm and fingers firmly to the stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ahh….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1.7 billion years old; that rock I touched had been rock (albeit slowly transforming) for over a third of Earth's existence, and over a tenth the age of the universe itself. I don't know about you, but I find that awesome! And I had my hand right on it! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we talk about the age of a rock, it is measured from the time the rock solidified (\"aggregated\"), either with the cooling of molten lava or magma, or the solidification of sediment. Finding really old rocks on Earth is complicated by weather and geologic processes, which continually transform, bury, and \"disaggregate\" them. Even so, very old rock can be found in certain places, like Greenland, Canada, Australia, and Africa. We're talking about ages between 2.5 and 3.8 billion years, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080925144624.htm\" target=\"_blank\">maybe more\u003c/a>. I'd like to get my hand on some of that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get away from Earth and its rock-disaggregating processes and you can find some much older stuff. On the Moon, pretty much all of the material you find lying about is \u003ca href=\"http://www.moonzoo.org/Lunar_Geology\" target=\"_blank\">at least twice as old\u003c/a> as that stuff I put my hand on at the base of the Black Mountains. On the Moon, significant surface activity (volcanism, bombardment by asteroids) ended some 3 billion years ago, and since then the crust has remained more or less unchanged, other than alterations caused by the occasional meteorite impact. The youngest rocks on the Moon are about the same age as most of the Earth's oldest stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We even have a piece of that old stuff at Chabot: a chunk of 3.3 billion year old basalt brought back by Apollo 15 astronauts--and the only things that separate my hand from its speckly gray surface are two panes of glass and some nitrogen gas. Alas!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Get out to an asteroid or a comet and you may very well be setting foot on stuff that's over 4.5 billion years old, unchanged since the formation of our solar system! Within our solar system, that's about as old as stuff gets, but venture beyond it, perhaps to a planetary system that is older than ours, and you'll undoubtedly find older stuff! (This blog post is beginning to ring of George Carlin material.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what's the oldest stuff? I can't give you a rock of age beyond a certain point in time, because it took the early universe some time to develop the elements needed to build rocks-as-we-know-them, through nucleosynthesis in the cores of stars. Before that time, the only \"stuff\" around (at least that we would recognize as stuff; we won't go into dark stuff right now) was hydrogen and helium, which cannot by themselves a rock make. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that primordial hydrogen and helium, the original building blocks of all material substances, has been around almost from the beginning of time, 13.7 billion years ago, soon after the Big Bang burst forth on the scene (whatever scene that may have been). Hydrogen, found in every water molecule in every glass of water you drink, in vast abundance within the oceans and waterways of the Earth, and through and through your own body, head to toe, is stuff we live and breathe, and is as old as the universe itself! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't know about you, but I find that spine-tingling.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/33721/in-search-of-the-oldest-stuff","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_233","quest_316","quest_10895","quest_544","quest_658","quest_782","quest_1425","quest_10894","quest_13202","quest_2447","quest_3034"],"featImg":"quest_33722","label":"quest"},"quest_30303":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_30303","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"30303","score":null,"sort":[1328893251000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"european-comet-blockbuster-currently-in-production","title":"European Comet Blockbuster Currently in Production ","publishDate":1328893251,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30304\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/10/european-comet-blockbuster-currently-in-production/rosetta-philae-lander-at-work/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30304\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/rosetta-philae-lander-at-work.jpg\" alt=\"Rosetta-Philae lander on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko - artist concept\" title=\"Rosetta-Philae lander on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko - artist concept\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30304\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/rosetta-philae-lander-at-work.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/rosetta-philae-lander-at-work-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rosetta-Philae lander on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko - artist concept\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scene: Spacecraft hurtling through space, approaching a giant 4-kilometer flying mountain of ice and rock. The two hurtle on together, flying closer and closer to the hot, radiant Sun. Things get dicey as the comet, under fire from the Sun's intense rays, begins to come apart, erupting with great jets of gas and dust liberated from eons of frozen preservation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the spacecraft deploys a lander, maneuvering dangerously close to the hard ice and unpredictable blasts of shrapnel from within. The lander manages to safely set down, shooting harpoon anchors into the ice to fasten it securely to the comet in the low gravity environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(If you're envisioning explosions right and left, great shards of sharp ice ejecting skyward, frozen cutting shrapnel flying in every direction and bouncing off the lander's armored hull, please continue; it could add to the dramatic effect….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then… (wavy curtain distortions indicating that we're entering a dream state) …the hatch opens and out steps Bruce Willis, a custom-made comet-smashing bazooka in one hand, a rocket-powered grappling hook that would make Batman proud in the other…. (End wavy curtain distortions; back to reality, alas….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like a thrilling blockbuster movie. But it gets better! (Yes, minus the wavy curtains….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft is currently hibernating its way through space, en route to comet (get your pen ready) \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Rosetta/ESAGJF7708D_0.html\" target=\"_blank\">67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko\u003c/a>, which is also currently in comet-hibernation far out in space. \u003ca href=\"http://www.perihelio.org/67porb.htm\" target=\"_blank\">At this moment\u003c/a>, in fact, the comet is almost as far from the Sun as it gets: about 5.6 Astronomical Units, or a little beyond the orbit of Jupiter. The comet and the spacecraft will rendezvous in 2014, then together swing closest to the Sun in mid-2015, at a distance somewhat within Mars' orbit (1.29 AU). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FoePrO4-fGQ&noredirect=1\" target=\"_blank\">TRUE mission of Rosetta\u003c/a>, and its lander Philae, are not to save the comet from destruction, or to destroy it—but a kind of combination of the two: to observe and study it while the comet is in the process of falling apart, under duress from the Sun. The Rosetta orbiter and Philae lander will accompany the comet from a point in space still relatively distant from the Sun, and follow it along its eccentric orbit sunward. The comet and its stalking spacecraft will swing by the Sun, then outward into deep space again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the while, we will witness, for the first time, the process of a comet heating up under increasingly intense solar radiation, up close—not only up close from orbit, but with an observer \"on the ground\" as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've watched comets do their Inner Solar System dance with the Sun since prehistoric times. The image of a comet that probably comes to your mind is what humans have watched in the skies, periodically, since long before telescopes: the fuzzy knot of the comet's coma—the shroud of gas surrounding the icy nucleus—and the long blurry, feather-like smear of its tail, blown off into space by the solar wind. This is the characteristic appearance of comets that human eyes are able to see, at least the ones that come close enough to the Sun to be warmed and exude a tail (or tails—usually one tail of gas, another of dust) and close enough to Earth to become a fixture in our night skies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years we've begun to witness comets up close with several fly-by spacecraft missions: comets \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap961210.html\" target=\"_blank\">Halley\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-371\" target=\"_blank\">Hartley 2\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/photo/cometwild2.html\" target=\"_blank\">Wild 2\u003c/a>, and some others. The Stardust mission actually captured dust particles from the tail of its comet quarry and returned the sample to Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta will not only be our first up-close look at Comet 67P (etc.), it will be the first mission to follow the progress of a comet as it swings by the Sun, erupting in all its comet glory, then back out again toward another deep freeze cycle. It will also be the first landing on a comet ever. Should be pretty exciting. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I expect the time-compressed movie constructed from images taken by Rosetta and Philae to show a lot of explosions, sharp icy shrapnel bouncing off of armor…oh, and of course a treasure trove of less flashy but more substantial scientific knowledge of the life and times of a frozen time capsule that hasn't changed much since the formation of the Solar System five billion years ago….\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If the European Space Agency is successful, we'll be enjoying an exciting comet-landing mission blockbuster extravaganza in only 2-3 years!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370999228,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":772},"headData":{"title":"European Comet Blockbuster Currently in Production | KQED","description":"If the European Space Agency is successful, we'll be enjoying an exciting comet-landing mission blockbuster extravaganza in only 2-3 years!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"30303 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=30303","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/10/european-comet-blockbuster-currently-in-production/","disqusTitle":"European Comet Blockbuster Currently in Production ","path":"/quest/30303/european-comet-blockbuster-currently-in-production","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30304\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/10/european-comet-blockbuster-currently-in-production/rosetta-philae-lander-at-work/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30304\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/rosetta-philae-lander-at-work.jpg\" alt=\"Rosetta-Philae lander on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko - artist concept\" title=\"Rosetta-Philae lander on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko - artist concept\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30304\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/rosetta-philae-lander-at-work.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/rosetta-philae-lander-at-work-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rosetta-Philae lander on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko - artist concept\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scene: Spacecraft hurtling through space, approaching a giant 4-kilometer flying mountain of ice and rock. The two hurtle on together, flying closer and closer to the hot, radiant Sun. Things get dicey as the comet, under fire from the Sun's intense rays, begins to come apart, erupting with great jets of gas and dust liberated from eons of frozen preservation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the spacecraft deploys a lander, maneuvering dangerously close to the hard ice and unpredictable blasts of shrapnel from within. The lander manages to safely set down, shooting harpoon anchors into the ice to fasten it securely to the comet in the low gravity environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(If you're envisioning explosions right and left, great shards of sharp ice ejecting skyward, frozen cutting shrapnel flying in every direction and bouncing off the lander's armored hull, please continue; it could add to the dramatic effect….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then… (wavy curtain distortions indicating that we're entering a dream state) …the hatch opens and out steps Bruce Willis, a custom-made comet-smashing bazooka in one hand, a rocket-powered grappling hook that would make Batman proud in the other…. (End wavy curtain distortions; back to reality, alas….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like a thrilling blockbuster movie. But it gets better! (Yes, minus the wavy curtains….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft is currently hibernating its way through space, en route to comet (get your pen ready) \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Rosetta/ESAGJF7708D_0.html\" target=\"_blank\">67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko\u003c/a>, which is also currently in comet-hibernation far out in space. \u003ca href=\"http://www.perihelio.org/67porb.htm\" target=\"_blank\">At this moment\u003c/a>, in fact, the comet is almost as far from the Sun as it gets: about 5.6 Astronomical Units, or a little beyond the orbit of Jupiter. The comet and the spacecraft will rendezvous in 2014, then together swing closest to the Sun in mid-2015, at a distance somewhat within Mars' orbit (1.29 AU). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FoePrO4-fGQ&noredirect=1\" target=\"_blank\">TRUE mission of Rosetta\u003c/a>, and its lander Philae, are not to save the comet from destruction, or to destroy it—but a kind of combination of the two: to observe and study it while the comet is in the process of falling apart, under duress from the Sun. The Rosetta orbiter and Philae lander will accompany the comet from a point in space still relatively distant from the Sun, and follow it along its eccentric orbit sunward. The comet and its stalking spacecraft will swing by the Sun, then outward into deep space again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the while, we will witness, for the first time, the process of a comet heating up under increasingly intense solar radiation, up close—not only up close from orbit, but with an observer \"on the ground\" as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've watched comets do their Inner Solar System dance with the Sun since prehistoric times. The image of a comet that probably comes to your mind is what humans have watched in the skies, periodically, since long before telescopes: the fuzzy knot of the comet's coma—the shroud of gas surrounding the icy nucleus—and the long blurry, feather-like smear of its tail, blown off into space by the solar wind. This is the characteristic appearance of comets that human eyes are able to see, at least the ones that come close enough to the Sun to be warmed and exude a tail (or tails—usually one tail of gas, another of dust) and close enough to Earth to become a fixture in our night skies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years we've begun to witness comets up close with several fly-by spacecraft missions: comets \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap961210.html\" target=\"_blank\">Halley\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-371\" target=\"_blank\">Hartley 2\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/photo/cometwild2.html\" target=\"_blank\">Wild 2\u003c/a>, and some others. The Stardust mission actually captured dust particles from the tail of its comet quarry and returned the sample to Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta will not only be our first up-close look at Comet 67P (etc.), it will be the first mission to follow the progress of a comet as it swings by the Sun, erupting in all its comet glory, then back out again toward another deep freeze cycle. It will also be the first landing on a comet ever. Should be pretty exciting. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I expect the time-compressed movie constructed from images taken by Rosetta and Philae to show a lot of explosions, sharp icy shrapnel bouncing off of armor…oh, and of course a treasure trove of less flashy but more substantial scientific knowledge of the life and times of a frozen time capsule that hasn't changed much since the formation of the Solar System five billion years ago….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/30303/european-comet-blockbuster-currently-in-production","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_10681","quest_544","quest_658","quest_1019","quest_13202","quest_10682"],"featImg":"quest_30304","label":"quest"},"quest_26308":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26308","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26308","score":null,"sort":[1320785975000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"looking-up-studying-comets-with-the-juno-mission","title":"\"Looking Up\" - studying comets with the JUNO mission","publishDate":1320785975,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/davidhuppert/\" title=\"David Huppert\" target=\"_blank\">David Huppert\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/north-carolina/\" title=\"QUEST Ohio\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST North Carolina\u003c/a> also contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbert Mehnert a Cline Scholar at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute spent his summer researching Comet Photometry and Morphology. Herbert was introduced to PARI by one of his college professors and jumped at the opportunity to work at the former NASA research institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People don't look up anymore,\" explains Herbert Mehnert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbert spent the summer of 2011 working at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute as a Cline Scholar student comet photometry and morphology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's partially because the exposure to space and astronomy is much less than it used to be, with government programs being cut and all. When you take someone out here to a dark sky sight and tell them you can see the milky way, they get excited.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Herbert was introduced to PARI by his college professor, Don Smith, who took them on a field trip to the remote research institute in Rosman, NC, Herbert was excited to know there was a community and research institute full of people interested in the same topics as him, particularly optical astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbert studies Comet Photometry and Morphology. Comet Photometry uses telescopes and cameras to measure the brightness of a comet, which provides scientists with information about its surface, craters, pits, valleys and mountains. The brightness of comets are more difficult to map than stars because the data involves using the nuclear condensation, surrounding cloud or coma and one or more tails extending outward from the comet. Comet Morphology studies the projected velocity and direction of a comet, based on its orbit, trail and size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's the difference between a comet and a meteorite? A comet is a structure composed of ice, dust, and elements such as ammonia, carbon dioxide and methane, that orbits around the sun. As it comes close to the sun, the nucleus begins to melt and turn into gas, forming a coma, or cloud. The radiation from the sun pushes this cloud away from the center of the comet, forming a dust tail. The most famous comet, comet Halley, travels around the sun every 76 years, and will reappear in the year 2062. Meteorites on the other hand are solid rock formations found in space. When meteorites enter the earth's atmosphere they heat up and turn into a fire, and appear as a shooting star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pari.edu/telescopes/OpticalTelescopes/our-sky-1/\">PARI Sky center\u003c/a> for more information and up-to-date celestial news. Also recommended are \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Comets\">NASA's page on comets\u003c/a> or the \u003ca href=\"http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/cometphot.html\">Comet Photometry\u003c/a> website. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Herbert Mehnert a Cline Scholar at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute spent his summer researching Comet Photometry and Morphology. Herbert was introduced to PARI by one of his college professors and jumped at the opportunity to work at the former NASA research institute. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443825602,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":425},"headData":{"title":"\"Looking Up\" - studying comets with the JUNO mission | KQED","description":"Herbert Mehnert a Cline Scholar at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute spent his summer researching Comet Photometry and Morphology. Herbert was introduced to PARI by one of his college professors and jumped at the opportunity to work at the former NASA research institute. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"26308 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=slideshows&p=26308","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/08/looking-up-studying-comets-with-the-juno-mission/","disqusTitle":"\"Looking Up\" - studying comets with the JUNO mission","path":"/quest/26308/looking-up-studying-comets-with-the-juno-mission","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/davidhuppert/\" title=\"David Huppert\" target=\"_blank\">David Huppert\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/north-carolina/\" title=\"QUEST Ohio\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST North Carolina\u003c/a> also contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbert Mehnert a Cline Scholar at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute spent his summer researching Comet Photometry and Morphology. Herbert was introduced to PARI by one of his college professors and jumped at the opportunity to work at the former NASA research institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People don't look up anymore,\" explains Herbert Mehnert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbert spent the summer of 2011 working at the Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute as a Cline Scholar student comet photometry and morphology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's partially because the exposure to space and astronomy is much less than it used to be, with government programs being cut and all. When you take someone out here to a dark sky sight and tell them you can see the milky way, they get excited.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Herbert was introduced to PARI by his college professor, Don Smith, who took them on a field trip to the remote research institute in Rosman, NC, Herbert was excited to know there was a community and research institute full of people interested in the same topics as him, particularly optical astronomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbert studies Comet Photometry and Morphology. Comet Photometry uses telescopes and cameras to measure the brightness of a comet, which provides scientists with information about its surface, craters, pits, valleys and mountains. The brightness of comets are more difficult to map than stars because the data involves using the nuclear condensation, surrounding cloud or coma and one or more tails extending outward from the comet. Comet Morphology studies the projected velocity and direction of a comet, based on its orbit, trail and size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's the difference between a comet and a meteorite? A comet is a structure composed of ice, dust, and elements such as ammonia, carbon dioxide and methane, that orbits around the sun. As it comes close to the sun, the nucleus begins to melt and turn into gas, forming a coma, or cloud. The radiation from the sun pushes this cloud away from the center of the comet, forming a dust tail. The most famous comet, comet Halley, travels around the sun every 76 years, and will reappear in the year 2062. Meteorites on the other hand are solid rock formations found in space. When meteorites enter the earth's atmosphere they heat up and turn into a fire, and appear as a shooting star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pari.edu/telescopes/OpticalTelescopes/our-sky-1/\">PARI Sky center\u003c/a> for more information and up-to-date celestial news. Also recommended are \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Comets\">NASA's page on comets\u003c/a> or the \u003ca href=\"http://www.icq.eps.harvard.edu/cometphot.html\">Comet Photometry\u003c/a> website. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26308/looking-up-studying-comets-with-the-juno-mission","authors":["10289","10296"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_5"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_658","quest_3351","quest_10365","quest_10357","quest_2141","quest_10364","quest_10366","quest_2349","quest_3290","quest_10427","quest_2658","quest_2891","quest_10363"],"featImg":"quest_26520","label":"quest"},"quest_19192":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_19192","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"19192","score":null,"sort":[1298655008000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasa%e2%80%99s-cosmic-two-for-one-deal-a-return-to-comet-tempel-1","title":"NASA's Cosmic Two-For-One Deal: A Return to Comet Tempel 1","publishDate":1298655008,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/next-approaches-tempel1.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of Stardust-NExT approaching comet Tempel 1. \u003cbr>Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LMSS\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human race is certainly leaving its marks on the Solar System. On Valentine's Day, NASA revisited the locale of one of those marks—comet Tempel 1—and far from being a simple \"I was here\" (like the three scratch marks left behind by Jules Verne's intrepid explorer in \u003cem>Journey to the Center of the Earth\u003c/em>), this one was a crater 200 meters across created to see what makes the comet tick….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cast your mind's eye back five years. Remember NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/deepimpact/index.cfm\">Deep Impact\u003c/a> spacecraft, the one that lobbed a heavy metal projectile at Tempel 1 in hopes of seeing what came flying out of the blast, and more excitingly what the hole it made looked like afterward? The idea was to get a better grip on how the comet is put together (is it crunchy, powdery, ice-hard; is it light like Styrofoam, or weightier like block-ice, or concrete?). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, as it turned out back in 2006, Deep Impact successfully bullseyed the little 4.5-mile long ice potato—and the impact was so effective that the spectacular blast, as good as anything from the ILM special effects department, completely obscured the spacecraft’s camera-eye view, hiding the would-be crater from sight. The mission was a success, I should add; Deep Impact got plenty of good data and images of the comet and the blast plume—just not the man-made-object-made crater it made….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to February 14, 2011. Exercising a good reduce-reuse-recycle ethic, NASA sent the \"\u003ca href=\"http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NExT\u003c/a>\" spacecraft past Tempel 1, visiting the same comet twice for the first time in history, and doing so with an existing spacecraft that had completed its initial mission years before. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cast your mind's eye back to the Stardust mission, which flew through the tale of comet Wilde 2, collecting particles from the plume in a block of comet dust \"fly paper\" made of \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHnen2nSmDY\">aerogel \u003c/a>(basically glass spun up so light and fluffy as to barely register any weight or substance, a piece of which looks like a slab of solid smoke), and dropping the collector pod back on Earth for the first ever comet sample return mission. Stardust flew on, circling the Sun for several years, and was finally re-tasked as NExT—the \"New Exploration of Tempel 1\" mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's as if NASA is playing a celestial shell game: Where's the spacecraft now? What is it named? Which comet is it going to this time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NExT flew within 112 miles of the Tempel 1 nucleus and captured over 70 images. Yes, scientists hoped to capture an image of the crater left behind by Deep Impact—and they did; \u003ca href=\"http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ManMade_Crater_Comet.html\">see if you can spot it too\u003c/a>. But, there is plenty more to interest us than a hole in the snow. The fact that this comet had been visited five years prior means that we can \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002920/\">compare images from then and now to see any changes\u003c/a> that may have taken place. As it turns out, five years is not only the interval between the visits by Deep Impact and Stardust/NExT, it's also the orbital period of comet Tempel 1—so, the comet had made exactly one swing around the Sun between visits, providing the opportunity to study Sun-induced changes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tempel 1 is about 4.5 by 2.9 miles in size, and has an average density of about 0.62 grams per cubic centimeter—about five times denser than the densest Styrofoam, two-thirds as dense as ice, and 600 times more dense than aerogel…. Its elliptical orbit carries it between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter—and it is that range of exposure to solar radiation that has researchers looking for physical changes in the comet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, the Deep Impact spacecraft was also reused to make a second comet flyby. Five years after bombing Tempel 1, Deep Impact, renamed \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/missiondetails.cfm?mission=EPOXI\">EPOXI\u003c/a>, flew by the peanut-shaped comet Hartley 2, back in November. Between Stardust and Deep Impact, there were a lot of firsts: first sample return mission from a comet; first time a single spacecraft has visited two comets; first time two spacecraft have visited the same comet…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's doubtful there is enough fuel left on either of these veterans for another opportunistic encounter, but talk about bang for the buck….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On February 14, 2011, NASA encountered the comet Tempel 1 using the recycled Stardust spacecraft. For the first time in history, they visited the same comet twice - affording them the opportunity to observe changes in the icy body.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1298655008,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":763},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Cosmic Two-For-One Deal: A Return to Comet Tempel 1 | KQED","description":"On February 14, 2011, NASA encountered the comet Tempel 1 using the recycled Stardust spacecraft. For the first time in history, they visited the same comet twice - affording them the opportunity to observe changes in the icy body.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"19192 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=12475","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/25/nasa%e2%80%99s-cosmic-two-for-one-deal-a-return-to-comet-tempel-1/","disqusTitle":"NASA's Cosmic Two-For-One Deal: A Return to Comet Tempel 1","path":"/quest/19192/nasa%e2%80%99s-cosmic-two-for-one-deal-a-return-to-comet-tempel-1","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/next-approaches-tempel1.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of Stardust-NExT approaching comet Tempel 1. \u003cbr>Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LMSS\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human race is certainly leaving its marks on the Solar System. On Valentine's Day, NASA revisited the locale of one of those marks—comet Tempel 1—and far from being a simple \"I was here\" (like the three scratch marks left behind by Jules Verne's intrepid explorer in \u003cem>Journey to the Center of the Earth\u003c/em>), this one was a crater 200 meters across created to see what makes the comet tick….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cast your mind's eye back five years. Remember NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/deepimpact/index.cfm\">Deep Impact\u003c/a> spacecraft, the one that lobbed a heavy metal projectile at Tempel 1 in hopes of seeing what came flying out of the blast, and more excitingly what the hole it made looked like afterward? The idea was to get a better grip on how the comet is put together (is it crunchy, powdery, ice-hard; is it light like Styrofoam, or weightier like block-ice, or concrete?). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, as it turned out back in 2006, Deep Impact successfully bullseyed the little 4.5-mile long ice potato—and the impact was so effective that the spectacular blast, as good as anything from the ILM special effects department, completely obscured the spacecraft’s camera-eye view, hiding the would-be crater from sight. The mission was a success, I should add; Deep Impact got plenty of good data and images of the comet and the blast plume—just not the man-made-object-made crater it made….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to February 14, 2011. Exercising a good reduce-reuse-recycle ethic, NASA sent the \"\u003ca href=\"http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NExT\u003c/a>\" spacecraft past Tempel 1, visiting the same comet twice for the first time in history, and doing so with an existing spacecraft that had completed its initial mission years before. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cast your mind's eye back to the Stardust mission, which flew through the tale of comet Wilde 2, collecting particles from the plume in a block of comet dust \"fly paper\" made of \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHnen2nSmDY\">aerogel \u003c/a>(basically glass spun up so light and fluffy as to barely register any weight or substance, a piece of which looks like a slab of solid smoke), and dropping the collector pod back on Earth for the first ever comet sample return mission. Stardust flew on, circling the Sun for several years, and was finally re-tasked as NExT—the \"New Exploration of Tempel 1\" mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's as if NASA is playing a celestial shell game: Where's the spacecraft now? What is it named? Which comet is it going to this time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NExT flew within 112 miles of the Tempel 1 nucleus and captured over 70 images. Yes, scientists hoped to capture an image of the crater left behind by Deep Impact—and they did; \u003ca href=\"http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ManMade_Crater_Comet.html\">see if you can spot it too\u003c/a>. But, there is plenty more to interest us than a hole in the snow. The fact that this comet had been visited five years prior means that we can \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002920/\">compare images from then and now to see any changes\u003c/a> that may have taken place. As it turns out, five years is not only the interval between the visits by Deep Impact and Stardust/NExT, it's also the orbital period of comet Tempel 1—so, the comet had made exactly one swing around the Sun between visits, providing the opportunity to study Sun-induced changes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tempel 1 is about 4.5 by 2.9 miles in size, and has an average density of about 0.62 grams per cubic centimeter—about five times denser than the densest Styrofoam, two-thirds as dense as ice, and 600 times more dense than aerogel…. Its elliptical orbit carries it between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter—and it is that range of exposure to solar radiation that has researchers looking for physical changes in the comet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, the Deep Impact spacecraft was also reused to make a second comet flyby. Five years after bombing Tempel 1, Deep Impact, renamed \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/missiondetails.cfm?mission=EPOXI\">EPOXI\u003c/a>, flew by the peanut-shaped comet Hartley 2, back in November. Between Stardust and Deep Impact, there were a lot of firsts: first sample return mission from a comet; first time a single spacecraft has visited two comets; first time two spacecraft have visited the same comet…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's doubtful there is enough fuel left on either of these veterans for another opportunistic encounter, but talk about bang for the buck….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/19192/nasa%e2%80%99s-cosmic-two-for-one-deal-a-return-to-comet-tempel-1","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_73","quest_13192","quest_658","quest_790","quest_1014","quest_1918","quest_3681","quest_2739","quest_2778","quest_3798","quest_3827"],"featImg":"quest_12483","label":"quest"},"quest_10493":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10493","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10493","score":null,"sort":[1290187839000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"comet-hartley-2-up-close-and-personal","title":"Comet Hartley 2: Up Close and Personal","publishDate":1290187839,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/hartley2_im3.jpg\">\u003cem>Comet Hartley 2 during the November 4, 2010 NASA/EPOXI\u003cbr> flyby mission\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Thursday, November 4, 2010: the morning I got up, drove to work, poured my coffee, and whizzed past a mountain-sized chunk of space ice at a hair over 27,000 miles per hour. My job just never gets old….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you were with us early that morning, you were one of a lucky and intrepid few to experience live the flight of NASA's EPOXI mission (aka the Deep Impact spacecraft) past the nucleus of tiny Comet Hartley 2—a comet that we had been watching through our telescopes for a few weeks. Live space exploration as a public experience is a rare and extraordinary opportunity, and we strive to share it with you whenever we can. Kudos to those who got up before 6:00 AM to join us. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://epoxi.umd.edu/\">EPOXI \u003c/a>is the name for the extended mission of the re-purposed \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/deepimpact/main/index.html\">Deep Impact \u003c/a>spacecraft, which you may remember lobbed a projectile at Comet Tempel 1 back in 2005. Since that encounter, the spacecraft has been orbiting the Sun, keeping itself busy with other observational activities, including looking for extra-solar planets. But the time had come, the orbital trajectories matched, for an encounter with Hartley 2, a smallish comet circling the Sun between the orbits of Earth and Jupiter. The EPOXI flyby was the fifth time in history that we have captured close-up images of a comet nucleus, and the first time a single spacecraft has bagged two. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are scientists looking for by sending spacecraft to these distant space-bergs that they can't get with big ground-based telescopes, or the Hubble? In a word, details. From afar, we have observed \u003ca href=\"http://nineplanets.org/comets.html\">comets \u003c/a>for a long time, and can point telescopes at their nuclei, their comas (the shroud of gas they develop when the comets' ices are warmed in a pass by the Sun), and their long tails—yes, plural: comets typically develop two tails, one a trail of dust and the other a plume of gas, blown by the ever-present breeze of plasma from the Sun called the \u003ca href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/sw.html\">solar wind\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But comets are tiny objects, generally--even famous comet Halley is less than ten miles across—and usually relatively far away from Earth (a fact that we can give thanks for). Comet Hartley 2 is only about a mile across. This makes seeing details of comet structure and surface difficult even with the biggest ground-based telescopes. And though EPOXI's sweep is considered a close encounter, even that situation would be like using a modest-sized telescope to examine Emeryville, California from Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When EPOXI flew past the comet nucleus that morning, coming to within 435 miles, the comet was quite active, spewing out jets of carbon dioxide gas and traces of cyanide (!) in several directions. With its cameras trained on the nucleus during the flyby, EPOXI captured stunning detailed images that revealed which parts of the comet's surface were the sources of the gas plumes—two dots that had never before been connected in our observations of comets. Adding to the excitement of this encounter, an \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/18nov_cometsnowstorm/\">unexpected discovery \u003c/a>was made after the flyby, when the data collected by EPOXI was analyzed: unlike the other comet nuclei that we have probed up close (Halley, Borrelly, Wilde 2, and Tempel 1), Hartley 2 was surrounded by a cocoon of snow! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing the structure of the comet (which turns out to be quite peanut-shaped), the surface details across different parts of it, and the nature of the regions spewing out the gases, scientists can gain insight into the overall nature of this comet. Stay tuned for more as EPOXI data is further analyzed....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to our own flyby experience: sitting in our Megadome Theater watching 30-foot images from NASA/JPL Mission Control and waiting for our first up-close glimpse of the comet nucleus would have had me sitting on the edge of my seat—if I could have sat down. It was that exciting….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On November 4, 2010, NASA's EPOXI flyby mission captured stunning close-up images of comet Hartley 2, and let web and satellite audiences fly along on an exciting live experience of the encounter.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371064317,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":688},"headData":{"title":"Comet Hartley 2: Up Close and Personal | KQED","description":"On November 4, 2010, NASA's EPOXI flyby mission captured stunning close-up images of comet Hartley 2, and let web and satellite audiences fly along on an exciting live experience of the encounter.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"10493 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=10493","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/19/comet-hartley-2-up-close-and-personal/","disqusTitle":"Comet Hartley 2: Up Close and Personal","path":"/quest/10493/comet-hartley-2-up-close-and-personal","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/hartley2_im3.jpg\">\u003cem>Comet Hartley 2 during the November 4, 2010 NASA/EPOXI\u003cbr> flyby mission\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Thursday, November 4, 2010: the morning I got up, drove to work, poured my coffee, and whizzed past a mountain-sized chunk of space ice at a hair over 27,000 miles per hour. My job just never gets old….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you were with us early that morning, you were one of a lucky and intrepid few to experience live the flight of NASA's EPOXI mission (aka the Deep Impact spacecraft) past the nucleus of tiny Comet Hartley 2—a comet that we had been watching through our telescopes for a few weeks. Live space exploration as a public experience is a rare and extraordinary opportunity, and we strive to share it with you whenever we can. Kudos to those who got up before 6:00 AM to join us. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://epoxi.umd.edu/\">EPOXI \u003c/a>is the name for the extended mission of the re-purposed \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/deepimpact/main/index.html\">Deep Impact \u003c/a>spacecraft, which you may remember lobbed a projectile at Comet Tempel 1 back in 2005. Since that encounter, the spacecraft has been orbiting the Sun, keeping itself busy with other observational activities, including looking for extra-solar planets. But the time had come, the orbital trajectories matched, for an encounter with Hartley 2, a smallish comet circling the Sun between the orbits of Earth and Jupiter. The EPOXI flyby was the fifth time in history that we have captured close-up images of a comet nucleus, and the first time a single spacecraft has bagged two. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are scientists looking for by sending spacecraft to these distant space-bergs that they can't get with big ground-based telescopes, or the Hubble? In a word, details. From afar, we have observed \u003ca href=\"http://nineplanets.org/comets.html\">comets \u003c/a>for a long time, and can point telescopes at their nuclei, their comas (the shroud of gas they develop when the comets' ices are warmed in a pass by the Sun), and their long tails—yes, plural: comets typically develop two tails, one a trail of dust and the other a plume of gas, blown by the ever-present breeze of plasma from the Sun called the \u003ca href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/sw.html\">solar wind\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But comets are tiny objects, generally--even famous comet Halley is less than ten miles across—and usually relatively far away from Earth (a fact that we can give thanks for). Comet Hartley 2 is only about a mile across. This makes seeing details of comet structure and surface difficult even with the biggest ground-based telescopes. And though EPOXI's sweep is considered a close encounter, even that situation would be like using a modest-sized telescope to examine Emeryville, California from Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When EPOXI flew past the comet nucleus that morning, coming to within 435 miles, the comet was quite active, spewing out jets of carbon dioxide gas and traces of cyanide (!) in several directions. With its cameras trained on the nucleus during the flyby, EPOXI captured stunning detailed images that revealed which parts of the comet's surface were the sources of the gas plumes—two dots that had never before been connected in our observations of comets. Adding to the excitement of this encounter, an \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/18nov_cometsnowstorm/\">unexpected discovery \u003c/a>was made after the flyby, when the data collected by EPOXI was analyzed: unlike the other comet nuclei that we have probed up close (Halley, Borrelly, Wilde 2, and Tempel 1), Hartley 2 was surrounded by a cocoon of snow! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing the structure of the comet (which turns out to be quite peanut-shaped), the surface details across different parts of it, and the nature of the regions spewing out the gases, scientists can gain insight into the overall nature of this comet. Stay tuned for more as EPOXI data is further analyzed....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to our own flyby experience: sitting in our Megadome Theater watching 30-foot images from NASA/JPL Mission Control and waiting for our first up-close glimpse of the comet nucleus would have had me sitting on the edge of my seat—if I could have sat down. It was that exciting….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10493/comet-hartley-2-up-close-and-personal","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_658","quest_788","quest_1014","quest_1317","quest_1453","quest_1918"],"featImg":"quest_10495","label":"quest"},"quest_4939":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_4939","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"4939","score":null,"sort":[1264780829000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"personal-comet","title":"Personal Comet","publishDate":1264780829,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/01/wild2.jpg\">\u003cem>Comet Wild 2, as imaged by NASA's Stardust spacecraft.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Nothing seems to capture the pure grandeur and extra-Earthly splendor of outer space like a comet: pure white cosmic snow, shining brilliant in the Sun's radiance, a vastly long tail of silky celestial gossamer…unreachable, untouchable, unspoilable….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/\">Chabot\u003c/a>, we like to bring things down to Earth a bit—not to diminish their wonder and awe-inspiring beauty, but rather to give us a chance to connect with pieces of the Universe in a personal way that—we hope—will only enhance their wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such it is with the Personal Comet. We make them in our classrooms, and our teen volunteers—Galaxy Explorers—sometimes set up a table in our exhibits to make comets for our visitors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week I was teaching a lively group of 3rd graders our class, \"Shooting Stars\" (I'm not the usual teacher for this class, but love teaching this one especially). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let's make a comet,\" I announced, receiving a classroomful of suddenly puzzled 8-year-old faces. \"Follow me.\" I led the group to the back of the room and had them sit in front of our rolling comet kitchen, tying on an apron and donning the \"Comet Chef\" hat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.noao.edu/education/crecipe.html\">What's in a comet\u003c/a>?\" I quizzed. Hands went up, and answers were plucked out. \"Water.\" \"Ice.\" \"Very small pebbles.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Good answers. Let's start cookin'….\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One by one, and two at a time, I called up volunteers (no lack of these at all) to add ingredients into the mixing bowl. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water first—two cupfuls. What else? The Chef helped out his students a bit: pebbles are fine, but what are they? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon, calcium, to name a couple—so we add a source of these: sand. Then, iron, and magnesium—two more known comet constituents. Source? Dirt! Dirt can contain these, among other things. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the carbon in our comet, we added—carbon: black charcoal dust; just a dusting. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is nitrogen mixed up in comets too, so we had to add some to our concoction. Our nitrogen source (other than all the gaseous nitrogen floating about us in the air) is ammonia—NH\u003csub>3\u003c/sub> (what's a little hydrogen in the compound, more or less? In fact, ammonia itself has been detected in comets, so our recipe is true). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organic compounds—carbon based organic molecules—have also been detected in comets…so we add a couple glugs of corn syrup. Okay, that's cheating a bit, because comet organics aren't known to come from agricultural products….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lastly, but not leastly, is the two-in-one ingredient: contained in a plastic bag, I had the class use mallets to pulverize a few cupfuls of dry ice pellets into a fine powder. This adds not only the carbon dioxide to the material makeup of the Personal Comet, but that which really makes the difference between a bowlful of slightly sweet mud and the astral nugget of a comet: COLD! Space is cold, and so is dry ice.\u003cbr>\nIn goes the frigid, dry frost, and out erupts clouds of billowing vapor—very exciting stuff. Now the Chef had to work fast, stirring and mixing and shaking the brew, and then squeezing the convulsive mixture in its plastic bag, with gloved hands, into a hard, solid lump. It takes a lot of squeezing, as it turns out….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is it done yet? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I pulled out of the bag our Personal Comet, holding it out for the kids to marvel at—and they did. The double-fist-sized, dirty whitish, somewhat gritty hard blob is covered with pits and knobs and spouting plumes vapor. And, magically, it looks almost identical to a photograph of the nucleus of comet Wild 2, taken by \u003ca href=\"http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">NASA's Stardust spacecraft \u003c/a>some years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone got to touch the comet—quickly, because it was quite cold—and make a personal connection with a tiny piece of the heavens. Now, I think, these kids are armed with an experience that will make their first comet-observing experience (yet to come for many of them!) a bit deeper, as I hope when they do see the vastly awesome sight in the sky, or through the eyepiece of a telescope, they'll also remember what it's like to touch a comet, or smell a comet, or see one spouting vapor right before them, in the palm of their hand….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Nothing seems to capture the pure grandeur and extra-Earthly splendor of outer space like a comet...but at Chabot we like to bring things down to Earth a bit—not to diminish their wonder and awe-inspiring beauty, but rather to give us a chance to connect with pieces of the Universe in a personal way that—we hope—will only enhance their wonder.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443833629,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":767},"headData":{"title":"Personal Comet | KQED","description":"Nothing seems to capture the pure grandeur and extra-Earthly splendor of outer space like a comet...but at Chabot we like to bring things down to Earth a bit—not to diminish their wonder and awe-inspiring beauty, but rather to give us a chance to connect with pieces of the Universe in a personal way that—we hope—will only enhance their wonder.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"4939 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=4939","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/01/29/personal-comet/","disqusTitle":"Personal Comet","path":"/quest/4939/personal-comet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/01/wild2.jpg\">\u003cem>Comet Wild 2, as imaged by NASA's Stardust spacecraft.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Nothing seems to capture the pure grandeur and extra-Earthly splendor of outer space like a comet: pure white cosmic snow, shining brilliant in the Sun's radiance, a vastly long tail of silky celestial gossamer…unreachable, untouchable, unspoilable….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/\">Chabot\u003c/a>, we like to bring things down to Earth a bit—not to diminish their wonder and awe-inspiring beauty, but rather to give us a chance to connect with pieces of the Universe in a personal way that—we hope—will only enhance their wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such it is with the Personal Comet. We make them in our classrooms, and our teen volunteers—Galaxy Explorers—sometimes set up a table in our exhibits to make comets for our visitors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week I was teaching a lively group of 3rd graders our class, \"Shooting Stars\" (I'm not the usual teacher for this class, but love teaching this one especially). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let's make a comet,\" I announced, receiving a classroomful of suddenly puzzled 8-year-old faces. \"Follow me.\" I led the group to the back of the room and had them sit in front of our rolling comet kitchen, tying on an apron and donning the \"Comet Chef\" hat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.noao.edu/education/crecipe.html\">What's in a comet\u003c/a>?\" I quizzed. Hands went up, and answers were plucked out. \"Water.\" \"Ice.\" \"Very small pebbles.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Good answers. Let's start cookin'….\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One by one, and two at a time, I called up volunteers (no lack of these at all) to add ingredients into the mixing bowl. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water first—two cupfuls. What else? The Chef helped out his students a bit: pebbles are fine, but what are they? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silicon, calcium, to name a couple—so we add a source of these: sand. Then, iron, and magnesium—two more known comet constituents. Source? Dirt! Dirt can contain these, among other things. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the carbon in our comet, we added—carbon: black charcoal dust; just a dusting. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is nitrogen mixed up in comets too, so we had to add some to our concoction. Our nitrogen source (other than all the gaseous nitrogen floating about us in the air) is ammonia—NH\u003csub>3\u003c/sub> (what's a little hydrogen in the compound, more or less? In fact, ammonia itself has been detected in comets, so our recipe is true). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organic compounds—carbon based organic molecules—have also been detected in comets…so we add a couple glugs of corn syrup. Okay, that's cheating a bit, because comet organics aren't known to come from agricultural products….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lastly, but not leastly, is the two-in-one ingredient: contained in a plastic bag, I had the class use mallets to pulverize a few cupfuls of dry ice pellets into a fine powder. This adds not only the carbon dioxide to the material makeup of the Personal Comet, but that which really makes the difference between a bowlful of slightly sweet mud and the astral nugget of a comet: COLD! Space is cold, and so is dry ice.\u003cbr>\nIn goes the frigid, dry frost, and out erupts clouds of billowing vapor—very exciting stuff. Now the Chef had to work fast, stirring and mixing and shaking the brew, and then squeezing the convulsive mixture in its plastic bag, with gloved hands, into a hard, solid lump. It takes a lot of squeezing, as it turns out….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is it done yet? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I pulled out of the bag our Personal Comet, holding it out for the kids to marvel at—and they did. The double-fist-sized, dirty whitish, somewhat gritty hard blob is covered with pits and knobs and spouting plumes vapor. And, magically, it looks almost identical to a photograph of the nucleus of comet Wild 2, taken by \u003ca href=\"http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">NASA's Stardust spacecraft \u003c/a>some years ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone got to touch the comet—quickly, because it was quite cold—and make a personal connection with a tiny piece of the heavens. Now, I think, these kids are armed with an experience that will make their first comet-observing experience (yet to come for many of them!) a bit deeper, as I hope when they do see the vastly awesome sight in the sky, or through the eyepiece of a telescope, they'll also remember what it's like to touch a comet, or smell a comet, or see one spouting vapor right before them, in the palm of their hand….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/4939/personal-comet","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_543","quest_658","quest_1918","quest_2778","quest_3150"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/07/commonwealthclub.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Consider-This_3000_V3-copy-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/06/forum-logo-900x900tile-1.gif","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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